LAND ENVIRONMENT ▪ Pioneer Community – first to

colonize bare rock (e.g. lichens,

Ecosystem
mosses)
- a biological community of interacting ▪ Successional Stage or Seral Stage –
organisms and their physical environment. Each step in the process
- are dynamic, changing units. ▪ Sere – The entire sequence of stages
➢ Secondary Succession – begins with the
Factors that affect the ecosystem destruction or disturbance of an existing
- Biotic Factors ecosystem.
o Living factors; (ex. animals, plants)
- Abiotic Factors
o Non-living factors; (ex. temperature)
*Ecologists observed the long-lasting and stable
combination of species that is self-perpetuating
which led to the concepts of succession and climax
communities.
Succession
- Recognizable, predictable changes.
Climax Community
How does succession occur?
- Relatively stable, long-lasting community
Succession occurs because the activities of
that is the result of succession.
organisms may create a suitable environment for
- The kind of climax community that is formed
new species. When new species are established, they
depends on climate, soil, water, and
tend to compete with the original species and become
colonizing organisms
dominant, which results for the original/early species
to become less numerous or be totally replaced. Biomes
What affects succession? - Terrestrial climax communities with wide
geographic distribution.
Climate, locally available seed, frequency of
disturbance, invasions of other/outsider Two Primary Abiological Factors that determine
organisms are some of the factors that determines the type of biome
the pace and direction of the successional process.
- Temperature
Two kinds of Succession: - Precipitation
➢ Primary Succession – begins with a total Other Factors
lack of organisms and bare mineral surfaces
- Periodic fires
or water.
- Soil
- Current Organisms

9 TYPES OF BIOMES
1. Desert – extremely dry environments that are
home to well-adapted plants and animals.
Types of Desert
a) Hot and Dry (Arid) Desert – receives less
than 25 cm (10 in) rain/year
o Example: Sahara Desert (Africa);
Rub’Al Khali Desert (Saudi Arabia)
b) Semi-Arid Desert – receives 25 to 50 cm
rain/year
o Example: Great Basin Desert (North
America)
c) Coastal Desert – found on coasts, where land
meets the oceans;
o It is dry because even though the wind
that blows over these deserts come
across the ocean, they do not bring
rain. Instead, the bring fog that brings
tiny droplets of water that are too
small to fall as a rain.
o Example: La Paz Sand Dunes (Laoag,
Ilocos Norte)
d) Cold Desert – has a scorching summers, and
chilly winters
o Example: Gobi Desert (Central Asia)
Climate
- Hot and dry with little rainfall
- Generally receives less than 25 cm of
precipitation per year
Organisms
- Species that are specially adapted to survive
in dry, often hot environments
- Many species, but they typically have low
numbers of individuals. They do not have
large, dense populations.
- Many plants have very small leaves for them
to conserve water.
Human Impact
- Agriculture is not suitable
- Hunter-gatherer societies are the most
common ones associated with desert
2. Grassland – a.k.a. “Temperate Grasslands”,
“prairies”, or “steppes”; found in mid-laitudes
- -
Climate
- Windy with hot summers and cold-to mild
winters
- Receives between 25 and 75 cm (10 to 30 in)
of precipitation per year
Organisms
- Grasses make up 60 to 90 % of vegetation.
- Animals that eat grasses; grazing mammals
(such as bison, wildebeests, wild horses,
sheep, cattle, and goats)
Human Impact
- Suitable for agriculture because of its rich
soil
3. Savanna – Found in tropical parts of Africa, South
America, and Australia
Climate
- Windy with hot-summers and cold-to-mild
winters
- Receives 50 to 150 cm (20 to 60 in) of rain
per year, but is not evenly distributed
throughout the year.
- A period of heavy rainfall is followed by
prolonged drought.
Organisms
- drought-resistant grasses; flat topped, thorny
trees.
- Grazing animals, rodents, birds, insects,
reptiles, termites
Human Impact
- Agriculture is possible in more moist regions;
raising of livestock is done in drier areas.
- [ In Africa ] it is used for ecotourism.
4. Mediterranean Shrublands – Located near
oceans and are dominated by shrubby plants
Climate
Wet, cool winters and hot, dry summers.
- Rainfall is 40 to 100 cm (15 to 40 in) per year.
Organisms
- Woody shrubs
- Animals vary depending on the region; Many
kinds of insects, reptiles, birds and mammals
are present.
Human Impact
- Agriculture is common, often with the aid of
irrigation.
5. Tropical Dry Forest – Found in parts of Central
and South America, Australia, Africa, and Asia (India
and Myanmar)
Climate
- Has a monsoon climate, which means several
months of heavy rainfall is followed by dry
period up to 8 months.
- Rainfall may be as low as 50 cm (20 in) or as
high as 200 cm (80 in).
Organisms
- Plants that can adapt and endure drought;
leaves fall during dry periods
- Shares many animal species with
neighboring rainforests and savannas
Human Impact
- Many of these forests occur in areas of very
high human population
- Harvesting of wood for fuel and building
materials has heavily affected these forests
- Converted to farming and/or grazing of
animals.
6. Tropical Rainforest – Located near the equator
- Example: Amazon Rainforest (South
America); Congo rainforest (Africa)
Climate
- Normally warm and relatively constant; no
frost, and it rains nearly every day.
- 200 cm (80 in) per year / 500 cm (200 in) or
more.
Organisms
- It has a greater diversity of species than any
other biome because it rains nearly every day,
which provides a stable, humid climate that
animals and plants flourish in
Human Impact
- These are under pressure from logging and
agriculture.
7. Temperate Deciduous Forest – Typical of the
eastern half of the United States, parts of central and
southeastern Canada, southeastern Africa, and many
areas of Europe and Asia
Climate
- Receives 75 to 100 cm (30 to 60 in) of
relatively evenly distributed precipitation per
year.
- It has four distinct seasons (winter, spring,
summer, and fall).
Organisms
- In contrast to tropical rainforest, these
generally have many fewer species.
Human Impact
- Much of the current forest is subjected to
periodic logging
-
8. Taiga – a.k.a. “Boreal Forest”, “Northern
Coniferous Forest”; world’s largest biome
Climate
- One of short, cool summers and long winters.
- Precipitation ranges between 25 and 100 cm
(10 to 40 in) per year.
-
Organisms
- Conifers are the most common trees in the
area.
- Few birds and mammals are found in these
areas.
Human Impact
- Logging and subsistence hunting for food is
common.
- Human impact is less severe because
population density is generally low in this
region

