SHS

STEM

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 2- Week 2 (Module 6)
Phase Diagram of Water
and Carbon Dioxide
General Chemistry 2 (SHS-STEM)
Quarter 2 – Week 2 (Module 6): Phase Diagram of Water and Carbon Dioxide

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Regional Director: GILBERT T. SADSAD

Asst. regional Director: JESSIE L. AMIN

Development Team of the Module

Writers: John Darnell B. Balbastro

Editors/Reviewers: Arlen B. Bertiz

Tomasa R. Camu

Ronaldo C. Reyes
Noel V. Ibis

1
 LESSON
PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE

INTRODUCTION

Hi! I’m Kagaku, the science girl next door. I’ll be

with you throughout this module.

This Self-Directed Module is designed for Grade

11 Senior High School learners under the
Academic Track for the Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand.

The lesson is about Intermolecular Forces of

Liquids and Solids: Phase Diagrams which is
taken during the 1st quarter, week 2.

I’m so excited for you! Let’s learn together! Good

luck and let’s have an awesome journey as you
go through the different activities in this module!

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide.

In this module, you will interpret the phase diagram of water

and carbon dioxide. Read on and perform the activities prepared for
you.
At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• describe the components of a phase diagram;

• use phase diagrams of pure substances to determine its
phase at given temperature and pressure;
• interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide;
• describe how changes in temperature and pressure can
change the state of matter; and
• construct a phase diagram of a substance from given
data.

2
 PRE-TEST Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the
letter of the best answer.

1. On a phase diagram, when you cross the line from solid to liquid, what process has
occurred?
a. Melting c. Condensation
b. Vaporization d. Sublimation
2. For water, how are pressure and boiling point related?
a. The greater the pressure, the lower the boiling point
b. The lower the pressure, the higher the boiling point
c. The greater the pressure, the higher the boiling point
d. All answers are incorrect.
3. What is happening at the triple point on a phase diagram?
a. Solid, liquid and gas exist at equilibrium
b. Only gas and liquid exist at equilibrium
c. Only solid and liquid exist equilibrium
d. Only solid and gas exist at equilibrium
4. In what phase does the substance exist at 20°C and 1 atm pressure? Refer to the
phase diagram below.

a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. None of the above.

5. Below is a phase diagram of carbon dioxide. What processes are observed at 197.5K
and 1 atm?

a. Melting or freezing
b. Vaporization or
condensation
c. Sublimation or
deposition

3
 Hey!! Don’t worry about the new terms used in the test. We will
study them in this module.
Come on and check your answers by referring to the answer key.
A perfect score means it will be easy for you to go over this
module. A lower score is not a problem! It just means you have to
take this learning module seriously. As you proceed, you will learn
more about the phase diagrams and how you will correctly
interpret them. Let’s get started!

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Elicit
Phase changes are transformations of matter from one physical state to another.
They occur when energy (usually in the form of heat) is added or removed from a substance.
Can you recall the types of phase changes? Fill-out the diagram with the correct types of
phase changes that you know.

1.

3. 5.
Your prior knowledge is
the key! You can also
use your previous notes
4. and references at home
6. to complete the
diagram.
2.
Figure 1. Phase Changes Diagram

Let’s do this!
Activity: Concept Matching

4
 Draw a line matching the word to its definition.

Condensation • The state of matter without a set shape or volume.

Deposition • The transition of matter from one state to another.

Evaporation • The change of the physical state of mater from gas to liquid. The
opposite of evaporation.
Freezing • The state of matter with a set volume but no set shape.

Gas • The amount of force per unit area.

Liquid • The change of the physical state of matter from solid directly to
gas. The opposite of deposition.
Matter
• The change of the physical state of matter from gas directly to
Mass solid. The opposite of sublimation.
• Anything that both occupies space and has mass.
Melting
• The amount of space an object occupies.
Phase Change
• Measure of increasing kinetic energy from solid to liquid to gas.
Plasma
• The state of matter with a set volume and a set shape.
Pressure
• The change of the physical state of matter from a liquid to a gas.
Solid The opposite of condensation.
• The amount of matter contained in an object.
Sublimation • Highly ionized (charged) gases that exist at high temperatures.

