samezoblo

Cerqezebi aleqsandre kvaxaZe

„gadagagde da dagkarge, rogorc Cerqezma isari!“ – cnobili simReris es sityvebi, al-

baT mxolod gulisyurian adamians Caafiqrebs imaze, Tu vin arian Cerqezebi da ratom axse-
neben maT ase simReraSi.…

Cerqezebi erT dros kavkasiis yvelaze mravalricxovani eri iyo, romelic gansakuTre-
biT mZimed dazaralda rusuli imperialisturi politikis Sedegad. qarTvelebisTvis Cer-
qezebi gamorCeulad saintereso da mniSvnelovani xalxia, radgan Cvens erebs Soris Rrma
istoriuli kavSirebi arsebobda.

dReisaTvis Cerqezebi, romelTa TviTsaxelwodeba aris `adiRe~, msoflios mraval qve-

yanaSi saxloben. Cerqezi eri oficialurad dayofilia yabardoelebad, Cerqezebad da adi-
Reelebad, Tumca Tavad Cerqezebi amgvar dayofas ruseTis politikis Sedegad miiCneven da

68
 Cerqezebi

Cerqezi eri 12 tomisagan Sedgeba. esenia: yabardoelebi, baslenelebi, SafsuRebi, bJeduRebi, Wemgue-
lebi, haTuyaelebi, ubixebi, Janeelebi, natuxaelebi, egeruyvaelebi, maxoSelebi da abZaxebi. maTi na-
wili, magaliTad, Janeelebi da natuxaelebi an srulad gaqrnen, an sxva tomebs Seerwynen. Cerqezul
droSaze gamosaxuli Tormeti varskvlavi swored am 12 toms aRniSnavs.

ruseTi
maikopi kaspiis
zRva

Cerkeski
adiRe

yaraCai-CerqezeTi
nalCiki CeCneTi
inguSeTi
yabardo-
balyareTi nazrani
grozno
vladikavkazi maxaCkala
CrdiloeTi
oseTi
daRestani

Savi zRva
saqarTvelo
Tbilisi

ubixebi – CerqezTa erT-erTi unikaluri subeTnosi. istoriulad ubixebi soWis midamoebSi saxlobdnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ubixebi Cerqezi eris ganuyofel nawilad iTvlebian, maT Cerqezulis garda, sakuTa-
ri ubixuri enac hqondaT. ubixuri ena msoflios erT-erT urTules enad miiCneva, radgan mas 82 Tanxmovani
da mxolod ori xmovani aqvs. ubixebi 1864 wels mTlianad gadaasaxles osmaleTis imperiaSi. ubixuri enis
ukanaskneli matarebeli, Tevfiq esenCi, romlis namdvili gvaric iyo zaisua, 1992 wels TurqeTSi gardaic-
vala. mis gardacvalebasTan erTad ubixuri ena mkvdar enad iqca.

ar aRiareben. kavkasiaSi CerqezTa udidesi nawili saxlobs yabardo-balyareTis, yaraCai-

CerqezeTisa da adiRes respublikebSi, krasnodaris mxaris tuafses midamoebSi da aseve
CrdiloeT oseTSi, mozdokis raionSi. Cerqezuli ena Sedis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa oja-
xis afxazur-adiReur enaTa jgufSi da misi uaxloesi naTesavi enebia afxazuri, abazuri da
ubixuri. Cerqezuli ena pirobiTad or dialeqtur jgufad iyofa: aRmosavluri (yabardou-
li) da dasavluri. orive dialeqts sakuTari samwerlobo ena aqvs. CerqezTa deda-samSob-
loSi, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi, maTi raodenoba 700 aTass aRwevs, umravlesoba ki Tur-
qeTis provinciebSia gafantuli. sxvadasxva monacemiT, TurqeTSi mcxovreb CerqezTa rao-
denoba erTidan oTx milionamde meryeobs. garda TurqeTisa, Cerqezebi cxovroben siriaSi
(daaxloebiT 100 aTasi), iordaniaSi (daaxloebiT 50 aTasi), israelSi (daaxloebiT 5 aTasi),
eraySi, iranSi, egvipteSi, sudanSi, libiaSi, tunissa da iseT Soreul qveyanaSic ki, rogoric
madagaskaria. CerqezTa absoluturi umravlesoba suniti muslimia, Tumca mozdokSi
mcxovreb CerqezTa mcire nawili marTlmadidebeli qristianicaa.

