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 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Rafis Abazov John H. Barnhill
Columbia University Yukon, Oklahoma

Alfia Abazova Graham Barrigan

Dag Hammarskjöld Library La Trobe University

Janet Adamski Greg Barton

Southwestern University Deakin University

Ali Ahmed Bob Beatty

University of Birmingham Washburn University

Nadine Akhund Derek A. Bentley

Columbia University Armstrong Atlantic State University

Adam Allouba Mark T. Berger

McGill University University of New South Wales

Samuel K. Andoh Brian J. L. Berry

Southern Connecticut State University University of Texas at Dallas

Anne Androuais Charles Boewe

CNRS/FORUM/University Paris X Pittsboro, North Carolina

Christien van den Anker Valentin Boss

University of Birmingham McGill University

Gasser Auda Laura E. Boudon

University of Wales American University

Louis Augustin-Jean Lawrence Boudon

University of Waseda Library of Congress

Rémi Bachand Viviane Brachet-Márquez

Université Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne) El Colegio de México

Josiah R. Baker Jillian Brady

University of Central Florida Bayswater, Victoria, Australia

Mina Baliamoune Susan Love Brown

University of North Florida Florida Atlantic University

Assefaw Bariagaber Jürgen Buchenau

Seton Hall University University of North Carolina at Charlotte

vii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Ralf Buckley Cecil B. Currey

Griffith University Lutz, Florida

Melissa Butcher Robert L. Curry, Jr.

University of Sydney California State University at Sacramento

Laura M. Calkins Kamran M. Dadkhah

Texas Tech University Northeastern University

David H. Carwell Kishore C. Dash

Eastern Illinois University Thunderbird, The Garvin School of
International Management
James Chalmers
United Nations Development Programme, Ansu Datta
Papua New Guinea Calcutta, India

Frederick B. Chary Kusum Datta

Indiana University Northwest Calcutta, India

Dawn Chatty Craig Davis

University of Oxford Point of Rocks, Maryland

Janet M. Chernela Alan Dearling

University of Maryland Devon, England

James Chin Mahinda Deegalle

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Bath Spa University College

George Cho Neil Denslow

University of Canberra Poole, Dorset, England

Cristina Cielo Linus digim’Rina

University of California at Berkeley University of Papua New Guinea

Katherine Cinq-Mars Barbara J. Dilly

McGill University Creighton University

Andrew F. Clark Steven C. Dinero

University of North Carolina at Wilmington Philadelphia University

John F. Clark Thomas P. Dolan

Florida International University Columbus State University

Sharon C. Cobb Manochehr Dorraj

University of North Florida Texas Christian University

Chris Coney David Dorward

University of Melbourne LaTrobe University

Daniele Conversi Beth K. Dougherty

London, England Beloit College

Jose da Cruz Emma Dowling

Armstrong Atlantic State University University of Birmingham

viii
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Mark A. Drumbl Michael Goldsmith

University of Arkansas, Little Rock University of Waikato

Whitney D. Durham Robert F. Gorman

Oklahoma State University Southwest Texas State University

Mohammad Ehsan Gustavo Adolfo Guerra Vásquez

University of Dhaka University of California at Berkeley

Susana A. Eisenchlas Audrey Guichon

Griffith University University of Birmingham

Nilly Kamal El-Amir Juan-Carlos Gumucio Castellon

Cairo University University of Uppsala

Mikhael Elbaz Alexander Gungov

Laval University Emory University

Nader Entessar Michael M. Gunter

Spring Hill College Tennessee Technological University

Jo-Anne Everingham Michael M. Gunter, Jr.

The University of Queensland Rollins College

Mark Everingham Baogang Guo

University of Wisconsin Dalton State College

Nicholas Farrelly Michael R. Hall

Australian National University Armstrong Atlantic State University

Mario D. Fenyo Reuel R. Hanks

Bowie State University Oklahoma State University

José Fernandez W. John Hansen

University of Central Florida Ann Arbor, Michigan

Volker Frank Syed Hassan

University of North Carolina at Asheville Claflin University

Doris Fuchs Jonathan Haughton

University of Munich Beacon Hill Institute for Public Policy

Mobo C. F. Gao William P. Head

University of Tasmania Warner Robins Air Logistics Center

Andy Gibson Joseph Held

Griffith University South Yarmouth, Massachusetts

Brian J. Given Sirkku K. Hellsten

Carleton University University of Birmingham

Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr. Anil Hira

The Pennsylvania State University Simon Fraser University

ix
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Frank J. Hoffman Arne Kislenko

West Chester University Ryerson University

Ha Thi Thu Huong Reinhard Klein-Arendt

TMC Academy University of Cologne

Sylvanus Ikhide Wm. Gary Kline

University of Namibia Georgia Southwestern State University

International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage Yoshie Kobayashi

New Delhi, India Gunma Prefectural Women’s University

Muhammad Muinul Islam Laszlo Kocsis

University of Dhaka Covasna, Romania

Serguey Ivanov Charles C. Kolb

American University in Bulgaria National Endowment for the Humanities

M. R. Izady Waldemar Koziol

New York, New York Warsaw University

B. M. Jain Alisa Krasnostein

Rajasthan University The University of Western Australia

Uzma Jamil Wanda C. Krause

McGill University University of Exeter

Ho-Won Jeong Krum Krumov

George Mason University Sofia University

Helen Johnson Chi-Kong Lai

The University of Queensland University of Queensland

Rebecca R. Jones George M. Lauderbaugh

Widener University Jacksonville State University

Nantang Jua Robert Lawless

University of Buea Wichita State University

Lars v. Karstedt David M. Lawrence

University of Hamburg J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College

Husain Kassim Michael C. Lazich

University of Central Florida Buffalo State College

John Keep Lavina Lee

Bern, Switzerland University of Sydney

Kembo-Sure Keith A. Leitich

Moi University Seattle, Washington

Kenneth Keulman Hal Levine

Harvard University Victoria University of Wellington

x
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Jonathan H. L’Hommedieu Dee F. Matreyek

University of Turku Restorative Justice Center of the Inland Empire

Yianna Liatsos Jean F. Mayer

Rutgers University Concordia University

Tracy L. R. Lightcap John Mukum Mbaku

LaGrange College Weber State University

Natasha J. Lightfoot Tamba E. M’bayo

New York University Michigan State University

John Lodewijks William McBride

University of New South Wales Purdue University

Staffan Löfving Grant McCall

Stockholm University University of New South Wales

Roger D. Long Christopher McDowell

Eastern Michigan University Macquarie University

P. Eric Louw Elisabeth McMahon

University of Queensland Indiana University

Ludomir Lozny Joseph Mensah

Hunter College York University

Ronald Lukens-Bull Nasser Momayezi

University of North Florida Texas A&M International University

Christopher Lundry Waltraud Q. Morales

Arizona State University University of Central Florida

Carmela Lutmar Ishmael Irungu Munene

New York University State University of New York at Albany

Paul J. Magnarella Ruth Murbach

Warren Wilson College Université du Québec à Montréal

Plamen Makariev Norman H. Murdoch

Sofia University University of Cincinnati

Arman Manukyan Diego I. Murguı́a

Central European University Universidad de Buenos Aires

Richard R. Marcus Loretta Napoleoni

University of Alabama in Huntsville London, England

Ross Marlay Caryn E. Neumann

Arkansas State University Ohio State University

Daniel M. Masterson Stephan E. Nikolov

United States Naval Academy Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

xi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

James A. Norris Nancy J. Pollock

Texas A&M International University Victoria University

Milena Novakova Peter R. Prifti

National Assembly of Republic of Bulgaria San Diego, California

P. Godfrey Okoth Lesley J. Pruitt

Maseno University Arkansas State University

Clémentine Olivier Ilie Rad

National University of Ireland Babes-Bolyai University

Jorge Ortiz Sotelo Edward A. Riedinger

Peruvian Institute of Economy and Politics Ohio State University

Lazarus F. O’Sako Leonora Ritter

Ohio University Charles Sturt University

Patrick L. Osborne Benjamin Rivlin

International Center for Tropical Ecology, City University Graduate Center
University of Missouri at St. Louis
Paul Rivlin
Tony Osborne Tel Aviv University
American University in Bulgaria
Bruce D. Roberts
Úrsula Oswald S. Minnesota State University Moorhead
CRIM-UNAM and Diverse Women for Diversity
Magaly Rodrı́guez Garcı́a
Charlene T. Overturf Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Armstrong Atlantic State University
David Romano
Steven Paulson McGill University
University of North Florida
Horacio N. Roque Ramirez
Zoran Pavlović University of California at Santa Barbara
Oklahoma State University
Stéphanie Rousseau
William D. Pederson University of North Carolina at
Louisiana State University in Shreveport Chapel Hill

Carlos Pérez Paul S. Rowe

California State University at Fresno University of Western Ontario

J. E. Peterson Werner Ruf

University of Arizona University of Kassel

Marı́a Luisa Pfeiffer Tom Ryan

Universidad de Buenos Aires University of Waikato

Aaron Z. Pitluck Arvee S. Salazar

University of Konstanz San Fernando, Philippines

Vincent Kelly Pollard Steven S. Sallie

University of Hawai’i at Manoa Boise State University

xii
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Amandeep Sandhu Jeffrey W. Steagall

University of California at Santa Barbara University of North Florida

L. Natalie Sandomirsky Jason E. Strakes

Southern Connecticut State University Claremont Graduate School

Christopher Saunders Mira Sucharov

University of Cape Town Carleton University

Christian P. Scherrer Tadeusz Swietochowski

Ethnic Conflict Research Project Columbia University

Ulrike Schuerkens Joseph Takougang

Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales University of Cincinnati

Mary Ann Tétreault

Alexander Hugo Schulenburg
Trinity University
Corporation of London
Daniel S. Tevera
Stephen R. Schwalbe
University of Zimbabwe
Air War College
Amos Owen Thomas
David Schwam-Baird
Maastricht School of Management
University of North Florida
Marius Tita
James D. Seymour Bucharest, Romania
Columbia University
Brian Turner
Rodger Shanahan Randolph-Macon College
University of Sydney
Ufo Okeke Uzodike
Scott E. Simon University of KwaZulu-Natal
University of Ottawa
Cheryl Van Deusen
Amrita Singh University of North Florida

Udai Bhanu Singh John M. VanderLippe

Institute for Defence Studies State University of New York at New Paltz

Carl Skutsch Carlos Velásquez Carrillo

The School of Visual Arts York University

E. Valerie Smith Iain Walker

Florida Gulf Coast University University of Sydney

Subhash R. Sonnad John Walsh

Western Michigan University Shinawatra International University

Radhamany Sooryamoorthy Yosay Wangdi

University of Kwazulu-Natal Grand Valley State University

Paul Spoonley Fredrick O. Wanyama

Massey University Maseno University

xiii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik Eleanor Zelliot

University of Heidelberg Carleton College

Roland J. Wenzlhuemer Xinjun Zhang

Salzburg University Tsinghua University

Bruce M. Wilson Verónica M. Ziliotto

University of Central Florida Universidad de Buenos Aires

James E. Winkates Evert van der Zweerde

Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base University of Nijmegen

Pamela A. Zeiser
University of North Florida

xiv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Entries A–Z xvii

Thematic List of Entries xxvii

Introduction xxxv

Entries A–Z 1

Index I1

xv
 LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z
A ASEAN Free Trade Association
ASEAN Mekong Basin Development
Cooperation (Mekong Group)
Acid Precipitation Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Afghanistan Asian ‘‘Economic Miracle’’
African Development Bank (ADB) Asian Monetary Fund
African Diaspora Asian Tigers
African Monetary Fund (AfMF) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
African National Congress (ANC) Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
Agriculture: Impact of Globalization Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Agriculture: Impact of Privatization Aswan High Dam and Development in Egypt
Ahidjo, Ahmadou Aung San Suu Kyi
Albania Authoritarianism
Algeria Awami League
All-African People’s Conference (AAPC) Ayub Khan, Muhammad
Allende Gossens, Salvador Azerbaijan
Alliance for Progress Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi
All-India Muslim League (AIML)
Amin, Idi
Amnesty International
Andean Community B
Andean South America: History and
Economic Development
Andean South America: International Relations Ba’ath Party
Anglican Communion Baghdad Pact
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) Bahamas
Angola Bahrain
Anguilla Balfour Declaration
Antigua and Barbuda Balkan Wars of the 1990s
Apartheid Bandung Conference (1955)
Aprismo Bangladesh
Aquino, Benigno, and Corazón Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Arab Economic Unity Council Banking
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) Bantustans
Arab Nationalism Barbados
Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) Basic Human Needs
Arab–Israeli Wars (1948, 1956, 1967, 1973) Batista y Zaldı́var, Fulgencio
Arafat, Yasser Bedouin
Árbenz Guzmán, Jacobo Begin, Menachem
Argentina Belarus
Arias Sanchez, Oscar Belize
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand Ben Bella, Ahmed
Armed Forces of the People Ben-Gurion, David
Armenia Benin
Arms and Armaments, International Transfer of Berbers
Arms Industry Berlin Wall (1961–1989)

xvii
LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z

Betancourt, Rómulo Central Africa: History and Economic Development

Bhutan Central Africa: International Relations
Bhutto, Benazir Central African Republic
Biafra Central America: History and
Biodiversity Conservation Economic Development
Bishop, Maurice Central America: International Relations
Black Market/Shadow Economy Central American Common Market (CACM)
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Central and Eastern Europe: History
Organization (BSEC) and Economic Development
Bolivia Central and Eastern Europe: International
Bosch, Juan Relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina Central Asia: History and Economic Development
Botha, P. W. Central Asia: International Relations
Botswana Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Boumédiènne, Houari Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
Bourguiba, Habib Chad
Bracero Program Chávez, Hugo
Brain Drain Chiang Ching-kuo
Brazil Chiang Kai-shek
Brunei Children and Development
Buddhism Chile
Bulgaria China: Cultural Revolution
Bunche, Ralph China, People’s Republic of
Bureaucratic Authoritarianism Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Burkina Faso Chinese Revolution
Burma Christianity
Burundi Christians in the Middle East
Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha Chuan Leekpai
Civic Education
Civil Disobedience
Civil Rights
C
Civil Society
Collectivism
Cabral, Amilcar Colombia
Cambodia Colombo Plan
Cameroon Colonialism: History
Camp David Accords (1979) Colonialism: Legacies
Canadian International Development Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Agency (CIDA) Africa (COMESA)
Capital Flight Commonwealth (British)
Capitalist Economic Model Commonwealth of Independent States: History
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Economic Development
CARE Commonwealth of Independent States:
Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) International Relations
Caribbean Community and Common Communist Economic Model
Market (CARICOM) Comoros
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) Congo, Republic of the
Caribbean: History and Economic Development Constitutionalism, Definition
Caribbean: International Relations Contras
Cartels Coptic Church (Copts)
Caste Systems Corruption, Governmental
Castro, Fidel Costa Rica
Cayman Islands Cote d’Ivoire (Republic of the Ivory Coast)
Ceausescu, Nicolae Counterinsurgency

xviii
 LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z

Countertrade Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)

Coup d’Etat Economic Community of Central African
Croatia States (ECCAS)
Cuban Revolution Economic Community of West African
Cultural Perceptions States (ECOWAS)
Currency Devaluations Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
Currency Regimes Ecotourism
Cyprus Ecuador
Czech Republic Education
Egypt
807 Industries
El Salvador
D Elections
Energy: Alternative Development
da Silva, Luiz Inácio ‘‘Lula’’ Energy: Impact on Development
Dalits Entrepreneurship
DAWN (Development Alternatives with Environment: Government Policies
Women for a New Era) Environmentalism
De Klerk, Frederik W. Equatorial Guinea
Debt: Impact on Development Eritrea
Debt: Relief Efforts Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF)
Deforestation Erosion, Land
Democratization Estonia
Deng Xiaoping Ethiopia
Desertification Ethnic Conflicts: Caribbean
De-Stalinization (1953–1956) Ethnic Conflicts: Central Africa
Development History and Theory Ethnic Conflicts: Central and Eastern Europe
Development, Measures of Ethnic Conflicts: Central Asia
Dictatorships Ethnic Conflicts: Commonwealth of
Disaster Relief Independent States
Djibouti Ethnic Conflicts: East Africa
Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières Ethnic Conflicts: East Asia
Doi Moi Ethnic Conflicts: Mexico and Central America
Dominica Ethnic Conflicts: Middle East
Dominican Republic Ethnic Conflicts: North Africa
Domino Theory Ethnic Conflicts: Oceania
Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Ethnic Conflicts: Southeast Asia
Drug Trade Ethnic Conflicts: Southern Africa
Drug Use Ethnic Conflicts: Southern Cone (Latin America)
Druze Ethnic Conflicts: West Africa
Dubcek, Alexander Ethnicity: Impact on Politics and Society
Duvalier, François Eurocentrism
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Evangelical Protestantism
Export-Oriented Economies
E Extractive Industries

East Africa: History and Economic Development

East Africa: International Relations
F
East African Community
East Asia: History and Economic Development
East Asia: International Relations Family Planning and Structure
East Timor Fanon, Frantz
Economic and Customs Union of Farabundo Martı́ National Liberation
Central Africa (ECUCA) Front (FMLN)

xix
LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z

Fiji Hassan II, King (Morocco)

Food and Nutrition Havel, Václav
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Haya de la Torre, Vı́ctor Raúl
Fox, Vicente Health Care
Francophonie Institutionnelle Helsinki Final Act on Human Rights (1975)
Free Market Economy Hezbollah
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Hinduism
Frei, Eduardo Hirschman, Albert
FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation HIV/AIDS
of Mozambique) Ho Chi Minh
French Guiana Honduras
Fujimori, Alberto Hong Kong
Fulbright Program Houphouët-Boigny, Félix
Hoxha, Enver
Human Resource Development
Human Rights as a Foreign Policy Issue
G
Human Rights: Definition and Violations
Humanitarian Relief Projects
Gabon Hun Sen
Gambia, The Hungarian Crisis of 1956
Gandhi, Indira Hungary
Gandhi, Mohandas Hussein, King of Jordan
Gandhi, Rajiv Hussein, Saddam
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Georgia
Ghana
Glasnost and Perestroika
I
Global Climate Change
Globalization: Impact on Development Import Substitution Industrialization
Goh Chok Tong Income Distribution
Gorbachev, Mikhail India
Great Leap Forward Indian–Pakistani Wars
Greek Orthodox Church Indigenous Medical Practices
Green Revolution Indonesia
Grenada Industrialization
Group of 77 Infant Mortality
Guadeloupe Infanticide
Guam Infectious Diseases
Guatemala Intellectual Property Rights
Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
Guerrilla Warfare International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Guevara, Ernesto ‘‘Che’’ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Guinea International Bank for Reconstruction and
Guinea-Bissau Development (IBRD) (World Bank)
Gulf Cooperation Council International Center for Settlement
Gus Dur of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Guyana International Cocoa Organization (ICCO)
International Coffee Organization (ICO)
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
International Criminal Police
H Organization (INTERPOL)
International Development Association (IDA)
Haile Maryam, Mengistu International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Haiti International Maritime Organization (IMO)
HAMAS International Monetary Fund (IMF)

xx
 LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z

International Organization for Migration (IOM) Lake Chad Basin Commission

International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) Land Distribution Patterns
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Landsbergis, Vytautas
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Language, Influence on Development
Inter-Religious Relations Language, Influence on Politics
Intifada Laos
Iran Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988 Latvia
Iraq Lebanon
Irrigation Lee Kuan Yew
Islam Legal Systems
Islamic Fundamentalism Lesotho
Israel Liberation Theology
Itaipú Dam Liberia
Libya
Libyan Cultural Revolution
J Lithuania
Lomé Convention
Lumumba, Patrice
Jagan, Cheddi Luthuli, Albert
Jamaica
Jaruzelski, Wojciech
Jiang Zemin
Jihād M
Jordan
Judaism Macau/Macao
Macedonia
Machel, Samora
K Madagascar
Maghrib Peoples
Kashmir Dispute Magsaysay, Ramon
Kaunda, Kenneth Mahathir bin Mohammed, Dato Seri
Kazakhstan Malan, D. F.
Kenya Malaŵi
Kenyatta, Jomo Malaysia
Khama, Sir Seretse Maldives
Khmer Rouge Mali
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Malvinas/Falklands
Khrushchev, Nikita Malvinas/Falklands War, 1982
Kiribati Mandela, Nelson
Korea, North Mao Zedong
Korea, South Maquiladora Program
Kubitschek, Juscelino Marcos, Ferdinand
Kurdistan Marshall Islands, Republic of
Kurds Martinique
Kuwait Marxism
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development Mau Mau
Kyrgyzstan Mauritania
Mauritius
Mbeki, Thabo
Meir, Golda
L Menchú Túm, Rigoberta
Menem, Carlos
Laar, Mart Mental Health
Labor Mexico: History and Economic Development

xxi
LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z

Mexico: International Relations Nicaraguan Revolution

Micronesia, Federated States of Niger
Middle East: History and Economic Development Nigeria, The Federal Republic of
Middle East: International Relations Niue
Migration Nkrumah, Kwame
Military and Civilian Control Nonaligned Movement
Military and Development Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Military and Human Rights North Africa: History and Economic Development
Milošević, Slobodan North Africa: International Relations
Minorities/Discrimination North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Mixed Economy North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Modernization Northern South America: History and
Moldova Economic Development
Monarchic Government Northern South America: International Relations
Money Laundering Nyerere, Julius
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montoneros
Montserrat
O
Morocco
Mossaddeq, Muhammed Oceania: History and Economic Development
Mozambique Oceania: International Relations
Mubarak, Hosni Okello, John
Mugabe, Robert Oman
Mujahedin Operation Bootstrap
Mujibar Rahman, Sheikh Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Multinational Corporations and Development Organization of American States (OAS)
Muslim Brotherhood Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting
Muslim League Countries (OAPEC)
Myanmar Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
N
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
Oxfam
Namibia
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
Nation Building
P
National Action Party
National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
(NFLSV)/National Liberation Front (NLF) Pacific Islands Forum
National Liberation Army (ELN) (Colombia) Pahlavi, Shah Muhammed Reza
Natural Disasters Pakistan
Ndi, Ni John Fru Palau, Republic of
Nehru, Jawaharlal Palestine
Neocolonialism Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Neoliberalism Palestinian Diaspora
Nepal Pan-Africanism
Netherlands Antilles Panama
New Economic Policy (Malaysia) Panama Canal Treaties, 1977
New International Economic Order (NIEO) Papua New Guinea
New Jewel Movement Paracel and Spratly Islands
New People’s Army Paraguay
Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) Park Systems, National
Nicaragua Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)

xxii
 LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z

Pathet Lao Rockefeller Foundation

Peacekeeping Operations, Regional and Roman Catholic Church
International Romania
Peasants, Impact of Development on Russia
People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF) Russian Orthodox Church
Pérez Jiménez, Marcos Rwanda
Perón, Juan Domingo
Persian Gulf War, 1991
Persian Gulf War, 2003
S
Peru
Petrodollars
Philippines Sadat, Anwar
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto Salinas de Gortari, Carlos
Plan Colombia Salvation Army
Poland Samoa
Political Culture Sanctions, Economic
Pollution, Agricultural Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)
Pollution, Industrial Saudi Arabia
Popular Movement for the Liberation Selassie, Emperor Haile
of Angola (MPLA) Self-Determination
Popular Sectors Senegal
Population Growth: Impact on Development Sénghor, Leopold
Populism Serbia
Poverty: Definition and Trends Sex Trade/Trafficking
Poverty: Impact on Development Seychelles
Prague Spring, 1968 Shining Path/Sendero Luminoso
Prebisch, Raúl Siad Barre, Mohammed
Private Property Rights Sierra Leone
Privatization Sihanouk, Norodom
Public Health Sikhism (Sikhs)
Public Sector Reform Silva, Luiz Inácio ‘‘Lula’’ da
Puerto Rico Singapore
Single-Party States
Slovakia
Q Slovenia
Smaze
Social Revolution
Qaddafi, Muammar
Socialism
Qatar
Socialist Economic Model
Quality of Life: Definition
Solidarity Union
Solomon Islands
Somalia
R Somoza Debayle, Anastasio
Somoza Garcı́a, Anastasio
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Soros Foundations Network
Rahman, Tunku Abdul South Africa
Rain Forest, Destruction of South Asian Association for Regional
Ramos, Fidel Cooperation (SAARC)
Rastafarianism South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO)
Refugees Southeast Asia: History and Economic
Religion Development
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) Southeast Asia: International Relations
Revolutionary Army of the People Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR) Southern Africa: History and Economic
Rhee, Syngman Development

xxiii
LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z

Southern Africa: International Relations Tudjman, Franjo

Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Tunisia
Southern African Development Tupamaros
Community (SADC) Turkey
Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) Turkmenistan
Southern Cone (Latin America): History Tutu, Bishop Desmond
and Economic Development Tuvalu
Southern Cone (Latin America): International 26th of July Movement
Relations
Soviet Bloc
Sri Lanka
St. Christopher and Nevis
U
St. Helena
St. Lucia Uganda
St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ukraine
Stalin, Joseph Ulmanis, Guntis
State-Directed Economy Um-Nyobe, Reuben
Stroessner, Alfredo Underdevelopment
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Subsistence Living United Arab Republic (UAR)
Sudan United Malays National Organization (UMNO)
Sufism United Nations Center for Human
Sukarno Settlements (UNCHS)
Suriname United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
Sustainable Development United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention
Swaziland and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ)
Syria United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
United Nations Economic and Social Commission
T
for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
United Nations Economic and Social
Taiwan Council (ECOSOC)
Tajikistan United Nations Economic Commission for Latin
Taliban America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
Tanzania United Nations Food and Agriculture
Technology: Impact on Development Organization (FAO)
Territorial Disputes United Nations High Commissioner for
Terrorism Refugees (UNHCR)
Thailand United Nations Industrial Development
Third World Organization (UNIDO)
Three Gorges Dam United Nations International Court of
Tibet Justice (ICJ)
Tiananmen Square Massacre United Nations International Drug Control
Tito, Josip Broz (Marshall Tito) Program (UNDCP)
Togo United Nations International Fund for
Tonga Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Torrijos Herrera, Omar United Nations International Institute on
Totalitarianism Aging (UNIIA)
Touré, Sékou United Nations International Research and
Trade Policies and Development Training Institute for the Advancement
Trading Patterns, Global of Women (INSTRAW)
Transparency United Nations Permanent Forum on
Trinidad and Tobago Indigenous Peoples
Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

xxiv
 LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z

United Nations Relief and Works Agency West Africa: History and Economic Development
for Palestine (UNRWA) West Africa: International Relations
United Nations Trusteeship Council West African Economic and Monetary
United Nations University (UNU) Union (WAEMU)
United States Agency for International West African Monetary Union (WAMU)
Development (USAID) White Community in Africa
United States–Dominican Republic–Central Wildlife Preservation
American Free Trade Agreement Williams, Eric
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Wojtyła, Karol (John Paul II)
Untouchables (Dalits) Women: Legal Status
Urbanization: Impact on Development Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML)
Urbanization: Impact on Environment Women: Role in Development
Uruguay World Bank
Uzbekistan World Confederation of Labor (WCL)
World Council of Churches
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
World Food Program
V
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Vähi, Tiit World Trade Organization (WTO)
Vanuatu Wyszyński, Cardinal Stefan
Vargas, Getúlio
Velvet Revolutions
Venezuela
Verwoerd, Hendrik Y
Viet Cong
Viet Minh
Yahya Khan, Agha Muhammad
Vietnam
Yemen
Vietnam War
Yugoslavia
Virgin Islands (British)
Virgin Islands (United States)
Virtual Water Trade
Visehrad Group
Z