9. Tundra – Extremely cold region that lacks trees

and has a permanently frozen subsurface soil.
- came from Finnish word “Tunturia”, which
means ‘treeless plain’
- Example: Greenland, Alaska
• Permafrost – frozen soil layer
Climate
- Precipitation is similar to some deserts which
is less than 25 cm (10 in) per year
- Summer is wet because of the melting of
snow.
Organisms
- Plants are usually less than 20 cm (8 in) tall
only.
- No reptiles or amphibians can survive in this
area.
Human Impact
- People rely on subsistence hunting for food.
Solid Waste
Nearly everything we do leaves behind some kind of
waste. Around the world, waste generation rates are
rising. In 2020, the world was estimated to generate 2.24
billion tonnes of solid waste, amounting to a footprint of
0.79 kilograms per person per day. With rapid population
growth and urbanization, annual waste generation is
expected to increase by 73% from 2020 levels to 3.88
billion tons in 2050.
A "solid waste" is defined as any discarded material that
is abandoned by being disposed of, burned or incinerated,
recycled or considered "waste-like."
Nonhazardous solid waste from a community that
requires collection and transport to a processing or
disposal site is called municipal solid waste (MSW).
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)—more commonly known
as trash or garbage—consists of everyday items we use
and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass
clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps,
newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes
from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses.
The fraction of MSW produced in domestic households is
called refuse. These include food waste, paper, glass,
metals, plastics, textiles, etc. A large part of domestic
wastes consists of plant and animal waste such as
vegetables, fruit peel, bone and meat waste, and chicken
and fish waste. It is basically any waste that comes from
your household. And can include unwanted or unusable
items such as old mattresses, furniture, or electrical items.
Solid Wastes Provide Breeding Sites, Burrows, and Food
for Biological Disease Vectors. Vectors are living
organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between
humans, or from animals to humans. Open and
uncontained garbage will provide food for flies, rats and
mice, and if the situation persists over time, large
populations of flies and rodents may develop. Both flies
and rats are major vectors of many infectious diseases
including bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are harmful
to the health of humans, animals, and the environment.
Public health is also threatened by infiltration of leachate
from MSW disposal into groundwater,and particularly
into drinking water supplies. Leachate is formed when
rainwater collects in landfills, pits, waste ponds, or waste
lagoons, and stays in contact with waste material long
enough to leach out and dissolve some of its chemical and
biochemical constituents. Leachate may be a major
groundwater and surface water contaminant, particularly
where there is heavy rainfall and rapid percolation
through the soil.
Leachate is generated on account of the infiltration of
water into landfills and its percolation through waste as
well as by the squeezing of the waste due to self-weight.
Thus, leachate can be defined as a liquid that is produced
when water or another liquid comes in contact with solid
waste. Leachate is a contaminated liquid that contains a
number of dissolved and suspended materials.
The important factors that influence leachate quality
include waste composition, elapsed time, temperature,
moisture, and available oxygen. In general, leachate
quality of the same waste type may be different in landfills
located in different climatic regions. Landfill operational
practices also influence leachate quality.
Quantities and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste.
The quantity and the composition of the municipal solid
waste are critical for the determination of the appropriate
handling and management of solid wastes. Such
information is essential and useful to put up the solid
waste to energy conversion facility within the
municipality.
The quantities of MSW generated in a community may be
estimated by one of three techniques: input analysis,
secondary data analysis, or output analysis.
Input analysis estimates MSW based on use of a number
of products. For example, if 100,000cans of beer are sold
each week in a particular community, the MSW,
including litter, can be expected to include
100,000aluminum cans per week. The estimation
technique is highly inaccurateexcept in small and isolated
communities.
The second technique is the Secondary Data Analysis
Wherein Secondary data may be used to estimate solid
waste production by some empirical relationship. For
example, one study (Shell and Shure 1972)concludedthat
solid waste generation could be predicted. Models like
this one are inherently inaccurate and may have no
general application.
Solid waste generation should be measured by output
analysis, that is, by weighing the refuse dumped at the
disposal site, either with truck scales or with portable
wheeled scales. Refuse must generally be weighed in any
case, because fees for use of the dump (called fippingfees)
depend on weight dumped. Daily weight of refuse varies
with the day of the week and the week of the year.
Weather conditions also affect refuse weight, since
moisture content can vary between 15 and 30%. If every
truckload cannot be weighed, statistical methods must be
used to estimate the total quantity from sample truckload
weights.
Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes
Refuse management depends on both the characteristics
of the site and the character- istics of the MSW itself:
gross composition, moisture content, particle size,
chemical composition,and density.
Gross composition may be the most important
characteristic affecting MSW disposal, or the recovery of
materials and energy from refuse. Composition varies
from one community to another, as well as with time in
any one community. Refuse composition is expressed
either “asgenerated” or “asdisposed,” since moisture
transfer takes place during the disposal process and
thereby changes the weights of the various fractions of
refuse. Table 12-1 shows typical componentsof average
U.S. refuse. The numbers in Table 12-1are useful only as
guidelines; each community has characteristics that
influence its solid waste production and composition.
Moisture content is defined as the ratio of the weight of
water (wet weight - dry weight) to the total weight of the
wet waste. It is one of the important physical
characteristics of solid waste.
Moisture increases the weight of solid wastes, and
thereby, the cost of collection and transport. In addition,
moisture content is a critical determinant in the economic
feasibility of waste treatment by incineration, because wet
waste consumes energy for evaporation of water and in
raising the temperature of water vapor.
For the Particle Size. The measurement of size
distribution of particles in waste stream is important
characteristic of solid waste because of its significance in
the design of mechanical separators and shredders. The
size and distribution of the components of wastes are also
important for the recovery of materials, especially when
mechanical means are used, such as trammel screens and
magnetic separators. For example, ferrous items which
are of a large size may be too heavy to be separated by a
magnetic belt or drum system.
Information on the chemical composition of the
components that constitute MSW is important in
evaluating alternative processing and recovery options.
For example, the feasibility of combustion depends on the
chemical composition of the solid wastes.
Density of solid waste, i.e., its mass per unit volume
(kg/m3), is a critical factor in the design of a SWM system,
e.g., the design of sanitary landfills, storage, types of
collection and transport vehicles, etc. Usually it refers to
un-compacted waste. To explain, an efficient operation of
a landfill demands compaction of wastes to optimum
density. Any normal compaction equipment can achieve
reduction in volume of wastes by 75%, which increases
an initial density of 100 kg/m3 to 400 kg/m3. In other
words, a waste collection vehicle can haul four times the
weight of waste in its compacted state than when it is un-
compacted.
Collection
In the United States, and in most other industrialized
countries, solid waste is collected by trucks. These are
usually packers, trucks that carry hydraulic rams to
compact the refuse to reduce its volume and can thus carry
larger loads.
Once the waste is dumped, it is compacted by a
hydraulically powered moving wall that oscillates
backwards and forwards to push the waste to the rear of
the vehicle.
Garbage disposal
Garbage grinders reduce the amount of garbage in refuse.
If all homes had garbage grinders, the frequency of
collection could be decreased. Garbage grinders are so
ubiquitous that in most communities garbage collection is
needed only once a week. Garbage grinders put an extra
load on the wastewater treatment plant, but sewage is
relatively dilute and ground garbage can be
accommodated easily both in sewers and in treatment
plants.
The garbage disposal is mounted to the underside of a sink
and is designed to collect solid food waste in a grinding
chamber. When you turn on the disposal, a spinning disc,
or impeller plate, turns rapidly, forcing the food waste
against the outer wall of the grinding chamber. This
pulverizes the food into tiny bits, which then get washed by
water through holes in the chamber wall.
Once the scraps have been ground up by the garbage
disposal, the water in your pipes carries them to your local
wastewater treatment plant. Any solid food pieces that
reach the treatment plant are filtered and sent to either an
incinerator, anaerobic digestion facility, or landfill.
Pneumatic Pipes
Pneumatic Underground Collection is an alternative
technology that can assist in the development of smart and
sustainable cities. The technology consists of a network
of optimally distributed deposit boxes connected to a
network of underground pipes through which waste is
transferred to a collection point.
It consists of chutes which connect to an underground
system of pneumatic tubes that use high-pressure air to
whoosh garbage away to a handful of centralized
collection points.
Trash compactor
A trash compactor works the same way as a regular trash
can — you place your garbage in the can, but as soon as
the can is full, you activate the crusher by pressing a
switch. The crushing mechanism then compresses the
compactor trash until it’s a fraction of its original size.
Trash compactors are great for the environment because
they reduce the volume of household trash. They reduce
the number of trash bags entering landfills. With less
waste in dumpsters, the number of times a dumpster needs
to be emptied is reduced.
Transfer Stations
Waste transfer stations play an important role in a
community’s total waste management system, serving as
the link between a community’s solid waste collection
program and a final waste disposal facility.
A transfer station is a building or processing site for the
temporary deposition of waste. Transfer stations are often
used as places where local waste collection vehicles will
deposit their waste cargo prior to loading into larger
vehicles.
Typical activities at the waste transfer station involved the
unloading of garbage trucks, pre-screening and removal of
inappropriate items such as automobile batteries,
compacting and then reloading onto larger vehicles,
including trucks, trains and barges to their final
destination.
Cans on wheels
Cans on wheels, often provided by the community, are
widely used for transfer of refuse from the household to
the collection truck. The cans are pushed to the curb by the
householder and emptied into the truck by a hydraulic lift.
This system saves money and has reduced occupational
injuries dramatically. Garbage collection workers suffer
higher lost-time accident rates than other municipal or
industrial workers.
Route Optimization
Route optimization saves time and resources. Route
optimization improves overall fleet productivity by
allowing jobs to be completed more quickly.
It was first addressed by the mathematician Leonard Euler
in 1736. He was asked to design a parade route for the city
of Konigsberg in East Prussia (now Kaliningrad in
Russia) in such a way that the parade would not cross any
bridge over the River Pregel more than once (Fig. 12-6).
Euler showed that such a route was not possible, and, in a
further generalization, that in order to arrive back at the
starting point by such an Euler’s tour, an even number of
nodes had to be connected by an even number of links.
The objective of garbage collection truck routing is to
create a Euler’s tour and thereby eliminate deadheading,
or retracing a link without additional collection.
Heuristic routing is a system used to describe how
deliveries are made when problems in a network topology
arise. Heuristic is an adjective used in relation to methods
of learning, discovery, or problem solving. Routing is the
process of selecting paths to specific destinations.
Heuristics is an approach to problem-solving in which the
objective is to produce a working solution within a
reasonable time frame. Instead of looking for a perfect
solution, heuristic strategies look for a quick solution that
falls within an acceptable range of accuracy.
Throwaway packages
Almost all food that we buy, especially processed food,
comes packaged. Whether it comes from a grocery store
or market, a sit-down or fast-food restaurant, an online
meal delivery service or perhaps even the farmers’
market, it is hard to find food that isn’t artificially
encased.
Modern food packaging provides a way to make food
safe, reliable, shelf-stable and clean. Unfortunately, most
food packaging is designed to be single use and is not
recycled.
While some newer plastics are made from corn and other
plant matter, most are made from petroleum and include
additives like polymers. In addition, many types of
packaging contain coatings and most packaging comes
labeled with text using printer’s inks; paperboards are
often lined with plastic that is not visible.
Unfortunately, most packaging is designed as single-
use, and is typically thrown away rather than reused or
recycled. 6 According to the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), food and food packaging
materials make up almost half of all municipal solid the manufacturer and sends all of the bottles back to the
waste. bottling company. The bottling company must now either
discard these bottles, send them back to the manufacturer
Backyard burning or refill them.