69
 samezoblo

CerqezeTis droSa da gerbi

istoriuli mimoxilva

Cerqezebi kavkasiis regionis uZvelesi binadrebi arian. isini saxlobd-

nen Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, Crdilo-dasavleT kavka-
siis mTianeTsa da barSic. Cerqezebs ukavSirdeba maikopis uZvelesi kul-
tura, romelic mTel Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi iyo gavrcelebuli da
Zveli SuamdinareTis, kerZod ki, uruqis kulturasTan hqonda kavSiri.
CerqezTa winaprebad antikur wyaroebSi naxsenebi sindebi da meotebi mi-
iCnevian. metic, araerTi enaTmecnieris azriT, Cerqezul enas paralelebi
eZebneba mcire aziis erT-erT mkvdar enasTan – xaTurTan. Tqmulebebisa da
apokrifuli literaturis mixedviT, SavizRvispirel CerqezTa Soris
qristianoba mociqulebma – svimon kananelma da andria pirvelwodebulma
iqadages. samecniero literatura ki CerqezTa Soris qristianobis gavr-
celebas, adreul Sua saukuneebSi bizantiis imperiis gavlenas ukavSi-
rebs. am periodSi aSenda loos taZari, romlis nangrevebiRaa Se-
morCenili. bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, jiqi (Cerqezi)
episkoposebi msoflios saeklesio krebebsac eswrebodnen.
jiqeTis episkoposis kaTedra nikofsiaSi, Tanamedrove
mdinare niWepsixos piras mdebareobda. CerqezeTSi qris-
tianobis gavrcelebas xels uwyobda saqarTvelos sa-
mefoc, Tumca saqarTvelos dasustebam qristianobis
dasustebac gamoiwvia. XV-XVI saukuneebSi zRvis piras
mcxovreb CerqezebTan intensiuri kavSiri daamyares
venecielma da genuelma vaWrebma. maT CerqezTa
Soris kaTolikobis gavrcelebac ki scades,
magram uSedegod. am periodSi osmaleTis impe-
riisa da yirimis saxanos meSveobiT CerqezebSi
islamis gavrceleba daiwyo. paralelurad
CerqezeTSi Zalze gaxSirda tyveTa syidva, ris

Cerqezi mamakaci

70
 Cerqezebi

Cerqezebi toveben sofels

Sedegadac aTasobiT Cerqezi ucxo qveyanaSi mamluqad gaiyida. egviptes didxans marTavd-
nen warmoSobiT Cerqezi mamluqebi, Cerqezuli warmoSobisa iyo osmaleTis imperiis erT-
erTi Zlevamosili mmarTvelis – sulTan suleimanis meuRle mahidevranic.

Cerqezi xalxis istoriis axali etapi kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCenis Semdeg

daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad rusul-Cerqezuli urTierTobebi mtruli ar yofi-
la da maTSi sakmaod miRebuli iyo dinastiuri qorwinebebic. magaliTad,
ruseTis mefe ivane mrisxanis meuRle CerqezTa mmarTvelis, Tem-
ruyvas, Svili – guaSenei iyo, romelsac Semdgom ma-
ria daarqves. magram mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma kavka-
siasa da Sav zRvaze gabatoneba gadawyvita, Crdi-
lo-dasavleT kavkasiis mkvidrTa damorCilebis au-
cileblobac gauCnda. amisaTvis XVIII saukunis dasaw-
yisidan, kavkasiis damorCilebis farglebSi, ruseT-
ma CerqezTa miwebis etapobriv da gegmazomier dapy-
robas mihyo xeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom imami Samili
1859 wels ruseTs danebda, Cerqezebma SeiaraRebu-
li winaaRmdegoba mainc ganagrZes. CerqezTa mi-
webis dapyrobisas rusuli armia usastikesad
iqceoda: wvavda soflebs, xocavda qalebs,
bavSvebsa da moxucebs, mosaxleobas sakuTa-
ri sacxovreblebidan devnida. magaliTad,
rusi generali grigori zasi cnobili iyo
imiT, rom omSi mokluli Cerqezebis Tavis
qalebis koleqcias agrovebda. rodesac
CerqezTa liderebma igrZnes, rom maTi mi-
webis dapyroba gardauvali iyo, ruseTis
mTavrobas zavi da mis SemadgenlobaSi