Temperature • The change of the physical state of matter from solid to liquid. The
opposite of freezing.
Volume
• The change of the physical state of matter from liquid to solid. The
opposite of melting.

Well done! We have just used your prior

knowledge and this will enable us to recall
the concepts needed for this lesson. You did
great! Keep it up!

5
 Engage

Do you like concerts? Do you love stage

performances during fiestas? Or do you enjoy
plays and theatrical acts? If you do, we’re the
same!
Now, let’s investigate!
During ‘Sayawan sa Plaza’, concerts, plays,
theatre acts and other stage performances, have
you noticed those smoke-like substances that
would cover the stage? If you’re extra observant,
you will notice that those really came from fog
machines that create stage light effects.

Focus Question:
How can this effect be achieved using
CO2 or dry ice? What are your
thoughts?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
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_______________________________
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_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________

Do you have LPG at home? What does LPG stands for?

How can a gas be liquefied? What conditions are needed
to convert a gas into a liquid? Share us your thoughts.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

6
 Because carbon dioxide cannot exist as a liquid at atmospheric pressure, the dry
ice sublimes and instantly produces a gas, condensing water vapor, and creating a thick white
fog.
Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as
simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in
heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
Simply says, some substances cannot exist in a certain phases hence there are two
scientific concepts needed to enable these substances to undergo phase changes. Can you
name these two concepts?

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Therefore, high _____________ and low ______________ are

needed to liquefy gases.
And to better understand how substances change from one phase
to another, we’re going to need a special kind of diagram. It will help
us have a clearer representation of our understanding.

7
 Explore

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance

under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It gives the possible combinations of
pressure and temperature at which certain physical state or states a substance would be
observed. Each substance has its own phase diagram.
A typical phase diagram is shown below.

Figure 2: General Phase Diagram

Activity: Diagram Construction

Learning Target: At the end of this activity, you will be able to describe the features
of a phase diagram.
Materials: 3 different-colored crayons, green, blue and red pens/ pencils, a pen, ruler
Procedures:
• Follow the steps indicated to construct a phase diagram using the materials
needed.
• Analyse the different features of the phase diagram based on your
constructed output.
• Describe the different features of a phase diagram and answer the questions.

8
 Step 1. A phase diagram has three areas marked solid, liquid and vapour. A substance would
be a solid if it falls into the area of the solid in the phase diagram. To make this point even clearer,
color the three areas with three different-colored crayons. Make sure to make each area as distinct
as possible to the other areas.

Color like a pro! Can

you now see which
area falls to the solid,
liquid and vapour
phase?

Figure 3: The Three Areas in the Phase Diagram

Step 2. A phase diagram has three lines (curves). They serve as boundaries between physical
states and they represent the combinations of pressures and temperatures at which two phases
can exist in equilibrium. Draw/ color the lines based on the following key points:
a. The green line divides the solid and liquid phases;
b. The blue line divides the liquid and gas phases;
c. The red line divides the solid and gas phases.

Which line should you

color green, blue and
red? Hmmmmm.

Figure 4: The Three Lines (Curves) in the Phase Diagram

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 Step 3. A phase diagram has two important points, the triple point and the critical point. Label
and darken these two points on the diagram using a pen.
• The triple point is the combination of pressure and temperature at which all three
phases of matter are at equilibrium. It is the point on a phase diagram at which the
three states of matter coexist.
• The critical point terminates the liquid/gas phase line. It is the set of temperature
and pressure on a phase diagram where the liquid and gaseous phases of a substance
merge together into a single phase.

Darken those two points

okay? You’re doing a great
job!

Figure 5: The Two Important Points in the Phase Diagram

Step 4. Aside from the features, you can also determine the normal melting and boiling points
in the phase diagram. The normal melting and boiling points are those when the pressure is 1
atmosphere. Using a ruler and a pen, locate the normal melting and boiling point.