Zaire
W Zambia
Zapatista National Revolutionary Army (EZLN)
Wałe˛sa, Lech Zhou Enlai
War and Development Zia ul-Haq, Muhammed
Waste Management Zimbabwe
Water Resources and Distribution Zionism

xxv
 THEMATIC LIST OF
ENTRIES
Countries and Regions Central and Eastern Europe: History and
Economic Development
Central and Eastern Europe: International Relations
Afghanistan
Central Asia: History and Economic Development
Albania
Central Asia: International Relations
Algeria
Chad
Andean South America: History and Economic
Chile
Development
China, People’s Republic of
Andean South America: International Relations
Colombia
Angola
Commonwealth of Independent States: History
Anguilla
and Economic Development
Antigua and Barbuda
Commonwealth of Independent States:
Argentina
International Relations
Armenia
Comoros
Azerbaijan
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Bahamas
Congo, Republic of the
Bahrain
Costa Rica
Bangladesh
Cote d’Ivoire (Republic of the Ivory Coast)
Barbados
Croatia
Belarus
Cyprus
Belize
Czech Republic
Benin
Djibouti
Bhutan
Dominica
Biafra
Dominican Republic
Bolivia
East Africa: History and Economic Development
Bosnia and Herzegovina
East Africa: International Relations
Botswana
East Asia: History and Economic Development
Brazil
East Asia: International Relations
Brunei
East Timor
Bulgaria
Ecuador
Burkina Faso
Egypt
Burundi
El Salvador
Cambodia
Equatorial Guinea
Cameroon
Eritrea
Caribbean: History and Economic Development
Estonia
Caribbean: International Relations
Ethiopia
Cayman Islands
Fiji
Central Africa: History and Economic Development
French Guiana
Central Africa: International Relations
Gabon
Central African Republic
Gambia, The
Central America: History and Economic
Georgia
Development
Ghana
Central America: International Relations

xxvii
THEMATIC LIST OF ENTRIES

Grenada Mozambique
Guadeloupe Myanmar
Guam Namibia
Guatemala Nepal
Guinea Netherlands Antilles
Guinea-Bissau Nicaragua
Guyana Niger
Haiti Nigeria, The Federal Republic of
Honduras Niue
Hong Kong North Africa: History and Economic Development
Hungary North Africa: International Relations
India Northern South America: History and
Indonesia Economic Development
Iran Northern South America: International Relations
Iraq Oceania: History and Economic Development
Israel Oceania: International Relations
Jamaica Oman
Jordan Pakistan
Kazakhstan Palau, Republic of
Kenya Palestine
Kiribati Panama
Korea, North Papua New Guinea
Korea, South Paracel and Spratley Islands
Kurdistan Paraguay
Kuwait Peru
Kyrgyzstan Philippines
Laos Poland
Latvia Puerto Rico
Lebanon Qatar
Lesotho Romania
Liberia Russia
Libya Rwanda
Lithuania Samoa
Macau/Macao Saudi Arabia
Macedonia Senegal
Madagascar Serbia
Malaŵi Seychelles
Malaysia Sierra Leone
Maldives Singapore
Mali Slovakia
Malvinas/Falklands Slovenia
Marshall Islands, Republic of Solomon Islands
Martinique Somalia
Mauritania South Africa
Mauritius Southeast Asia: History and Economic
Mexico: History and Economic Development Development
Mexico: International Relations Southeast Asia: International Relations
Micronesia, Federated States of Southern Africa: History and Economic
Middle East: History and Economic Development Development
Middle East: International Relations Southern Africa: International Relations
Moldova Southern Cone (Latin America): History and
Mongolia Economic Development
Montenegro Southern Cone (Latin America): International
Montserrat Relations
Morocco Soviet Bloc

xxviii
 THEMATIC LIST OF ENTRIES

Sri Lanka Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO)

St. Christopher and Nevis Armed Forces of the People
St. Helena ASEAN Free Trade Association
St. Lucia ASEAN Mekong Basin Development
St. Vincent and the Grenadines Cooperation (Mekong Group)
Sudan Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Suriname Asian Monetary Fund
Swaziland Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Syria Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
Taiwan Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Tajikistan Awami League
Tanzania Ba’ath Party
Thailand Baghdad Pact
Tibet Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Togo Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC)
Tonga Canadian International Development
Trinidad and Tobago Agency (CIDA)
Tunisia CARE
Turkey Caribbean Community and Common
Turkmenistan Market (CARICOM)
Tuvalu Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
Uganda Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)
Ukraine Central American Common Market (CACM)
United Arab Emirates (UAE) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
United Arab Republic (UAR) Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
Uruguay Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Uzbekistan Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Vanuatu Africa (COMESA)
Venezuela Commonwealth (British)
Vietnam Contras
Virgin Islands (British) DAWN (Development Alternatives with
Virgin Islands (United States) Women for a New Era)
West Africa: History and Economic Development Doctors Without Borders/Médecins
West Africa: International Relations Sans Frontières
Yemen East African Community
Yugoslavia Economic and Customs Union of Central
Zambia Africa (ECUCA)
Zimbabwe Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
Economic Community of Central African
States (ECCAS)
Economic Community of West African
Organizations
States (ECOWAS)
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
African Development Bank (ADB) Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF)
African Monetary Fund (AfMF) European Bank for Reconstruction and
African National Congress (ANC) Development
All-African People’s Conference (AAPC) Farabundo Martı́ National Liberation
Alliance for Progress Front (FMLN)
All-India Muslim League (AIML) Francophonie Institutionnelle
Amnesty International Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
Andean Community FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation
Anglican Communion of Mozambique)
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) Greek Orthodox Church
Arab Economic Unity Council Group of 77
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP)

xxix
THEMATIC LIST OF ENTRIES
Gulf Cooperation Council
HAMAS
Hezbollah
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) (World Bank)
International Center for Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID)
International Cocoa Organization (ICCO)
International Coffee Organization (ICO)
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
International Criminal Police
Organization (INTERPOL)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Khmer Rouge
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development
Lake Chad Basin Commission
Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
Mau Mau
Montoneros
Mujahedin
Muslim Brotherhood
Muslim League
National Action Party
National Front for the Liberation of South
Vietnam (NFLSV)/National Liberation
Front (NLF)
National Liberation Army (ELN) (Colombia)
New Jewel Movement
New People’s Army
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OAPEC)
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
Oxfam
Pacific Islands Forum
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)
xxx
Pathet Lao
People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF)
Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Angola (MPLA)
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
Revolutionary Army of the People
Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR)
Rockefeller Foundation
Roman Catholic Church
Russian Orthodox Church
Salvation Army
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)
Shining Path/Sendero Luminoso
Solidarity Union
Soros Foundations Network
South Asian Association for Regional
Co-operation (SAARC)
South West Africa People’s Organization
(SWAPO)
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
Southern African Development
Community (SADC)
Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR)
Taliban
26th of July Movement
Tupamaros
United Malays National Organization (UMNO)
United Nations Center for Human
Settlements (UNCHS)
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
United Nations Commission on Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice
United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
United Nations Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
United Nations Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC)
United Nations Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)
United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO)
United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ)
United Nations International Drug Control
Program (UNDCP)
United Nations International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD)
United Nations International Institute on
Aging (UNIIA)
 THEMATIC LIST OF ENTRIES

United Nations International Research and Bunche, Ralph

Training Institute for the Advancement of Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha
Women (INSTRAW) Cabral, Amilcar
United Nations Permanent Forum on Cardoso, Fernando Henrique
Indigenous Peoples Castro, Fidel
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Ceausescu, Nicolae
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Chávez, Hugo
Palestine (UNRWA) Chiang Ching-kuo
United Nations Trusteeship Council Chiang Kai-shek
United Nations University (UNU) Chuan Leekpai
United States Agency for International De Klerk, Frederik W.
Development (USAID) Deng Xiaoping
Viet Minh Dubcek, Alexander
Visehrad Group Duvalier, François
West African Economic and Monetary Fanon, Frantz
Unoin (WAEMU) Fox, Vicente
West African Monetary Union (WAMU) Frei, Eduardo
Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML) Fujimori, Alberto
World Bank Gandhi, Indira
World Confederation of Labor (WCL) Gandhi, Mohandas
World Council of Churches Gandhi, Rajiv
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) Goh Chok Tong
World Food Program Gorbachev, Mikhail
World Health Organization (WHO) Guevara, Ernesto ‘‘Che’’
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Gus Dur
World Trade Organization (WTO) Haile Maryam, Mengistu
Zapatista National Revolutionary Hassan II, King (Morocco)
Army (EZLN) Havel, Václav
Haya de la Torre, Vı́ctor Raúl
Hirschman, Albert
Ho Chi Minh
Persons
Houphouët-Boigny, Félix
Hoxha, Enver
Ahidjo, Ahmadou Hun Sen
Allende Gossens, Salvador Hussein, King of Jordan
Amin, Idi Hussein, Saddam
Aquino, Benigno, and Corazón Jagan, Cheddi
Arafat, Yasser Jaruzelski, Wojciech
Árbenz Guzmán, Jacobo Jiang Zemin
Arias Sanchez, Oscar Kaunda, Kenneth
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand Kenyatta, Jomo
Aung San Suu Kyi Khama, Sir Seretse
Ayub Khan, Muhammad Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah
Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi Khrushchev, Nikita
Batista y Zaldı́var, Fulgencio Kubitschek, Juscelino
Begin, Menachem Laar, Mart
Ben Bella, Ahmed Landsbergis, Vytautas
Ben-Gurion, David Lee Kuan Yew
Betancourt, Rómulo Lumumba, Patrice
Bhutto, Benazir Luthuli, Albert
Bishop, Maurice Machel, Samora
Bosch, Juan Magsaysay, Ramon
Botha, P. W. Mahathir bin Mohammed, Dato Seri
Boumédiènne, Houari Malan, D. F.
Bourguiba, Habib Mandela, Nelson

xxxi
THEMATIC LIST OF ENTRIES

Mao Zedong Zhou Enlai

Marcos, Ferdinand Zia ul-Haq, Muhammed
Mbeki, Thabo
Meir, Golda
Menchú Túm, Rigoberta
Menem, Carlos
Topics
Milošević, Slobodan
Mossaddeq, Muhammed Acid Precipitation
Mubarak, Hosni African Diaspora
Mugabe, Robert Agriculture: Impact of Globalization
Mujibar Rahman, Sheikh Agriculture: Impact of Privatization
Nasser, Gamal Abdel Apartheid
Ndi, Ni John Fru Aprismo
Nehru, Jawaharlal Arab Nationalism
Nkrumah, Kwame Arab–Israeli Wars (1948, 1956, 1967, 1973)
Nyerere, Julius Arms and Armaments, International Transfer of
Okello, John Arms Industry
Pahlavi, Shah Muhammed Reza Asian ‘‘Economic Miracle’’
Pérez Jiménez, Marcos Asian Tigers
Perón, Juan Domingo Aswan High Dam and Development in Egypt
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto Authoritarianism
Prebisch, Raúl Balfour Declaration
Qaddafi, Muammar Balkan Wars of the 1990s
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Bandung Conference (1955)
Rahman, Tunku Abdul Banking
Ramos, Fidel Bantustans
Rhee, Syngman Basic Human Needs
Sadat, Anwar Bedouin
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos Berbers
Selassie, Emperor Haile Berlin Wall (1961–1989)
Sénghor, Leopold Biodiversity Conservation
Siad Barre, Mohammed Black Market/Shadow Economy
Sihanouk, Norodom Bracero Program
Silva, Luiz Inácio ‘‘Lula’’ da Brain Drain
Somoza DeBayle, Anastasio Buddhism
Somoza Garcı́a, Anastasio Bureaucratic Authoritarianism
Stalin, Joseph Camp David Accords (1979)
Stroessner, Alfredo Capital Flight
Sukarno Capitalist Economic Model
Tito, Josip Broz (Marshall Tito) Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI)
Torrijos Herrera, Omar Cartels
Touré, Sékou Caste Systems
Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas Children and Development
Tudjman, Franjo China: Cultural Revolution
Tutu, Bishop Desmond Chinese Revolution
Ulmanis, Guntis Christianity
Um-Nyobe, Reuben Christians in the Middle East
Vähi, Tiit Civic Education
Vargas, Getúlio Civil Disobedience
Verwoerd, Hendrik Civil Rights
Wałe˛sa, Lech Civil Society
Williams, Eric Collectivism
Wojtyła, Karol (John Paul II) Colombo Plan
Wyszyński, Cardinal Stefan Colonialism: History
Yahya Khan, Agha Muhammad Colonialism: Legacies

xxxii
 THEMATIC LIST OF ENTRIES

Communist Economic Model Eurocentrism

Constitutionalism, Definition Evangelical Protestantism
Coptic Church (Copts) Export-Oriented Economies
Corruption, Governmental Extractive Industries
Counterinsurgency Family Planning and Structure
Countertrade Food and Nutrition
Coup d’État Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Cuban Revolution Free Market Economy
Cultural Perceptions Fulbright Program
Currency Devaluations General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Currency Regimes Glasnost and Perestroika
Debt: Impact on Development Global Climate Change
Debt: Relief Efforts Globalization: Impact on Development
Deforestation Great Leap Forward
Democratization Green Revolution
Desertification Guerrilla Warfare
De-Stalinization (1953–1956) Health Care
Development History and Theory Helsinki Final Act on Human Rights (1975)
Development, Measures of Hinduism
Dictatorships HIV/AIDS
Disaster Relief Human Resource Development
Doi Moi Human Rights as a Foreign Policy Issue
Domino Theory Human Rights: Definition and Violations
Draft Declaration on the Rights of Humanitarian Relief Projects
Indigenous Peoples Hungarian Crisis of 1956
Drug Trade Import Substitution Industrialization
Drug Use Income Distribution
Druze Indian–Pakistani Wars
Ecotourism Indigenous Medical Practices
Education Industrialization
807 Industries Infant Mortality
Elections Infanticide
Energy: Alternative Development Infectious Diseases
Energy: Impact on Development Intellectual Property Rights
Entrepreneurship Inter-Religious Relations
Environment: Government Policies Intifada
Environmentalism Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988
Erosion, Land Irrigation
Ethnic Conflicts: Caribbean Islam
Ethnic Conflicts: Central Africa Islamic Fundamentalism
Ethnic Conflicts: Central and Eastern Europe Itaipú Dam
Ethnic Conflicts: Central Asia Jihad
Ethnic Conflicts: Commonwealth of Judaism
Independent States Kashmir Dispute
Ethnic Conflicts: East Africa Kurds
Ethnic Conflicts: East Asia Labor
Ethnic Conflicts: Mexico and Central America Land Distribution Patterns
Ethnic Conflicts: Middle East Language, Influence on Development
Ethnic Conflicts: North Africa Language, Influence on Politics
Ethnic Conflicts: Oceania Legal Systems
Ethnic Conflicts: Southeast Asia Liberation Theology
Ethnic Conflicts: Southern Africa Libyan Cultural Revolution
Ethnic Conflicts: Southern Cone (Latin America) Lomé Convention
Ethnic Conflicts: West Africa Maghrib Peoples
Ethnicity: Impact on Politics and Society Malvinas/Falklands War, 1982

xxxiii
THEMATIC LIST OF ENTRIES

Maquiladora Program Quality of Life: Definition

Marxism Rain Forest, Destruction of
Mental Health Rastafarianism
Migration Refugees
Military and Civilian Control Religion
Military and Development Sanctions, Economic
Military and Human Rights Self-Determination
Minorities/Discrimination Sex Trade/Trafficking
Mixed Economy Sikhism (Sikhs)
Modernization Single-Party States
Monarchic Government Smaze
Money Laundering Social Revolution
Multinational Corporations and Development Socialism
Nation Building Socialist Economic Model
Natural Disasters State-Directed Economy
Neocolonialism Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)
Neoliberalism Subsistence Living
New Economic Policy (Malaysia) Sufism
New International Economic Order (NIEO) Sustainable Development
Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) Technology: Impact on Development
Nicaraguan Revolution Territorial Disputes
Nonaligned Movement Terrorism
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Third World
Operation Bootstrap Three Gorges Dam
Palestinian Diaspora Tienanmen Square Massacre
Pan-Africanism Totalitarianism
Panama Canal Treaties, 1977 Trade Policies and Development
Park Systems, National Trading Patterns, Global
Peacekeeping Operations, Regional and International Transparency
Peasants, Impact of Development on Underdevelopment
Persian Gulf War, 1991 United States–Dominican Republic–Central
Persian Gulf War, 2003 American Free Trade Agreement
Petrodollars Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Plan Colombia Untouchables (Dalits)
Political Culture Urbanization: Impact on Development
Pollution, Agricultural Urbanization: Impact on Environment
Pollution, Industrial Velvet Revolutions
Popular Sectors Vietnam War
Population Growth: Impact on Development Virtual Water Trade
Populism War and Development
Poverty: Definition and Trends Waste Management
Poverty: Impact on Development Water Resources and Distribution
Prague Spring, 1968 White Community in Africa
Private Property Rights Wildlife Preservation
Privatization Women: Legal Status
Public Health Women: Role in Development
Public Sector Reform Zionism

xxxiv
 INTRODUCTION
Historically identified by various terms, the ‘‘Develop-
ing World’’ has always existed, but it came into vogue
as a concept immediately after the close of World War
II in 1945. For the next generation, the ‘‘Third World’’
was the most commonly used term, followed for the
next two decades by the ‘‘Underdeveloped World.’’
Influenced by trade liberalization, globalization, and
the policy agenda known as the Washington Con-
sensus, the term ‘‘Developing World’’ came into pro-
minence in the 1980s. In response, at least one
professional organization, the Association of Third
World Studies, briefly considered changing its name.
The most commonly asked questions about the
‘‘Developing World’’ focus upon the countries and
residents that comprise it, the status of its economy,
its political and social characteristics, and its cultural
components. At the end of World War II, analysts
identified Africa, Asia, and Latin America as the most
underdeveloped global regions. Within each were nu-
merous sub-regions, such as South Asia, sub-Saharan
Africa, and Latin America’s Southern Cone. Over
time, the Middle East was added to the mix and the
regions were further subdivided. Although the Soviet
Union and its East European Bloc often demon-
strated advances in scientific achievement, industrial
output, or military hardware, it remained an under-
developed area in terms of the low quality of life for
its inhabitants and the lack of civil and human rights,
factors that became glaringly apparent with the end of
the Cold War in 1991.
Today’s conventional wisdom suggests that all but
the Group of Seven, or G-7, nations and their periph-
ery fall into the so-called ‘‘Developing World.’’ The
G-7 is comprised of the world’s seven largest industri-
al nations: United States, Japan, Great Britain,
France, Germany, Italy, and Canada, though the in-
dustrialized world also includes the other Western
European nations, Australia, and New Zealand. By
the 1990s Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan be-
came prosperous nations. The inclusion of the latter
three countries suggests that an economic definition
of the ‘‘Developing World’’ remains too simplified.
Beyond economic development, analysts came to
consider the extent of public participation in the po-
litical process. How democratic and representative of
its people is any given government? Are human and
xxxv
civil rights secured and protected? What is the avail-
ability of basic human services such as education and
health care? Are there environmental protections?
The assumption is that developed nations are repre-
sentative democracies where the rights of people are
guaranteed, basic human needs are satisfied, and the
environment secured from various forms of pollution.
Although several of the developed nations fall short
in some of these categories, the absence of most is a
characteristic of the ‘‘Developing World.’’
The logo map used in the publications of the Asso-
ciation of Third World Studies substantiates the given
economic, political, and social definitions of the
‘‘Developing World.’’ The G-7 nations and their
periphery are absent from that map.
The assistance programs sponsored by the devel-
oped world since 1945 reflect the changing definition
of the ‘‘Developing World.’’ Immediately after World
War II, assistance focused upon improvement in in-
frastructure—roads, ports, electricity, water supplies,
and the like—to provide for increased opportunities to
export primary products, including raw materials. By
the late 1950s and into the early 1960s, assistance
programs shifted direction. The end of colonialism,
the independence of India and Indonesia, the emer-
gence of new and independent nations in Africa, and
Fidel Castro’s Revolution in Cuba brought an aware-
ness of the need to focus upon economic opportunities
for the general population, improvement in quality of
life, and the right of a nation’s people to political
participation and civil and human rights. These goals
remained the objectives of programs sponsored by
government and non-government organizations that
continued into the 1980s when world politics again
shifted. Identified best by the Washington Consensus,
a set of suggested reforms set forth for Latin America
by the economist John Williamson in 1989, this
change in policy by developed nations cut back on
their international assistance programs and, instead,
called upon the nations of the ‘‘Developing World’’ to
remove their protective barriers against foreign invest-
ment, provide for the privatization of state owned
industries and for increased exports, particularly of
so-called niche products. As they invited developing
nations to enter the global arena, developed nations
increased their pressure on developing nations to
INTRODUCTION
democratize the political process, protect civil and
human rights, and encourage environmentalism. In-
ternational agreements since the 1980s often contain
provisons for the implementation of plans to address
these human needs.
Despite the good intentions, the ‘‘Developing
World’’ persists. Poverty, with its concomitant short-
comings in education, health care, housing, and other
basic human needs, remains a reality for a dispropor-
tionate number of the world’s inhabitants. Political
democracy and civil and human rights are not univer-
sally guaranteed. Environmental pollution continues
to go unchecked, taking its most devastating toll upon
the ‘‘Developing World.’’
As the twenty-first century dawned, many analysts
queried the advisability of imposing the developed
world’s criteria for modernization upon the ‘‘Devel-
oping World.’’ The histories of the world’s regions
varied with their own political experiences, their own
ethnic and religious conflicts, and their political, reli-
gious, and social traditions that resist and in some
cases, outright defy modernization as envisioned by
the developed world.
The Encyclopedia of the Developing World provides
a ready reference work for understanding the issues
that affect approximately three quarters of the globe’s
residents. The Encyclopedia is unique because of its
focus upon the post 1945 period when the old colonial
structures in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East crum-
bled and elsewhere, as in China, Japan, and Latin
America the traditional elite structure has been re-
placed by something new. During the same time
period, the ‘‘Developing World’’ began to demand a
greater share of the world’s economy and an improve-
ment in quality of life, along with social justice,
political participation, and individual liberties.
How to Use This Book
The Encyclopedia of the Developing World is composed
of almost 800 free-standing entries of 500 to 5000 words
in length. They range from factual narratives, such as
country descriptions and biographies, to thematic inter-
pretations and analytical discussions of timely topics
like global trading patterns, and a combination of all
three, such as overview articles on the history and
economic development of a particular region. As
much as possible, the encyclopedia covers the history,
economic development, and politics of the developing
world from 1945 to the present, providing the reader
with a reliable, up-to-date view of the current state of
scholarship on the developing world.
xxxvi
Perhaps the most significant feature of the encyclo-
pedia is the easily accessible A to Z format. Cross-
referencing in the form of See Alsos at the end of most
entries refers the reader to other related entries. Each
article contains a list of References and Further
Reading, including sources used by the writer and
editor as well as additional items that may be of inter-
est to the reader. Most books or articles cited are easily
available through interlibrary loan services in li-
braries. Blind Entries direct readers to essays listed
under another title. For example, the blind entry
‘‘World Bank’’ refers the reader to the article entitled
with that institution’s official name, ‘‘International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development.’’ A thor-
ough, analytical index complements the accessibility of
the entries, easing the reader’s entry into the wealth of
information provided. A thematic list of entries is also
included to assist readers with research in particular
subjects.
Each country has a stand-alone entry, but also is
included in larger regional studies. For example, dis-
cussion of Chile can be found under the country’s
entry, but its place in regional matters can be found
in ‘‘Southern Cone (Latin America): History and
Economic Development’’; ‘‘Southern Cone (Latin
America): International Relations’’; and ‘‘Ethnic
Conflicts: Southern Cone (Latin America).’’ There
are stand-alone entries for important individuals,
like Jomo Kenyatta, but for context readers should
also refer to the country entry on Kenya and the
topical entries, such as ‘‘Colonialism: History’’ and
‘‘Colonialism: Legacies,’’ to more fully understand
Kenyatta’s philosophy and objectives. The discussion
of ‘‘Development History and Theory’’ is augmented
by the entry ‘‘Development, Measures of.’’ Both are
enhanced by the discussions of the various economic
models: capitalist, communist, socialist, and so on.
The cross-references will lead readers from stop to
stop on such paths throughout the encyclopedia,
and the index is another good starting place to find
the connected discussions.
A total of 251 authors have contributed the entries
to this encyclopedia. They are based around the world,
in both developing and developed nations, including
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Ca-
meroon, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany,
Hungary, India, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mex-
ico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines,
Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, the
United Kingdom, the United States, and Zimbabwe.
In keeping with the global and interdisciplinary nature
of this encyclopedia, contributors represent a variety
of fields, among them finance, religion, anthropology,
geography, environmental science, and law, with

subspecialties such as global business, human rights,
ethics, and refugee studies. The expertise of a wide-
ranging and diverse group of contributors will provide
the reader with a broad-based overview of issues,
events, and theories of the developing world.
Acknowledgments
Several people helped to bring this work to its com-
pletion. A special thanks goes to Lorraine Murray of
Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, who kindly provided
me the opportunity to undertake this project and to
Mark L. Georgiev at the Taylor and Francis imprint
of Routledge, for directing its completion following
INTRODUCTION
Routledge’s acquisition of the project from Fitzroy
Dearborn. The guidance offered by the Board of
Advisors—Ade Adefuye, Akwasi B. Assensoh, Nader
Entessar, Stephen Fischer-Galati, Alexander Gun-
gov, Harold Isaacs, Gary Kline, Paul J. Magnarella,
John Mukum Mbaku, Alojzy Z. Nowak, Philip Ox-
horn, Paul A. Rodell, Houman A. Sadri, Barbara
Tenenbaum and Pamela A. Zeiser—ensured the En-
cyclopedia’s comprehensiveness. The expertise of each
author made possible the accuracy and completeness
of the 762 entries. The editorial efforts by Mark
O’Malley and particularly Rachel Granfield made this
a more readable work. As always, Yvonne offered the
encouragement, support, and understanding that only
a wife could. This work is dedicated to her.
Thomas M. Leonard
xxxvii