sulTani suleimani da misi meuRle mahidevrani

71
 samezoblo
Sesvlac ki SesTavazes, magram sastiki ua-
ri miiRes. ruseTisaTvis Cerqezebi ar iyv-
nen sando xalxi, amitomac imperias Savi-
zRvispireTis gasakontroleblad am te-
ritoriis mkvidri mosaxleobisagan gaw-
menda sWirdeboda. CerqezeTis damorCi-
leba 1864 wlis 21 maiss dasrulda. am dRes
daeca CerqezTa kontrols daqvemdebare-
buli ukanaskneli dasaxlebuli punqti
qbaade, romelic soWis maxloblad mdeba-
reobda. SemdgomSi am sofels rusebma
krasnaia poliana, anu wiTeli veli uwo-
des. es saxelwodeba soflis aRebisas mom-
xdar sisxlisRvras da iqaurobis wiTlad
SeRebvas ukavSirdeba.
amis Semdgom daiwyo CerqezTa arnaxu-
li masStabis eTnikuri wmenda. osmaleTis
mTavrobam ganacxada, rom mzad iyo Cer-
qezTa misaRebad, rasac devnilTa didi na-
kadi mohyva. im Cerqezebis udidesi nawili,
vinc oms gadaurCa, zRvis gavliT osmale-
Tis imperiaSi gaasaxles. tragikuli iyo
gasaxlebis procesic. magaliTad, saarqi-
vo dokumentebi mowmobs, rom daqiravebu-
li mezRvaurebi sanapirodan moSorebisas
pirdapir zRvaSi yridnen gemSi myof Cer-
qezebs, raTa droc moegoT da meti fulic
eSovaT (mezRvaurebi, nacvlad imisa, rom
72
Cerqezebi stambolamde CaeyvanaT, Sua
gzaze, zRvaSi yridnen, ukan brundebod-
nen da sxvebi mihyavdaT `stambolisaken~).
qarTvel istorikos simon janaSias Cawe-
rili aqvs Cerqezi uxucesebis monaTxro-
bi, romlis Tanaxmadac, Savi zRva napirze
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi riyavda CerqezTa
Tavis qalebs, xolo frinvelebi daRupu-
li Cerqezebis Tmebisgan budeebs iSenebd-
nen. niSandoblivia, rom am tragediis Sem-
deg Cerqezebi Sav zRvaSi daWeril Tevzs
aRar Wamdnen, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom ma-
Ti winaprebis gvamebiT iyo nasazrdoebi.
arc TurqeTSi Casaxlebul CerqezTa bedi
yofila saxarbielo. osmaleTis xelisuf-
lebam isini an berZnebis nasaxlarebze, an
qveynis ganapiras daasaxla, rom omis pi-
robebSi advilad SesZleboda maTi mobi-
lizeba. TurqeTSi Casaxlebul CerqezTa-
gan bevri ver Seegua adgilobriv klimats
da sxvadasxva infeqciur daavadebasa Tu
SimSils emsxverpla.
1917 wlis oqtombris revoluciis Sem-
deg istoriuli CerqezeTis nawili kavka-
siis mTielTa respublikis Semadgenloba-
Si Sevida, Tumca maleve moxda am miwebis
 Cerqezebi

gasabWoeba. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg CerqezTa miwebi sxvadasxva subieqts