Units of pressure:
• 1 atm = 101325
Pa (pascal)
• 1 atm = 760 torr (mmHg)

1 atm

Figure 6: The Normal Melting and Boiling Points in the Phase Diagram

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 Use what you have
discovered in the
Explain previous activity to
answer these
questions.
Questions:
1. What are the features of a phase diagram?
a. __________________________________
b.__________________________________
c. __________________________________
2. Where is the solid phase in the phase diagram? The liquid phase? The gas
phase?
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
3. How were you able to show the three lines (curves) in the phase diagram? What
do these lines represent?
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
4. How will you differentiate the two important points in the phase diagram?
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
5. How did you locate the normal melting and boiling points in the phase diagram?
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Mind map:
Construct a mind map of the different features of a phase diagram. Begin with the
features and map some descriptions of these features. What do they represent? How
can you describe these features?

11
 Features of a Phase Diagram

Here’s an example of a
mind map. You can
always count on me!

12
 Fantastic! You’re really impressing me! Take
note of what you just learned because we
will use them as we go to the next activities.
xoxo

Elaborate

Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in atmospheres) versus temperature

(usually in degrees Celsius or Kelvin). The diagram is divided into three areas: solid, liquid
and gaseous states. The boundary between the liquid and gaseous regions stop at point C,
the critical temperature for the substance. The labels on the graph represent the stable states
of a system in equilibrium.
Melting (or freezing) curve – the curve on a phase diagram which represents the
transition between liquid and solid states. It shows the effect of pressure on the melting point
of the solid. Anywhere on this line, there is equilibrium between the solid and the liquid.

Figure 7: The Melting or Freezing Curve Diagram

13
 Vaporization (or condensation) curve – the curve on a phase diagram which
represents the transition between gaseous and liquid states. It shows the effect of pressure
on the boiling point of the liquid. Anywhere along this line, there will be equilibrium between
the liquid and the vapor.

Figure 8: The Vaporization or Condensation Curve Diagram

Sublimation (or deposition) curve – the curve on a phase diagram which represents
the transition between gaseous and solid states. It represents the effect of increased
temperature on a solid at a very low constant pressure, lower than the triple point.

Figure 9: The Sublimation or Deposition Curve Diagram

14
 Beyond the temperature of the critical point, the merged single phase is known as
a supercritical fluid.
The temperature and pressure corresponding to this are known as the critical
temperature and critical pressure.
If the pressure on a gas (vapor) is increased at a temperature lower than the critical
temperature, the liquid vapor equilibrium line will eventually be crossed and the vapor will
condense to give a liquid.

Figure 10: The Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure Diagram

You’re exceeding my expectations! Let’s get

more critical this time. Let’s apply your
learnings on the features of phase diagram
to analyse and interpret the phase diagram
of water and carbon dioxide.

15
 Activity: Critical Analysis
Use your knowledge on the features of phase diagram to interpret the phase diagram of
water and carbon dioxide.

What can you say about the phase diagram?

What can you say about water? What is
distinct about it?
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__
Figure 11: Phase Diagram of Water

o
What can you say about the phase diagram?
What can you say about carbon dioxide?
What is distinct about it?
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__ Figure 12: Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide

o
16
 The Phase Diagram for Water
For water, the melting point gets lower at higher pressures. This is because solid ice
is less dense than liquid water. This phenomenon is caused by the crystal structure of the
solid phase. In the solid forms of water and some other substances, the molecules crystallize
in a lattice with greater average space between molecules, thus resulting in a solid occupying
a larger volume and consequently with a lower density than the liquid. When it melts, the
liquid water formed occupies a smaller volume
ice ⇋ water
An increase in pressure will move the above equilibrium to the side with the smaller
volume. Liquid water is produced. To make the liquid water freeze again at this higher
pressure, the temperature should be reduced. Higher pressures mean lower melting
(freezing) points.

Figure 11.1: Phase Diagram of Water

The Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide

o
At 1 atm pressure, carbon dioxide will
sublime at a temperature of 197.5 K (-75.5 °C).
This is the reason why solid carbon dioxide is
often known as "dry ice." There is no liquid
carbon dioxide under normal conditions - only the
solid or the vapor.

17 Figure 12.1: Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide

o
 Extend We’re almost there!
In case you want to challenge yourself, here’s
something we can do to extend the concepts and skills in
new situations.