A new regime, dominated by Donald Reid Cabral,
a former car salesman, lasted until April 1965 when
pro-Bosch military officers, led by Francisco
Caamaño Deñó, staged a revolt to return the exiled
Bosch to power. As the death toll in the civil war
mounted, and it became increasingly apparent
that Caamaño Deñó’s Constitutionalists were taking
control of the capital city of Santo Domingo, US
President Lyndon Johnson ordered twenty-three
thousand Marines to invade the Dominican Republic.
Although the Organization of American States (OAS)
eventually sanctioned the intervention by agreeing to
send in additional troops, this was the first overt use
of US military forces in Latin America since the
Marines were withdrawn from Haiti in 1934. Ostensi-
bly sent to protect lives and prevent the establishment
of a pro-Castro government, the OAS forces super-
vised democratic elections in 1966, which were won by
Joaquı́n Balaguer, who had been the titular president
at the time of Trujillo’s assassination. During
Balaguer’s tenure in office from 1966 to 1978, the
Dominican Republic experienced the most spectacu-
lar growth of any Latin American nation during
the 1970s. The nation’s economic boom was made
possible by political stability and a revitalized sugar
industry.
High inflation and unemployment undermined
Balaguer’s hold on power during his third term. In
1978, Balaguer lost the presidential elections to
the Partido Revolucionario Dominicano (PRD). Al-
though Antonio Guzmán’s administration imple-
mented numerous health and education projects, by
1980, the economy had fallen into a recession. Plagued
by the rising cost of oil imports, a sharp decline in
the profits from sugar exports, and accusations that
his daughter Sonia was involved in corrupt activities,
Guzmán, a wealthy cattle rancher, decided not to
run for reelection in 1982. The 1982 elections were
won by PRD candidate Salvador Jorge Blanco. The
day before he would have left office, President
Guzmán committed suicide. Jorge Blanco’s adminis-
tration experienced a tremendous loss of popularity
and legitimacy when it implemented International
Monetary Fund (IMF) austerity measures in May of
1984. A series of violent riots broke out, which led to
the death of dozens of Dominican citizens. Jorge
Blanco was found guilty in a court of law of massive
corruption and misappropriation of government
funds and sentenced to twenty years in prison.
Given the poor performance of the PRD govern-
ments, Balaguer returned to office in 1986. Balaguer
won subsequent elections in 1990 and 1994. Acknowl-
edging that there were voting irregularities in the 1994
election, Balaguer agreed to step down from the pres-
idency in 1996 and hold new presidential elections.
DOMINO THEORY
The 1996 elections pitted José Francisco Peña
Gómez (PRD) against Bosch protégé Leonel Fernán-
dez, who represented the Partido de Liberacion
Dominicano (PLD). Fernández, a young lawyer who
had grown up in New York City, initiated a series of
reforms designed to modernize the political economy
and infrastructure. Sugar exports no longer repre-
sented a substantial component of Dominican reve-
nue. Instead, tourism, mining (especially nickel), and
remittances from Dominicans living abroad, pri-
marily in the United States, accounted for the majori-
ty of Dominican revenue. Attempts were made to
convert the sugar-growing lands to the production
of other agricultural crops, such as pineapples, for
export. Fernández was barred by the Constitution
from running for reelection in 2000. PRD candidate
Hipólito Mejı́a won the 2000 presidential elections.
Mejı́a’s administration has been characterized by ex-
cessive corruption, rising inflation, and a greatly
devaluated national currency. The 2004 presidential
elections were won by Fernández, who promised to
reinvigorate the Dominican economy.
MICHAEL R. HALL
See also Haiti; Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas
References and Further Reading
Atkins, G. Pope and Larman C. Wilson. The Dominican
Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to
Transnationalism. Athens, GA: University of Georgia
Press, 1998.
Hall, Michael R. Sugar and Power in the Dominican Repub-
lic: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Trujillos. Westport,
CT: Greenwood, 2000.
Moya Pons, Frank. The Dominican Republic: A National
History. Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener Publishers,
1998.
Roorda, Eric Paul. The Dictator Next Door: The Good
Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican
Republic, 1930–1945. Durham, NC: Duke University
Press, 1998.
Vargas Llosa, Mario. The Feast of the Goat: A Novel. New
York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2000.
DOMINO THEORY
The domino theory, or domino effect, was made
famous by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1953–1961), who, in order to justify US commit-
ment to South Vietnam in 1954, compared the nations
of Southeast Asia to a row of dominoes: if the
Communist guerrillas were victorious in Vietnam,
the rest of Indochina, and then the rest of Asia,
would also eventually fall to Communism. The rapid
advent of Communist regimes in Hungary, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and
485
DOMINO THEORY
Yugoslavia following the end of World War II was
used as evidence to support this premise.
By the same token, the demise of Communism in
the Soviet Union would affect all Eastern European
countries one after another, much like a chain reac-
tion. It was hence popularly assumed to be a case of
domino effect. This view overlooked that the Soviet
bloc and its satellites represented a highly centralized
system held together by an overarching ideology.
Once the center and ideology could not hold, the
periphery had no other choice but to loosen. Socialist
countries were not so much independent entities
prone to one another’s influence, as parts of a single
unified framework.
The metaphor evoked by the falling dominoes is
used in both social and exact sciences, where several
competing permutations can be found with slightly
different meanings: chain reaction, forest fire models,
avalanche dynamics, branching process, and so on.
Moreover, the theoretical setup is based on medical-
biological assumptions of ‘‘contagion,’’ ‘‘disease,’’
‘‘viruses,’’ and similar epidemiological jargon.
The concept reached its peak of influence during
the Cold War, but continued to be applied to various
international events in the aftermath of epochal
changes. Even before the official end of the Cold
War (marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall, in 1989),
the concept was used to describe the possible spread
of nationalism. The theory was adopted by both
liberals and conservatives in the United States.
The concept’s heuristic validity is complicated
by its partisan political use. Indeed, the ghost of a
domino effect has been used by various regimes in
order to hamper broader democratic reform, while
curtailing ethnic dissent. This was particularly the
case among several developing countries during and
after the Cold War. In the early 1990s, a long series of
human rights violations by Asian states was dictated
by fear of a hypothetical nationalist domino effect
caused by the disintegration of the Soviet Union and
Yugoslavia, including: China’s stepping up of repres-
sion in Tibet and Sinkiang; Burma’s refusal to allow
democratic reforms in fear of civil war; Indonesia’s
uneasiness about revelations of mass slaughter in
East Timor, Acheh, and West Papua; India’s stran-
glehold on Assam, Punjab, Kashmir, and other rest-
less areas; Pakistan’s repression of the Sindhi
minority; Sri Lanka’s offensive against Tamil separat-
ism; Georgia’s move to autocratic rule; Turkey’s con-
frontation with the Kurdish insurgence; and Iran’s
resort to radicalism in the face of occasional tensions
in border areas. In Africa, the fear of a domino effect
was amplified by Eritrea’s independence and the
separation of northern Somaliland. In Zaire (now
Democratic Republic of Congo), Mali, and Nigeria,
486
thousands died in ethnic clashes, often linked to the
central governments’ refusal to come to terms with
ethnic demands. Finally, Iraq’s decision to invade
Kuwait in 1990 can be seen as a classic case of ‘‘ex-
ternalization’’ of internal tensions resulting from
a fear of contagion of both political Islam and
ethno-national tensions.
All these cases were related to a worldwide concern
about the inevitable dissolution of multinational
states. The ghost of ‘‘balkanization’’ was raised as a
tangible threat. Although threats from political oppo-
sition were sometimes tangible, they often became
only a pretext to eliminate internal dissidence. Indeed,
the same illiberal trend has pervaded the domestic
and foreign policy of most multinational states, with
the possible exceptions of federations like Canada
and the European Union—the latter through the
elasticity of Brussels’ accommodating politics.
Although the theory had initially some strategic
validity, the fear of a domino effect was, and will
remain, at the roots of catastrophic choices in foreign
policy. It was this fear that impelled Western elites
to support Saddam Hussein’s totalitarian regime in
his war against Iran (1980–1988). The consequences
of this decision, causing over a million deaths, will
probably carry through for decades. The tragic blun-
der stemmed from the conviction that, following
Iran’s Islamic revolution, the fall of the Shah (1979)
would be the first domino to tip other autocratic
states in the Middle East toward Islamic rule. A
panic-struck Western world reacted by supporting
Iraq’s Ba’athist regime with massive input of weapons
and cash.
The danger of expanding Communism was cer-
tainly vivid in the aftermath of the Korean War
(1950–1953). However, the theory’s more recent
adaptations rely mostly on a paranoid vision of the
world and are rather characteristic of nationalist or
imperial geopolitics (Geopolitik in German). The latter
discipline was associated with the German geographer
Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904) and his theory of the
organic nature of the State. Geopolitics was easily
appropriated by the Nazi expansionist state, with its
idea of Lebensraum (‘‘Living space’’) as ‘‘essential’’
for the survival of the German race.
The domino theory has been particularly influen-
tial among US foreign policy and security experts,
as an exemplification of what Richard Hofstadter
called ‘‘The Paranoid Style in American Politics’’:
‘‘The exponents [of the] . . . paranoid style . . . regard
a ‘vast’ or ‘gigantic’ conspiracy as the motive force in
historical events. . . The paranoid spokesman sees
the fate of this conspiracy in apocalyptic terms—he
traffics in the birth and death of whole worlds,
whole political orders, whole systems of human
 DRAFT DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
values. He is always manning the barricades of
civilization’’ (1996, p. 29).
A more ‘‘assertive,’’ less defensive, version of the
theory was adopted by the interventionist hawks in
President George W. Bush’s administration: They
argued that Saddam Hussein’s fall would be followed
by the quasi-automatic embrace of democracy by
other Arab states in the region.
There is often some confusion between the factual
image of falling dominoes and the ideological influ-
ence the theory may exert in action. The phrase
‘‘domino effect’’ refers to a movement of possible
structural and international changes brought about
by the emulation of successful political movements.
It can be considered the subcategory of a more gen-
eral demonstration effect: the latter refers to the
reshaping of ideological orientation within political
movements across frontiers as stimulated by inter-
national events. The domino effect is a more restricted
concept, insofar as it is only a particular kind of
demonstration effect with immediate implications in
real political alignments: ‘‘domino’’ is about supposed
or feared political change at the regime level, whereas
‘‘demonstration’’ is about ideologies and putative
models at the grassroots level. Various assumptions
underlie this approach, often defined as ‘‘ideological
diffusionism,’’ mostly that ideologies spread in a par-
allel outward and top-down process. That is, ideas are
disseminated horizontally from an ideological centre
to the periphery, and vertically from the elites to the
masses, both in a non-reciprocal way.
Given the domino theory’s incapacity to adequately
explain, let alone predict, changes at the regime level,
it remains at best an illusion, especially when account-
ing for non-institutionalized political movements.
In particular, non-state nationalism and political
Islam are often too vague, pervasive, malleable, and
unpredictable a force to be prognosticated on the
grounds of the diffusion of immanent forces.
DANIELE CONVERSI
References and Further Reading
Chomsky, Noam. What Uncle Sam Really Wants. Tucson,
AZ, and Berkeley, CA: Odonian Press, 1993
Conversi, Daniele. ‘‘Domino effect or internal develop-
ments? The influences of international events and
political ideologies on Catalan and Basque national-
ism.’’ West European Politics, vol. 16, no. 3, July 1993,
pp. 245–270.
Hofstadter, Richard. The Paranoid Style in American
Politics and Other Essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1996.
Ninkovich, Frank. Modernity and Power: History of
the Domino Theory in the Twentieth Century. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1994.
DRAFT DECLARATION ON THE
RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
In an effort to specify and ensure greater respect for
the rights of indigenous people to lands traditionally
utilized by them, as well as to ensure their access to
resources and the protection of their languages and
cultures, the formation of a United Nations Declara-
tion on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was first
proposed in 1985 by a series of resolutions submitted
by the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Dis-
crimination and Protection of Minorities. A Working
Group on Indigenous Populations was formed to pre-
pare the Draft Declaration, taking into account the
comments and suggestions of participants in sessions
composed of representatives of both indigenous
peoples and governments. In July 1993, the Working
Group agreed on a final text for the draft Declaration
on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and submitted it to
the Sub-Commission. The Draft has been under review
by the Inter-Sessional Working Group of the Commis-
sion on Human Rights, who hoped to have it approved
by 2004, the close of the United Nations’ Internation-
al Decade of the World’s Indigenous Populations.
Although the Working Group within the Commis-
sion on Human Rights held annual meetings with
participation from government representatives and
indigenous organizations each year between 1995 and
2004, no consensus was reached. Significant polariza-
tion between indigenous and state positions character-
ized the Working Group from the start, particularly
surrounding the issues of self-determination, collective
rights, and territorial rights. As the year 2004 came to a
close, several drafts had been proposed but none had
been agreed upon. Hunger strikes (called spiritual
fasting) by indigenous peoples delegates and an
Appeal of Indigenous Peoples at the United Nations
Palais des Nations in Geneva, expressed the concern
that the mandate of the Working Group would not be
extended or that critical principles would be weak-
ened in negotiations. The strike was ended when the
Office of the Commission on Human Rights agreed to
recommend to the General Assembly a second Inter-
national Decade of the World’s Indigenous Peoples,
to follow the conclusion of the present International
Decade in December 2004.
Although disagreements remain between indige-
nous representatives and governments, and the
amount of power to be accorded each in the process
is still contested, the process of debate can be seen as
contributing to awareness about indigenous rights
within communities, among government representa-
tives, and within supranational decision-making
bodies. It has created a space for indigenous partici-
pation within the United Nations and altered some
487
 INDEX
A mujahedin, 1091–1092, 1223, 1520
opium trade, 489
AAPC (All-African People’s Congress), 29–30 Soviet invasion, 303, 416, 1091
Abantu-Botho (newspaper), 10 Taliban, 1092, 1224, 1520–1522
Abasuma people, 939 territorial disputes, 1534–1535
Abbagholizadeh, Malboobeh, 1720 UNICEF in, 1603
Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 3 United States and, 307, 1521–1522
Abdelrahman Al-Saud, Abdulaziz bin, 1391 USAID road-building projects, 1636
Abdel-Razig, Ali, 878 women, 1092
Abduh, Mohammad, 877 Aflaq, Michel, 71, 335
Abdullah II, King, 893 Afobaka Dam (Suriname), 1508
Abiola, M.K.O., 1142 AFRC (Armed Forces Revolutionary Council ), 700
Abkhazians, in Georgia, 697 Africa. See also African entries and individual countries
Abkhazia territorial dispute, 87–88, 378, 1533 agricultural privatization, 24
Aborney, 167 agricultural water use, 1689
Abortion, 656 authoritarian states, 121, 122, 123
infanticide and availability, 819 balkanization, 360–361, 500–501, 626–627
legalization of, 654, 655 banking in, 149
Ronald Reagan and funding of, 1635–1636 caste system, 255
Soviet Union and, 654–655 civic education, 339–340, 342
Abrams, Gen. Creighton, 1668 colonial legacy, 364 –366
Absentee voting, 557 colonial partitioning, 360–361, 500–501, 626–627
Abubakar, Gen. Abdulsalami, 1142 education, 342
Abu Dhabi Fund for Development, 927 foreign direct investment by, 672
Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, 1595 foreign direct investment in, 671
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, 1595 global climate change and, 705
Abuja Treaty, 9, 1204 health care systems, 748
Abu Masa island, 1534 HIV/AIDS, 756–757
Acción Democrática (Venezuela), 1178, 1259–1260, 1659 Language Plan of Action for, 940
Acción Popular (Peru), 1269 legal system, 956
Aceh independence, 1455 Lomé Convention, 964 –966
Aceh people, 618–619 national parks, 1245
Aceh War, 619 Organization of African Unity (OAU). See Organization
Acidic solutions, 1 of African Unity
Acid precipitation, 1–3, 558, 1289 poverty in, 1311, 1312
Ación Democrática, 1183–1184 refugees and decolonization, 1352
ACP (African–Caribbean and Pacific Group), 506 single-party government and, 1415
Action Against Hunger, 480 Soros foundations in, 1436
Adams, Grantley, 155 susu groups, 151
Adams, Tom, 248 water management, 872
Addis Ababa conference, 29–30 white colonial administrators, 1705
Addo Elephants National Park, 1245 white colonists, 1705–1706
Adedeji, Adebyo, 530 white community in, 1705–1708
Adem, Idris, 577 Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, 233
Adiaphora policy, 51 African–Caribbean and Pacific Group (ACP), 506
ADPS (ASEAN Dialogue Partnership System), 115 African Central Bank, 9
Adriatic Charter, 411 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 782
Afar people, 478–479. See also Djibouti African Committee of Central Bank Governors, 9
AFDU (Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération African Development Bank (ADB), 4 –5, 506, 1608. See also
du Congo Zaire), 265 Economic Commission for Africa
Afghani Communist Party (PDPA), 3– 4 African Development Bank Group, 151
Afghanistan, 3– 4 African Development Fund, 4
immunization programs, 1330 African Diaspora, 6–9, 240, 1234
Initiative for Strengthening Afghan Family Laws, 1719 African independence and, 7–8
Islam in, 299–300 globalization and, 8

I1
INDEX

African Economic Community (AEC), 1204 Taiwan, 935

African Farmer’s Association, 10 Tanzania, 934–935
African Farmers Union, 1585 Venezuela, 171, 1660
African Gender and Development Index, 530 Zimbabwe, 935
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), 1700, 1701 Agri-business, 17
African Homelands, 152–154, 979. See also Apartheid; Agricultural development. See also Rural development
Native reserves African Development Bank and, 5
African independence movements, 7–8 Agricultural diversification, in Caribbean, 236
African Investment Bank, 9 Agricultural globalization, 11–18
Africanists, 11 capital concentration and, 14–15
African Monetary Fund, 9–10 environmental consequences, 12–13
African National Congress (ANC), 59, 61–62, 153, 435, 436, future prospects, 17–18
989–990, 1440, 1463. See also Apartheid; Mandela, Nelson land ownership and, 14
Albert Luthuli and, 967 political power and, 15–16
Bandung Conference, 139–140, 1118, 1234–1235, 1506–1507 social consequences, 12
Bishop Desmond Tutu and, 1581 technological innovation and, 17
Thabo Mbeki, 1006–1007 trade liberalization and, 13–14
Zambian, 1752 Agricultural pollution, 1284–1288
African Union, 5, 1202, 1700, 1702. See also Organization of air, 1285–1286
African Unity (OAU) biodiversity and habitat loss, 1286
global trading patterns and, 1568 haze, 116, 445–446, 1419–1420
Africare, 476 human health and, 1287–1288
Afrikaner Party, 10, 11 soil degradation, 1286
Afrikaners, 57–62, 1439. See also Apartheid; South Africa water, 1285
Boer War, 58, 622, 1706 Agricultural privatization, 18–25
D.F. Malan, 979–980 into agri-enterprises, 23
Great Trek, 622 employment and, 24
Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), 1197–1198, 1523 land fragmentation and, 19–20, 21–22
AFTA (Asian Free Trade Area), 97 restoration and compensation, 19, 21–22
Agency for International Development (AID), 459 Agricultural research
Agenda 21, 1510 globalization and, 17
Agglomeration economies, 1643, 1644. See also Urbanization Rockefeller Foundation and, 1367, 1368
Aging populations Agriculture. See also specific crops
United Nations International Institute on Aging, 1624 –1625 Bangladesh, 141–142
Vienna International Plan of Action on Aging, 1625 Central Africa, 261–262
World Assembly on Aging, 1625 Central America, 274
Agrarian reform, 934–936 Central Asia, 299
Albania, 26 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Brazil, 1410 (CGIAR), 852–853
Central America, 934 corporate, 665
Chile, 31, 681, 934 deforestation and, 445–446, 1347
China, 582, 935 Equatorial Guinea, 575, 576
Cuba, 413 erosion and, 580–581
development and, 1615 Estonia, 583
Dominican Republic, 186 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 15, 1692,
East Asia, 513 1732–1734
El Salvador, 934 Gambia, 691
Gamal Abdel Nasser and, 1102 globalization and, 11–18. See also Agricultural globalization
global perspective, 935 Green Revolution, 717–719
Grenada, 720 Guatemala, 725
Guatemala, 80 Hong Kong, 765
Iraq, 130 international government organizations and, 15
Kenya, 935 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 852–853
Landless Peoples Movement, 934 irrigation, 870–875
Latin America, 33 Israeli communal farms, 881
Mexico, 1247 Malawi, 982
Nicaragua, 934, 1138 migrant workers, 194–195
Peru, 46, 47 monoculture, 17, 1347, 1501
South Africa, 935 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and, 16
Southeast Asia, 1450 non-intensive crop production, 1501
Southern African controversies, 1466–1467 Oceania, 1193
South Korea, 935 peasants, 1256–1258
Soviet Union, 935 privatization of, 18–25. See also Agricultural privatization
Suba, 934 rainfed, 870–871, 903
Syria, 130 slash-and-burn. See Deforestation; Haze pollution

I2
 INDEX

slavery and, 7 al-Faisal, Toujan, 1720

subsistence defined, 12, 21. See also Subsistence agriculture al-Fatah, 70, 79. See also Arafat, Yasser; PLO
sustainability of. See Sustainability Alfonsı́n, Raúl, 93, 1485
Tonga, 1553 al-Gaylani, Nuri al-Said, 868
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Algeria, 27–29
1616–1617 Ahmed Ben Bella, 165–166, 1157–1158, 1166, 1169
United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 67–68, 1165, 1169–1170
Development, 1624 Barcelona Declaration, 1168
virtual water trade, 1671–1672 Berbers in, 170
water usage, 1689 decolonization, 361–362
water used by. See also Irrigation Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
women in, 1724–1725 economic development, 1160
Aguirre Cerda, Pedro, 680 ethnic conflict, 612–613
Ahidjo, Ahmadou, 25–26, 217–218, 264, 269. French atrocities, 1157
See also Cameroon French nuclear testing and, 1166
Ahmed Ali, Abduraham, 1433 geography and climate, 1156
AIC (ASEAN Industrial Complementation), 114 Houari Boumédiénne, 191–193
AID (Agency for International Development), 459 independence movement, 69
Aidid, Mohaed Farad, 507 international relations, 1165–1166
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS Islamic Salvation Front, 1158
AIP (ASEAN Industrial Project), 114 Libya and, 1169
Air and Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology Marxism in, 1001
(Smith), 2 Morocco and, 1164, 1168–1169, 1204
Air pollution National Liberation Front (FLN), 28, 166, 191–192, 613,
agricultural, 1285–1286 1157, 1537, 1545
from biomass burning, 1286 OAPEC and, 1208
dioxins, 1682–1683 oil production, 1158
furans, 1682–1683 OPEC and, 1158
industrial, 1289–1290 political history, 1157–1158
smaze, 1419–1420 populism in, 1305
TCDD, 1683 Spain and, 1166
Akan peoples, 626, 700 Tunisia and, 193
Akayev, Askar, 383 unemployment, 1162
Akhan peoples, 1540 white community, 1707
Akoerio Indians, 1507 women, 1162
ALADI (Latin American Integration Association), 945–946 Algerians, in Azerbaijan, 127
ALALC (Asociación Latinoamerica de Libre Comercio), 44 al-Ghazah, Mohammed, 1504–1506
al-Aqsa intifada, 861–862, 883–884, 1227. See also Intifada Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, 82
Alarcón, Fabian, 49 Alianza para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ALIDES), 280
al-Assad, Bashar, 1513 Alianza Popular Revolutionaria Americana (APRA),
al-Assad, Hafiz, 470 46, 62–65, 1267
Alawi people, 608–609, 632 Ali Ato, Osman, 1433
Alawi religion, 1028 ALIDES (Alianza para el Desarrollo Sostenible), 280
al-Aziz ibn Saud, Abd, 1391 Aligarth Muslim University, 36
al-Bakr, Ahmad Hasan, 868 Ali Jinnah, Azam Mohammad, 1097, 1222
Albania, 26–27. See also Albanians Ali Khan, Liaquat, 35, 36, 1222
agricultural privatization, 19, 21, 22 Ali Mahdi, Mohammed, 1433
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, 183–184 Aliyev, Haidar (Heydar), 127, 382
Enver Hoxha, 766–768 al-Jazeera television, 1032
international relations, 294–295 Alkaline solutions, 1
Macedonia and, 972 Alkali Works Act of 1863, 2
political history, 287–288 Alkatiri, Mari, 524
Romania and, 1488 All-African People’s Congress (AAPC), 29–30, 1147
territorial disputes, 1532 All-Africa Peoples Organization, 1235
Albanians Allende Gossens, Salvador, 30–32, 309, 321, 416, 681, 934,
in Macedonia, 972 1274, 1477, 1484. See also Chile
in Serbia, 138, 1059, 1398 ECLAC and, 1615
Albert, Zaly, 974 Alliance Congress Freedom Charter (1955), 11
Albright, Madeleine, 772 Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du
Alcoholism, 1014. See also Substance abuse and dependence Congo Zaire (AFDU), 265
al-Din ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi, 1504–1506 Alliance for Progress, 32–35, 278–279, 732, 1106, 1184, 1635
Alemán, Arnoldo, 1135 historical context, 32–33
Alemán Valdés, Miguel, 1017, 1021 program, 33–34
Alessandri, Arturo, 31 Alliance for Sustainable Development, 280
Alessandri, Jorge, 31 All-India Muslim League, 35–36

I3
INDEX

All-India Muslim Students Federation, 35 AMSAC (American Society of African Culture), 1235
All People’s Congress (Sierra Leone), 627 Anaconda Copper Corporation, 1484
Alma-Ata Declaration, 375–379. See also Commonwealth Anarchy, State and Utopia (Nozick), 798
of Independent States ANC. See African National Congress
Alma-Ata health care conference, 749–750 Ancient Ghana, 1694–1695
Almond, Gabriel, 459, 460 Ancient Mali, 1695
Almoravid movement, 1004 Andean Common Market, 44
al-Qadir, Abd, 28 Andean Community, 38–39. See also Andean South America
al-Qaeda, 4, 730, 1091, 1264 Andean Council of Foreign Ministers, 39
in East Africa, 508 Andean Development Corporation, 9, 39
Egypt and, 1089–1090 Andean Pact, 39
Taliban and, 1520–1522 Andean Regional Initiative, 1277
in Yemen, 1747 Andean South America. See also individual countries
al Qawasim tribe, 1595 Andean Regional Initiative, 1277
al-Rimawi, Abdullah, 129 Bolivia, 184–186
al-Sabah, Sheikh Jaber, 927 Chile, 320–323
al-Said, Nuri, 130 Cold War and, 40–42
Alsalam Farij, Mohammed Abed, 1096 Colombia, 350–353
al-Salim, Abdullah, 925 Ecuador, 541–542
al-Sistanni, Ayatolla Ali, 870 Ecuadorian/Peruvian border conflict, 42–43
Altaic languages, 1576 geography and climate, 45–46, 1475
Alternative development, 1592–1593 international relations, 39–45
Alternative energy, 558–561 Peru, 1267–1270
Alternative technology, 1593 Peruvian relations with Chile and Bolivia, 43–44
Aluku people, 1507 political history, 45–51
Aluminum. See Bauxite regional issues, 44–45
Alvarez, General Gregorio, 1647 Uruguay, 1646–1648
Amadou, Hama, 1141 Venezuela, 1658–1661
Amanullah (Afghan king), 3 Andrés Pérez, Carlos, 1178–1179, 1659–1660
Amazon rainforest, 1245, 1345–1346, 1474–1475. See also Anglican Church, in Barbados, 155
Rainforest Anglican Communion, 51–52
biodiversity, 1346 Anglicization, 1119
deforestation, 1345–1349, 1474 Anglo-Boer War, 58, 622, 1706. See also Afrikaners
Ecuadoran, 49 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 619
Huaorani Indians, 49 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 1029, 1085, 1221
Kayapó Indigenous Area, 624 Angola, 53–54
pharmaceuticals from, 179, 1346 CIA in, 309
species count, 179 COMESA and, 369
Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji, 1640–1641 Cuban invasion, 246, 416
American Colonization Society, 959 debt holdings, 370–371
American Convention on Human Rights, 782 diamond production, 250
American Declaration of Independence, 777, 779 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 782 ethnic conflicts, 623
American decolonization, 358–359 independence, 1462
American Samoa Movimiento Popular de Libertação de Angola, 1292–1293
demographics, 1191 oil industry, 270, 646–647, 649
international relations, 1194 South African war with, 60–61, 189
American Society of African Culture (AMSAC), 1235 Southern African Development Community and, 1463
American Wildlife Foundation, Kenyan elephant project, 1711 territorial disputes, 1536
Americas United Nations Development Program in, 1607
slavery in, 6–7 white community, 1706
water management status, 872 Anguilla
Amerindian peoples, 605–606. See also specific peoples Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235
Amid, Idi, 632 Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
Amin, Hafizullah, 4, 1091 Animal husbandry. See Livestock production
Amin, Idi, 36–37, 503, 504, 600. See also Uganda Anopheles mosquitoes, 822
Amin, Qassim, 878 Antall, Jozsef, Visehrad Four and, 1672
Amin, Samit, 461 Anthropological development theories, 458–459
Amin Dada, Gerald Idi, 1586 Antigua and Barbuda
Amin Didi, Maumoon, 984 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
Amnesty International, 37–38 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233
Argentina and, 1482 Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235
China and, 519–520 Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
Equatorial Guinea and, 576 Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238, 238
Amoako, K. Y., 530 international relations, 248–249

I4
 INDEX

Antigua Trades and Labour Union (ATLU), 56 Arab Petroleum Investments Corporation, 1208
Anti-Semitism. See also Ethnic conflicts Arab Petroleum Services Company, 1208–1209
in Communist-occupied lands, 592 Arab Revival Movement, 129. See also Ba’ath Party
in Eastern and Central Europe, 593 Arab Revolt, 1226
of HAMAS, 741–742 Arab Shipbuilding and Repair Yard Company, 1208
Antonescu, Ion, 1074 Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party. See Ba’ath Party
Aotcaro, 1195 Arab Specialized Organizations, 67
Apartheid, 10–11, 57–62, 435–436, 957, 980, 1462–1463. See also Arafat, Yasser, 70–71, 78–80, 861, 883, 884, 1036. See also
Afrikaners; Racial discrimination; South Africa Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Bantustans and, 152–154 Algeria and, 1166
Bishop Desmond Tutu and, 1580–1581 HAMAS and, 742
collapse of, 61–62 refugee camps and, 1631
Defiance Campaign, 1440 Aral Sea
demise of formal, 1440–1441 pollution, 299, 1286, 1374, 1648
historical development of, 57–58 salinization, 1689
introduction of, 1439–1440 territorial disputes, 1534
legacies of, 622–623 Aram, Abbas, 305–306
liberation struggle, 59–60 ARAMCO. See Arabian-American Oil Company
Organization of African Unity and, 1203–1204 Aram-Pegov Agreement, 305–306
resistance to, 1440. See also African National Congress Arap Moi, Daniel, 502
rules and legislation, 58–59 Arawak Indians, 131, 154, 586–587, 683, 1083, 1125, 1126,
world community and, 60–61 1507, 1669
APEC (Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation), 108–111, 1450 Arbenz, Jacobo, 278, 308, 726, 727, 732
APEC Energy Initiative, 109 Árbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, 80–81. See also Guatemala
APEC Summit, 1132 Arbitration, of disputes, 837
Applications of Meteorology Programme (WMO), 1739 Archaelogical treasures, Three Gorges Dam and, 1547
APRA (Alianza Popular Revolutionaria Americana ), 46, 62–65. Archaeological findings, Papua New Guinea, 1240
See also Aprismo; Aprista movement Arden-Clarke, Sir Charles, 30
Aprismo, 62–65 Ardipithecus ramidus, 500
Aprista movement, 62–65, 745 Arendt, Hannah, 1555, 1557–1558
Aquatic system, acid precipitation and, 2 ideology and, 1558
Aquifers, 1688. See also Water social revolution theory, 1421
Aquino, Benigno, 65–66, 977, 996, 1272–1273. See also Philippines Arévalo, José, 80
Aquino, Corazón, 65–66, 1273, 1349. See also Philippines Argentina, 81–83
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, 927 agricultural oligarchy, 1476
Arab Berbers. See Berbers arms exports, 96
Arab Economic Unity Council, 67 banking industry, 149
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, 927 Brazil and, 228
Arabian-American Oil Company (ARAMCO), 72–73, 1036, bureaucratic authoritarianism in, 208, 209
1085, 1391–1392 Carlos Menem, 1011–1012
OPEC and, 1213 debt, 223, 439, 441, 442, 1011–1012
Arab–Israeli Wars, 73–78, 1381–1382 Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP), 82, 1363–1364
of 1948–1949, 73–75 erosion control, 582
First, 1159 ethnic conflicts, 624–625
Fourth, 1159 financial crises, 150, 1011–1012, 1479
intifadas and, 71, 80, 741–742, 860–862, 883–884, 1038, 1227, foreign direct investment, 708
1231–1232 geography and climate, 1474, 1475
Israel’s development and, 882–883 income inequality, 1311
October (Yom Kippur) War, 77–78, 1038 international relations, 1481–1482
Six-Day War, 70, 71, 76–77, 161, 883, 1038 Juan Perón, 1260–1261, 1476–1477, 1481
Suez War of 1956, 17, 75–76, 219–220, 548, 1035–1036, 1059 Justicialist Movement, 1081
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine liberal elites, 1481
(UNRAW), 1629–1631 Malvinas/Falkland Islands, 83, 986–987, 1487
Arab League. See League of Arab States Malvinas/Falkland War, 83, 986–987, 1479
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 67–68, 1165 MERCOSUR and, 1472–1474
Arab Maritime Petroleum Company, 1208 Montoneros, 1081–1082
Arab Monetary Fund, 9 national parks, 1244
Arab nationalism, 68–72. See also Pan-Arabism Nazi Germany and, 1481
Ba’ath Party and, 71 Paraguay and, 1242–1243
early roots, 68 Paraguayan dependence on, 1485
forums of Arab expression, 71–72 Partido Revolucionario de Trabajo (PRT), 1363
future of, 72 Patagonia region, 1475
Palestine question and, 70–71 Peronistas, 1477
Pan-Arabism and, 69–70 populism in, 1304
in 20th century, 69 reforestation, 582