Soris gadanawilda. Seiqmna yabardo-balyareTisa da yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiuri res-
publikebi, sadac, erTi mxriv, xelovnurad gayofili Cerqezi eri, xolo, meore mxriv, gayo-
fili yaraCai-balyareli eri or sxvadasxva respublikaSi daasaxles, raTa saWiroebis SemT-
xvevaSi, SesaZlebeli yofiliyo eTnikuri SuRlis gaCaReba. dasavleT CerqezeTis mcire na-
wilSi Seiqmna adiRes avtonomiuri olqi, sadac Cerqezebi sididiT meore xalxi iyo rusebis
Semdeg. CerqezebiT dasaxlebuli mcire soflebi krasnodaris mxaris SemadgenlobaSi Sevi-
da.

qarTul-Cerqezuli urTierTobebi

qarTvelebsa da Cerqezebs uxsovari droidan hqondaT keTilmezobloba. geografiuli

siaxlovis gamo CerqezebTan yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi hqondaT svanebs, razedac
svanur enaSi arsebuli araerTi Cerqezuli nasesxobac metyvelebs. qarTveli mematianeebi
Cerqezebs jiqebad moixseniebdnen, xolo svanebi maT mimarTaven sityviT „miqaSg“, rac, zogi
mecnieris varaudiT, mcire aziis uZveles toms – qaSqas ukavSirdeba. Cerqezebi, Tavis mxriv,
qarTvelebs „mereTin“-s uwodebdnen, rac sityva `imereTs~ ukavSirdeboda, Tumca dRes
qarTvelebs Turqulidan Semosuli sityva „qurC“-ad moixsenieben.
qarTvel da Cerqez feodalebs istoriulad mWidro kavSirebi
hqondaT. cnobilia, rom vaxtang VI-is meuRle, rusudani, Cerqezi
batonis asuli iyo. es dinastiuri qorwineba CerqezebTan urTi-
erTobebis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda. vaxtang VI-s, rodesac
igi saqarTvelodan gandevnes, gverdSi swored meuRlis naTesa-
vebi daudgnen. mamisonis uReltexilis gavliT oseTSi gada-
sul mefes colisZma – CerqezTa batoni Sexvda da saTanadod
umaspinZla.

ruseTis mier CerqezTa gasaxlebis dros qarTvelebma

orgvari roli Seasrules: erTi mxriv, ruseTis imperiis
samsaxurSi myofi qarTveli sam-
xedroebi CerqezeTis dapyroba-
Si monawileobdnen, meore mxriv
ki, araerTi qarTveli
sazogado moRvawe Ta-
naugrZnobda Cerqe-
zebs da xels uwyob-
da maT dabrunebas
deda-samSobloSi.