All open burning poses risks to the environment and

public health. Smoke pollutes the air we breathe. Ash
pollutes our soil, groundwater, lakes, rivers and
streams. Burning anything in the outdoors can cause a
wildfire.

Landfills are sites designated for dumping rubbish,

garbage, or other sorts of solid wastes. Historically, they
are the most common means of disposing solid waste
which is either buried or left to pile in heaps. Landfill is a
common phenomenon around the world, especially due to
the increased number of wastes from our homes, schools,
offices, hospitals, and markets. Some landfills are well
managed and designed as part of integrated waste
management.

Littering is the improper disposal of waste products.

While it can happen by mistake (as in an unsecured object
flying out the bed of a truck), litter continues to be largely
a deliberate act.

It can be difficult to fully comprehend the monumental

effects throwing a cup out a window or dropping food
packaging on the ground can have. The following littering
facts aim to shed light on what littering is, why people
litter, how litter affects the environment and what you can
do to end littering and encourage others to do the same.

Adopt-a-road

The Adopt-A-Road Program is an anti-litter campaign

intended to promote a volunteer spirit and community
pride in the City of Sikeston. It allows citizens,
organizations and church or civic groups to work in
partnership with the City by"adopting"a segment of
roadway and agreeing to keep it clean. This program
offers individuals and groups a way to contribute to their
community and generate publicity for their efforts. Every
participant in this program makes a positive impact on the
appearance of their streets and their
community. Together we can make a difference and be
"Sikeston Proud"!