I5
INDEX

Argentina (Continued ) Arteaga, Rosalia, 49

territorial disputes, 1538, 1647 Art of War (Sun Tzu), 728
transition to democracy, 123 Aruba, 1125, 1126. See also Netherlands Antilles
Treaty of Asunción, 200, 1483 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
urban guerilla warfare, 1477–1478 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233
Uruguayan and, 1647 Arusha Declaration, 1524
War of the Triple Alliance, 1484 Arusha Peace Accords, 212
Yungas Biosphere Reserve, 1245 ASEAN, 66, 67, 97–98, 112–116, 481, 645
Argentine Institute for the Promotion of Trade, 1260 Asian Financial Institute and, 104–105
Arias, Harmodio, 1238 Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT), 97–98
Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, 84 dispute settlement, 114–115
Arias Madrid, Arnulfo, 1237 evolving issues, 115
Arias Peace Plan, 394 foreign direct investment and, 1530
Arias Sanchez, Oscar, 84–85, 279, 280, 394, 726. See also formation, 1449–1450
Costa Rica historical background, 112
Arica, 43 industrial cooperation programs, 1529
Arif, Abd as-Salam, 129 industrial development, 114
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 85–86, 244. See also Haiti international relations, 1455–1456
Organization of American States and, 1206 investment development, 114
Aristotle, 347 margin of preference (MOP), 97–98
Ariyanattne, A.T., 1489 Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100
Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), 171 Newly Industrialized Economies in, 1131
Armed Forces of the People (FAP), 86–87 Post Ministerial Conferences (PMC), 113
Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), 700 Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA), 97, 113
Armenia, 87–88 regional security, 114–115
agricultural privatization, 21, 23 Singapore and, 1412
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, 183–184 Spratly Islands dispute and, 1241–1243
Black Sea Economic Organization and, 381 structure, 112–113
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380 trade expansion efforts, 97
destruction of Red Kurdistan, 924 trade policy, 1563–1564
ethnic conflict, 596 trade promotion within, 113
Nagorno-Karabakh dispute, 87–88, 378, 382, 924, 1253, 1533 Vietnam and, 1665
Armenian National Movement, 382 ASEAN Declaration, 112
Armenians, in Georgia, 697 ASEAN Dialogue Partnership System (ADPS), 115
Arms control, 91 ASEAN Free Trade Area, 113
Arms embargoes, 90 ASEAN Industrial Complementation (AIC), 114
Cuba, 159, 887 ASEAN Industrial Joint Venture, 114
Czechoslovakia, 116 ASEAN Industrial Project, 113, 114
Arms industrialization ASEAN Regional Forum, 115
development and, 95–96 Ashante people, 626
international political conditions and, 93 Asia
political aspects, 93–94 colonial legacy, 366–368
‘‘spin-off’’ development, 95 countertrade in, 407
Arms industry. See also Arms industrialization; Arms transfer foreign direct investment by, 672
decline in world market, 96 global climate change and, 705–706
market niches and restrictions, 94–95 human rights development, 782
motives and goals for establishing, 92–93 legal systems, 956
Arms transfer, 88–92. See also Arms industrialization; water management status, 872
Arms industry Asia-Africa Conference (Bandung), 1506–1507
to Central Africa, 268 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 100–101, 151, 1609, 1610
development and, 91–92 Japan and, 101
to East Africa, 600 Kiribati and, 913
to Egypt, 117 Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100
to India, 694 Micronesia and, 1026
international system and, 89–90 reorganization of, 101
to Kosovo Liberation Army, 138 Vietnam Poverty Reduction Partnership Agreement, 1666
to Madagascar, 86 Asian Development Fund, 100–101
to Nigeria, 628 Asian ‘‘economic miracle,’’ 101–103. See also Asian Tigers;
recent trends, 90–91 Tiger economies
US to Nicaragua, 394 Asian financial crisis, 102, 109–110, 221, 765
volume of, 88 Malaysia and, 978–979
Arosemena Monroy, Carlos Julio, 47–48 Singapore and, 1412–1413
Arrhenius, Svante, 703–704 Asian Financial Institute, 104–105
Arron, Henk, 1508 Asian Free Trade Area (AFTA), 97
Arsenic poisoning, groundwater and, 1688 Asian Monetary Fund, 104–105

I6
 INDEX

Asian Relations Conference, 1442 Association, freedom of, 347

Asian surveillance, 9 Association of Caribbean States (ACS), 111–112, 243
Asian Tigers, 105–108, 463, 816, 917–918, 1450. See also Association of Southeast Asian Nations. See ASEAN
Tiger economies Aswan High Dam, 76, 116–119, 1090, 1103, 1159, 1688
export-oriented and import-substitution, 105–106, 515 Asylum policies, 1353. See also Refugees
Hong Kong, 764–765 Atacama Desert, 453
language and, 940 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 920, 1049, 1577
as Newly Industrialized Economies, 1131 Atlantic Charter, 29
Singapore, 1411–1414 ATLU (Antigua Trades and Labour Union), 56
South Korea as example, 106 Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme
sustaining growth, 106–107 (WMO), 1739
Asian values, 1449 Atomic energy. See Nuclear energy
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 1450 Atomic weapons. See Nuclear weapons
Singapore and, 1412 Atrocities
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 108–111, 1383 Balkan Wars, 136–137
agendas, 109 Bosnia, 188
annual meetings and institutionalization, 109 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 295
challenges to, 110 Ciskei, 154
economic reform, 109–110 Dominican Haitians, 484
future prospects, 110 East Timor Santa Cruz Massacre, 524
origin and evolution, 108–109 French in Algeria, 1157
Asia-Pacific Economic Forum, 518 Ma’alot massacre of school children, 1228
As-Khalifa family, 133–134 My Lai, 1668
Aslonov, Kadreddin, 302 partition of India and, 361
Asociación Latinoamerica de Libre Comercio (ALALC), 44 Robert Mugabe accused of, 1090
ASP (Afro-Shirazi Party), 1197–1198 in Rwanda, 212
Assad, Bashar, 71 Soweto Massacre, 1440
Assad, Hafiz, 77, 129 Tiananmen Square massacre, 451, 1549–1551
Assassinations. See also Coups d’etat Tlatelolco student massacre, 1018–1019, 1022–1023,
Abdul Ghassemlou, 921 1247–1248
Anastasio Somoza Deayle, 1434 Trujillo against Haitians. See Atrocities
Anastasio Somoza Garcia, 1134 against Uzbeks, 596
Anwar Sadat, 70, 220, 1096, 1382 Windhoek massacre (Namibia), 1444
Archbishop Oscar Romero, 660, 958 AUC (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia), 352–353
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 285 Aung San Suu Kyi, 119, 344, 1098
Benigno Aquino, 66, 996, 1273 Australia
CIA, 309 ASEAN and, 115
CIA in, 308 in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 108
Count Folke Bernadotte, 74 Camberra Agreement, 1194
Eliécar Gaitán, 1177 diamond production, 250
François Tombalbaye, 311 ICSID Implementation Act, 838
Gamal Abdul Nasser attempt, 1096 income inequality in, 1311
Imre Nagy, 790 International Arbitration Act of 1974, 838
Indira Gandhi, 1409 Marau Peace Agreement, 1431
Jigme Wangchuck Dorsi, 174 Micronesia and, 1026
Jorge Gaitán, 351 mining industry, 648
Martin Luther King, 344 national identity, 1195
Maurice Bishop, 232 national parks, 1244
Merchior Ndadaye, 212 SEATO and, 1458
Mexico, 1019, 1020, 1024 Tonga and, 1554
Mohandas Gandhi, 344 Tuvalu Trust Fund, 1583
Muslim Brotherhood and, 1096 withdrawal from UNIDO, 1621
Nicaragua, 1434 Australopithecus ananensis, 500
Palau, 1225 Austria
Patrice Lumumba, 309, 388, 966 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, 183–184
Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, 1137–1138 Soviet Union and, 288, 1488
Rafael Trujillo, 186, 245, 484 Austrian–Hungarian Empire, 284–285. See also Habsburg
Rajiv Ghandi, 804 monarchy
Richard Ratsimandrava, 973–974 Croatia and, 410
Samuel K. Doe, 960 Czech independence from, 430
Sassou-Nguesso, Denis, 390 Slovakia and, 1416
Thomas Sankara, 211 Authoritarian Democracy of Pinochet, 1275
Tom Mboya, 906 Authoritarianism, 119–124
Yuschenko attempt, 384 bureaucratic, 207–209, 1477–1478
Associated-dependent development, 465 definition and history, 119–120

I7
INDEX

Authoritarianism (Continued ) Bakongo people, 53

ethnic conflicts and, 632–633 Baku, 126–127
inherited vs. acquired, 121 Baku-Thilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Project, 638, 698
Middle East, 1028 Balaguer, Joaquı́n, 186, 245
modernization under, 1070–1071 Balance of Payments and Statistics Yearbook, 1043
nationalism and, 122–123 Balante people, 734
Southeast Asia, 1448–1449 Balfour Declaration, 69, 134–135, 980, 1226, 1759
varieties of, 120–121 Balkanization, 360–361, 500–501, 626–627, 1585
vs. totalitarianism and democracy, 121 Africa, 360–361, 500–501, 626–627
Authoritarian personalities, 121, 573, 1416 Caribbean region, 239–240
Authoritarian state, 120 problems of, 240
Avila Camacho, Manuel, 1021 Balkan states
Awami League, 124, 125–126, 141, 1092–1093 international relations, 294–295
Aydid, Hussien, 1433 Soros foundations in, 1436
Aylwin, Patricio, 322, 1275, 1484 Stability Pact, 1436
Aymara people, 626–627, 685, 958 Balkan Wars, 135–139
Ayub Khan, Muhammad, 124–126, 1222. See also Pakistan atrocities in, 136–137
Ayuh, General, 124 First, 285
Azcona Hoyo, José, 763 Macedonia and, 971
Azerbaijan, 126–127 Baltic states. See also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania
agricultural privatization in, 20, 23 Commonwealth of Independent Nations and, 382
Armenia and, 87–88 Council of Baltic Sea States, 381
Baku-Thilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Project, 638, 698 independence, 713
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, 183–184 international relations, 293–294
Black Sea Economic Organization, 381 peacekeeping, 1253
Caspian Sea and, 305 privatization, 1324
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380 Soviet occupation, 592
Economic Cooperation Organization and, 304, 537–538 Banaba Island. See Kiribati
ethnic conflict, 596 Banana exports
GUAM group and, 381 Belize, 164
literacy, 543 Caribbean region, 240–241
Nagorno-Karabakh dispute, 87–88, 378, 382, 924, 1253, 1533 Central Africa, 261
privatization in, 1323 Central America, 274
territorial disputes, 1534 Ecuador, 47
Turkic state federation and, 1534 Guadeloupe, 723
Azerbaijanis, in Georgia, 697 Guatemala, 725
Azikiwi, Benjamin Nnamdi, 127–128, 1142. See also Nigeria Honduras, 762, 763
Az-Zubarah Island territorial dispute, 1534 Martinique, 999
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States and, 1211
B St. Lucia, 1494
St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 1495
Ba’ath Party, 71, 129–130, 335, 1037 Banda, Hastings, 981
Iraq, 71, 129–130, 868, 1598 Bandaranaike, Mrs. Sirimavo, 1489
Syria, 1038, 1598 Bandaranaike, S.W.R.D., 1489
Background extinction rate, 179 Bandung (Asia-Africa) Conference, 139–140, 1118, 1234–1235,
Badawi, Abdullah Ahmad, 983 1506–1507, 1545
Bagaza, Jean Baptist, 212 Bangladesh, 140–142
Baghdad Conference, 1209 Asian Development Bank loans, 100–101
Baghdad Pact, 75, 130–131, 310, 868. See also Central Treaty Awami League, 124
Organization Bhola Cyclone, 1112
Bagmara Forest (Nepal), 1711–1712 economy, 141–142
Baguio Conference, 1442 global climate change and, 704
Bahamas, 131–132 Green Revolution and, 717–718
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 history, 141
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 Human Development Index, 658
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and,
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 1441–1444
international relations, 248 territorial disputes, 1692
Bahrain, 132–134 water management, 1688
OAPEC and, 1208 Bangladore, technology and education, 1529
oil industry, 646–647 Bani Yas tribe, 1595
political and economic reforms, 1032 Bank capital, 150
territorial disputes, 1339, 1534 Bank crises. See Financial crises
Bakhtiar, Shahpur, 910 Bank failures, 144
Bakhtin, Nikhail, 1294 Bank for Credit and Commerce International failure, 144

I8
 INDEX

Bank for International Settlements, 132–145. See also Banking Barrientos, General René, 47
decision making, 143 Barrio Village Education Movement, 544
evolution, 144–145 Barter transactions, 406
Nazi transactions, 145 Bartholomew, Reginald, 92
operations, 143–144 Barzani, Massoud, 921
origin, 142–143 Barzani, Mulla Mustafa, 921, 923–924
Bankhaus Herstatt failure, 144 Basarabia, 1073–1074. See also Moldova
Banking, 145–152 Base colonies, 356
adverse selection, 146 Basel Accord on Capital Adequacy, 144
Bahamas as center of, 132 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 143, 144
credit functions, 150 Basel Concordats, 144
depository functions, 146 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements
in developing countries, 149–151 of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 178, 1685
direct and indirect finance, 14–146 Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision,
discount rate, 147–148 144–145
discount window, 147 Basic Education and Life Skills (BELS) program, 544–545
Hong Kong and, 764 Basic human needs, 156–158, 1635
interest income, 146 Caribbean Development Bank and, 236
Lebanon, 948 Basic Human Needs Trust Fund, 236
offshore. See Offshore banking Bassa people, 626
open market operations, 148–149 Basutoland. See Lesotho
Panama, 1236 Basuto people, 956–957
regional and international banks, 151 Bataka Party, 1585
regulation and central banking, 147–148 Batellista economic program, 1647
Singapore, 1413 Batista Sacasa, Juan, 1137
traditional institutions, 151 Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio, 32, 158–159, 246, 256, 413.
trends in, 151–152 See also Castro, Fidel; Cuba
Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), 398 Twenty-sixth of July Movement, 1583–1584
Banks. See also individual banks Batlle y Ordóñez, José, 1476, 1486, 1647
central. See Central banks Batuta, Ibn, 1695
deposits, 146 Batwa people, 1061
interest income, 146 Bauxite
nations having international, 151–152 Central Africa, 261
regional and international, 151 Guinea, 733
runs on, 147 Guyana, 1185
Banque Centrale des États de l’Afrique de L’ouest (BCEAO), 219 Jamaica, 888–889
Banque des États de l’Afrique Centrale (BEAC), 219 producer cartels, 250
Banque Quest Africaine De Developement (BOAD), 151 Suriname, 1508
Bantu Authorities Act, 11, 152–153, 1462 Baya, Paul, 25–26
Bantu-speaking peoples, 500, 621, 1459, 1522–1523 Bay of Pigs invasion, 308, 414
Angola, 53–54 BCCI (Bank of Credit and Commerce International), 398
Malawi, 981 BEAC (Central Bank of Central African States), 267
South Africa, 59 Beblawt, Hazem, patriachal monarch theory, 1075–1076
Tswana, 190–191 Bedié, Henri Konan, 403–404
Bantustans, 152–154, 1661. See also Native Reserves Bedouin societies, 159–160, 1501. See also Berbers
Banyarwanda, of Zaire, 590 Begin, Menachem, 160–162, 220, 549, 882, 1038, 1159,
Banzer Suárez, Hugo, 50, 185 1381–1382. See also Israel
Baqir al-Sadar, Ayatollah Muhhamad, 865 Behari Vajpayee, Atal, 899
Barak, Ehud, 80 Beijing World Conference on Women, 1626
Baran, Paul, 460, 461, 1592 Beja people, 1503
Barbados, 154–156, 720 Belarus, 162–163
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 independence, 290
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 privatization, 1323
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 territorial disputes, 1533
Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238 Belarusian Initiative, 1437
international relations, 247–248 Belaúnde Terry, Fernando, 41, 42, 43, 46, 48, 64, 746,
Barbados Labour Party, 155 987, 1269
Barbuda, 55–57. See also Antigua and Barbuda Belgian colonies, 29–30, 360–361, 503
Barcelona Declaration, 1168 Central Africa, 262
Barclay, Arthur, 959–960 ethnic conflicts, 589–590
Bargaining theory, 668. See also Foreign direct investment independence, 269
Barioloche Foundation, 569 Belgian Congo, 263, 360–361. See also Democratic Republic
Barre, Gen. Mohammed Siad, 501, 505–506 of Congo; Republic of Congo
Barre Mainassara, Gen. Ibrahim, 1141 Belgium, international banks in, 151

I9
INDEX

Belize conservation, 177–179

Association of Caribbean States and, 111 deforestation and, 445
border conflicts, 283 Drylands Development Center, 1608
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 national parks and, 1245
Caribbean Community and Common Market patents on life forms and, 826–827
and, 233–235 United Nations Development Program and, 1608
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 Biodiversity Convention, 1510
Bello, Walden, 106 Bioengineering, 665
Ben Bella, Ahmed, 28, 165–166, 192, 1157–1158, 1166, 1169 intellectual property rights and, 826–827
as populist, 1305 Biological effects, of acid precipitation, 2
Benedict, Ruth, 458 Biological waste treatment (composting), 1682
Benenson, Peter, 37 Biomass burning, 1286. See also Haze pollution
Benes, Eduard, 286, 1318–1319 Biomass energy, 559–560
Benevides, Gen. Oscar, 745 Bionf, Abdou, 1395
Bengal. See Bangladesh Biopiracy, 827
Ben-Gurion, David, 166–167. See also Israel Biosphere Reserves
Golda Meir and, 1008 Central Suriname Nature Reserve, 1508
Benin, 167–168. See also West Africa Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve, 1348
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve (Peru), 1712
health care, 748 Virgin Islands National Park, 1670
West African Monetary Union and, 1703–1705 Biotechnology, agricultural globalization and, 17
Benjedid, Col. Chadli, 28, 1166 Bird, Lester, 56
Bentinck, Lord William, 1119 Bird, Vere Cornwall, 56
Berbers, 27–28, 29, 168–170, 613 Birth control. See Family planning
of Maghreb, 975–976 Birth rate. See Population growth
in Mauritania, 1004 Bishop, Maurice, 179–180, 232, 243, 248, 416, 720–721, 1083.
in Tunisia, 1574 See also Grenada; Movement for Assemblies of the People
Berger, Peter, 515–516 Bismarck, Otto, health care system of, 747
Beria, Lavrenti, 455 Bissell, Richard, 308
Berlin Conference, 626–627, 734 Biya, Paul, 218, 269
Berlin Wall, 170–171, 290, 295, 417, 713, 1656 Bizerta naval base, 193
Bermuda, Caribbean Community and Common Market and, Bizimungu, Pasteur, 1378
233–235 Blackbirding. See Slavery; Slave trade
Bernadotte, Count Folke, 74 Black Civil Rights Movement, 8, 344
Berryman, Phillip, 334 Black Consciousness Movement, 59–60, 153–154
Betancourt, Rómulo, 171–172, 484, 1178, 1183–1184, Black Diaspora. See African Diaspora
1659, 1660. See also Venezuela Black market, 180–184, 223
in Dominican Republic, 1572 Central/Eastern Europe, 289
Betancur, Belisario, 1182–1183 communism and, 1429
Betel nuts, 492 economic impact, 182–183
Bethlehem, conflict over, 74–75 Myanmar/Thailand, 1098
Beveridge Plan, 1426 size, 181–182
Bevin, Ernest, 353 Black Market Peso Exchange, 1077
Bharatiya Janata Parishad (Indian People’s Party), 857 Black Power movement, 1571
Bhashani, Maulana Hamid Khan, 124 Black reserves. See Apartheid; Native Lands Act;
Bhutan, 173–174 Native Reserves
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Black Sea, territorial disputes, 1532
and, 1441–1444 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, 183–184
Bhutto, Benazir, 174–175, 878, 1223. Black Sea Fleet, 377, 381
See also Pakistan Black September Movement, 1158, 1228
Bhutto, Mir Murtaza, 175 Black Tai people, 1540
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 125–126, 898, 1222–1223 Blair, Tony, 1167
Biafra, 175–177 Blaize, Herbert, 721
ethnic conflicts, 627 Blix, Hans, 1265
Organizaioin of African Unity and, 1204 Blizzards, 1113
Big emerging markets (BEMs), 1067–1068 Bloc Populaire Senegalais, 30
Bin Ali, Zine el-Abdin, 193 Bloemfontain meeting, 10
Bin Ias Al-khalif, Sheikh Saman Bin Hamad, 134 Boas, Frank, 458
Bin Laden, Osama, 4, 299, 1091. See also Al-Qaeda Bodde, Derk, 686
Sudan and, 1503 Boers, Trek, 1439, 1706. See also Afrikaners
Taliban and, 1520–1522 Boer War, 58, 622, 1706. See also Afrikaners
Bin Saud, Abdul Aziz, 73 Boff, Leonardo, 958
Biodiversity. See Amazon rainforest Bogra, Muhammad Ali, 125
agricultural, 1286 Bokassa, Col. Jean-Bédel, 264
agricultural globalization and, 12, 13, 17 Bolı́var, Simón, 351, 358

I10
 INDEX

Bolivia, 184–186 African and colonization, 500–501

Andean Regional Initiative, 1277 political vs. indigenous, 500–501
Cold War and, 40–41 Bourguiba, Habib, 166, 193, 1165, 1574. See also Tunisia
default on debt, 48 Bouteflicka, Abdelaziz, 28–29, 1166
economic stabilization, 50 Bouterse, Desi, 1180, 1185, 1186, 1505
Ernesto ‘‘Che’’ Guevara in, 732 Boutros Ghali, Boutros, 395, 1433
income inequality in, 1311 Bozizé, General François, 272
MERCOSUR and, 1472–1474 Bracero Program, 194–195, 1018
National Bolivian Revolution, 47 Bradshaw, Robert, 1491
National Bourgeois Revolution (1952), 46 Brahmin caste, 253–254, 255, 1640
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), 46, 185 Brain drain, 195–198, 222, 1043–1044
New Economic Plan, 50 causes, 195–196
Peruvian relations with, 43–44 emulation effect, 197
political history, 46, 48, 50–51 Migration for Development Program, 850
Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) in, 44, 48. See also national development and, 197–198
Sendero Luminoso nation-centered model, 196
shadow economy, 182 North Africa, 1160
slavery and emancipation, 7 person-centered model, 196
territorial disputes, 1473, 1537–1538 remittances and, 197
Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), 48, underdevelopment and, 196–197
50, 64, 685 Brandt, Willy, 139
Bolsa Familia, 1410 Brasilia, 919
Bolshevik Revolution, 298–300. See also Lenin, Vladimir, Brasilia Protocol, 1472, 1473. See also MERCOSUR
Soviet Union; Marxism Brazauskas, Algirdas, 964
Bonaire, 1125. See also Netherlands Antilles Brazil, 198–201
Bongo, El Hadjy Omar, 265, 589–590 agrarian reform, 1410
Bophuthstswana Homeland, 153 agricultural oligarchy, 1476
Bordaberry, Juan Maria, 1486, 1647 agricultural privatization, 20
Bordatella pertussis, 822 Alliance for National Renovation (ARENA), 1414
Border disputes. See Territorial disputes and specific countries Argentina and, 228
Borge, Tomás, 1137, 1389 arms industrialization, 93–94, 94–95
Borja, Rodrigo, 49, 542 arms transfer, 95, 96
Borneo, fires, 1112 banking crises in, 150
Bosch, Juan, 186–187, 245, 308–309, 484–485, 1184. See also banking in, 149
Dominican Republic Bolsa Familia, 1410
Bosnia, 287 bureaucratic authoritarianism in, 208, 209
independence, 290 cartel regulation, 251
Montenegro and, 1080 Central Unica dos Trabahadores, 1410
NATO and, 1255 Chaco region, 1475
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 135–139, 187–188, 1398–1399, coffee cartel, 250
1749–1750 coffee production, 840
establishment, 135 Cuba and, 1483
ethnic conflicts, 592 decolonization, 358–359
humanitarian relief, 786 environmental problems, 1410
international relations, 294, 295 ethnic conflicts, 624
Botha, P.W., 61, 188–190, 436, 990, 1463. See also South Africa Fernanco Henrique Cardoso, 227–229
Botswana, 190–191 financial crises, 222, 1478, 1479
Basic Education and Life Skills (BELS) program, 545 foreign direct investment, 669
decolonization, 361–362 Friendship Bridge, 1485
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 geography and climate, 1474–1475
ecotourism in, 539 Getúlio Vargas, 1476–1477, 1653–1654
national parks, 1245 government, 198
Sir Seretsa Khama, 907 history, 1475
South Africa and, 60–61 import substitution industrialization, 1482
Southern African Customs Union and, 1468–1470 income inequality, 1311
Southern African Development Community and, 1463 independence, 198–199
Boudiaf, Mohammed, 28 innovation studies, 1530
Bouédienne, Houari, 28, 166 international relations, 1482–1483
Bougainville Copper Mine conflict, 1240 Itaipú Dam, 885–886
Bougainville ethnic conflict, 615–616 Japan and, 1483
Bougainville Women for Peace and Freedom, 1432 Juscelino Kubitschek, 919–920
Bougeiois society, 347 Kayapó Indigenous Area, 624
Boumédiénne, Houari, 191–193, 1166, 1169, 1305. Luı́z Inácio ‘‘Lula’’ da Silva, 201, 1409–1411
See also Algeria Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve, 1348
Boundaries. See also Balkanization; Territorial disputes MERCOSUR and, 1472–1474