73
 samezoblo
calke unda aRiniSnos qarTvelTa da
CerqezTa urTierTobebi TurqeTSi. orive
eri saerTo tkivilma – samSoblodan gada-
saxlebam gaaerTiana. TurqeTSi araerTi
Sereuli qarTul-Cerqezuli sofeli ar-
sebobs. maT Soris yvelaze didia duzjes
provinciaSi mdebare sofeli aidinfinari.
am sofelSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi Cerqe-
zebs kabianebs uwodeben, rac, savarau-
dod, maT Coxebs unda ukavSirdebodes.
TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa da Cerq-
ezTa Soris gvxvdeba Sereuli qorwinebe-
bi. qarTvelebi da Cerqezebi erTad cekva-
ven sxvadasxva ansamblSi.
qarTul-Cerqezeuli kulturuli kav-
Sirebi gansakuTrebiT ganmtkicda XX sau-
kuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac Tbilisis saxelmwi-
fo universitetSi akademikos arnold Ci-
qobavas meTaurobiT kavkasiur enaTa ka-
Tedra Camoyalibda. swored TbilisSi
swavlobdnen Cerqezi enaTmecnierebi mu-
74
hadin kumaxovi, zeinab keraSeva, almir ab-
regovi, baTirbi bersirovi da sxvebi. Tbi-
lisis samxatvro akademiaSi swavlobda
ganTqmuli Cerqezi mxatvari TeuCeJ yati.
sayuradReboa, rom yatis SemoqmedebaSi
did adgils ikavebs qarTuli Tematika,
kerZod, vaJa-fSavelas samyaro. qarTvel-
ma enaTmecnierebma didi wvlili Seitanes
Cerqezuli enis Seswavlis saqmeSi. maT So-
ris arian da iyvnen: giorgi rogava, vaJa
Sengelia, merab Cuxua da sxvebi. metic,
Cerqezuli enis gramatikis erT-erTi yve-
laze srulyofili saxelmZRvanelos av-
torebi arian zeinab keraSeva da giorgi
rogava. Cerqezul enaze Targmnilia `vef-
xistyaosani~ da `stumar-maspinZeli~.
qarTul-Cerqezul urTierTobebSi Sa-
vi laqaa afxazeTis omi. sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg ruseTs qarTvelebisa da
Crdilokavkasielebis SekavSirebis SiSi
hqonda. amis gamo SeimuSaves am xalxebis
daprispirebis gegma. afxazeTis omis daw-
yebis Semdeg regionSi ramdenime aseuli
Cerqezi mebrZoli gamoigzavna. isini aqti-
urad monawileobdnen gagrisa da soxumis
aRebaSi. am movlenebma qarTul-Cerqezu-
li urTierTobebi mniSvnelovnad daazia-
na. oci wlis manZilze qarTvelebsa da Cer-
qezebs urTierToba TiTqmis ar hqoniaT.
urTierTobebis aRdgena 2008 wlis ru-
seT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg dai-
wyo. saqarTvelos parlamen-
ti Seudga CerqezTa ge-
 Cerqezebi

nocidis sakiTxis Seswavlas da sabolood, 2011 wlis 20 maiss, CerqezTa genocidi aRiara. ge-
nocidis aRiarebas mohyva anakliaSi CerqezTa genocidis memorialis dadgma da TbilisSi
Cerqezuli kulturis centris gaxsna. amis Semdeg nel-nela ganaxlda qarTul-Cerqezuli
kulturuli kavSirebi. araerTi Cerqezi moRvawe estumra saqarTvelos. Cerqezebma gaiaz-
res is didi Secdoma, rac qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi maT monawileobas ukavSirdeba.
dRes Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cerqezuli ena iswavleba da mas eTnikuri Cerqe-
zi Tamar ujuxu aswavlis.

Cerqezuli kultura

Cerqezuli kultura uaRresad mdidari da mravalferovania. Cerqezebs XIX saukunemde

sakuTari damwerloba ar hqoniaT, ramac xeli Seuwyo mdidari xalxuri zepirsityvierebis
ganviTarebas. Cerqezuli zepirsityvierebis erT-erTi TvalsaCino nimuSia narTebis eposi.
narTebis eposi asaxavs miTologiuri gmirebis – narTebis istoriebs da maT brZolas sxva-
dasxva miTiur personaJebTan. narTuli eposi CerqezTa uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis
uamrav elements Seicavs. CerqezTa uZveles religiaSi daleqilia druidizmisa da poliTe-
izmis elementebi. islamis miRebis miuxedavad, Cerqezebma dRemde SeinarCunes TavianTi
Zveli religiis uamravi rituali. zepirsityvierebasTan erTad mdidaria Cerqezuli fol-
kloruli musika. Cerqezul sakrav instrumentebs – SiWefSins (xemiani sakravi), yamils (Ca-
saberi sakravi), apepSins (tradiciuli akordeoni) – unikaluri JReradoba aqvT. Cerqezul