The Oregon Bottle Law

Restrictive beverage container legislation is a more

drastic assault on litter. The Oregon “BottleLaw”
prohibits pop-top cans and discouragesthe use of
nonreturnable glass beverage bottles. The law operates by
placing an artificial deposit value on all retailer for a
deposit. The retailer in turn must recover the money from
 Para saan nga ba yung leachate system?
Solid waste disposal
Kapag kase umulan mag iinfiltrate yung rainwater tapos
What is solid waste disposal? madadaanan nung water yung basura therefore magiging
polluted yung water. So yung use ng leachate system
Disposal of solid wastes is defined as placement of the waste
sasaluhin niya yung polluted water and idadala niya yon
so that it no longer impacts society or the environment.
leachate treatment para malinis lang yung water.
It can be done by few methods
Next is yung impermeable liner yung use nito para hindi
1. Open dump kumulat yung polluted water. Kaya tinatawag na
2. Sanitary landfills impermeable hindi niya iaallow na mag pass through yung
3. Incineration isang fluids.
4. Composting and Recycling
Lastly is yung vertical vent pipe yung use nito kapag kase nag
Open dump dedecompose yung solid waste mangyayare mag lalabas siya
ng methane gas tapos yung vertical vent pipe i vavacuum niya
Until mid 1970’s yung pag dispose ng solid waste usually yung methane gas papalabas papuntang gas plant para
ginagamit ng mga tao ay yung tinatawag na open dump. gawing natural gas and sinusunog nila ito para makapag
produce ng electricity.
Ano nga ba yung open dump?
Advantages of sanitary landfill
Yung open dump isa lang siyang open space na dump site and
I cocollect lang yung mga basura gamit yung mga heavy • Pwede siyang makapag produce ng electricity galing
equipments tapos I tatambak lang nila sa site matapos sa methane gas
maitambak susunugin lang nila yon. • Hindi siya expensive and
• maiiwasan yung pag susunog ng solid waste so less
Advantages of open dump
pollution tapos hindi rin siya ganoon
Mabilis yung pag dispose ng basura, inexpensive and it is easy • kabaho and makakapag attract ng mga peste gaya ng
to be done. daga since, embedded sa lupa yung solid waste.

Disadvantages of open dump
• Air pollution kase nga nag susunog therefore
magroon ng toxic chemicals
• And since open space yung lugar mabaho dito and
madaming mga daga or ano mga insects yung
pumupunta dito.
Note lang yun mga solid waste dito ay halo halo so walang
segregation na ginagawa dito.
Disadvantage naman is yung hindi siya pwede sa mga maliliit
na lugar.
Note: After 5 years pwede ng tayuan ng structures yung
landfill since nag settle na yung lupa
Incineration
Ano nga ba yung incineration

Sanitary landfills So yung incineration also known as controlled burning. Dito

Sanitary landfills procedure
Una maghuhukay sila ng lupa pagkatapos lalagay nila yung
basura tapos compact nila yung basura and tatambakan lang
ng lupa tapos icocompact ulit. Note lang na malaki yung
nahukay na landfill so hindi kaagad mapapanu yon tapos
yung process repeating hanggang mapuno yung landfill. Next
to avoid potential hazard nag lagay sila materials gaya ng
leachate system, vertical vent pipe at impermeable liner.
sinusunog nila yung basura sa gamit yung incinerator.
Paano nga ba mag work yung incineration?
Una itatambak nila yung basura sa isang garbage pit gaya ng
nandito sa picture
Tapos susunugin nila sa tinatawag na furnace and few
minutes lang sunog nayung basura.
Therefore, mag lalabas yun ng toxic chemicals so bago 1. It can produce natural fertilizer na pwedeng pampataba
palabasin yung gas na may toxic chemical susunugin na nila ng lupa
yon to convert into carbon dioxide and water or magiging 2. Environmental friendly and malelessen yung mga solid
siyang steam. waste na pwedeng dalhin sa other method ng pag
dispose ng solid waste. Imbis na mag sanitary landfill ka
Ganon yung process niya. pwede mo munang i check kung pwede mong gawin
compost yung isang solid waste.
Advantages of Incineration
3. And lastly cost efficiently
• Solid waste can be reduce up to 90 percent of its
Disadvatages
volume so laking tulong na non sa pag dispose ng
solid waste. 1. Mejo matagal yung pag gawa ng compost usually 4 to 12
• No air pollution. weeks
• Tapos isang pang advantage ng incineration is yung 2. Mabaho
tinatawag na waste to energy so paano yon? Yung
steam na naggaling sa chamber kanina dadaan yon So yung lang sa composting
sa turbine para makapag create ng electricity.
Next is recycling so hindi ko na siya I didiscuss since ididiscuss
• And lastly ok na ok yung incineration sa mga small
naman siya ng next reporter.
countries since hindi masyadong nag ooccupy ng
space yung method na ito.

Disadvantages of incineration

bakit nga ba kakaunti lang yung mga gumagamit ng

incineration?

• Una dahil sa tinatawag nilang fly ash so kapag nag

susunog sila mayroon silang nafifilter na fly ash na
sobrang dilikado na dinadala nila sa hazardous waste
facility. So kailangan well trained yung mga staff to
avoid accident.
• pangalawa expensive ang pag conduct ng
incineration.

Composting and recycling

Ano yung composting and Paano nga ba yung process ng

composting?

Una kailangan munang I separate yung organic waste pero

ano nga ba yung organic waste? Organic waste are all waste
from biological origin. Meaning (which was once alive or part
of a living thing).

Example nito leaves, newspaper and vegetables…

Next na step I titrim or shred na nila yung organic waste tapos

I liline up nila yon para momonitor nalang nila yung
temperature ng compost para makapag attract ng
microorganism so ganoon yung process niya.