I11
INDEX

Brazil (Continued ) slavery and emancipation, 7

military regime, 200 West Africa, 1696
MOBRAL education program, 341 British Commonwealth. See also Commonwealth
Moviento sem Terra, 1478 of Nations
Movimento Brazileiro de Alfabetização, 543–544 Anguilla and, 54–55
national parks, 1244 Barbados and, 155
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 neocolonialism and, 1120
new republic, 200–201 renaming of, 372
in nineteenth century, 199 South Africa and, 57–58, 1463
Paraguay and, 1242–1243 British East India Company, 141, 801
political history, 1482–1483 colonialism and, 358
populism in, 1304 St. Helena and, 1491–1492
Positivist movement, 1050 British Empire. See also British Commonwealth;
Programa Fome Zero, 1410 Commonwealth of Nations
remittances to, 197 decolonization in, 366–367
slavery, 7, 1475–1476 British Gold Coast colony, 29–30
Suriname border conflict, 1185 British Guiana, 887. See also Guyana
territorial disputes, 1538 British Honduras. See Belize
transition to democracy, 123 British Mandate, on Palestine, 1008
Treaty of Asunción, 200, 1483 on Palestine, 167, 1226
twentieth century, 199–200 British Overseas Territories Act, 1492
United States and, 1483 British Petroleum (BP), 53, 1029
War of the Triple Alliance, 1484 OPEC and, 251, 1212
Brazzaville Twelve, 1202 British South Africa Company, 1089, 1751, 1757
Breastfeeding, infant mortality and, 818 British Virgin Islands, 1668–1669
Breastfeeding initiatives, 818, 1736 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233
Bretton Woods System, 4, 142–143, 459, 828, 832, 846. Caribbean Community and Common Market
See also World Bank and, 233–235
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HPIC) and, 836 Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
trade policy and, 1561 British West Indies Federation, 237. See also Caribbean
Brewing industry, Central Africa, 262 Free Trade Association
Brezhnev, Leonid, 78, 289, 911, 1373 Broederbund (South Africa), 58
Russian Orthodox Church and, 1377 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 569, 574, 1509
Brezhnev Doctrine, 294, 1488, 1655 Brundtland Report, 465, 569, 574, 1509–1510. See also
Britain. See also United Kingdom Sustainable development
Beveridge Plan, 1426 Brunei, 97, 201–203
British Overseas Territories Act, 1492 ASEAN and, 1456
common law, 952–953 Spratly Islands claims, 1241
Commonwealth Immigrants Act 2002, 1492 Bryan, William Jennings, 1303
in Group of 8, 573 Bryant, Gyude, 960
Guyana and, 887–888 Bucaram, Abdalá, 49, 542
Hinduism and, 755 Bucarem, Assad, 48
Hong Kong and, 764 Buddhism, 203–204
income inequality in, 1311 colonialism and, 366
Iraq War and, 1265 in Indonesia, 810
Kashmir and, 897 in Malaysia, 982
Kenya and, 903 nationalism and, 1447
Malvinas/Falkland Islands action, 83, 986–987, 1479, 1486–1489 revitalization movement, 859
Middle East policy, 130–131 Tibetan, 1548–1549. See also Tibet
in Oceania, 1190 Budra caste, 253–254
Palestine policy, 134 Buenos Aires Consensus, 228
Palestinian mandate, 73–75 Buenos Aires Protocol, 1205. See also Organization of
poor laws, 1309 American States
SEATO and, 1458 Buganda, 1586
South Africa and, 1439 Buhari, Muhammadu, 1142
Suez War and, 17, 75–76, 117, 219–220, 548, 1035–1036 Build-operate-transfer (BOT), 99
Terrorism Act, 1539 Bukoshi, Bujar, 138
Tripartite Declaration, 75 Bulganin, Nikolai A., 456
Tuvalu Trust Fund, 1583 Bulgaria, 204–207
withdrawal from UNIDO, 1621 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization,
Britain/France Great Game, 1519 183–184
British American Council, 92 education, 769–770
British colonies, 29–30. See also individual countries in Grenada, 721
African, 361 human resource development, 770
banking in, 149 Macedonia and, 972

I12
 INDEX

political history, 285–288 C

privatization, 1324
Bulk Terminal Project (Djibouti), 5 Cabañas, Lucio, 1019
Bunche, Dr. Ralph, 74, 207. See also CABEI (Central American Bank for Economic Integration),
United Nations 281–282
Burakumin caste, 1640 Cabral, Amilcar, 215–216, 734
Bureaucracy Cabral, Donald Reid, 485
capitalism and, 227 CACM. See Central American Common Market
meritocratic, 515 Cadmium, Central Africa, 261
North Africa, 1162 CAFTA, 276, 280
Bureaucratic authoritarianism, 207–209 Cairo Agreement, 948
Caribbean region, 243 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 782
East Asia, 514 Cakste, Janis, 946
Latin America, 1477–1478 Caldera, Rafael, 171, 1179, 1659, 1660
Burka, 3, 4 Cali drug cartel, 1361
Burke, Edmund, 772 California, shadow economy, 182
Burki, Shahid, 156 Calles, Plutarco, 1246
Burkina Faso, 210–211. See also West Africa Camaño Deño, Francisco, 485
Berbers in, 170 Cambodia, 216–217
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1456
West African Monetary Union and, 1703–1705 China and, 1664
Burma. See Myanmar CIA in, 309
Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative, 1437 colonial legacy, 1454
Burmese caste systems, 255 economy, 98
Burnham, Forbes, 239, 1179–1180, 1184 humanitarian relief, 786
Burundi, 211–213. See also East Africa Hun Sen, 787–788
Batwa people, 1061 Khmer Rouge, 216 –217, 309, 685, 787, 907–909, 1070,
caste system, 255 1408, 1449, 1454, 1664
COMESA and, 369 Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Norodom Sihanouk, 1407–1408
Economic Community of Central African States and, Pol Pot, 1408, 1664
531–533 SEATO and, 1458
ethnic conflict, 264–265 telecommunications industry, 99
Hutu-Tutsi conflict, 211–213, 244, 264–265, 389–390, 590, territorial disputes, 1535
600–601, 630 Thailand and, 1456
political history, 503 United Nations Development Program in, 1607
trusteeship, 1632 US bombing of, 1407–1408
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and, Cameroon, 217–219
1617–1618 See also West Africa
Bush, George H. W., 394 Amidou Ahidjo and, 25–26
abortion funding and, 1636 Basic Education and Life Skills (BELS) program, 545
NAFTA and, 1171 Cameroon National Union, 25
Palestine Liberation Organization and, 1227 Chad and, 269
Persian Gulf War, 793–794, 869 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Tiananmen Square massacre and, 1550 Economic Community of Central African States and, 531–533
Bush, George W., 80 economic development, 267
abortion funding and, 1636 ethnic conflicts, 589
Afghanistan and, 1521–1522 Lake Chad Basin Commission, 933–934
Andean Regional Initiative, 1277 Ni John Fru Ndi, 1116–1117
Cuba policy, 418 oil production, 270
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 1638 political history, 264, 269
Iraq War, 487, 794, 869–870, 1264–1267 Reuben Un-Nyobe and, 1590
Mexico and, 1024 trusteeship, 1632
Bush Negroes, 1507–1508 Union des Populations du Cameroon (UPC), 25
Business Is Calling (Novak), 709 Camp David Accords, 71, 118, 161, 219–221, 549, 861, 882,
Bustamante, Alexander, 246–247 1036, 1159, 1381–1382
Bustamante y Rivero, José, 40, 46, 745 Cámpora, Héctor, 1261
Butaritari Islands. See Kiribati Canada
Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha, 154, 212–213, 438 in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 108
Buyoya, Major Pierre, 212 Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
Buyoya (Uprona), Patrick, 212 diamond production, 250
Byzantine church, 716 globalization and, 711
Byzantine Empire, 922 in Group of 8, 573
in Libya, 961 income inequality, 1311
Turkey and, 1576 international banks, 151

I13
INDEX

Canada (Continued ) from landfilling, 1683

mining industry, 648 as pollutant, 1
NAFTA and, 1171–1172 top polluting countries, 564
NAFTA transparency decision, 1570 from waste incineration, 1682–1683
national parks, 1244 Carbonic acid, 1
natural gas production, 647 Carbon sequestration, 13
oil production, 646–647 Carbon to nitrogen ratio, of solid waste, 1682
Canada Corps, 221 Cárdenas, Cuáuhtemoc, 1248
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), 221–222 Cárdenas del Rio, Lázaro, 1018, 1246–1247, 1382
Canary Islands, indigenous peoples, 975 Cárdenas Solórzano, Cuanhtémoc, 1382–1383
Canberra Agreement, 1194 Cardenas, Victor Hugo, 50
Cannabis, 491. See also Drug trafficking; Marijuana Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 227–229, 569, 1410, 1478, 1615.
Cape-Verde. See also West Africa See also Brazil
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 CARE, 229–231, 476
Capital development programs, 230–231
equity, 666–667 Cargo cults, 1652
financial, 225–226 Caribbean, 238–239. See also individual countries
human, 222, 1161 African heritage, 587–588
physical, 225, 226 Afro-Americans, 606–607
Capital (Das Kapital ) (Marx), 1000 agricultural imports, 241
Capital accumulation Association of Caribbean States (ACS), 111–112
civil rights and, 345 banking crises in, 150
underdevelopment and, 1591–1592 economic, social, and political progress, 241–243
Capital concentration economic history and industrialization, 240–241
agriculture and, 14 –15 ethnicity and culture, 240
privatization and, 20 European descendants ruling, 606–607
Capital control, 223 Free Trade Area of the Americas and, 678
Capital flight, 222–225. See also Banking; Capitalist geography and climate, 238–239
Economic Model history and development, 238–243
contagion effect, 221–222 independence, 242
Mexico, 1024 industrialization, 241
money laundering and, 1076 Inter-American Development Bank and, 828–829
overcoming, 223 international relations, 243–249
transfer volumes, 223–224 Latin American Integration Association, 945–946
Capital flow. See also Foreign direct investment Lomé Convention, 964 –966
to Central America, 282–283 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, 1210–1212
debt relief and, 444 plantation system and Triangle Trade, 357–358, 1696
Malasia and, 978 political background and balkanization, 239–240
multinational corporations and, 1094 –1095 privatization, 1324
technology transfer and, 1094 –1095 2807 (9802) provision and, 550–551
Capitalism and Slavery (Williams), 1713 remittances and, 241
Capitalist economic model, 225–227. See also Free market St. Christopher and Nevis, 1490–1491
colonialism and, 362–363 susu groups, 151
Communist critique of, 386 Trinidad and Tobago, 1570–1572
contradictions of, 1425 Caribbean Basin Economic Expansion Act of 1990, 550. See also
corruption and, 226, 227 Caribbean Basin Initiative
denial of democracy attributed to, 1425 Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 (CBERA),
dependent, 207–208 231, 550. See also Caribbean Basin Initiative
historical roots, 225 Caribbean Basin Initiative, 231–233
Marxian theory of, 1000 Jamaica and, 247
modern, 225–226 807 (9802) provision and, 550–551
private property rights and, 1320–1321 Special Access Program (SAP), 550–551
Protestant ethic and, 855–856, 1067 Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act of 2000, 550
readjustments of, 1426 Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM),
shortcomings, 226 –227 132, 155, 164, 233–235, 242, 247, 830, 1185
tenets of, 225 Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), 55, 235–237
Capital mobility, agriculture and, 14 –15 ordinary and special operations, 236 –237
Capital resources, 768. See also Capital flight; Capital flow Caribbean Diaspora, 240, 241
Capitulation agreements, 335 Caribbean Food Corporation, 236
Caracas Declaration, 44, 722 Caribbean Free Trade Agreement (CARIFTA), 132, 155,
Caracas Plan of Action, 722. See also Group of 77 237–238, 720
Carbon dioxide, 704, 1289. See also Global climate change; Caribbean Free Trade Partnership Act, 233
Greenhouse effect Carib Indians, 154, 483, 586 –587, 683, 723, 998, 1083, 1494,
deforestation and, 1346 –1347 1507, 1570, 1669

I14
 INDEX

CARICOM. See Caribbean Community Caviar production, Central Asia, 299

and Common Market Cayman Islands, 258–259
CARIFTA (Caribbean Free Trade Agreement), 132, 155, Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235
237–238, 720 Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
Carmichael, Stokely, 1571 Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238
Carpio, Ramiro de Leon, 1206 postage stamp business, 258
Carson, Rachel, 574 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 259–260, 287, 1488, 1656–1657.
Cartagena Declaration, 38, 44, 1205, 1353 See also Romania
Cartels, 249–252. See also Multinational corporations CEDAW (Convention of the Elimination of Discrimination
Cali drug, 352, 1361 against Women), 1717–1718
coffee producers, 250 CEN-SAD (Community of Sahel-Saharan States), 506
defined, 249 Cental banks, as lenders of last resort, 148
international producer, 249–250 Center for International Environmental Law, 638
Medellin drug, 352–353, 1077, 1361 CENTO (Central Treaty Organization), 94, 130,
private international ‘‘hard-core,’’ 251–252 310–311, 1035
tin producers, 250 Centra Internacional de Maiz y Trigo, 853
Carter, President Jimmy, 34, 220, 882, 1038 Central Africa. See also individual countries
Camp David Accords, 549, 1381–1382 biological resources, 261–262
Central America and, 279 colonial legacy, 262–263
Chile and, 1484 economic development, 267–269
Cuban relations and, 416–417 economy, 261–262
human rights and, 772 ethnic conflicts, 589–590
Oceania and, 1194 failures of democracy, 263–264
Panama and, 1236, 1238 geography and climate, 260–261
Paraguay and, 1485 geological and hydrological resources, 261
Casablanca bloc, 1164, 1165, 1202 history and economic development, 260–267
Case Concerning Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project, 1622 HIV/AIDS in, 266
Case–Zablock Act, 309 independence, 263
Cash reserves, 147–148 internal conflicts, 268–269
Caspian Flotilla, 377 international relations, 267–271
Caspian Sea, 126, 305–306, 901 natural resources and development, 271
Castello Branco, Humberto, 1483 recent inter-country conflicts, 269–270
Caste systems unending conflict in, 264–265
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar and, 1640–1641 Central African Peace and Security Council (COPAX), 267
Caribbean, 586 Central African Republic, 271–273
colonial, 630 Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa (ECUCA),
current, 255–256 526–527
features, 253–254 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
India, 252–256 Economic Community of Central African States and,
Japan, 1640 531–533
Madagascar, 973 ethnic conflicts, 589–590
Mexico, 605 Lake Chad Basin Commission, 933–934
Oman hierarchy, 1199 political history, 264, 269
origin, 253 territorial disputes, 1536
Sierra Leone, 1406 Central America
Tonga, 1554 agrarian reform, 934. See also individual countries
untouchables (Dalits), 1640–1641 authoritarian states, 121, 122
worldwide, 254–255 CAFTA and, 276–277
Castro, Fidel, 32, 123, 159, 256–258, 413. See also Cuba; colonial period, 273–274
Cuban Revolution contemporary period, 275–276
in Central America, 279 debt, 282
CIA and, 308 definitions, 273, 277
Guyana and, 887 economic growth, 274–275
‘‘History Will Absolve Me’’ speech, 1584 geography and climate, 273
invasion of Angola, 246 history and economic development, 273–277
invasion of Ethiopia, 246 international relations, 277–281
26th of July Movement, 1583–1584 independence through WW II, 277–278
Venezuela and, 171, 1659 post-WW II, 278–280
Catholic Church land distribution, 934
Maronite, 336 life expectancy, 276
Roman. See Roman Catholic Church lost decade (1980s), 275, 352, 708, 1269, 1563
Uniate Churches, 335 Nicaragua, 1133–1136
Cato, R. Milton, 1495 poverty rates, 281
Caucasus, territorial disputes, 1533 refugees, 1353

I15
INDEX

Central America (Continued ) in Laos, 1250

remittances, 283 Mafia and, 308
slavery and emancipation, 7 in Nicaragua, 392–393, 1138
United States–Dominican Republic–Central America Free Operation Mockingbird, 307–308
Trade Agreement, 1637–1638 Operation Mongoose, 308
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI), Operation Phoenix, 309
281–282 prior organizations, 307–308
Central American Common Market (CACM), 274, 280, 281–283 Central planning. See also Socialist economic model
Guatemala and, 725 agriculture and, 18
Honduras and, 762–763 Albania, 26
members, 281 Caribbean, 241
Central American Free Trade Agreement. See CAFTA China, 326
Central American Parliament (PARLCEN), 280 dictatorships and, 472
Central and Eastern Europe. See also individual countries industrialization and, 814–815
agricultural privatization in, 19, 24 Mongolia, 1078–1079
border disputes, 296 Soviet Union, 1372, 1427
CIA in, 308 in state-directed economies, 1496–1497
definitions, 290–291 Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 94, 130, 310–311, 1035
demographic changes, 770 Central Unica dos Trabahadores, 1410
ethnic conflicts, 590–593 Centre for International Crime Prevention, 1604
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Centre for the Study of Islam and Democracy (ISID), 878
636–640 CEPT (Common Effective Preferential Tariff ), 113–114
history and economic development, 284–290 Ceremonial food, 1257
HIV/AIDS, 757 Cerro, Luı́s Sánchez, 64
international relations, 290–297 Césaire, Aimé, 587, 999
evolution and rebellion, 292–293 Ceylon. See Sri Lanka
post-1989, 293–295 CGIAR (Consultative Group for International Agricultural
post-WW II through 1989, 291–292 Research), 17, 852–853
return to Europe, 295–296 Chaco region, 1475
political culture, 1281–1282 Chaco War, 1485, 1497
single-party governments, 1414 Chad, 311–312
Soros foundations in, 1436 Cameroon and, 269
Central Asia. See also individual countries Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa and,
Commonwealth of Independent States, 637–638 526–527
economic development, 299–301 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
electrification, 300 Economic Community of Central African States and, 531–533
ethnic conflicts, 593–596 economic development, 311–312
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and, ethnic conflicts, 589
637–638 internal and external conflicts, 269
historical overview, 297–299 Lake Chad Basin Commission, 933–934
independence, 300 Libyan annexation, 269, 1169
industrialization, 299–300 political history, 264
international relations, 302–307 Chaebol conglomerates, 103, 107
Central Bank of Central African States (BEAC), 267 Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), 820–821
Central banks, 147–148 Chama che Mapinduci (Zanzibar), 1523
open market operations, 149 Chamar caste, 1640
Central Eurasia Project, 1437 Chamberlain, H.S., 1593
Central Europe Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin, 1137–1138, 1139, 1389
agricultural privatization in, 19, 24 Chamorro, Violetta Barrios de, 393, 394, 1135, 1139
Visehrad Four and, 1672–1673 Chamorros, 724–725
Central European Free Trade Association (CEFTA), Visehrad Chan, Julius, 1240
Four and, 1672 Chang, P.C., 1639
Central European ‘‘human face’’ socialism, 1428 Charles, Eugenia, 248, 483, 1185
Central European University, 1437 Charriére, Henri ‘‘Papillon,’’ 684
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 307–309 Charter of Algiers, 722. See also Group of 77
in Afghanistan, 1091 Charter of Paris, 1175. See also NATO
attempts to rein in, 309 Chatham Islands. See Kiribati
Bay of Pigs invasion, 246, 414 Chávez, Hugo, 171, 312–313, 1179, 1660. See also Venezuela
in Central Africa, 263 Chechen wars, 383, 596–599
in Cuba, 414 September 11 and, 598
in developing world 1950s, 308 Checking accounts (demand deposits), 146
in developing world 1960s, 308–309 Chen Shui-Ban, 522
in Ecuador, 308–309 Chernobyl disaster, 379, 563, 1373
in Guatemala, 80–81, 1021 Chevron Texaco. See also Texaco
in Indonesia, 1507 in Central Africa, 270

I16
 INDEX

Chewa people, 981 ASEAN and, 1455

Chiang Ching-kuo, 313–314, 1516. See also Chiang Kai-shek Asian Development Bank loans, 100–101
Chiang Kai-shek, 314–315, 451, 761, 1454 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108
Taiwan and, 1515–1516 Bandung Conference and, 139–140
Chiapa Indians, 625 boundary agreement with Pakistan, 125
Chicago School of economists, 1121, 1275. See also Cambodia and, 908
Neoliberalism Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
Chico, Frei, 1410 caste system, 520
Child labour, 316–317 civic education, 340
education and, 544 Colombo Plan, 353–354
Children, 315–320 as Communist case study, 386
child labour, 316–317, 544 Confucianism in, 855
current research, 319–320 Cultural Revolution, 323–325, 327–328. See also Cultural
gender differences, 318–319 Revolution; Mao Zedong
in sex work, 317–318 currency devaluation, 424
Chile, 320–323. See Pinochet, Augusto Democracy Wall, 328
agrarian reform, 934 democratization, 709
agricultural oligarchy, 1476 Deng Xiaoping, 328, 450–452, 1755. See also Deng Xiaoping
Andean Community and, 39 drought-related famine, 1112
arms transfer, 96 earthquakes, 1114
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108 economic rise, 518–519
Augusto Pinochet, 1274–1276 education, 603
Aymara people, 626–627, 685, 958 ethnic conflicts, 602–604
Bolivia and, 184 Falungong Movement, 774
Bolivian natural gas pipeline project, 50 family planning, 658
bureaucratic authoritarianism, 208, 209 female infanticide, 819
Christian Democratic Party, 681 Five-Year Plan, 385
CIA in, 309 foreign direct investment by, 672
Cold War and, 41–42 foreign direct investment in, 669, 671
copper production, 1484–1485 founding, 326
Cuba and, 416, 1584 Four Modernizations, 328
ECLAC and, 1615 Fulbright Program and, 686
Eduardo Frei, 680–682 gaige kaifung policy, 452
education, 543 geography and people, 510
ethnic conflicts, 625 globalization and, 711
Falange Nacional, 680–682 Great Leap Forward, 326–327, 714–715, 991–992
financial crises, 1478 Green Revolution and, 717–718
foreign direct investment, 669, 708 Group of 77 and, 722
geography and climate, 320–321, 1474, 1475 Guangdong Special Economic Zone, 970
historical overview, 321–322 Han majority, 602–604
international relations, 1483–1484 historical background, 325–326
Landless Peoples Movement, 934 Ho Chi Minh and, 761
life expectancy, 1330 human rights and trade self-interest, 774
MERCOSUR and, 1472–1474 Import Substitution Industrialization, 515
neoliberalism and, 1121 Indonesia and, 1507
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 international banks in, 151
nitrate production, 1484 irrigated and drained area, 871
Peruvian relations with, 43–44 irrigation and drainage, 873–874
recent socioeconomic development, 322–323 Islam in, 602, 603
Rockefeller Foundation and, 1367 Jiang Zemin, 890–891
Salvador Allende. See Allende Gossens, Salvador Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic
Seven Modernizations program, 1121 Development and, 926
shadow economy, 182 legal system, 955–956
slavery and emancipation, 7 Libya and, 1167
Social Christian Federation, 681 Mao Zedong, 729–730, 990–992, 1428–1429
territorial disputes, 1473, 1537, 1538 market socialism, 1428–1429
Chilembewe, John, 29 Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100
Chiluba, Dr. Frederic, 901 military-civil relations, 1048
China. See also East Asia minority issues, 520
agrarian reform, 582, 935 monetary policy, 150
Agrarian Reform Law, 513 Mongolia and, 520–521, 603
agricultural privatization, 21 Most Favored Nation status, 774
in Angola, 54 Nationalist, 326. See also Chiang kai-Shek
arms industrialization, 94 North Korea and, 914
arms transfer, 95, 96 one-child policy, 658

I17
INDEX

China (Continued ) Christians, caste systems and, 253

Peking Diary: A Year of Revolution (Bodde), 686 Chuan Leekpai, 337–338. See also Thailand
People’s Republic of, 325–330 Chun Doo Hwan, General, 103
population growth, 658 Church, Sen. Frank, 309
pre-Communist, 313–315 Churchill, Winston, 333, 1655
privatization, 1324 chemical weapons and, 868
Romania and, 1488 Church of England, 51
single-party government, 1414 Evangelical Party of (‘‘low church’’), 639
socialist economic model and, 1428–1429 Church World Services, 476
Soviet Union and, 514 CIA (US Central Intelligence Agency). See Central
Special Administrative Regions, 969 Intelligence Agency
Special Economic Zones, 644 CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (Marchetti and Marks), 309
split with Soviet Union, 293, 328, 330 CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency), 221–222
Spratly Islands claims, 1241 CIDI (Inter-American Council for Integral Development), 1205
Taiwan and, 521–522, 1517–1518 Cigarette making. See Tobacco production
technocratic leadership and reform, 329 Cinnamon production. See also Spice trade
technological capacity growth, 1527–1528 Central Africa, 261
territorial disputes, 18, 517, 1535 colonialism and, 359
Three Gorges Dam, 520, 1546–1548, 1688 CISC (World Confederation of Labour), 1727–1728
Tiananmen Square massacre, 328, 451, 519, 1549–1551 Ciskei Homeland, 153
Tibet and, 520–521, 602, 603, 1548–1549 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered
tobacco-related deaths, 1331 Species of Wild Animals), 1511
trade policy and self-interest, 774 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Ugyhur minority, 603 Species of Wild Flora and Fauna), 178
World Trade Association and, 890 Cities. See also Urbanization
World Trade Organization and, 517, 518 health advantages of, 1642
Yangtze River, 1113, 1688 megacities, 1643, 1644
Yunnan Province, 98–100 Citizenship education. See Civic education
Zhou Enlai, 1754–1755 Civic action, by military, 1050–1051
Zuang minority, 602–603 Civic education, 338–343
China, People’s Republic of. See China Africa, 339–340
China, Republic of. See Taiwan defined, 338–339
Chinese India, 340–341
Cambodian massacre of, 908 Latin America, 341
ethnic (overseas), 620, 632, 982, 983, 1071, 1540, 1570 national and regional differentiation, 339
Chinese Communist Party, 323–324, 326, 329–331, 331–332, 1454 prospects and problems, 341–342
Jiang Zemin and, 890–891 Civil disobedience, 343–344
Mao Zedong and, 990–992 Civil law system, 951–952
Zhou Enlai and, 1754–1755 Civil liberties, 344. See also Legal systems
Chinese Revolution. See China; China, People’s Republic of; East Asia, 519–520
Chinese Communist Party; Mao Zedung European Union (EU), 955
Chipko Movement, 446 as measure of development, 467
Chissano, Joachim, 683 Civil–military relations, 1046–1048
Chivambo Mondlane, Eduardo, 682 commissar system, 1046
Chixoy Dam, Mayan population and, 634 in developing world, 1046
Cholera, 821–822 internal security and, 1047
Chomsky, Noam, 939 military security and, 1047
Christian Democratic Party (Chile), 31 models for, 1047–1048
Christian fundamentalism, 858 prospects for, 1048
Christianity, 332–334. See also Subtopics revolutions affecting, 1047–1048
capitalism and, 858–859 Civil religion, 856
capitulation (Status Quo) agreements, 335 Civil rights, 344–345
civil society and, 348 Civil rights movement, US, 8, 344
colonialism and, 365 Civil servants, corruption of, 396–401. See also Corruption
in East Africa, 502 Civil society, 346–348
in Georgia, 698 East Asia, 515–516
Great Schism, 334–335 Middle East, 1032
Greek Orthodox Church and, 715–716 Peru, 1269
Islam and, 335 Suriname, 1508
Liberation Theology, 85, 333–334, 858–859, 958–959, 1359 Taiwan, 1516
Malaysia, 982 UNICEF programs, 1602
Middle East, 334–337 Civil society discourse, 347
missionaries, 332–333, 365, 1144 CLASC (Latin American Federation of Christian Trade
Myanmar (Burma), 619 Unions), 1728
populism and, 1302 Class struggle concept, 26. See also Marxism

I18
 INDEX

CLAT (Latin American Workers Central), 1728 Coconut oil production, Micronesia, 1025
Clausewitz, Karl von, 728–729 Coconut production. See also Copra production
Clearing accounts, 407 Central Africa, 261
Climate. See also Geography and climate Micronesia, 1025
El Niño, 1687 Oceania, 1191
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, 1686–1687, 1694 CODELCO, 322
Inter-Tropical Front, 1694 CODESA (Convention for a Democratic South Africa),
urbanization and, 1645–1646 62, 438
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 476, 705, Coffee production
1738–1739 Brazil, 1654
Climate change. See Global climate change Central America, 274, 275
Climate Convention, 1510 Colombia, 351, 1177
Climatic hazards Equatorial Guinea, 575, 576
blizzards, 1113 Ethiopia, 585–586
droughts, 1112 Guatemala, 725
El Niño (Southern Oscillation), 1113 Haiti, 740–741
fire, 1112 International Coffee Organization, 840–841
floods, 1112–1113 Kenya, 906
tornadoes, 1113 Rwanda, 1378
tropical cyclones (hurricanes), 1111–1112, 1144, 1553 St. Helena, 1492
Clinton, President Bill, 418, 861 Tanzania, 1523
abortion funding and, 1636 Venezuela, 1178
China policy, 774 Colby, William, 309
Export Expansion and Reciprocal Trade Agreements Cold War. See also Soviet Union; United States
Act and, 679 Andean South America and, 40–42
Free Trade Area of the Americas and, 679 Angola and, 54
NAFTA concessions by, 1173 Antigua and Barbuda and, 249
nation building and, 1106 arms transfer and, 88–89, 90, 96
Oslo Peace Accords and, 883 Asian ‘‘Economic Miracle’’ and, 102
Palestinian peace plan of, 80 Central America and, 278
Plan Colombia and, 1276–1278, 1361–1362 Central and Eastern Europe and end of, 296
USAID and, 1636 corruption and, 398
Closed corporate communities, 1256–1257 Cuba and, 257
Clostridium tetani, 821 Democratic Republic of Congo and, 388
Club of Rome, 569 domino theory, 485–487
Clusters, innovation, 1528–1530, 2643. See also Growth triangles East Africa and, 501, 505–506
CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), East Asia and, 513–514, 516–517
417, 481, 708 end of, 89–90. See also Soviet Union, collapse of
CMS (Convention on the Preservation of Migratory Species human rights and, 771–772
of Wild Animals), 178 Iran and, 1221
CO2. See Carbon dioxide Jamaica in, 247, 889
Coal combustion, acid precipitation and, 2 Middle East and, 1034–1035
Coal production, 562 Non-Aligned Movement, 192, 416, 1035, 1147–1149, 1183,
Coard, Bernard, 179 1552, 1749
Coase, Ronald, 675–676 North Korea and, 913–914
COBAC (Commission Bancaire d’Afrique Centrale), 527 Organization of American States and, 1206
Cobb, John B., 1070, 1509 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States and, 1211
Cocaine manufacture, 493. See also Coca production; Paraguay and, 1242–1243
Drug trafficking peacekeeping and, 1251–1252
Colombia, 1177, 1361 refugees and, 1353
Cocaine traffic. See also Coca production; Drug trafficking Republic of Congo and, 269
Belize, 164 socialist world revolution and, 1425
Jamaica, 247 Southeast Asia and, 1454
Coca production Soviet Bloc in, 1488
Bolivia, 50, 1177 Third World and, 1543–1544
Colombia, 352–353, 1361 US–Latin American relations and, 32–33
Ecuador, 1177 West Africa and, 1700–1701
Peru, 1177 Collectivism, 348–350
Cocoa production definition, 348–349
Central Africa, 261 practical implications, 349–350
Ghana, 424, 700, 701 theoretical approaches, 349
Haiti, 740–741 Collectivization, 162, 1372
International Cocoa Organization (ICCO), 838–839 Ba’ath Party and, 130
Nigeria, 1143 Central Asia, 300
producer cartels, 250 Central/Eastern Europe, 291–292

