LEOPOLD’S MANEUVER

FAMILY PLANNING
The Leopold maneuvers are used to palpate
the gravid uterus systematically. This
method of abdominal palpation is of low
cost, easy to perform, and non-invasive. It is
used to determine the position,
presentation, and engagement of the fetus
in utero.
The first maneuver also called the fundal
grip, assesses the uterine fundus to
determine its height and which fetal pole—
that is, cephalic or podalic—occupies the
fundus.
The second maneuver, sometimes called
the umbilical grip, involves palpation of the
lateral uterine surfaces.
The third maneuver was modified by Karel
Pawlík (1849–1914), a Czech gynecologist
and obstetrician, and is referred to as the
Pawlik grips. This maneuver aids in the
confirmation of fetal presentation.
This fourth maneuver resembles the first
maneuver; however, the examiner faces
towards the maternal pelvis.
NEW BORN SCREENING
NBS happens after birth, usually when your
baby is between 24 and 48 hours (1 and 2 days)
old. If a baby is tested before 24 hours, they
may need to be retested.
Newborn screening has three different parts:
1. Blood spot screening, which
determines if a baby might have one of
many serious conditions.
- (sometimes called the “heel stick” or
“24-hour test”) uses a few drops of
blood from your baby’s heel to
determine if your baby might have one
of many serious conditions.
- Between 24 and 48 hours after birth
2. Pulse oximetry screening, which
determines if a newborn might have
certain heart conditions.
- uses a sensor to determine if your
baby might have certain heart conditions
called critical congenital heart disease
(CCHD).
- Between 24 and 48 hours after birth
3. Hearing screening, which determines if
a newborn might be deaf or hard of
hearing.
- uses earbuds or earphones to check
your baby’s hearing.
- 12 hours’ old
Family planning allows people to attain their
desired number of children, if any, and to
determine the spacing of their pregnancies.
Male condom 85–98% Protects against most STIs, including
HIV. Protection unproven against
infections transmitted by skin-to-skin
contact (HSV, HPV).
Female 79–95% Laboratory studies show protection
condom against STI/HIV. More human studies
needed.
Spermicides 71–85% Possible protection against bacterial
STIs, no protection against viral STIs
and HIV. May increase risk of HIV
infection.
Diaphragm 84–94% Possible protection against bacterial
(with STIs. Increased risk of bacterial
spermicides) vaginosis. Little is known about
protective effect of diaphragm against
HIV. Protective against cervical
neoplasia. Spermicide use may
increase risk of HIV infection.
Oral 92–>99% No protection against lower genital
contraceptives tract infections; reduced risk of
symptomatic PID. No protection
against viral STIs and HIV. Yeast
infections more common.
Implantable >99% No protection against bacterial or viral
contraceptives STIs and HIV.
Injectable >99% No protection against lower genital
contraceptives tract infections; reduced risk of
symptomatic PID.
No protection against viral STIs and
HIV.

IUD >99% No protection against bacterial or viral

STIs and HIV. Associated with PID in
first month after insertion.

Surgical >99% No protection against lower genital

sterilization tract infections; reduced risk of
(tubal ligation symptomatic PID. No protection
and against viral STIs and HIV.
vasectomy)