Advantages of composting
LAND POLLUTION CONTROL
WHAT IS LAND POLLUTION?
Is the deterioration of the land surfaces at
and below the ground level nagyayare to kapag
naaaccumulate yung solid and liquid waste material
na nagcocontaminate sa ating groundwater and soil
Yung waste material na mentioned ay often natin
nirerefer as MSW o municipal solid waste na which
include both hazardous and non hazardous waste
Since the industrial revolution nasira ang mga natural
habitats at mga environment natin ay naging
polluted na nagcause ng mga diseases In both human
and many other species of animals dahil sa action na
ginawa ng human nareduce yung capacity ng
pagsupport ng life forms and ecosystem na
tinatawag nating land degradation
CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION
There are two different kind of causes of land
pollution.
1. Natural Land Pollution - this type of land
pollution happens naturally.
⚫ Earthquake and Volcanic Eruptions - it can
damage the surface of the land.
2. Anthropogenic Land Pollution - Anthropo means
human while genic means started by. Therefore
the biggest problem of land pollution is cause by
humans.
⚫ Urbanization & Construction
Land pollution is unavoidably caused by large
populations living close to one another, creating
trash, and littering in a populated area. Construction
work is also done to accommodate our growing
population, which generates a lot of waste materials
like metal, plastic, wood, and bricks.
⚫ Mining
Mining is the process of removing minerals
and other geological elements from the ground.
These resources are then utilized for a variety of
purposes, such as the production of energy and the
sale of goods like gold and silver.
For instance, acid mine drainage (AMD) is
frequently used in coal mining to help remove coal
from its surroundings. This method's acid runoff
interacts chemically with the surrounding rocks and
sand to produce sulfuric acid when it enters local
natural water sources and supplies. Sulfuric acid is
poisonous to most other plants and animals in addition
to humans.
⚫ Agriculture
The need for food has grown significantly
along with the human population. To get rid of pests
like fungi, bacteria, and insects from their crops,
farmers frequently use very toxic fertilizers and
pesticides. However, over usage of these substances
causes land pollution and toxicity.
- Intensive Agriculture
In general, the word "intensive agriculture"
refers to increasing agricultural production on a
specific land area using resources like manpower,
fertilizer, and machinery.
- Monoculturalism
The practice of growing just one crop in a
certain location.
⚫ Littering
Land pollution is further caused by illegal
dumping. People frequently dump trash illegally
rather than in designated dumping zones, such as in
forests, open fields, and ditches.
All trash, whether intentional or not, causes
pollution by releasing chemicals and micro-particles
as it degrades.
Example article:
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1190560 (abt
baguio littering)
- Waste
Even if you put your trash in the bin and take it
outside so the garbage truck can pick it up, the
journey is not finished. Your garbage has to go
somewhere, and that somewhere is generally a
landfill. Landfills can contribute to land pollution
when improperly managed.
⚫ Nuclear Waste
Chemicals that are hazardous and damaging
to humans are found in the radioactive waste. In
order to prevent any harm, they are buried under the
ground.
The toxins in the garbage are released into
the environment when it is buried in the ground.
Making pits in the ground allows for the disposal of
nuclear waste, oil, and fuel. As a result, the soil loses
its richness and quality. Thus, soil pollution is a result
of nuclear waste.
⚫ Deforestation
Soils lose their vegetation cover as a result of
deforestation. The value of the land is lost as a result
of deforestation because it can never be made fertile
again once it has become dry.
Recent deforestation renders the soil barren
and incapable of supporting life. Soil erosion is the
term for this.
Take the deforestation in the Amazon for
example, I’m sure you’ve heard the term “lungs of
the earth”. (https://www.dw.com/en/amazon-fire-
deforestation-carbon-capture-carbon-sink-
emissions-logging-bolsonaro/a-63428244 )
Desertification
So, let's look at a sample process of
desertification. Sometimes shallow dips in the land
can trap water and help plants to grow there. But if
humans come along, they might cut down the trees
and allow their livestock to trample the earth. This
makes the top layer of soil dry and dusty. Winds can
blow this fertile soil away, and it can make the dip
shallower. If this process continues then eventually
the dip is gone and it can no longer support plants.
The semi arid land has become desert. It is a mistake
to think that droughts can cause this. Sometimes if
your land is well managed it can recover when the
rains return.
EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION
⚫ Soil Pollution
Another form of land pollution is soil
pollution, which occurs when the top layer of the soil
is harmed. This is brought on by the excessive use of
chemical fertilizers.
⚫ Groundwater Poisoning
Chemicals and other dangerous materials
from industrial processes may enter the
groundwater system when they are inappropriately
dumped on the ground, in illegal landfills. The action
is referred to as leaching. It can occur on farms,
industrial sites, and landfills and have an impact on
the health of both humans and animals as well as
plants.
⚫ Habitat Destruction
One of the most severe effects of land
pollution is the degradation of habitat. Polluted land
can become uninhabitable for both plants and
animals, causing biodiversity loss and the
displacement of wildlife.
⚫ Climate Change
Land pollution can also contribute to climate
change. When the land is polluted, it can absorb more
heat, which can lead to an increase in global
temperatures.
⚫ Human Health Problems
Skin cancer and other potentially fatal
conditions, such as respiratory illnesses in humans,
are brought on by the soil when it is contaminated
with harmful chemicals and pesticides. Moreover,
food sources might become contaminated as a result
of land pollution.
⚫ Wildfires
When land areas are polluted, they usually
become quite dry. The dry conditions created by
pollutants in the soil create the perfect environment
for wildfires and increases the probability of
wildfires dramatically.
The fires can grow quickly because of the dry
conditions and widening area of polluted land,
thereby harming the whole environment and killing
plants, animals and even humans.
( https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/s-korean-
wildfire-destroys-forces-thousands-flee-rcna18833 )
HOW DO WE PREVENT LAND POLLUTION?
Best way for me is intindihin natin what is land
pollution its causes and effects and how do we
prevent it to make a step forward.
Here in controlling the land pollution there are laws
that we need to follow so that we can prevent the
land pollution na mas lalong lumala.
------ Section 5 of Republic Act No. 9512, also known as
the “National Environmental Awareness and
Education Act of 2008”, declared the month of
November as National Environmental Awareness
Month to promote awareness, especially among the
youth, on the importance of protecting the
environment and natural resources and the
sustainable growth and development of our country.

We should sustain the forest or sustainable forest

management kailangan natin mga puno kung di natin
sinustain ang ating mga puno yung mga land natin
magiging dry at magstart siyang mag erode
currently may law regarding this we Republic Act 3571
Section 4 Kung sino man ang magsira o magputol ng
mga puno or mga halaman na scenic value ay
makukulong ng one day to twelve years

As a student we need to be aware of what happening

on our land and that includes to do the CLAYGo. And
also if you know the Ecosia a google like website, a
search engine that support reforestation we can use
it in searching things to help us but also we have a
way to help our ecosystem. Since being a student we
also need to be a role model not only to our fellow
students but also to people around us so proper
waste disposal this is one of the most efficient way to
prevent land pollution tamang pag tapon ng ating
mga garbage which can lessen land pollution and the
use of 3Rs or 4Rs.
 1. Carbon Forest +
• The Forest is absorbing Carbon Dioxide, which
called PHOTOSYNTHESIS, reduces the
Greenhouse gases/effect.
• Preventing/Combat the Global Warming that we
are experiencing.
• Balancing the Carbon Impact.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

• Lessens the risk of NITRATE POLLUTION.

• CARBON FOOTPRINT- total amount of
greenhouse gases that are generated by our
own actions. (Ex. Car burning GASOLINE)

FINANCIAL BENEFITS

• CONVENTIONAL METHOD- (Ex. Former Oil and

Gas Reservoirs, Coal Fired Power Plants etc.)

2. Green Rail
• Reduces vibration
• Lessens the noise level of train traffic
• Less ordinary maintenance
• Transforming the railway from passive
infrastructure into an active energy-producing
asset.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

• Made of recycled plastics and rubber collected

from old tires.