I19
INDEX

Collectivization (Continued ) ethnicity and, 630

China, 513 Europe and Indian Ocean, 359
Hungary, 789 forms of, 355–356
Kyrgyzstan, 928 history, 355–362
Laos, 944 Landrent System, 809
Mali, 984 Latin American legacy, 363–364
Mongolia, 1078 legacies of, 362–368
Mongolian negdels, 1078 Middle East, 1028
Mozambique, 972 New World, 356–357
North Korea, 914 North American settlements, 357
Soviet Union, 456, 1372 partition of Africa and, 360–361
Turkmenistan, 1579 as predisposing to dictatorship, 470–471
Collor de Mello, Fernanco, 228, 1410 Southeast Asia, 1446–1447
Colombia, 350–353 territorial disputes and, 500–501, 626–627.
Andean Community and, 39 See also Balkanization
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 transportation patterns and, 1697
Black Market Peso Exchange, 1077 West African boundaries and, 1697, 1698–1699
Bogotazo riot, 1177 white community in Africa and, 1705–1708
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 World War I and II and, 361–362
civic education, 341 Colonies
coffee production, 351, 840, 1177 base, 356
counterinsurgency, 405 of domination, 355, 359–360
Cuba and, 352, 1182 settlement, 355–356
drug trafficking, 352–353, 489, 1183 Colonization. See also Colonialism
foreign direct investment in, 669 development and, 458–459
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), Paraguayan internal, 1243
352, 1277, 1362–1363, 1537 sociopolitical systems following, 459
geography and climate, 1176 Colosio, Luis Donaldo, 1020, 1024
history and economic development, 1176–1177 Coltan wars, 649
internal refugees, 1277 Columbite, 649
international relations, 1182–1183 Columbo-tantalite, 649
La Violencia, 351–352, 1177 Columbus, Christopher, 356, 483, 723, 888,
‘‘lost decade’’ and, 352 1134, 1490, 1570
Marxist insurgency, 233 Comarca system, Panama, 607–608
Medellin drug cartel, 1077 COMESA. See Common Market for Eastern and
National Federation of Coffee Growers, 1177 Southern Africa
National Liberation Army (ELN), 352–353, Comisión Economica por America Latina (CEPAL). See United
1110–1111, 1182 Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and
Nevada del Ruiz volcanic eruption, 1115 the Caribbean
Non-Aligned Movement and, 1183 Comisión Permanente del Pacifico Sur, 45
oil, 351 Command economies, 1448–1449. See also Communism;
Organization of American States and, 1182 Socialist economic model
Plan Colombia, 1276–1278 Commissar system, 1047
political history, 350–352, 1176–1177 Commission Bancaire d’Afrique Centrale (COBAC), 527
populations, 350 Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba, 418
Resolution 1600, 341 Commission on International Commodity
Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) in, 1077 Trade, 1604–1605
slavery and emancipation, 7 Committee for Economic Cooperation for Central America
territorial disputes, 1135, 1182, 1537 (CCE), 281
United Nations founding and, 1182 Committee of Central Bank Governors (Africa), 9
Venezuelan trade, 1177 Commodity prices, 1604–1605
Colombo Plan, 353–354 Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT), 97–98, 113–114
Colombo Powers Conference, 1442 Common External Tariff, 243
Colonialism. See also Colonies; Decolonization; Imperialism; Common law, 952–953
Neocolonialism; specific colonies Common Marine Fisheries Investment and Management
African legacy, 364–366 Policy, 371
American decolonization, 358–359 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Asian legacy, 366–368 (COMESA), 369–372, 506, 529
capitalism and, 362–363 contribution to development, 370–372
Caribbean plantations and Triangle Trade, 357–358, 1696 institutions, 370
colonies of domination, 359–360 objectives, 369–370
Cultivation System, 809 Common Market of the South. See MERCOSUR
early European expansion, 356 Commonwealth defined, 372–373
East Asian development and, 512–513 Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 374
economics of, 363 Commonwealth Immigrants Act 2002, 1492

I20
 INDEX

Commonwealth of Independent States, 381, 713, 928 Comparative advantage theory, 1671
activities, 376–379 Compensation form of countertrade, 406
Agreement on Armed Forces and Border Troops, 377 Compeoré, Blaise, 211
Agreement on Strategic Forces, 377 Composting, 1682
ethnic conflicts, 596–599 Compton, John, 1493
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 637–638 Comte, Auguste, 1050
history and economic development, 375–380 Concertacı́on los Partidos por la Democracı́a, 322
international relations, 380–385 Concerted lending strategy, 442
Moldova and, 1074 Conciliation, of disputes, 837
structure, 376 Concini, Sen. Dennis De, 1238
Commonwealth of Nations. See also British Commonwealth Concordancia (Argentina), 81
Barbados and, 247 Condensation nuclei, 1645
St. Vincent and the Grenadines and, 248 Confederación de Trabajaderes Mexicanos, 1247
Commonwealth Preference agreement, 373 Confederación de Trabajadores Peruanos, 63
Communidades de base, 958 Confederación Generale de Trabajadores Peruanos, 63
Communism. See also Communist economic model; Confederación Nacional de Campesinos, 1247
Communist Party Conference of Independent African States, 1234–1235
authoritarianism and, 120 Conflict in World Politics (Harff ), 591
black markets fostered by, 1429 Confucianism
collapse of, 290, 295 capitalism and, 855
in Cuba, 1428 China, 855
in Dahomey, 168 civil society and, 348
ethnic conflicts and, 632–633 East Asian development and, 510–511, 515–516
Hungarian welfare, 1428 Congo. See also Democratic Republic of Congo; Republic
industrialization under, 814–815 of Congo
labor and, 932 UN peacekeeping, 1252
in Middle East, 130 Congo-Brazzaville, 689
nation building as opposing, 1104–1105 Congo Free State, 263, 966. See also Democratic Republic
in Serbia, 137–138 of Congo; Republic of Congo
single-party government and, 1414–1415 Congress for Mutual Economic Assistance
Communist economic model, 385–387 (CMEA), 481
basic features, 385 Congressional system, 555
China as case study, 386 Congress of Democrats (COD), 11
critique of, 386 Congress of South African Students, 11
ideological origin, 386 Congress of South African Trade Unions, 11
industrialization and, 386 Conquistadores, 356–357
Communist Party Conrad, Joseph, 262–263
Afghani (PDPA), 3–4 Consciencism (Nkrumah), 1146
Chile, 31–32 Conservation International (CI), 177
Chinese, 323–324, 326, 329–331, 331–332. See also Consociationalism, 189, 632
Chinese Communist Party; Mao Zedong Constitutional and Legal Policy Institute, 1437
Cuban, 415. See also Cuban Revolution Constitutional government, evolution of, 1075
Czech, 430 Constitutionalism
Hungarian, 789–790 corruption cleanups and, 400–401
Indonesian, 809–810, 1506 dictatorship and, 473
Italian, 307 functional definition, 391
Kampuchea, 907. See also Cambodia liberal definitions, 391
Kyrgyzstan, 928 Constitutional (Tanzimat) Movement, 1049
Manifesto of the Communist Party (Marx), 1000 Constitution of Medina, 68
Middle East, 1035 Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research
Peruvian, 46, 63 (CGIAR), 17, 852–853
Philippines, 65–66 Contadoras, 279–280
Romanian, 287 Contagion effect, in capital flight, 221–222
South African, 11, 1463 Conté, Lansana, 627, 733
Vietnamese, 760–761 Continental Illinois Bank failure, 144
Communists. See also Marxism; Marxists Contonou Peace Agreement, 1255
Czech, 495–496 Contraception, 656. See also Family planning
Community and Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft) Contras, 279, 309, 392–395, 763, 1023, 1135. See also
(Tönnies), 349, 1591 Iran-Contra scandal; Nicaragua
Community for Democracies, 1438 end of, 394–395
Comoros Islands, 387–388 Iran-Contra scandal, 394
COMESA and, 369 Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), 62, 438
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Convention Muslim League, 1097
Compagnie Française des Petroles, 53. See also British Convention of the Elimination of Discrimination against
Petroleum (BP) Women (CEDAW), 1717–1718

I21
INDEX

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 178 theory of public choice and, 397–398
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Togo, 1553
Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), 178, 1511 transparency and, 1569–1570
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Venezuela, 1179, 1259
Against Women, 772 Zambia, 1753
Convention on the Preservation of Migratory Species of Wild Corruption Perception Index, 1593
Animals (CMS), 178 COSEP (Supreme Council of Private Entrepreneurs), 1138
Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Cossacks, in Ukraine, 1588
National Heritage, 178 Costa Rica, 401–402
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Arias Sanchez, Oscar, 84–85
(Ramsar), 178 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
Convention People’s Party, 30, 1146–1147 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233
Convergence effect, of migration, 1041, 1042 debt relief, 443
Convergence theory, of war and development, 1677 ecotourism in, 539
Cook, Robin, 772 life expectancy, 276
Cook Islands, demographics, 1191 literacy, 276
Cooperative farms, 162 Cote d’Ivoire, 402–404. See also West Africa
Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe. See CARE coffee production, 840
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere. See CARE Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Cooperative market socialism, 1428 ethnic conflict, 628
Cooperative socialism, 239 Félix Houphoët Boigny, 765–766
COPAX (Central African Peace and Security Council), 267 invasion of Liberia, 960
Copper production. See also Extractive industries peacekeeping, 1253
Bougainville, 615 United Nations Development Program in, 1607
Central Africa, 261 West African Monetary Union and, 1703–1705
Chile, 31, 322, 1484–1485 Cotton production
nationalization, 31, 681 Bahamas, 131
Zambia, 1752 Central Africa, 261
Copra production Central Asia, 299
Central Africa, 261 Paraguay, 1243
Oceania, 1191 Uzbekistan, 1648
Coptic Orthodox Church, 395–396, 614 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 417, 708
Copyright. See Intellectual property rights Council for Peace and Security in Central Africa
Corn production, Central Africa, 261 (COPAX), 532
Corporación Venezolana de Fomento, 1178 Council Muslim League, 1097
Corporación Venezolana de Petróleos (CVP), 171 Council of Baltic Sea States, 381
Corporate agriculture, 665 Council of Europe, antidiscrimination efforts, 1063
Corpus Juris Civilis, 951 Council of Regional Organizations in the Pacific, (CROP),
Corruption, 396–401 1219–1220
Ali Akbar Rafsanjani and, 1343–1344 Counterinsurgency, 404–406
China, 328 defined, 404
classifications of, 307 future of, 405
cleanups, 399–401 national security and, 404–405
constitutionalism and cleanups, 400–401 strategy and, 405
Croatia, 411 Counterpurchase, 406
Cuba, 417 Countertrade, 406–408
definitions of, 396–397 barter transactions, 406
deforestation and, 1347 clearing accounts, 407
Democratic Republic of Congo, 389 compensation, 406
Equatorial Guinea, 576 counterpurchase, 406
Gambia, 691 evaluation, 408
globalization and, 398–399 forms of, 406–407
Iran, 909–910, 1343–1344 mixed agreements, 407
Kenya, 904–905 offsets, 406
Lithuania, 964 rationales and experiences, 407–408
Macedonia, 971 switch trading, 407
Mali, 985 Coups d’etat, 408–410. See also Assassinations; Military regimes
Mexico City Olympic Games, 1247 Batista, 413
Moldova, 1074 Brazil, 358–359
Myanmar, 1098 Bulgaria, 290
Panama, 1236–1237 Cambodia, 907, 1408
Philippines’ Ferdinand Marcos, 995–996 Cameroon, 269
public sector reform, 1331–1333 Central African Republic, 269, 272
regulatory law and, 397–398 Chile, 321–322, 1274
tactical uses, 226, 227 CIA in, 308

I22
 INDEX

Colombia, 351–352 Crude oil. See Oil industry

common causes, 409 Cuba, 1583–1584
Cote d’Ivoire, 404 in Africa, 256–257
Cuba, 158 Algeria and, 1166
Czech Communist, 1318–1319 in Angola, 416
Dahomey, 167–168 arms embargoes, 159, 887
definition, 408 arms transfer to, 93
Ethiopia, 1393 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
Fiji, 662 Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio and, 158–159
Ghana, 424 Bay of Pigs invasion, 33, 246, 308, 414
Grenada, 248 boat people and, 418
Guatemala, 726 in Chile, 416
Indonesia, 1507 CIA and, 308
Iraq, 868 in Colombia, 352, 1182
Liberia, 626 in Dominican Republic, 245
Libya, 961, 1158, 1167 economic sanctions, 1386, 1388
Mexico, 1022 economy, 158–159
against Mikhail Gorbachev, 299, 302, 375, 382, 384, 713 El Gran Susto (the Great Fear) of Haiti, 588
Nicaragua, 392–393 in El Salvador, 279
Niger, 1141 Ernesto ‘‘Che’’ Guevara in, 730–731, 732
Nigeria, 1142 in Ethiopia, 416
Panama, 1236, 1238, 1554 Family Code, 416
Paraguay, 1243 free peasants’ markets, 417
political development and outcomes, 409–410 in Grenada, 721
Republic of Congo, 265 in Guatemala, 279
Seychelles, 1401 in Guyana, 887
Sierra Leone, 1406 international relations, 245–246
Solomon Islands, 1431 invasion of Angola, 54, 256
South Korea, 917 invasion of Ethiopia, 246, 256
Suriname, 1508 July 26th Movement, 413
Thailand, 338, 1540–1541 LIBERTAD Act, 1388
in Third World politics, 408–409 Mexico and, 1022
Turkey, 1577 in Nicaragua, 279, 1389
Venezuela, 313, 1659, 1660 Non-Aligned Movement and, 416
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1639 Platt Amendment and, 245–246, 412–413
Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 1639 single-party government, 1414
Crawling-peg currency regimes, 427 Soviet Union and, 417
Credit guarantee schemes, 150 trade unions, 415–416
Creole language, 7, 155, 737 Twenty-sixth of July Movement, 1583–1584
Haitian, 740 Venezuela and, 171, 1184, 1659
origins, 586–587 women’s rights in, 416
Cricket, 155 Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 (Torricelli Bill), 417–418
Crimean peninsula, 381 Cuban exiles, 418
Criminal activities Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity
Centre for International Crime Prevention, 1604 (LIBERTAD) Act, 1388
International Criminal Police (Interpol), 398, 842–843 Cuban Missile Crisis, 246, 414, 1022
United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Cuban Revolution, 412–419. See also Cuba
Criminal Justice, 1603–1604 rectification program, 417
Critical Linguistics Study, 941 reversals, 415
Croatia, 187, 287, 410–412. See also Yugoslavia Southern Cone and, 1477
current economy, 411–412 Cultivation System, 809
debt holdings, 412 Cultural cooperation, Alliance for Progress and, 33
development after 1945, 410 Cultural divergence, Oceania, 1192–1193
establishment of, 135 Cultural effects, of ecotourism, 539–540
Franjo Tubjman, 1573 Cultural hegemony, 420–421
independence, 136, 290, 1749–1750 Cultural initiatives
international relations, 294 in Albania, 27
privatization in, 1324 Organization of American States, 1207
Serbia and, 1058 Rockefeller Foundation, 1367–1368
Croatian Spring, 1749 Soros foundations, 1437
Croat-Muslim Federation, 188 Cultural perceptions, 419–422
CROP (Council of Regional Organizations in the Pacific), alternative culture–based, 421–422
1219–1220 cultural hegemony, 420–421
Crop specialization, 12, 13, 14. See also Biodiversity; culture and development, 419–420
Monoculture deconstructionism, 421

I23
INDEX

Cultural Revolution Dalits (Untouchables), 1640–1641. See also Caste systems

China, 323–324, 327–328, 330 Daly, Herman, 1070, 1509
Libya, 962–963, 1305 DALYs. See Disability Adjusted Life Years
Culture Dams
language and, 938–939 Afobaka, 1508
modernization and, 1071 Aswan High Dam, 116–119, 1090, 1103, 1159, 1688
‘‘noisy music’’ and popular sectors, 1295–1296 Chixoy Dam, 634
political, 1281–1283 displacement of indigenous peoples, 625, 634
population movement and, 1299–1300 gravity, 118
Curaçao, 1125. See also Netherlands Antilles Itaipú Dam, 885–886, 1485, 1498
Currency, Commonwealth of Independent States, 380 Petit-Saut, 684, 1180
Currency crisis, 227. See also Financial crises projected additional life storage, 873
Currency depreciation, 422 Three Gorges Dam, 520, 1546–1548, 1688
Currency devaluations, 422–424. See also Financial crises; water resources and, 1688
Monetary policy Yacyretá Dam, 1243
debt and, 439 Danish colonies, slavery and emancipation, 7
definition, 422 Danish West Indies, 1670
effects of, 423–424 Danish West Indies Company, 1670
Marshall-Lerner conditions for, 422–423 Danquah, J. B., 29–30
Currency exchange. See also Exchange rates Danube River, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project, 1622
debt relief and, 441 Daoud, Prince Mohammed, 3
Vietnam, 482 Dar es Salaam–Zambia pipeline, 900
Currency pegs. See also Monetary policy Darod clan, 1434
Asian, 104 Dar ul Islam, 297–298
Currency reform, Mexico, 1248 Darwin, Charles, 654
Currency regimes, 424–427 Das Kapital (Marx), 1000. See also Marxism
crawling-peg, 427 Daud, General Mohammad, 1091
fixed-rate, 425–426 Davies, James, J-curve theory of social revolution, 1421–1422
free-floating, 426–427 Dawes and Young Plan, 142
Currency valuation, 846–847. See also International Dawn (All-India Muslim League newspaper), 36
Monetary Fund DAWN (Development Alternatives with Women for a
Custodio, General Luther, 1273 New Era), 433–435
CVP (Corporación Venezolana de Petróleos), 171 Dayan, Moshe, 76–77
Cyclones Dayton Accords, 138, 188, 411, 786, 1059, 1573
as climatic hazard, 1111–1112, 1144 DDT. See Agricultural pollution; Water pollution
Cyclone Theta, 1144 Dead Sea Transform, 1114
Tonga, 1553 Death penalty, Amnesty International and, 38
Cyprus, 428–429 De Beers diamond cartel, 250. See also Diamond production;
Turkish invasion, 1035 Extractive industries
UN peacekeeping, 1252 Sierra Leone, 1406
Czechoslovakia. See also Czech Republic Debt, 437–440
international relations, 294 Argentina, 1011–1012
political hstory, 286 COMESA member nations, 370–371
Prague Spring, 1318–1319, 1654–1655, 1656 Cote d’Ivoire, 403
Václav Havel, 743–745 deforestation and timber sale and, 446
Velvet Revolution, 1654–1655 Democratic Republic of Congo, 388
Czech Republic, 429–432 domestic industries and, 438
ethnic conflicts, 592–593 East Asian, 515
human resource development, 770 Ecuador, 542
Klaus–Meciar confrontation, 430–431 food shortage and, 439–440
in NATO, 294 growth and, 437–438
political history, 430 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, 818, 836, 849
privatization, 1324 Hungary, 790
Soviet Union and, 430 International Development Association (IDA) and, 843–844
Václav Havel, 743–745 Jamaica, 889
Visehrad Four and, 1672–1673 living standards and, 440
Mauritania, 1004
D Mexico, 1019
Morocco, 1084
Dacko, David, 264 Nicaragua, 1135
Dagomba people, 627–628, 1552 Niger, 1141
Dahik, Alberto, 49 Nigeria, 1144
Dahomey, 167–168 oil and, 835
independence movement, 30 relief efforts, 440– 444. See also Debt relief; Structural
Dalai Lama, 1548–1549. See also Tibet adjustment programs

I24
 INDEX

social change and, 440 ethnic conflicts, 589–590, 601

trade and, 438 as failed democracy, 263
Debt cancellation, 444 Garamba National Park, 1709
Debt relief, 440–444 HIV/AIDS, 371
austerity measures, 441 Hutu refugees in, 269–270
by cancellation, 444 independence, 269
concerted lending strategy, 442 mining industry, 648
market-based reduction, 444 mining industry and civil wars, 649
SAPs (structural adjustment programs), 441, 442, 461, 849, political history, 264–265
904, 928, 1005–1006, 1078–1079, 1178 UNICEF in, 1603
Debt restructuring, Bank for International Settlements and, 145 United Nations Development Program in, 1607
Debt service, 439 Virunga National Park, 1709–1710
Déby, Idriss, 264 Democratic Union (Cameroon), 218
Decentralization, corruption cleanup and, 400 Democratization, 447–450. See also Elections
Decolonization causes and preconditions, 448
American, 358–359 clash of civilizations and, 449–450
refugee situation and, 1352 concomitants and consequences, 449
De Concini, Sen. Dennis, 1238 definition and dimensions, 447–448
Deconstructionism, 421 development and, 459
Defense economics, 91–92. See also Arms industrialization end of history concept, 450
Defiance Campaign, 10 –11, 1440 globalization and, 449, 709–710
Deforestation, 444 – 447 human rights development and, 775–776
agriculture and, 445– 446 of language, 942–943
Amazon rainforest, 1345–1349, 1474 liberal conception, 448
carbon dioxide pollution and, 1346–1347 as measure of development, 466–467
causes, 444–445, 1347 Nicaragua, 1139–1140
corruption and, 1347 political development and, 449
debt status and, 446 problems of, 448–449
desertification and, 453 Demographic transition theory, 1297–1298
environmental effects, 445–446 Deng Xiaoping, 330, 450–452, 1755
erosion and, 580–581 Cultural Revolution and, 323–324, 327–328
forest management programs, 1348 Jiang Zemin and, 889–890
mitigation attempts, 1348 reforms under, 324–325, 328
movements against, 446 Tiananmen Square massacre, 451, 1549–1551
national parks and, 1244, 1245, 1712 Denmark, Virgin Islands and, 1670
Papua New Guinea, 1240 Dependency and Development in Latin America (Cardoso),
privatization and, 20 228, 1615
smaze and, 1420 Dependency theory, 460–461, 569, 643–645, 667, 1319–1320,
Thailand, 1541 1544, 1560–1561, 1592, 1615. See also Foreign
wood fuel and, 562 direct investment
De Gaulle, Charles, 28, 30, 389, 403, 613, 684 contradiction of, 644–645
Algeria and, 1157 trade policy and, 1561, 1562
French Guiana and, 1181 Dependistas, 1560–1561
De-industrialization, 814, 1071–1072 Depository banking functions, 146
North Korea, 915 Deprivation. See also Poverty
De Klerk, Frederik W., 190, 433–435, 435–437, 990, 1441. See also relative and social revolution, 1321
Apartheid; South Africa Deregulation, 1064
De la Rúa, Fernando, 83 Desai, Morarji, 804, 1442
Delayed dependent development, 449 Desalinization, 1688–1689
Delayed development, 465 Descartes, René, 1569
Delta-Nimir oil company, 306–307 Desertification, 261, 452–455. See also Deforestation;
Demand deposits, 146 Soil degradation
Democracy causes and consequences, 453–454
failed in Central Africa, 263–264 combatiing, 454–455
transition to, 122 Niger, 1141
vs. authoritarianism, 121 Desparedicidos, 82
Democracy Wall (China), 328 De-Stalinization, 287–288, 914. See also Khrushchev,
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 1228 Nikita; Russia
Democratic Labour Party, Barbados, 155 Development
Democratic Republic of Congo, 388–389 alternative, 1592–1593
COMESA and, 369 anthropological theories of, 458–459
debt, 371, 388 arms industrialization and, 95–96
diamond production, 250 arms transfer and, 91–92
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 associated-dependent, 465
Economic Community of Central African States and, 531–533 as compared with growth, 1509

I25
INDEX

Development (Continued ) Dictatorship, 469–474. See also Authoritarianism; Military

debt and, 437–440 regimes; Totalitarianism
defining of, 463–464 development and, 471–472
delayed, 465 ending of, 473–474
delayed dependent, 449 maintaining, 472–473
democratization and, 459 making of, 469–470
dependency theory and Marxism, 460–461 personal, 196, 473, 1416
developmentalism, 459 predisposing factors, 470–471
dictatorships and, 471–472 vs. authoritarianism, 120
disasters and, 477 Didi, Amin Maumoon, 984
economic, 466 Die Burger newspaper, 979–980
energy and, 561–567 Diem, Ngo Dinh, 1258, 1449, 1664, 1667
globalization and theory, 463–464 Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 1663–1664, 1667. See also
high-income countries, 1594 Indochina; Vietnam; Vietnam War
history, 458–464 Digil-Mirifle clan, 1434
human, 467–468 Dimitrov, George, 287
major kinds of, 465–466 Dimli Kurds, 1576
measures of, 464–468. See also Development measures Diori, Hamani, 1141
modernization theory, 459–460 Dioxins, 1682–1683. See also Air pollution; Pollution
national characteristics and, 462 Dir clan, 1434
neoclassical liberalism/Washington Consensus Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mental illness
and, 461–463 and, 1012–1016
political, 466–467 Disaster Mitigation Facility for the Caribbean, 236
post-colonial context of, 458–459 Disaster preparedness, 1115–1116
as process vs. goal, 1594 Disaster Relief, CARE and, 230
social mobility and, 459 Disaster relief, 474–478. See also Humanitarian
special-relationship, 465 relief projects
special-resource, 465 early warning, 476
sustainable, 468 globalization and, 477–478
theoretical base, 458–459 international assistance network, 475–476
of underdevelopment, 465 International Committee of the Red Cross, 841–842
uneven, 465 poverty and, 475
vs. growth, 1591 UNICEF and, 1602
Development aid, migration and, 1045 Disasters, development and, 477
Developmental state theory, 463 Discount rate, 147–148
Development Bank of South Africa, 4 Discount window, 147–148
Development measures, 464–468 Discourse Analysis, 941
first-world (Global North), 464–465 Discourse on Method (Descartes), 1569
Devil’s Island, 683–684, 1186 Discrimination, 7, 1059–1064. See also Caste systems;
Dhuluo language, 939 Ethnic conflicts
Diamond production colonialism and, 363–364, 365
Angola, 53 defined, 1059–1060
Botswana, 191 forms of, 1060–1061
Central Africa, 261, 271 globalization and, 1061
Democratic Republic of Congo, 649 means of combating, 1062
Guinea, 733 minorities at risk, 1062
producer cartels, 250 against native peoples, 332
Sierra Leone, 1406 against peasants, 1256
South Africa, 1461 prevention of ethnic conflicts, 1062–1063
Diamond smuggling racial/color, 1061
Liberia to Sierra Leone, 960 Dispute resolution, methods of, 837–838
Sierra Leone, 1406 Distribution of resources. See also Income distribution
Diarrheal diseases, 821–822 Nicaragua, 1138
Diaspora Disunity, dictatorship and, 471
African, 6–9, 240, 1234. See also African Diaspora Divergence effect, of migration, 1041, 1042
Caribbean, 240, 241 Diversity, positive aspects, 633
Jewish, 6 Djerma people, 1140
Kurdish, 920 Djibouti, 478–479. See also East Africa
Palestinian, 1229–1233 Bulk Terminal Project, 5
Somali, 1432–1433 colonial history, 501
Tibetan, 1548 COMESA and, 369
Turkish, 1578 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
West Indian, 1571 literacy, 543
Diaz, Adolfo, 392 Somalians in, 1432
Diaz Ordaz, Gustavo, 1022 Doba Basin Oil Project, 312