Constructing a Phase Diagram

Visualize a substance with the following points on the
phase diagram: a triple point at 0.05 atm and 150 K; a normal
melting point at 175 K; a normal boiling point at 350 K; and
a critical point at 2.0 atm and 450 K. The solid liquid line is
“normal” (meaning positive sloping). For this, complete the
following:
1. Roughly sketch the phase diagram, using units of
atmosphere and Kelvin. Label the area 1, 2, and 3, and
points T and C on the diagram.
2. Describe what one would see at pressures and
temperatures above 2.0 atm and 450 K.
3. Describe the phase changes from 50 K to 250 K at 1.5
atm.
4. What exists in a system that is at 1 atm and 350 K?
5. What exists in a system that is at 1 atm and 175 K?

18
 Wow! CONGRATULATIONS!!!
You have finished all the tasks necessary to learning about
the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide.
But wait! Everybody needs assessment. Let’s see if you have
really learned.

Evaluate

Interpreting a Phase Diagram

Refer to the following phase diagram of a certain substance to answer the following
questions.

Figure 13: Phase Diagram of Substance

Figure 12.1: Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide
1. In what phase is the substance at 50 °C and 1 atm pressure?
2. At what pressure and temperature conditions will all three phases of the substance
be present?

19
 3. What is the normal melting point of the substance?
4. What phase(s) will exist at 1 atm and 70 °C?

Interpreting Phase Diagrams of Water and Carbon Dioxide

Figure 14: Phase Diagram of Water and Carbon Dioxide

Based from the phase diagrams of water and carbon dioxide, answer the following
o
questions and justify your answers:
1. You have ice at 263 K (-10.0 °C) and 1.0 atm. What could you do to make the ice sublime?
2. A sample of dry ice (solid CO2) is cooled to 173 K (-100.0 °C), and is set on a table at room
temperature (298 K; 25 °C). At what temperature is the rate of sublimation and deposition the
same (assume that pressure is held constant at 1 atm)?

20
 I am so proud of your success!
We hope you learned about phase
diagrams of water and carbon dioxide.
Let’s share to the class your final insights
and reflections.

REFLECT

I have learned that…

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

____________________________________________

I want to ask my teacher about…

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________

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 VOCABULARY LIST

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

Condensation- a phase change from gas to liquid.
Critical point- the point in temperature and pressure on a phase diagram where the
liquid and gaseous phases of a substance merge together into a single phase. The
temperature and pressure corresponding to this are known as the critical temperature
and critical pressure.
Deposition- a phase change from gas to solid.
Fluid- a gas or a liquid; a substance that can flow.
Freezing- a phase change from liquid to solid.
Gas- a phase of matter with no definite shape or volume of its own.
Liquid- a phase of matter with definite volume but no definite shape.
Melting- a phase change from solid to liquid.
Melting (or freezing) curve- the curve on a phase diagram which represents the
transition between the liquid and solid states.
Normal melting and boiling point- melting and boiling points when the pressure is 1
atm.
Solid- a phase of matter with definite shape and volume.
Sublimation- a phase change from solid to gas.
Sublimation (or deposition) curve- the curve on a phase diagram which represents
the transition between the gaseous and solid states.
Triple point- the point on a phase diagram at which the three states of matter coexist.
Vapor- a gaseous substance that exists naturally as a liquid or solid at normal
temperature.
Vaporization- a phase change from liquid to gas.
Vaporization (or condensation) curve- the curve on a phase diagram which
represents the transition between the gaseous and liquid states.

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 Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the
POST-TEST best answer.

1. When you cross the line on a phase diagram and go from a Iiquid to a gas, what
has occurred?
a. Melting c. Condensation
b. Vaporization d. Sublimation

2. What is the curve on the phase diagram which represents the transition between
the liquid and solid state?
a. Melting (or freezing) curve
b. Vaporization (or condensation) curve
c. Sublimation (or deposition) curve
d. Critical point

3. When a line is drawn across pressure at 1atm in a general phase diagram, what
can be located?
a. Supercritical fluid
b. Critical temperature and critical pressure
c. Normal melting and boiling points
d. Triple and critical point

4. In what phase does the substance exist at 36°C and 1 atm pressure? Refer to the
phase diagram below.

a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. None of the
above.