FINANCIAL BENEFITS

• Competitive Price

3. Holcim Base Vial (HBV)

• Using HBV implies an increase in the rigidity and
mechanical resistance of the granular material.
• The implementation of HBV represents a great
advantage because it decreases the need to
search and exploit sources of very high-quality
aggregates due to the improvement of the
mechanical properties of the site soil.
 2ND SEMESTER
Reuse, Recycling, and Resource Recovery A.Y. 2022 - 2023 A363
REUSE RECOVERY

voluntary continued use of a product for a
purpose for which it may not have been
originally intended. the product does not
return to the industrial sector but remains
within the public or consumer sector.
RECYCLING
collection and separation of a product by
the public and the return of this material to
the industrial sector. The recycling process
requires the participation of the public since
the public must perform the separation
step.
RECOVERY
waste is collected as mixed refuse, and
then the materials are removed by various
processing steps. Recovery of materials is
commonly conducted in a Materials
Recovery Facility (MRF)
RECYCLING RECOVERY
separation step is the user or the
done voluntarily by consumer of the
the consumer. product is not asked
to do any separation.
Two primary methods of returning waste materials to
industry for remanufacturing and subsequent use.
• Recycling
• Resource Recovery
RECYCLING
Two incentives could be used to increase public participation
in recycling.
Most processes for separation of the various
materials in refuse rely on a characteristic or
property of the specific materials, and this
characteristic is used to separate the material
from the rest of the mixed refuse.
Separation processes in recovering material.
• Size Reduction (Shredding)
• Screens
• Air Classifiers
• Magnets
Size Reduction (Shredding)
is brute force breaking of particles of refuse
by swinging hammers in an enclosure.
Commonly a first step in a solid waste
processing facility.
Two types of shredders:
• Vertical Hammermills
• Horizontal Hammermills
Screens
separate material solely by size and do not
identify the material by any other property.
Most often used in materials recovery as a
classification step before a materials
separation process.
Trommel - most widely used screen in
materials recovery.
Three speeds of rotation inside the Trommel:
• Cascading
• Cataracting
• Centrifugating

• Regulatory (Government imposed)

• To inform community about
environmental issues. (Ethical based)

Reuse, Recycling, and Resource Recovery
Cascading
slow speed, not being lifted but simply
rolling back.
Cataracting
higher speed, centrifugal force carries the
material up to the side and then it falls back.
Centrifugating
even higher speed, material adheres to the
inside of the trommel.
*The efficiency of a trommel is enhanced
when the particles have the greatest
opportunity to drop through the holes, and
this occurs during cataracting.
Air Classifiers
Materials may be separated by their
aerodynamic properties. most of the
aerodynamically less dense materials are
organic, and most of the denser materials
are inorganic.
Product or Overflow
refuse that is escaping with the air stream
(less-dense materials)
Reject or Underflow
the refuse falling out the bottom (denser
materials).*Not all organic materials are
aerodynamically less dense, nor
inorganic materials denser.
*Perfect classification of more and less dense
materials is difficult because of the stochastic
nature of material movement in the classifier.
Magnets
Ferrous material may be removed from
refuse using magnets, which continually
extract the ferrous material and reject the
remainder.
2ND SEMESTER
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 A363
REFUSED-DERIVED FUEL (RDF)
Refuse-derived fuel, or RDF, is a fuel
produced from solid waste. It can be used
in many industries as an alternative to fossil
fuels.
The most common type of RDF is municipal
solid waste (MSW). MSW consists of
household waste that local authorities have
collected.
Materials used to produce RDF:
• Municipal Solid Waste
• Residential Refuse
• Commercial Refuse
• Industrial Waste
• Construction Waste
• Agricultural Waste
• Stable Waste
How is RDF produce?
• Shredding
• Size Screening
• Magnetic Separation
• Density Separation (Air Classifiers)
• Coarse Shredding
• Refining Separation by Infrared
Separation
Usage of RDF:
• To Produce Electricity
• To Produce Heat
are all
• To Make Cement
• Alternative to Fossil Fuels
•
Benefits of using RDF:
• Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
• Increased Energy Security
• Sustainability and Environmental Benefits
 2ND SEMESTER
Reuse, Recycling, and Resource Recovery A.Y. 2022 - 2023 A363
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION

Aerobic Decomposition

The word “aerobic” indicates that we deal

with decomposition that takes place when
air (oxygen in particular) is present.
Moreover, the word “decomposition” refers
to a breakdown of organic matter.

Composting

When humans utilize aerobic

decomposition, we call it composting. And
the product of the process is compost.

Anaerobic Decomposition

process through which bacteria break

down organic matter—such as animal
manure, wastewater biosolids, and food
wastes—in the absence of oxygen.

Anaerobic Outputs

• Biogas
• Digestate

Biogas (Methane and Carbon dioxide)

The energy in biogas can be used like

natural gas to provide heat, generate
electricity, and power cooling systems,
among other uses.

Digestate

With appropriate treatment, both the solid

and liquid portions of digestate can be
used in many beneficial applications, such
as animal bedding (solids), nutrient-rich
fertilizer (liquids and solids).
SOLID WASTE LAWS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Republic Act No. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000)
• December 30, 2000 - passed by the Ph. Congress
• January 26, 2001 – approved by the office of the Pres.
• It contains 7 chapters sub-divided into 66 sections.
CHAPTER II - INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
➢ SECTION 4 - NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
COMMISSION (NSWMC)
The rate of waste diversion is set to increase every 3
years.
➢ SECTION 21 - MANDATORY SEGREGATION OF SOLID
WASTES
A separate container is required for each type of waste
for on-site collection, properly marked as
“compostable”, “non-recyclable”, “recyclable” or
“special waste”. Waste segregation shall primarily be
conducted at the source, including residential,
institutional, industrial, commercial, and agricultural
sources.

This commission is under the Office of the President
and shall serve as the coordinating body and likewise
develop and implement the National Solid Waste
Management Framework. It composed of 14 members
from the government sector and 3 members from the
private sector. The purpose of NSWMC is they shall
oversee the implementation of solid waste
management plans and prescribed policies to achieve
the objectives of RA 9003.
➢ SECTION 37 – PROHIBITION AGAINST THE USE OF
OPEN DUMPS FOR SOLID WASTE
No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor
any practice or disposal of solid waste by any person,
including LGUs.
CHAPTER IV

➢ SECTION 45 – INCENTIVES
➢ SECTION 7 - NATIONAL ECOLOGY CENTER
It is provided by the act to encourage participation of
Shall provide consulting, information, training, and
individuals, private organizations, and entities,
networking services for the implementation of the
including non-government organizations, in developing
provisions of RA 9003. In other words, it is responsible
outstanding and innovative projects, technologies,
for the promotion of Environmental awareness and
processes and techniques or activities in re-use,
education, as well as the development and
recycling and reduction.
implementation of solid waste management plans.