I26
 INDEX

Doctors Without Borders, 476, 480–481 Drug use, 490–493

Doe, Samuel Kanyon, 626, 960 in developing countries, 492–493
Doi moi, 481–482 historical perspective, 491–492
Dominica, 483–484 legality and, 492
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 ritual and religious, 492
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 Druze, 493–495, 1028
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 in Syria, 609
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 Drylands Development Center, 1608
Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238 Dubcek, Alexander, 294, 430, 495–497, 1319, 1416, 1656.
international relations, 248 See also Czechoslovakia; Slovakia
Dominican Republic, 484–485 DuBois, W.E.B., 29, 1234
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 Dubs, Adolph, 4
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 Dudaev, Gen. Jokhar, 597
food imports, 240–241 Duddei, Goukouni, 311
Haiti and, 244, 245 Due diligence, 150
international relations, 244–245 Dulles, John Foster, 130–131, 1022
Juan Bosch, 186–187 SEATO and, 1458
remittances to, 197 Durán Ballén, Sixto, 49, 542
Trujillo dictatorship, 484, 1572 Durand Treaty, 3
United States–Dominican Republic–Central America Free Durban strike, 11
Trade Agreement, 1637–1638 Durkheim, Emile, 855, 1071, 1294–1295
Venezuela and, 171 Dust Bowl, 453
Domino effect vs. domino theory, 487 Dutch colonies. See also Afrikaners
Domino theory, 485–487 slavery and emancipation, 7
Donaldo Colosio, Luis, 1248 Dutch East India Company, 57
Donovan, General William ‘‘Wild Bill,’’ 307 colonialism and, 359
Dorji, Jigme Wangchuck, 173, 174 South Africa and, 1439
Dos Santos, José Eduardo, 54 Dutch Guiana. See Suriname
Dos Santos, Teodorio, 569 Dutch Reformed Church, 58
Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 1092 Dutra, Enrico, 1482
Dracunculuus medinensis (Guinea worm disease), 820 Duvalier, François, 243–244, 497
Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 243–244
487–488
Dragons in Distress: Asia’s Miracle Economies (Bello), 106 E
Dreyfus, Alfred, 683–684
Dromania Earth First!, 572
Nicolae Ceausescu, 259–260, 1656–1657 Earthquakes, 1113–1114. See also Disaster relief; Natural disasters
political history, 286–287 Nicaragua, 276, 1134–1135
territorial disputes, 1532–1533 Turkey, 1575
Droughts, 701, 1112 Earthquake/tsunami of 2004, 811, 985, 1489
Drugs Earth Summit, 178, 1509–1510
definitions of, 490–491 Earth Summit Declaration, 872
herbal, 491–492 East Africa, 499–504. See also Burundi; Djibouti; Somalia;
Drug trade, 488–490. See also Drug trafficking; Drug use Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Rwanda; Sudan; Tanzania
legislation, 489 border conflicts and development, 505–506
medicinal drugs, 490 countries comprising, 504
production, 489 economic bloc formation, tread, and development, 506
vs. drug trafficking, 489–490 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
war on drugs and, 488–489 ethnic conflicts, 599–602
Drug trafficking. See also Coca production; Drug use geography and climate, 499–500, 504–505
Black Market Peso Exchange, 1077 international relations, 504–508
Bolivia, 48 post-Cold War international conflicts, 506–507
Colombia, 352–353, 1177, 1183, 1361 Rift Valley fossils, 500
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 379 strategic issues, 507–508
Cuba and, 417 East African Community (EAC), 504, 508–510
ECOSOC Commission for Narcotic Drugs, 1611 East Asia
Guyana, 1180 bureaucratic authoritarianism in, 514
Jamaica in, 247 civil society and, 515–516
money laundering and, 1077 debt and financial crises, 515
Organization of American States and, 1207 economic cooperation, 518
Paraguay, 1485 ethnic conflicts, 602–605
Plan Colombia, 1276–1278 Exclusive Economic Zones, 518
United Nations International Drug Control Program explaining development, 512–516
(UNDCP), 1623 financial crises, 511–512
Yemen, 1746 future challenges, 523

I27
INDEX

East Asia (Continued ) Economic Community of West African States Cease-Fire

history and economic development, 510–516 Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), 1253, 1699
Hong Kong, 764–765 Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), 304–305, 537–538
human rights, 519–520 Economic development, 466. See also Industrialization
import substitution industrialization, 515 Central Africa, 260–267, 267–269
inter-Korean talks, 522–523 Central Asia, 299–301
international relations, 516–524 spillover effect, 268
Japan’s legacy in, 522 Economic Freedom Index, 1593
military spending, 517–518 Economic growth vs. economic progress, 1525–1526
natural resources, 514 (An) Economic History of Latin America in the 20th Century
non-governmental organizations, 519 (Thorp), 1615–1616
regional order and security, 516–517 Economic infrastructure. See Infrastructure
Shanghai Five summit, 520 Economic linkage theory, 1615
social initiatives, 512 Economic models
strategic environment, 517–518 socialist, 1426–1429. See also individual models
East Asian financial crisis, 221, 427 state-directed economies, 1496–1497
East Asian Tigers, 105–108, 515, 764, 816. See also Asian Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), 1701–1702
‘‘economic miracle’’; Asian Tigers; Tiger economies Economic planning, Latin America, 33
East Bengal, 1222. See also Pakistan Economic policy, human rights development and, 773–774
Easter Island. See Rapanui Economic rights, 344
Eastern and Central Asia, privatization in, 1323 Economics, structuralist school, 667, 1319–1320
Eastern Europe. See Central and Eastern Europe; Economic sanctions, 774, 1386–1388
specific countries against Iraq, 869
East India Company. See British East India Company; against Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 1664
Dutch East India Company South Africa, 1440, 1463, 1581
East Pakistan. See Bangladesh Economic stagnation, 465
East Timor, 524–525. See also Indonesia; Timor Leste Economic Support Fund, 158
colonial legacy, 1454 Economic systems
Santa Cruz Massacre, 524 Capitalist Economic Model, 225–227
Ebola fever, 5 free market economy, 674–677. See also Capitalism
Ebola virus, 1330 mixed economy, 1064–1066
Éboué, Félix, 389 Neoliberalism, 1120–1123
ECA. See Economic Commission for Africa private property rights and, 1320–1321
ECCAS (Economic Community of Central African States), 506 socialism, 955–956
Echeverrı́a Alvarez, Luis, 1019, 1022–1023 Economies of scale, 1615
Eckstein, Harold, 1424 Ecosystem preservation, 1708–1713. See also
ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization), 304–305 Wildlife preservation
Ecological effects, of agriculture, 12–13. See also Environment Ecotourism, 538–541
Ecology, linguistic, 942–943 Belize, 164–165
ECOMOG (Economic Community of West African States cultural impacts, 539–540
Cease-Fire Monitoring Group), 1253, 1699 economic inequities and, 540
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa (ECUCA), environmental issues, 539
526–527 Guyana, 738
Common External Tariff, 526 marine, 540
Single Tax, 526 potential disadvantages, 540–541
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (Marx), 1000 social and economic issues, 539
Economic asymmetry, 114, 115 Virgin Islands National Park, 1670
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 369, 528–530, 534 ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States),
accomplishments, 529–530 5, 526, 529, 627
African Gender and Development Index, 530 Ecuador, 541–542
Gender and Development Division, 529–530 Andean Regional Initiative, 1277
Preferential Trade Area, 529–530 banana boom, 47
program divisions, 528–529 CIA in, 308–309
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Cold War and, 40
506, 531–533 Concentration of Popular Forces (CFP), 47
Economic Community of the Great Lakes, 531 debt, 542
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), ecotourism in, 539
5, 526, 529, 533–536, 627, 1204, 1699 Galapagos Islands national park, 1710
contributions to development, 535–536 geography and climate, 541
future prospects, 1702 national parks, 1244
institutions, 534–535 oil boom, 48–49
Liberian war and, 960 oil production, 541–542
objectives, 534 Peru boundary dispute, 541
origin, 533–534 political history, 46–49
peacekeeping operations, 1254 territorial disputes, 39, 42–43, 1537

I28
 INDEX

Edhi, Abdul Sattar, 1224 in Bandung Conference, 139–140

Edhi Foundation, 1224 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization
Education, 542–547. See also Civic education; Literacy and, 183–184
Africa, 342 book production, 1162
Albania, 27 Camp David Accords, 219–221
Antigua and Barbuda, 56 Christianity in, 336
Argentina, 81 COMESA and, 369
Barbados, 155 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Central Africa, 272–273 economic development, 1160
Chad, 312 Emergency Laws, 1089
Chile, 320, 543 ethnic conflict, 612, 613–614
Chinese minority peoples, 603 geography and climate, 116, 547, 1157
civic, 338–343. See also Civic education history, 547–548
colonial, 364 Hosni Mubarek, 1088–1089
correspondence programs, 545 Islamic fundamentalism in, 1089–1090
Czech Republic, 432 Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and, 927
economic rationalism, 543 League of Arab States and, 71–72
Fulbright Program, 686–687 literacy, 1161
government-sponsored programs, 543–544 Muslim Brotherhood, 1089–1090, 1096–1097
Indonesia, 811 OAPEC and, 1208
information technology and, 545–546 in Palestinian conflict, 74
international aid and, 543 Palestinian refugees in, 1231
Kenya, 906 political history, 1159–1160
Kuwait, 925 population growth, 657
language and, 543, 942 populism in, 1304–1305
Libya, 962 remittances to, 197, 1043
life expectancy and, 544 shadow economy, 181
Malawi, 982 Soviet arms transfer, 75–76
Maldives, 984 Soviet Union and, 1381
Marshall Islands, 997 Suez War and, 17, 75–76, 117, 219–220, 548, 1035–1036,
Mauritania, 1004–1005 1102, 1159
migration for, 1299 territorial disputes, 1536, 1692
mission schools, 332 tourism, 548, 1160
moral, 543 unemployment, 1162
Nepal, 1125 United Arab Republic (UAR), 69–70, 130, 1103,
Nigeria, 1143–1144 1159, 1597–1598
nomadic peoples and, 545 US foreign aid to, 1106
North Africa, 1161–1162 water and, 547
nutritional status and, 1722 women, 1162
Oman, 1199 807 provision, 549–552
Pakistan, 125, 1223 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 550–551
political stability and, 543 controversial aspects of, 551
as poverty measure, 1315 regional impact, 549–551
problems of Western-style, 544–545 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 278, 1021
Project Impact, 544 domino theory and, 485
Qatar, 1339 nation-building in Vietnam, 1105
Saudi Arabia, 1391, 1392 OPEC and, 1213
Senegal, 1396 Panama and, 1238
Seychelles, 1302, 1401 SEATO and, 1458
South Africa, 1441 Vietnam and, 1664, 1667
Sri Lanka, 1489 Eisenstadt, S.N., 1591
St. Helena, 1492 Ejército de Liberación Nacrional (ELN), 352–353,
teacher competence, 545 1110–1111, 1182
technology and, 1527–1528 Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP), 82, 1363–1364
United Arab Emirates, 1597 El-Abdin Bin Ali, Zine, 193
Vietnam, 1665 Elchibey, Abulfaz, 127
women’s rights and, 318–319 Election campaigns, 556–557
Yemen, 1747 Election monitoring, Organization of American
Education and Business Development Program (Soros States, 1206–1207
Foundation), 1437 Elections, 553–558. See also Democratization
Export-oriented industrialization, 1562–1563 elective procedures, 555–556
EGP (Guerilla Army of the Poor), 726–728 electoral process, 556–557
Egypt, 547–549. See also Nasser, Gamal Abdel; Sadat, Anwar functions of, 554–555
arms exports, 96 history, 553–554
Aswan High Dam, 116–119, 1090, 1103, 1159, 1688 observation and monitoring, 557

I29
INDEX

Elections (Continued ) Engels’ Law, 1641–1642

registration, 557 city-driven economic growth, 1642–1643
types of, 555 overurbanization, 1642
voter turnout, 557 Enlightenment, 1072
Electoral initiative, 555–556 land distribution and, 934
Electrification. See also Hydroelectricity Ennals, Martin, 37
Cambodia, 99 Enriquez, Camilo Ponce, 47
Central Asia, 300 Enron scandal, 226
Kazakhstan, 901 Entrepreneurs, peasants vs., 1257
Kyrgyzstan, 929 Entrepreneurship, 226, 567–569
Electronics industry, market prospects, 110 colonialism and, 365
Elephants, resolving human/wildlife conflict, 1711 Communist Hungary, 1428
ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front), 576–577 developing world, 567–568
Elı́as Calles, Plutarco, 1018 implications of, 567
Ellacurı́a, Ignacio, 958 stimulating, 568
Ellice Islands. See Kiribati underdevelopment and, 1591–1592
ELN (National Liberation Army), 352–353, 1110–1111 Environment. See also Deforestation; Environmentalism;
El Niño (Southern Oscillation), 1113, 1687 Pollution; Soil degradation
El Salvador, 552–553 agricultural privatization and, 21
agrarian reform, 934 Brazil, 1410. See also Rainforest
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 Center for International Environmental Law, 638
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 dams and, 885
civil war, 233 defined, 573
Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation (FMLN), deforestation and, 445–446
405, 553, 660–661, 1364 developed vs. developing countries, 569
foreign direct investment, 552–553 ecotourism and, 539
‘‘Fourteen Families,’’ 552 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and, 638
Frente Democratico Revolucionaria (FDR), 1364 extractive industries and, 648
Liberation Theology and, 334, 958 government policies, 569–572
life expectancy, 276 Green Revolution and, 718–719
remittances to, 283 international institutions and policies, 570–571
territorial disputes, 1538 Laos, 944–945
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America NAFTA provisions, 1174
and, 281 nuclear wastes, 1373–1374, 1685
war with Honduras, 763 present situation, 571–572
Emancipation, 7 preservation vs. conservationism, 1244
Embargoes. See Arms embargoes; Economic sanctions problems in developing countries, 569–570
Emigration. See Migration rainforest destruction, 1345–1349
Employment, agricultural privatization and, 24 recommendations, 572
Employment trends, brain drain, 195–198 refugee camp impact on, 1356
Encomienda system, 273–274 Slovenia, 1419
Endangered species. See also Extinction Southeast Asia, 1452
World Conservation Union Red List, 178 Taiwan, 107
Endara, Cuillermo, 1236–1237 Three Gorges Dam and, 1547
Enderbury. See Kiribati Togo, 1552–1553
Energy Tuvalu, 1582
alternative, 558–561, 566. See also specific forms United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 1692
biomass, 559–560 urbanization and, 1643–1646
development and, 561–567 wildlife preservation, 1708–1713
fusion processes, 558 Environmentalism, 572–575
geothermal, 560 possible action, 574
hydroelectricity, 560–561, 563. See also Hydroelectricity recent history, 573–574
hydrogen, 561 underdevelopment and, 1592–1593
importance of renewable, 558–559 Environmental legislation, Namibia, 1102
nuclear, 563 Environmental organizations, 177–179
OPEC and, 564–565. See also OPEC Epidemiological transition, 1330–1331
solar, 559 EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front), 576
sources and uses, 562–564 EPRDF (Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic
tidal power, 560 Front), 585
usage by region and type, 563 Equatorial Guinea, 262, 575–576. See also Guyana
wind, 559 Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa and, 526–527
Energy crisis, 72. See also OPEC; Petroleum Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Energy crops, specialization in, 13 Economic Community of Central African States and, 531–533
Energy markets, 565–566 political history, 265
Engels, Friedrich, 999–1000 Equity capital, 666–667

I30
 INDEX

Erica oil spill, 648 Liberation Theology and, 958

Eritrea, 479, 576–578, 1536. See also East Africa Madagascar, 973, 974
colonial history, 501 Malaysia, 983
COMESA and, 369 Mexico and Central America, 605–610
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Middle East, 609–611, 1027, 1037
Ethiopia and, 505, 507 military occupation and, 592
Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), 576–577 mitigation of, 632–633
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), 576 Moldova, 1074
Erosion, 579–583. See also Deforestation; Soil degradation Myanmar, 1098
combating, 581–582 NATO and, 1173–1176
effects of, 581 Nigeria, 1142
factors influencing, 580–581 North Africa, 611–615
soil composition and, 580 Oceania, 615–618, 1193
water, 581 Papua New Guinea, 1240
ERP (Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo), 82, 1363–1364 Rockefeller Foundation and, 1367
Ershad, General Hussain Mohammad, 141 Senegal/Mauritania, 1395
Erwin, Terry, 179 Serbia, 1398–1399
Escapulas II agreements, 280 Somalia, 1405
Esman, Milton, 629 Southeast Asia, 618–620
Esso. See Exxon-Mobil Southern Africa, 620–624. See also Afrikaners; Apartheid;
Estonia, 583–584. See also Baltic states South Africa
Council of Baltic Sea States and, 381 Southern Cone (Latin America), 624–626
independence, 290, 293–294, 382–383 Sri Lanka, 1489
Isamaa Party, 931 Sudan, 1503
Maart Laar, 931–932 Sunni–Shi’ia, 1027
privatization in, 1324 Tanzania, 1524–1525
Tiit Väl, 1651–1652 Tutsi/Hutu, 211–213, 255, 264–265. See also Burundi; Rwanda
Estrada, Joseph, 1273 Ukraine, 1587
Eta caste, 255 Uruguay, 1647
Ethiopia, 584–586. See also East Africa Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Horowitz), 631
authoritarianism in, 123 Ethnicity, 629–632. See also Ethnic conflicts
colonization and, 501 colonialism and, 630
COMESA and, 369 definitions, 629–630
Cuba and, 416 development and, 633–634
Cuban invasion, 246 ethnic groups defined, 1061–1062
debt holdings, 371 international aid and, 633–634
division of, 479 language and, 938–939
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Middle East, 1027
Emperor Haile Selassie, 1382–1393 mitigation of tensions, 632–633
Eritrea and, 505, 507, 1536 population movement and, 1299–1300
Haile Maryam Mengistu, 739–740 positive aspects of diversity, 633
Human Development Index, 658 Serbia, 1398
infrastructure, 1393 Sri Lanka, 1489
partitioning of, 501 St. Lucia, 1494
Rastafarianism, 1393 United States Virgin Islands, 1670
Somalian invasion, 416 Ethnic Politics (Esman), 629
Somalis in, 1432 Ethnic secessionism, 87–88
Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front Ethnoliguistic vitality, 940
(EPRDF), 585 ETZEL (Ergun Zva’I Le’umi ), 161
Ethnic cleansing. See also Genocide EU. See European Union
Democratic Republic of Congo, 390 Eugenics, 654–655. See also Nazi Germany
Ethnic communities, 1061–1062 Eurocentrism, 634–636
Ethnic conflicts criticism, 635–636
Bougainville Copper Mine, 1240 definition, 634–635
Caribbean, 586–589 origin, 635
Central and Eastern Europe, 590–593 Europe
Central Asia, 593–596 religion, 1359
Commonwealth of Independent States, 596–599 slavery and, 7
development and, 628–629, 631–632 water management status, 872
East Africa, 599–602 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
East Asia, 602–605 636–640
Fiji, 662 Commonwealth of Independent States and, 637–638
former Yugoslavia, 1058–1059 Eastern Europe transition policy, 637
Guyana, 738, 1179–1180 environmental policy, 638
Kenya, 1002–1003 European Union and, 638–639

I31
INDEX

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Continued ) Export orientation, 105–106
future of concessional development aid, 639 Export-oriented economies, 641–645. See also Dependence theory;
Latvia and, 947 individual countries
in South East Europe, 637 dependency thesis and, 643–645
European Commission, Black Sea Economic Cooperation Hong Kong, 642
Organization and, 183–184 market forces and government intervention, 643
European Commission of Human Rights, 781 Singapore, 642–643
European Community South Korea, 642–643
arms transfer by, 89–90 Taiwan, 642–643
Yugoslavia and, 136 Export replacement. See also Import Substitution Industrialization
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights foreign direct investment and, 667
and Human Freedoms, 781 Externality, negative and positive, 1065
European Court of Human Rights, 781 External threat perception, South Asian nations, 1443
European Development Bank, Caribbean Development Extinction, 178–179
Bank and, 236 background extinction rate, 179
European Economic Union, Vietnam and, 1665 species, 1708–1713. See also Wildlife preservation
European Payments Union, 9, 144 Extractive industries, 645–651. See also specific minerals
European Social Charter, 379, 782 and commodities
European Union (EU) environmental effects, 648
acquis communautaire, 638 Guinea, 733
agricultural subsidization in, 13 Guyana, 738
ASEAN and, 115 illegal in national parks, 1245
Britain and, 373, 374 Jordan, 893
Central and Eastern Europe and, 295–296 Kyrgyzstan, 928, 929
civil liberties, 955 Laos, 1250
Commonwealth of Nations and, 373 Macedonia, 971
Cyprus and, 429 mining, 647–648
Czech Republic and, 432 Mongolia, 1079
disaster relief, 476 natural gas, 647
Estonia in, 583 Niger, 1140
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Oceania, 1191
and, 638–639 oil, 646–656
Hungary in, 791 Papua New Guinea, 1191
legal system, 953–955 sustainable development and, 648–650
Lomé Convention, 964–966 Zambia, 1752
member countries, 954–955 Exxon Mobil, 171, 1029
MERCOSUR and, 1473 in Central Africa, 270
minorities and discrimination, 1062 OPEC and, 251, 1212
Morocco and, 1085 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 648
neoliberalism and, 1122 Eyadéma, Gnassingbé, 534
North Africa and, 1168 EZLN (Zapatista Army of National Liberation), 608, 1017,
rainforest preservation and, 1348 1024, 1248, 1383, 1753–1754
Roma people (gypsies) and, 1062
Single European Act of 1986, 955 F
Southern Cone nations and, 1480
St. Lucia and, 1494 Facilitation, of disputes, 837–838
St. Vincent and the Grenadines and, 1495 Failed states
trade policy, 1564 foreign aid to, 1679–1680
Treaty of Amsterdam, 955 preservation of peace in, 1680
Treaty of Maastricht, 955 Faisal II, King, 130
Tunisia and, 1574 Faith-based organizations, HIV/AIDS and, 759
Turkey and, 920 Falange Nacional, 680–682
Visehrad Four and, 1672 FALANTIL, 524, 525
Eutrophication, 1285, 1690 Falkland/Malvinas Islands War, 83, 986–987, 1479, 1486–1489
Evangelical Protestanism, 639 FALN (Armed Forces for National Liberation), 171
in Guatemala, 725 Family farms, 17
Evans, Melvin, 1670 in Russia, 23
Evapotranspiration, 445, 1686 Family planning, 653–659
Ewe people, 1552 cultural heritage and, 1300
Exchange rates, 143–144, 422. See also Currency devaluations current status, 657–659
debt and, 439 demographic challenges and, 653
fixed, 425–426 in developing countries, 656–657
flee-float, 426–427 ECOSOC Population Commission, 1611
Exclusive Economic Zones, 518 goals and objectives, 656
Expert appraisal, 838 ideological aspect of, 654–655

I32
 INDEX

institutions of, 655–656 Lithuania, 964

International Planned Parenthood Federation, 851–852 Mexico, 1019
methods, 656 Nicaragua, 1138–1139
nature of, 654 Poland, 289
Ronald Reagan and funding of, 1635–1636 Southeast Asia, 1451–1452
Singapore, 950 Thailand, 337
United Nations Population Fund, 1628–1629 Uruguay, 1647–1648
Family Planning Associations, 655 Venezuela, 1659–1660
Famine. See also Hunger Financial liberalization, 441–442
Biafra, 176–177 Financial Options (Eichengreen), 104
East Africa, 504–505 Financial scandals, 226
Irish potato, 179 Financial Stability Forum, 143
Nigeria, 176–177 Financing for Development and Remittances and Gender, 1626
Fanon, Frantz, 659–660, 1544–1545. See also Martinique Finland, Soviet Union and, 288
Fante people, 626 Firestone, Harvey, 960
FAP (Armed Forces of the People), 86–87 First World, 459, 464–465, 1542
Farabundo Martı́ National Liberation Front (FMLN), 405, 553, trade policies, 1564–1565
660–661, 1364 First World War. See World War I
FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), 352, FIS (Front Islamique du Salut), 28
1277, 1362–1363, 1537 Fisheries, tuna, 1582
Farkas, Mihály, 789 Fishing industry
Farm restructuring, 22. See also Agricultural privatization Central Asia, 299
Farouk I, King, 69 in COMESA nations, 371
Fascism. See also Nazi Germany Common Marine Fisheries Investment and Management
authoritarianism and, 120 Policy, 371
in Brazil, 199–200 Gambia, 691
Fauji Foundation, 1224 Lake Chad, 1143
FDN (Fuerza Democrática Nicragúense), 393 Micronesia, 1026
Febres Cordero, León, 49, 542 Palau, 1225
Fedayeen, 1228, 1267. See also Palestine Liberation Organization Fishing rights, 44–45
Federalism, ethnic conflict and, 632 Andean nations and, 39
Federal Republic of Germany, 170. See also Germany Ecuador and, 47
Federal Reserve Bank. See US Federal Reserve Bank Guinea-Bissau, 735
Federation of Cuban Women, 416 Morocco/Spain, 1084
Federation of French Equatorial Africa, 689 Oceania, 1194
Federation of French West Africa, 403, 733 Peru and, 41
Federation of Serbia and Montenegro, 290. See also Five-Year Plans
Montenegro; Serbia Bhutan, 174
Female genital mutilation, 758 China, 385, 714–715
Female infanticide, 319, 819 Communist economic model and, 385
Feminism. See also Women concept of, 26–27
human rights and, 772 India, 35–36
Rawls’ income distribution theory and, 799 South Korea, 917
Feminization (political). See also Women Soviet Union, 127, 385, 814–815, 1372–1373, 1427
of HIV/AIDS, 758 Yugoslavia, 1080
Fernandez Maldonado, Jorge, 41 FLCS (Front de Libératión de la Côte des Somalis), 479
Fertility. See Population growth rate Fleming, Osborne, 55
Fertilizer use FLN (Front de Libération Nationale), 28, 166, 191–192, 613,
agricultural globalization and, 13 1157, 1537, 1545
agricultural privatization and, 20 Floods, 1112–1113
Fierlinger, Zdenek, 1318 urbanization and frequency, 1645
Figures, Jose, 84 FMLN (Farabundo Martı́ National Liberation Front), 405,
Fiji, 661–663 553, 660–661
demographics, 1191 Fonseca Amador, Carlos, 1137, 1389
ethnic conflict, 616–617, 662 Food and nutrition, 663–666. See also Hunger
women’s rights, 1195 ceremonial, 1257
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), 1076 in developing countries, 664–665
Financial crises food sovereignty vs. food security, 664
Argentina, 1011–1012 Food-borne infections, 822
Asian, 515, 978–979 Food for the Hungry, 476
Central America, 275 Food imports, Caribbean region, 240, 241
developing countries and, 150–151 Food processors, globalization and, 14–15
East Asian, 511–512 Forces Armées Populaires (FAP), 86–87
Latin America, 1478 Ford, Gerald, Mozambique and, 682
Latvia, 947 Ford, Henry, 813