23
5. Below is a phase diagram of carbon dioxide. What processes are observed at
253.2K and 11 atm?

a. Melting or freezing
b. Vaporization or
condensation
c. Sublimation or
deposition

11

253.2

24
 ANSWER KEY

• PRE-TEST • POST-TEST
1. A 1. B
2. C 2. A
3. A 3. C
4. A 4. B
5. C 5. B

• ELICIT
1. Sublimation
2. Deposition
3. Melting
4. Freezing
5. Vaporization
6. Condensation

• ENGAGE

TEMPERATURE25 PRESSURE
 Therefore, high pressure and low temperature are needed to liquefy gases.

• EXPLORE
Please refer to the figures below.

• EXPLAIN
Questions:
1. What are the features of a phase diagram?
a. The Three Areas
b. Three Lines (Curves)

4
 c. Two Important Points
2. Where is the solid phase in the phase diagram? The liquid phase? The gas
phase?

3. How were you able to show the three lines (curves) in the phase diagram? What
do these lines represent?
By using three different colored pens. The lines that serve as boundaries
between physical states represent the combinations of pressures and temperatures at
which two phases can exist in equilibrium. In other words, these lines define phase
change points.
4. How will you differentiate the two important points in the phase diagram?

The triple point is the combination of pressure and temperature at which all
three phases of matter are at equilibrium. It is the point on a phase diagram at which
the three states of matter coexist. The lines that represent the conditions of solid-
liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor equilibrium meet at the triple point. It is a unique
combination of temperature and pressure where all three phases are in equilibrium
together.
The critical point terminates the liquid/gas phase line. It is the set of
temperature and pressure on a phase diagram where the liquid and gaseous phases
of a substance merge together into a single phase.

5. How did you locate the normal melting and boiling points in the phase diagram?

The normal melting and boiling points can be found from the phase diagram
by drawing a line across pressure at 1 atm.

• ELABORATE

Critical Analysis
Learners’ answers may vary. Refer to Elaborate discussion.

There is only one difference between the phase diagram for water and the
other phase diagrams discussed. The solid-liquid equilibrium line (the melting point
curve) slopes backwards rather than forwards.

5
 The only thing special about this phase diagram is the position of the triple
point, which is well above atmospheric pressure. It is impossible to get any liquid
carbon dioxide at pressures less than 5.2 atmospheres.

• EXTEND
Constructing a Phase Diagram
Expected answers:
1. 1-Solid, 2-Liquid, 3-Gas, Point T-triple point, Point C-critical point
2. Super-critical fluid
3. Melt at around 180 K and become a liquid at 250 K.
4. Both liquid and vapor exist.
5. Both solid and liquid exist.

• EVALUATE

Interpreting a Phase Diagram

Expected answers:
1. liquid
2. ≈ 0.5 atm and ≈28 °C
3. ≈ 32 °C
4. liquid and vapor (gas)

6
 REFERENCES

A. Guides:
Teaching Guide for Senior High School in General Chemistry 2
Published by the Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the
Philippine Normal University, 2016

General Chemistry 1 & 2 Curriculum Guide

The 7Es of Lesson Planning

Educatingmatters.wordpress.com

B. Online Sources:

Content
Date accessed: July 2, 2020

Chem.libretexts.org
Socratic.org
Chemistry.bd.psu.edu
Courses.lumenlearning.com

Quiz and Worksheet

Date accessed: July 2, 2020

Study.com
Tes.com

Images
Date accessed: July 4, 2020

https://wallup.net/science-anime-girls-chemistry/
https://www.google.com/search?q=Phase+changes+diagram
https://www.google.com/search?q=stage+light+effect+with+fog
https://www.google.com/search?q=LPG
https://www.google.com/search?q=el+nino+philippines
https://www.google.com/search?q=Cold
https://www.google.com/search?q=Pressure
https://www.google.com/search?q=pressure+cooker
https://www.google.com/search?q=mind+map+on+science
https://www.google.com/chemistryicons