➢ SECTION 11 - PROVINCIAL SOLID WASTE CHAPTER VI - PENAL PROVISIONS

MANAGEMENT BOARD
This shall be established in every province, to be
chaired by the governor.
➢ SECTION 12 - CITY, AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT BOARDS
Each city, or municipality shall form a City, or Municipal
Solid Waste Management Board. That shall prepare,
submit, and implement a plan for the safe and sanitary
management of solid waste generated in areas under
its geographic and political coverage. And they are
directed to formulate a 10-year local solid waste
management plan.
➢ SECTION 48 – PROHIBITED ACTS
(1) Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public
places, such as roads, sidewalks, canals, esteros or
parks, and establishments.
➢ SECTION 49 – FINES AND PENALTIES
(1) could be punished with a fine of not less than 300 but
not more than 1000 or render community service for
not less than 1 day to not more than 15 days to an LGU
where such prohibited acts are committed, or both:

CHAPTER III - COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

➢ SECTION 20 – ESTABLISHING MANDATORY SOLID

WASTE DIVERSION

This refers to the methods by which the LGUs can

reduce a sufficient amount of solid waste disposed
within 5 years. LGUs are expected to divert at least 25%
of all solid waste from waste disposal facilities
through re-use, recycling, and composting activities.
CASE NO: SB-12-CRM-0222
- People of the Philippines VS Julius Cesar V. Vergara
- For the violation of Section 37 in relation to Section 48
paragraph 9 of RA 9003.
- Preceded in Supreme court as GR No. 2083229
RA 9003 (Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000)
Where in it is an act providing for an ecological solid waste
management program, creating necessary institutional
mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited
and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for
other purposes.
Which mandates to the local government unites to achieve 25%
waste reduction through establishing an integrated solid waste
management plan based on 3Rs. Also, this act took effect on
February 15, 2001.
OPEN DUMPSITE: refers to a land disposal site where solid
waste is deposited in a manner that does not protect the
environment, is susceptible to open burning, and is exposed to
elements vectors and scavengers.
CONTROLLED DUMPSITE: disposal site at which solid waste
is deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed
standards of site operation (section 39)
SANITRY LANDFILLS: waste disposal site designed,
constructed, operated, and maintained in a manner that exerts
engineering control over significant potential environment
impacts arising from the development and operation of the
facility.
MAIN DIFFERENCE: open dumps are just piles of
garbage accumulated where not meant to be, while controlled
dumps same site as the open dump if possible, however certain
while must be consider and sanitary landfills follow a well-
planned and monitored waste management process.
Julius Cesar V. Vergara
He is the one being accused. During the time regards
of the case he is in his 3rd term as a mayor of Cabanatuan,
Nueva Ecija (during 2004-2007). During his time serving on the
time frame of feb 15, 2004 – April 2005
Sandigan Bayan
a special court of justice established to try and decide
criminal and civil cases against government official and
employees.
Bonifacio G. Garcia
Resident of Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija. He filed the
complaint.
Krusada ng Kalikasan & Mother Earth Foundation
A nongovernmental organization that aims to protect
the environment. Krusada ng Kalikasan gave complaints to the
NSWMC regarding the open dumpsite.
Based on the complaint on JUNE 17, 2005 of Mr. Garcia:
- He claimed that the government official maintained for
quite a while an open burning dumpsite located at the
boundaries of Barangays San Isidro and Valle Cruz in
Cabanatuan City which has a long overdue for closure
and rehabilitation.
- The dump site is now a four-story high mountain of
mixed garbage exposing the residents of at least 87
barangays of Cabanatuan City to all the toxic solid
waste.
- Also, the LGU’s allowed and permitted the collection of
non-segregated and unsorted waste.
- They also ignored the complaints of the residents and
the authorities (DENR), and the commissioner
(NSWM) National Solid Waste Management.
Counter affidavit of Mr. Vergara
- He denied he willfully and grossly neglected the
performance of their duty regarding to RA 9003
- Even before RA 9003, they have claimed they have
already prepared a master plan for the transfer of the
city dumpsite in brgy. Valle into an agreement with
Lacto Asia Pacific Corporation for the establishment of
the material recovery facility (MRF)
- And the problem of garbage collection in Cabanatuan
is there since 1960s.
ISSUES OF THE CASE:
For the prosecution:
a) It is whether or not the accused is liable for the violation
of Section 37 in relation to Section 48, paragraph 9 or RA
9003
For the Accused:
a) The accused was charged with a non-existent crime for
failing to convert an open dump into a controlled one by
the deadline mandated under Section 37 of RA 9003,
which is not punishable under Section 48, paragraph 9.
b) The June 17, 2005, complaint may be dismissed due to.
i. Mr. Garcia did not prove that the accused "willfully or
grossly" neglected a duty under RA 9003, and
ii. Mr. Garcia did not give the accused 30-day notice
before filing the complaint, as required by Section 1,
Rule 20 of the Rules in citizen's suits.
c) The accused claims he is not responsible for the charges
as Mayor due to command responsibility. He designated
Vice Mayor Raul Mendoza as acting Mayor during the
time of the complaint as he was abroad attending to his
wife who was receiving medical treatment for cancer.
d) The complaint may be dismissed because the Mayor's
duty to convert an open dump into a controlled dump is
not a "specific duty" under RA 9003 or its Rules. The
Mayor's "specific duty" under RA 9003 is to be the
Chairman of the City Solid Waste Management Board
under Section 5, Rule 4 of the Rules.
e) If the accused's right to a speedy trial violated? The
Ombudsman took 7 years to resolve the complaint, and
the resolution was one of former Deputy Ombudsman
Mark E. Jalandoni's midnight resolutions. Jalandoni was
convicted for falsification of these decisions.
 f) The complaint may be dismissed because the city
entered into an agreement with Lacto Asia Pacific
Corporation to establish a materials recovery facility in
Barangay Macatbong on December 3, 2004. However,
this was delayed due to opposition by stakeholders and
Lacto's failure to secure a notice to proceed from EMS,
which are beyond the control of the accused.
g) If the complaint will be dismissed because Cabanatuan
City closed and rehabilitated its open dump on December
30, 2008, following a notice to proceed from the DENR
on August 15, 2005, even though an open dump cannot
be closed without first converting it into a controlled
dump.
h) Whether the complaint should be dismissed because the
city legally converted the open dump into a controlled
one.
FACTS OF THE CASE:
The prosecution presented five witnesses namely:
1. Jose Rey Monreal
2. Eligio Torbele Ildefonso
3. Raymond Marion Pacia Blaquera
4. Sonia Sales Mendoza
5. Albery Altarejos Magalang
It state that different members of National Solid Waste
Management Commission inspected and found the same
landfill, which was not in compliance with RA 9003. Ildefonso
wrote a letter to the Acting Mayor, but no action was taken and
two notices of violation were sent.
For the defense they have presented there witness namely:
1. Virginia Magno Busog (Planning Officer)
2. Mersedes Quirante Cabling (University professor)
3. Eligio Torbela Ildefonso (hostile witness)
Mrs. Busog provides that the city was able to close the
dumpsite and that there is no violation of RA 9003.
Mrs. Cabling is a retired university professor and research
director who has worked in pollution control and waste
management for almost 30 years, making her an expert witness.
She also served as a member of the provincial solid
management board from 2003 to 2005, assisting the city in
preparing a 10-year solid waste management plan and other
programs and projects. She said that the implementation of RA
9003 was hampered by technical and financial constraints, as
well as a lack of comprehensive government regulations and
guidelines. The DENR did not provide specific guidelines and
procedures for the conversion and closure of the open dumpsite
until September 2006.
Mr. Ildefonso stated that out of 500 local government units
(LGUs) with open dumpsites, only 309 have complied with the
conversion from 2000 to 2006. For those that have not complied,
the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC)
has continued to provide technical assistance without granting
any exemptions.
FACTS OF THE CASE:
1. RA 9003 requires LGUs to convert open dumps into
controlled dumps within 3 years from February 15, 2001.
2. In 2004, the NSWMC received complaints from Krusada ng
Kalikasan about an open dump site in Brgy. Valle Cruz,
Cabanatuan City. The NSWMC is mandated to implement
RA 9003. An inspection found that the local government had
been using the open dump site since the 1960s. The
accused Mayor Julius Vergara received two notice of
violation letters. A meeting was held between residents,
Krusada ng Kalikasan, the DENR, and the city government.
The latter committed to rehabilitating the dump site. In March
2005, the NSWMC conducted a compliance inspection. The
commission then informed acting mayor Raul Mendoza of a
possible citizen's suit related to Valle Cruz dump site. Finally,
the DENR issued a notice to proceed to Cabanatuan City to
close the open dump and establish a materials recovery
facility.
3. On June 21, 2005, Bonifacio Garcia filed a complaint against
Mayor Vergara and Vice Mayor Mendoza for violating
environmental laws (RA 9003, its IRR, and RA 8749)
4. The Ombudsman charged Mayor Vergara with violating
Section 37 of RA 9003 on September 24, 2012.
Section 37. Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for
Solid Waste.
- No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor
any practice or disposal of solid waste by any person,
including LGUs, which constitutes the use of open
dumps for solid waste, be allowed after the effectivity
of this Act: Provided, That within three (3) years after
the effectivity of this Act, every LGU shall convert its
open dumps into controlled dumps, in accordance with
the guidelines set in Section 41 of this Act: Provided,
further, That no controlled dumps shall be allowed five
(5) years following effectivity of this Act.
Section 48 enumerates the prohibited acts under RA 9003,
one of which is the establishment or operation of open dumps,
or the closure of open dumps in violation of Section 37.
Section 48. Prohibited Acts
(9) Establishment or operation of open dumps as
enjoined in this Act, or closure of said dumps in violation of Sec.
37;
Section 39. Guidelines for Controlled Dumps. -- The following
shall be the minimum considerations for the establishment of
controlled dumps:
(a) Regular inert cover;
(b) Surface water and peripheral site drainage control;
(c) Provision for aerobic and anaerobic decomposition;
(d) Restriction of waste deposition to small working areas;
(e) Fence, including provision for litter control;
(f) Basic record-keeping;
(g) Provision of maintained access road;
(h) Controlled waste picking and trading;
(i) Post-closure site cover and vegetation; and
(j) Hydrogeological siting.
Section 52. Citizen Suits square meters to use as the facility's location. The
government obtained consent from neighboring
Any citizen may file an appropriate civil, criminal or barangays as required by the EMB and received a
administrative action in the proper courts/bodies against: Notice to Proceed from the DENR on August 15, 2005.
(c) Any public officer who willfully or grossly neglects the
5. The proposed MRF in Brgy. Macatbong faced
performance of an act specifically enjoined as a duty by this Act
opposition through an administrative complaint against
or its implementing rules and regulations; or abuses his authority
the city government. Additionally, the private
in the performance of his duty; or, in any manner improperly
contractor, Lacto-Asia, failed to secure an
performs his duties under this Act or its implementing rules and
Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) on the first
regulations; Provided, however, That no suit can be filed until
attempt.
after thirty-day (30) notice has been given to the public officer
and the alleged violator concerned and no appropriate action Decision: Acquitted
has been taken thereon.
For failure of the prosecution to prove the accused's guilt beyond
This was reiterated in Section 1, Rule 20 of DENR reasonable doubt,
Administrative 'Order No. 2001-34 or the Implementing
Rules and Regulations of RA 9003, issued on December 20,
2001