75
 samezoblo
xalxur simRerebSi asaxulia rogorc nar-
Tebis eposi, ise ruseT-kavkasiis omi. maga-
liTad, „abZaxTa salaSqro simRera“ mog-
viTxrobs, Tu rogor wvavdnen rusi dampy-
roblebi Cerqezul soflebs da Semdeg
rogor zeimobdnen; „ruseTis mefis wyev-
la“ ki aris ruseTis imperator nikoloz I-
is dawyevla, sadac Cerqezebi mas dRis dab-
nelebas usurveben; simRera „gza stambo-
lisken“ asaxavs CerqezTa genocidsa da
TurqeTisaken mimaval eklian gzas. Zalian
mravalferovania Cerqezuli cekvebi, maT-
gan aRsaniSnavia qafa, uji da sxva.
sxva kavkasiel erebTan SedarebiT, Cer-
qezebs ar aqvT mravalferovani arqiteq-
tura. isini ZiriTadad xis saxlebSi cxov-
robdnen da omianobis gamo xSirad uwev-
daT sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla. Cer-
qezuli arqiteqturis TvalsaCino nimu-
Sia dolmenebi – qvis uZvelesi ritualuri
76
nagebobebi, romelTa daniSnulebac dRem-
de gaurkvevelia. Tavad Cerqezebi maT
`ifs unes~, anu jujaTa saxlebs uwodeben.
Tqmulebis mixedviT, Cerqezebis mosvlam-
de dolmenebSi jujebi cxovrobdnen, rom-
lebic Cerqezebma gaaZeves.
calke unda aRiniSnos Cerqezuli Cac-
muloba. mamakacis samosi aris Coxa. gavr-
celebulia varaudi, rom sxva kavkasielma
xalxebma, maT Soris qarTvelebmac, Coxa
swored Cerqezebisagan gadmoiRes. sayu-
radReboa isic, rom rusul enaze Coxas
„Cerkeska“ ewodeba. XIX saukuneSi am tan-
sacmels ruseTis mefis karzec ki didi si-
amayiT atarebdnen. Zalian lamazia Cerqe-
zi qalis samosic, romelsac grZeli saxe-
loebi aqvs. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
am kabebze amoqarguli mravalferovani
Cerqezuli ornamenti, rac tradiciulad,
oqros ZafebiT sruldeboda.
 Cerqezebi

istoriulad, Cerqezebs didi mxedruli tradiciebi hqondaT – ganTqmuli iyvnen, ro-

gorc ubadlo mSvildosnebi da mxedrebi. Cerqez mxedarTa siZlieris saidumlo Cerqezuli
(yabardouli) cxenis jiSia, romelic saukuneebis manZilze seleqciis Sedegad miiRes. cxeni
imdenad Sezrdili iyo Cerqezul kulturasTan, rom Cerqezi mamakacisaTvis fexiT siaruli
karg tonad ar miiCneoda. CerqezTa samxedro tradiciebze metyvelebs isic, rom dReisaT-
vis uamravi Cerqezi msaxurobs TurqeTis SeiaraRebul Zalebsa Tu specsamsaxurebSi, xolo
iordaniis mefis piradi dacva mTlianad Coxosani Cerqezebisagan Sedgeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Cerqezuli ena samwerlobo enad or saukuneze naklebi xnis win iq-
ca, Cerqezuli literatura Zalian mravalferovania. mwerali Tembot WeraSi cnobilia Ta-
visi istoriuli romanebiT „euli mxedari“ da „SafsuRTa qaliSvili“. Cerqezul poeziaSi
gamoirCeva ihay meSbeSis patriotuli Tematikis leqsebi da poemebi. mis erT-erT leqsSi, sa-
xelad „mSobliuri ena“, aris strofi, sadac gakritikebulia Cerqezuli enis mimarT ruse-
Tis asimilaciuri politika. dRes es strofi araoficialur cenzuras eqvemdebareba da
RonisZiebebze mas aRar kiTxuloben. aRsaniSnavia agreTve Cerqezi mwerali da narTebis
eposis mkvlevari asker hadeRatli, romelmac narTebis eposis personaJebi sakuTar roma-
nebSi axleburad gaacocxla.

amrigad, Cerqezebi kavkasiis erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricxovani da saintereso eTniku-

ri jgufia, romlis kulturac jer kidev ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili. rac Seexeba qar-
Tul-Cerqezul urTierTobebs, dReisaTvis maTi gaRrmavebis tendencia ikveTeba da es uf-
ro metad ganmtkicebas saWiroebs.

77