Thus, for a public officer to be held criminally liable for

violation of RA 9003, he must have committed any of the
following:

a. willfully or grossly neglects the performance of an

act specifically enjoined as a duty by RA 9003 or
its implementing rules and regulations; or

b. abuses his authority in the performance of his

duty; or,

c. in any manner improperly performs his duties under

RA 9003, or its implementing rules and regulation.

DISCUSSION OF THE CASE:

1. In response to complaints from residents and non-

governmental organizations, the city held a dialogue
with stakeholders and developed the City of
Cabanatuan Solid Waste Management Plan - Interim
Action Plan on February 22, 2005, and the City
Government Commitment Plan on Rehabilitation of
Valle Cruz Dumpsite on March 9, 2005. Public
consultations were then held for the proposed
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF). The dumpsite was
reopened from February 16-18, 2005, at the request of
Acting Mayor Mendoza. However, the dumpsite has
been closed since March 4, 2005, as reported by the
EMB on April 7, 2005. Witnesses from both the
prosecution and defense confirmed that the city was
able to close it in 2008.

2. According to the Compliance Inspection Report from

March 30, 2005, the city partially complied with the
commitment plan for several activities, including an
information education campaign, rehabilitation of the
open dumpsite, relocation of shanties, slope
stabilization, and lease of additional space, provision of
the 6-meter access road, relocation survey of the new
site, and submission of ECC application for the
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF).

3. The city government created a board for managing

solid waste and made ordinances for implementing RA
9003.

4. The city government made a deal with Lacto-Asia on

April 11, 2005, to build a Materials Recovery Facility
(MRF). The city bought 3 lots of land totaling 77,573