I33
INDEX

Ford Foundation, Green Revolution and, 853 Franco, Itamar, 200, 228
Fordism, 646 Francophonie Institutionelle, 673–674
Foreign aid Franc Zones, 218–219
to failed states, war and, 1679–1680 Frank, André Gunder, 34, 460, 461, 569, 1546
Middle East economy and, 1030 Franklin National Bank failure, 144
Foreign direct investment (FDI), 226, 666–672, 1094 Fraser Institute of Vancouver, 1593
Argentina, 1481 Free Aceh Movement, 619
definition and terminology, 666–667 Freedom House survey, 467
determinants of, 668–669 Freedom of association, 347
globalization and, 710–711 Free market economic model, 102, 674–677. See also Capitalism;
global trading patterns and, 1567 Capitalist economic model
growth of, 708 assumptions of model, 674–675
host country development and, 669–671 Chile, 322
Japanese, 1527 economic development and, 676
Newly Industrialized Economies and, 1132 externalities and, 675
recent trends, 671–672 gains from trade, 674
Singapore, 1412 globalization and, 707
technology transfer and, 1528 government intervention and, 675–676, 918
Thailand, 1541 Macau, 969–970
theories of, 667–668 pollution and, 675–676
dependency/NeoMarxist school, 667 South Korea as contradiction, 917–918
integrative school (institutional theories), 668 spillover effect, 675
modernization school, 667 Free Officers’ Revolt, 335
Turkey, 1578 Free Papua Movement, 619
Uzbekistan, 1649 Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 201, 677–680, 830, 1638
Venezuela, 1178 negotiations, 678–680
wages and labor standards and, 671 origin, 677
Foreign investment. See also Foreign direct investment potential obstacles and prognosis, 679–680
dependency thesis, 643–645 strategic context, 677–678
in El Salvador, 552–553 Free trade zones, 708. See also specific countries and agreements
in Estonia, 583 Andean, 39
in export-oriented economies, 643 ASEAN as, 97
Vietnam, 482 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 108
Forest management programs, 1348 Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 238
Forestry, privatization in, 20, 22 Commonwealth of Independent States, 377–378, 379
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 970–972. Latin American, 39
See also Macedonia Frei, Eduardo, 31, 321, 322, 680–682. See also Chile
Fossil fuels, 562–564. See also Coal industry; Oil industry Frei Montalva, Eduardo, 1484
Four Dragons economies, 641–645. See also East Asia; Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Eduardo, 680
Hong Kong; Singapore; South Korea; Taiwan FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique), 682–683,
Fox, Vicente, 672–673, 1020, 1024, 1248. See also Mexico 972, 1087
Foz de Iguazo Declaration, 1472 French Antilles. See Martinique
Franc de la Communauté Financiére d’Afrique, 1703 French colonies, 478–479. See also individual countries
France. See also French colonies Algeria, 68–69
arms transfer by, 75, 90–91 Central Africa, 262
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 colonial administrators, 1705
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, 183–184 decolonization, 361–362
in Chad, 264 independence, 268–269
First Indochina War, 1663–1664 independence movements, 29–30
in Group of 8, 573 slavery and emancipation, 7
Indochina and, 1667 white colonists, 1705–1706
international banks in, 151 French-Davis, Ricardo, 1617
Iraq War and, 1265 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Moroccan immigrants, 1164 (1789), 779
Napoleonic Civil Code, 951 French Doctors (Médicins sans Frontiers), 480–481
Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France), 1623 French Equatorial Africa, 263, 311, 389
in Oceania, 1190 French Guiana, 683–684, 723, 999, 1180–1181
Organizasion armeé secrete, 613 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
SEATO and, 1458 Devil’s Island, 1186
Senegal and, 1396, 1397 international relations, 1186
Suez War and, 75–76, 117, 219–220, 548, 1035–1036 French Institute National l’Etudes Demographiques, 655
Tripartite Agreement and, 75–76 French Polynesia, demographics, 1191
Tunisia and, 193, 1165 French Revolution, 779
Tunisian and, 1574 Caribbean and, 1126
Franco, Generalissimo Franciso, 207 human rights and, 772

I34
 INDEX

French Somaliland, 478. See also Djibouti Gandhi, Indira, 692–693, 803–804, 898, 1409
French Territory of the Afars and Issas, 478. See also Djibouti Gandhi, Mohandas K., 35–36, 343, 693–694, 802.
Frente Amplio, 1647 See also India
Frente Democratico Revolucionaria (FDR), 1364 Untouchables and, 1640
Frent Farabundo Marti de Liberacion Natonal (FMLN), 405, Gandhi, Rajiv, 694–695, 804
553, 660–661, 1364 Ganges River, 1687
FRETILIN (Revolutionary Front for Independent global climate change and, 704
East Timor), 524 Ganwa people, 211
Friedman, Milton, 1121, 1275 Ga people, 700
Friendship Bridge, 1485 Garamba National Park (Congo), 1709–1710
Friends of the Earth, 572 Garang, John, 1503
Friends Service Committee, Palestinian refugees and, 75 Garbage. See also Waste; Waste management
Frondizi, Arturo, 82 defined, 1681
Front de Libératión de la Côte des Somalis (FLCS), 479 Garcı́a Meza, General Luis, 185
Front de Libératión Nationale (FLN), 28, 166, 191–192, 613, Garcia Pérez, Alan, 43–44, 48, 64, 685, 1267
1157, 1537, 1545 Garifona Indians, 606
Fronte Sandinista de Liberacı́on (FSLN). See Sandinistas Garotega people, 1134
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), 682–683, Garvey, Marcus, 29, 1234
972, 1087 Gas, natural, 647. See also Oil industry
Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, 1664 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), 676, 695–697,
Front Islamique du Salut (FIS), 28 1739–1741. See also World Trade Organization
FSLN (Fronte Sandinista de Liberacı́on). See Sandinistas Agreement on Agriculture, 16
FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americas), 201, 830 agriculture and, 16
Fuerza Democrática Nicragúense (FDN), 393 background and evolution, 695
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), 352, commodity prices and, 1604–1605
1277, 1362–1363, 1537 dependency theory of, 1069
Fujimori, Alberto, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49–50, 684–686, developing countries and UNCTAD, 1604
1267–1268. See also Peru establishment of, 459, 1612
Organization of American States and, 1206 exceptions in, 1561–1562
Fukuyama, Francis, 450, 1121 genesis, 1606
Fulani people, 626, 627 globalization and, 707
Fula people, 627, 734 Inter-American Development Bank and, 828, 830
Fulbe people, 733, 1140 Mexico and, 1024
Fulbright, Sen. William, 686 most favored nation concept, 707–708, 1567–1568
Fulbright-Hays Act, 687 operations, 695–697
Fulbright Program, 686–687 tariff reductions vs. ASEAN’s, 113
Fund of the Americas, 571 Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIP) agreement,
Furans, 1682–1683. See also Air pollution; Pollution 16, 490, 824–825, 827
Fur tribe, 1504 Tunisia and, 1574
(The) Future of Multinational Enterprise (Buckley and Uruguay Round, 13–14, 97, 337, 696–697, 707
Carson), 668 Gaviria, César, 352–353
Gayed, Nazir, 396
G Gayoom, Maumoon Abdul, 984
Gaza Strip, 71, 75–76, 161, 883, 1229, 1382. See also
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project dispute, 1622 Arab-Israeli wars
Gabon, 689–690 HAMAS in, 741–743
Ebola virus in, 1330 intifadas, 71, 80, 741–742, 860–862, 883–884, 1038, 1227,
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa and, 526–527 1231–1232
Economic Community of Central African States and, 531–533 Palestinian refugees in, 1232
economic development, 267 Gbagbo, Laurent, 404
ethnic conflicts, 590 Gemayel, Bashir, 336
oil production, 270 Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (Tönnies), 349, 1591
political history, 265 Gender and Development Division, Economic Commission for
Gaia theory, 573 Africa, 529–530
Gaige kaifung policy, 452 Gender Awareness Information and Networking System
Gairy, Eric, 180, 248, 720, 1129. See also Grenada (GAINS), 1626
Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer, 351, 1177 Gender Empowerment Measure, 1593
Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), 1710 Islam and, 876
Galedewos, Idris, 576–577 Gender-Related Development Index, 1593
Galtieri, Gen. Leopoldo, 987 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. See GATT
Gama’a al-Islamiya, 396 General Dynamics Corporation, arms transfer and, 90
Gambia, 690–692. See also West Africa Generalized reciprocity, 1500
decolonization, 361–362 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), 707–708, 965
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Generalized System of Trade Preferences Among Developing
Gambling industry, Macau, 970 Nations (GSTP), 722. See also Group of 77

I35
INDEX

General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Hong Kong, 764

Pollution (Mexico), 1420 India, 801
General Treaty of Central American Economic Integration, 281 Indonesia, 808
Genetically modified organisms, 665. See also Bioengineering Iran, 862
Genetic engineering, intellectual property rights and, 826–827 Iraq, 862, 867
Genetics research, Rockefeller Foundation and, 1367 Israel, 880–881
Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1055, 1352 Jamaica, 888
Genghis Khan, 3, 298, 1518–1519 Kazakhstan, 901
Genocide Kenya, 902
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 295 Kiribati, 911, 912
Cambodian Pol Pot regime, 908 Kurdistan, 920, 921–922
Holocaust, 1034–1035, 1037, 1226, 1638 Kuwait, 924–925
against Mayan people, 605–606 Kyrgyzstan, 927
Rwanda, 211–213, 212, 244, 264–265, 389–390, 503–504, 590, Laos, 943
600–601, 630 Latvia, 946
Geography and climate, 126 Libya, 961, 1156
Albania, 26 Lithuania, 963
Algeria, 27, 1156 Macedonia, 970
Andean South America, 45–46 Malawi, 980–981
Anguilla, 54 Mali, 984
Antigua and Barbuda, 55 Martinique, 998
Bahrain, 132–133 Mauritania, 1003–1004
Bangladesh, 140–141 Mexico, 1016–1017
Biafra, 176 Middle East, 1027
Bosnia and Herzegovina, 187 Montserrat, 1082
Botswana, 190 Montenegro, 1079–1080
Brazil, 1474–1475 Morocco, 1156
Brunei, 201 Mozambique, 1086
Bulgaria, 204–205 Myanmar, 1098
Cambodia, 216 Nepal, 1124
Cameroon, 217 Netherlands Antilles, 1125
Caribbean, 238–239 Nicaragua, 1133–1134
Central Africa, 260–261 Niger, 1140
Central African Republic, 271–272 Nigeria, 1141–1142
Central America, 273 Niue, 1144
Chad, 311 North Africa, 1156–1157
Chile, 320 Oman, 1198
China, 510 Pakistan, 1221–1222
Colombia, 350, 1176 Panama, 1236
Comoros islands, 387 Papua New Guinea, 1239
Costa Rica, 401 Paraguay, 1242
Cote d’Ivoire, 402–403 Peru, 1267
Croatia, 410 Philippines, 1271
Czech Republic, 429 Puerto Rico, 1333–1334
Democratic Republic of Congo, 388 Qatar, 1338–1339
Dominica, 483 Republic of Congo, 389
East Africa, 499–500, 504–505, 599–600 Rwanda, 1377–1379
Ecuador, 541 Samoa, 1384–1385
Egypt, 116, 547–548, 1157 Saudi Arabia, 1390
El Salvador, 552 Senegal, 1395
Eritrea, 576 Seychelles, 1401
Estonia, 583 Slovakia, 1416–1417
Ethiopia, 584–585 Slovenia, 1418
Fiji, 661–662 Somalia, 1432
Gabon, 689 South Africa, 1438
Gambia, 690–691 Southeast Asia, 1446
Georgia, 697 Southern Africa, 1465
Ghana, 699–700 Southern Cone (Latin America), 1474–1475
Guadeloupe, 722–723 Sri Lanka, 1488–1489
Guatemala, 725 St. Christopher and Nevis, 1490
Guinea, 732–733 Sudan, 1501–1502
Guinea-Bissau, 734 Suriname, 1180, 1507
Guyana, 737–738, 1179 Tajikistan, 1518
Haiti, 740 Tanzania, 1522
Honduras, 762 Thailand, 1540

I36
 INDEX

Tibet, 1548 authoritarianism in, 123

Tonga, 1553 in Bandung Conference, 139–140
Trinidad and Tobago, 1570 Basic Education and Life Skills (BELS)
Tunisia, 1156–1157 program, 545
Tuvalu, 1582 civic education in, 342
United Arab Emirates, 1596 Cocoa Marketing Board, 424
Venezuela, 1658 Convention People’s Party, 1146–1147
Virgin Islands, 1668, 1669 development experience, 701–702
West Africa, 1693–1694 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Yugoslavia, 1747–1748 ethnic conflicts, 626, 627–628
Zambia, 1751 health care, 748
Geography and culture, Maldives, 983–984 Human Development Index, 658
Geological resources. See also Extractive industries; independence, 30
Oil; specific minerals Kwame Nkrumah, 1145–1147
Central Africa, 261 neoliberalism and, 1121
Geologic hazards, 1113–1115 political history, 700
earthquakes, 1113–1114 Program of Action to Mitigate the Social Costs of
volcanoes, 1114–1115 Adjustment (PAMSCAD), 701
Georgia, 697–699 trusteeship, 1632
Abkhazia dispute, 378 Volta River Project, 1147
agricultural privatization in, 22 Ghana-Guinea Union, 1147
Armenians in, 87 Ghannouchi, Rachid, 878
Baku-Thilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Project, 638, 698 Ghassemlou, Abdul, 921
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, Ghaznivid dynasty (Afghanistan), 3
183–184, 381 Gheorghii-Dej, Gheorghe, 259
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380 Gherogiu-Dej, Gherogliu, 287
ethnic conflicts, 596 Ghiday, Wolfe, 577
GUAM group and, 381 GIA (Group Islamique Armée), 28
literacy, 543 Giap, General Vo Nguyen, 730, 1663
peacekeeping, 1253, 1255 Giddens, Anthony, 349
pipeline routes, 306 Gierek, Eduard, 288
privatization in, 1324 Gilbert Islands. See Kiribati
shadow economy, 181 Gillot, Gen. Jacques, 723
territorial disputes, 1533 Gini index (Mexico), 1017
Geothermal energy, 560 Girot de Langlade, Paul, 723
German Civil Code, 951 Glasnost, 289, 382, 702–703, 712–713. See also
German colonialism, 360 Gorbachev, Mikhail
German Democratic Republic, 170. See also Russian Orthodox Church and, 1377
Berlin Wall; Germany Gligorov, Kiro, 136, 971
in Grenada, 721 Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development, 1368
Germanium production, Central Africa, 261 Global Burden of Disease study, mental health, 1012–1016
German reunification, 713 Global Campaign for Secure Tenure, 1600
German Society for Technical Cooperation, 571 Global Campaign on Urban Governance, 1600
German Unification (1871), 360 Global Civil Society yearbook, 347
Germany Global climate change, 703–707. See also
arms transfer by, 90–91 Energy; Environment
Berlin Wall, 170–171 agricultural globalization and, 13
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, 183–184 beneficial effects, 704–705
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 deforestation and, 445–446
countertrade laws, 408 effects of, 704–705
East and West, 170 extractive industries and, 648
foreign direct investment, 708 forecasting and observation, 705
in Group of 8, 573 industrial pollution and, 1289
income inequality in, 1311 Little Ice Age, 1189
international banks in, 151–152 past extremes, 705
Iraq War and, 1265 regional outlooks, 705–706
Kurds in, 920 sustainable development and, 1510
Micronesia and, 1025 water resources and, 1691
partitioning of, 1487 Global Environment Facility, 571, 1511
religion in East vs. West, 1360 Global integration, Central Africa, 267–269
Turkish migration to, 1578 Globalization, 707–712
US nation building, 1104 African Diaspora and, 8
Gero, Erno, 788 agriculture and, 11–18
Ghana, 699–702. See also West Africa Central and Eastern Europe, 295–296
Ancient, 1694–1695 Commonwealth of Nations and, 374

I37
INDEX

Globalization (Continued ) Hungary and, 790

communications, 709 Moldova and, 1074
corruption and, 398–399 nationalism and, 596
definitions of, 13 Poland and, 1430
democracy and, 709–710 Russian Orthodox Church and, 1377
democratization and, 449 Soviet Bloc and reforms of, 1488
developing countries and, 710–711 Tajikistan and, 1519
development theory and, 463–464 Turkmenistan and, 1579
dictatorships and, 474 Velvet Revolution and, 1655
disaster relief and, 477–478 visit to China, 1550
discrimination and, 1061 Gore, Al, 1173–1174
economic sanctions and, 1388 Gorgas, Dr. William Crawford, 1237
ethnic conflicts and, 593–594 Gottvald, Klement, 1318–1319
income distribution and, 800 Goulart, Joáo, 228, 1482
inter-religious relations and, 857 Gouled, Hassan, 479
modernization and, 1072 Governance models
public health and, 1329 congressional system, 555
refugees and, 1355 non-governmental organizations and, 1151–1152
regional integration and, 9 parliamentary system, 554–555
sustainable development and, 1510 partnerships with NGOs, 1152–1153
of trade and finance, 708 single-party states, 1414–1416
Global North. See First world social revolution and, 1420–1424
Global trading patterns, 1565–1568 Governance
growth in trade as, 1565–1566 failed states, 1679
Multifibre Agreements, 1566 Millennium Development Goals, 1607
newly industrialized countries (NICs), 1566 Governance models. See also individual models
regionalization and trade regulation, 1567–1568 democratization, 447–450
spatial/directional, 1566–1567 monarchy, 1075–1076
transitional economies, 1566 socialism, 1424–1426. See also Socialist
transnational corporations and, 1567 economic model
Global Water Partnership, 1692 Southeast Asia, 1448–1449
GNP (gross national product), 466 Government corruption. See Corruption
Gobi Desert, 453 Government intervention. See also Mixed economy
Godreau, Isar, 587 in economic inequality, 1065–1066
Goh Chok Tong, 712. See also Singapore forms of, 1064–1065
Goh Keng Swee, 949 free-market economies and, 675–676, 918
Gold Coast, 29–30 indications and methods, 1065
Gold francs, 144 market forces, 643
Gold production in monopoly, 1065
Aruba, 1126 in negative externality, 1065
Bougainville, 615 neoliberalism and, 1121
Central Africa, 261 in positive externality, 1065
Fiji, 1191 tiger economies and, 1070–1071
French Guiana, 1181 Government of India Act of 1935, 36
Ghana, 700 Gowda, D. Deve, 804
Guyana, 1179 Gowon, Gen. Yakubu, 176, 534, 1142
South Africa, 60, 1461 Gqozo, Oupa, 154
West African history and, 1695–1696 Grain production. See also specific grains
West Papua, 619 Central Africa, 261
Goldring, Natalie J., 92 Gramsci, Antonio, 1294
Gold smugglinng, Suriname, 1508 Gravity dams, 118
Gold standard, 845–846 Grazing. See also Livestock production
Gómez, Juan Vicente, 1178 erosion and, 580–581
Gómez, Laureano, 1177 Great Britain. See Britain; British entries
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 286, 288, 456 Great Depression, 8, 40, 46
Gonja people, 627–628 in Argentina, 81
Gonzáles, Elı́an, 418 Bank for International Settlements and, 142
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 163, 289, 299, 712–714, 911, 1374 bureaucracy and, 209
Afghanistan and, 1091 socialism and, 1426
Annus Mirabilis and, 713 Greater Tumb/Lesser Tumb islands, 1534
coup d’etat attempt, 299, 302, 375, 382, 384, 713 Great Leap Forward, 326–327, 330, 714–715
decline of, 1657 Great Man-Made Rivers Project (Libya), 1338
glasnost and perestroika and, 289, 596, 702–703, Great Migration, in United States, 8
712–713, 1374 Great People’s Cultural Revolution, 330
human-face socialism under, 1428 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 327–328

I38
 INDEX

Great Silk Road, 1518, 1578 Groups Areas Act (South Africa), 58–59. See also Bantustans;
(The) Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Native Reserves
Origins of Our Time (Polanyi), 458 Grove, Marmaduke, 30
Greece Growth
Black Sea Economic Organization and, 381 as compared with development, 1509, 1591
CIA in, 307 Growth triangles
Cyprus and, 428 Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore, 1529
Macedonia and, 971–972 Singapore-Johor-Riau, 1529
Turkey and, 1577 Grupo Andino, 44
Greed, as motive for war, 1678–1679 GSTP (Generalized System of Trade Preferences Among
Greek Orthodox Church Developing Nations), 722. See also Group of 77
Communist totalitarianism and, 716–717 GTZ (German Society for Technical Cooperation), 571
origin, evolution, and teaching, 716 Guadalcanal, 1431. See also Solomon Islands
Greek Uniate Church, 336 Honiara Peace Accord, 1431
Greenhouse gases, 703, 1289. See also Global climate change; Guadeloupe, 722–724, 999
Industrial pollution Association of Caribbean States and, 111
agricultural globalization and, 13 Guairá Falls, 885
deforestation and, 1347 Guam, 724–725
Greenpeace, 446, 572 demographics, 1191
Green Revolution, 125, 717–719 GUAM group, 381
ecological impact, 718–719 Guanche people, 975
peasants and, 1256 Guantanamo Bay naval base, 246
pollution and, 1287 Guarani Indians, 1475, 1498
rice culture and, 853 Guatemala, 725–726
socioeconomic impacts, 718 Arbenz Guzmán and, 80–81
technological impacts, 719 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
trends in yields and production, 717–718 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233
Green World movement, 384 CIA in, 308, 1021
Grenada, 720–721 Guerilla Army of the Poor (EGP), 726–728
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 Mayan genocide, 605–606
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 Mayan Indians, 632, 634
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 National Revolutionary Unity of Guatemala (URNG),
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 726–728
Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238 Organization of American States and, 1206
education, 543 private property rights in, 1321
international relations, 248 remittances to, 283
New Jewel Movement (NJM), 180, 242, 248, 1129–1130 territorial disputes, 164, 283
Souffriere Hills volcanic eruption, 1083 US and, 278
US invasion, 1–83, 232, 248, 278, 417, 720–721, 1185 Guaymiés (Ngobe) Indians, 606, 607–608
Grenadines. See St. Vincent and the Grenadines Guebaza, Armando, 683
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 466. See also Gross Guerilla Army of the Poor (EGP), 726–728
National Product Guerilla movements, 1678–1679
as development measure, 464, 466 Guerrilla War (Guevara), 730, 731
expatriate labor force and, 1041 Guerrilla warfare, 728–731
Human Development Index and, 1028–1029 urban, 728, 730
migration and, 1041 Guevara, Ernesto (‘‘Che’’), 40, 48, 414, 730–731, 732, 1584
quality of life and, 1340 foco model, 731
West Africa, 1697 in Guatemala, 727
Gross National Product (GNP). See also Gross Domestic Product Guido, Jóse Marı́a, 82
as definition of development, 464 Guinea, 732–734. See also Equatorial Guinea
as development measure, 466 ethnic conflicts, 627
education and, 543 independence movement, 30
infant mortality correlation, 817 Rassemblement Democratique Africaine, 1558–1559
per capita as poverty measure, 1315 Sékou Touré, 1558–1559
Group Islamique Armée (GIA), 28 Guinea-Bissau, 215, 734–735. See also West Africa
Group of 3, 1659 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Group of 7 (G7), 1149 West African Monetary Union and, 1703–1705
in East Africa, 507 Guinea worm disease (Dracunculuus medinensis), 820
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, 1076 Gujetari Indians, 1071
trade policy and, 1561 Gujral, Kumar, 804
Group of 8 (G8), 573 Gulf Corporation Council, 735–736
Group of 10 (G10), 143 Gulf Oil Corporation, 171
Group of 15 (G15), 1149 OPEC and, 251, 1212
Group of 77 (G77), 139, 461, 573, 721–722, 835 Gulf War. See Persian Gulf War
Non-Aligned Movement and, 1148 Gum Arabic production, Chad, 261

I39
INDEX

Gunmede, J. T., 10 international relations, 243–244, 741

Guomindang, 326, 331. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Organization of American States and, 1206
China, Nationalist peacekeeping in, 1253, 1254
Gurma people, 1552 poverty, 241, 242
Gurr, Robert, social revolution theory, 1421–1422 public health in, 1329
Gus Dur (Kiai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid), 734–735. slave revolts, 588
See also Indonesia slavery and emancipation, 7
Gusmáo, José Alexandre ‘‘Xanana,’’ 525 Halaf culture, 922
Gutierrez, Gustavo, 858–859 Hamad al-Thani, Shaykh Skhalifa bin, 1339
Gutiérrez, Lucio, 49, 542 HAMAS, 741–743, 1096. See also Israel; Palestine
Guyana, 737–738, 1179–1180. See also West Africa Hamza, 494
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 Handicap International, 480
banking crises in, 150 Hansen’s disease (leprosy), 820
bauxite production, 1185 Harare Declaration, 373–374
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 Harti/Darod clan, 1434
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 Harvest of Shame (documentary), 194
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 Hasan Ahmed-al-Bashir, Uman, 1502
Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 238 Hasemite dynasty, 1598
drug trafficking, 1180 Hasenfus, Eugene, 394
ethnic conflicts, 738, 1179–1180 Hashemite dynasty, 868, 892–893, 1033–1034
extractive industries, 738 Hassan II, King, 743. See also Morocco
gold production, 1179 Hassan Sheikh Adan, Shariff, 1434
international relations, 1184–1185 Hasyim Asy’ari, KH, 737
Jagan Cheddi, 887–888 Hatta, Mohamad, 1506
People’s National Congress, 1184 Hausa-Falani, 176. See also Biafra
People’s Progressive Party, 1184 Hausa people, 626, 627, 1140, 1141, 1142
sugar production, 1185 Haute Volta, independence movement, 30
Suriname border dispute, 1185 Havel, Vaclav, 289, 430, 431, 496, 743–745, 1656. See also
territorial disputes, 1179, 1183, 1537 Czechoslovakia; Czech Republic
Guzmán, Abimael, 685 Visehrad Four and, 1672
Guzmán, Antonio, 485 Hawar Islands dispute, 1339, 1534
Guzmán, General Leigh, 1275 Hawiya clan, 1434
Guzmán, Jacobo Arbenz, 32 Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl, 46, 64, 65, 745–746.
Gypsies (Roma), ethnic conflicts with, 592, 593 See also Peru
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1236
H Hayek, Friedrich von, 1121
Hays, Rep. Wayne, 687
Habash, George, 335 Hazardous wastes, 1684–1685. See also Nuclear waste;
Habermas, Jurgen, 1569 Waste management
Habitat loss, 178, 1286 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
agricultural globalization and, 12–13 Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
Habitat preservation, 1708–1713 Their Disposal, 1685
Habré, Hussène, 264 radioactive, 1685
Habsburg monarchy, 187 sources, 1684–1685
Hungary and, 788–789 types, 1684
Serbia and, 1398 Haze pollution, 445–446
Habyarimana, Juvenal, 601, 1378 Health care, 746–761. See also Human Development Index;
Hadendowa people, 1503 Infant mortality; Life expectancy; Maternal mortality;
Haemophilus influenzae, 821 Public Health
Haganah, 74 Africa, 748
Hague Agreements, Bank for International Settlements and, 142 Central Africa, 273
Haig, Alexander, 279, 987 Chad, 312
Haile Maryam, Mengistu, 739–740. See also Ethiopia development of health care systems, 747–748
Haiti, 740–741. See also Aristide, Jean-Bertrand Fiji, 662
arms embargo, 90 Gambia, 691
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 HIV/AIDS and, 756–760. See also HIV/AIDS
banking crises, 150 indigenous medical practices, 807–808
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 infant mortality and, 817–819
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 integrating traditional medicine, 750
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 Kuwait, 925
CIA in, 308 Laos, 944
Dominican Republic and, 244, 245 Latin America, 748–749
economic sanctions, 1386 Libya, 961–962
ethnic conflicts, 588 Malawi, 982
François Duvalier, 497 Maldives, 984

I40
 INDEX

Marshall Islands, 997 History

mental health, 1012–1016 Brazil, 1475
Nicaragua, 1136 British Virgin Islands, 1669
Niger, 1141 Caribbean, 238–243
Nigeria, 1143 Central Africa, 260–267
Oceania, 1196 Central Asia, 297–299
Panama, 1237 China, 325–326
perspectives on, 750–751 of colonialism, 355–362
as poverty measure, 1315 Commonwealth of Independent States, 375–380
Qatar, 1339 of development, 458–464
Roemer’s four-tier typology, 747 drug use, 491–492
Russian Zemstvo system, 747 Egypt, 547–548
Rwanda, 1378–1379 of elections, 553–554
Saudi Arabia, 1392 Eritrea, 576
Senegal, 1396 Guyana, 1179
Seychelles, 1302, 1401 Indonesia, 809–810
Sri Lanka, 1489 Iran, 863
Sudan, 1503 Laos, 943–944
United Nations Population Fund, 1628–1629 North Africa, 1157–1160
urbanization and, 1642 Poland, 1279
women and, 750 Seychelles, 1401
Health for All by the Year 2000, 1736, 1737 Singapore, 1411
Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 262–263 South Africa, 1439
Heat, urbanization and, 1645 Southern Cone (Latin America), 1474–1475
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs), 439–440, 444, 1004, Sudan, 1502
1133–1136. See also Debt Suriname, 1180
Debt Initiative, 818, 836, 849 Tanzania, 1522–1523. See also Tanganyika; Zanzibar
Hecksher-Ohlin theorem, 1560 Tunisia, 1574
Hegel, Friedrich, 347 Turkey, 1576–1577
Hegemony, cultural, 420–421 Ukraine, 1587–1588
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 1092 Uruguay, 1647
Helms, Richard, 309 of waste management, 1680–1681
Helms-Burton Bill, 418 World Council of Churches, 1728–1729
Helsinki Final Act on Human Rights, 751–752 Hitler, Adolf, 1416. See also Fascism; Nazi Germany
Hemp exports, Bahamas, 132 HIV/AIDS, 756–760, 821
Herb, Michael, 1076 Botswana, 191
Herbal drugs, 491–492 Caribbean, 1211
Herbalism, 808. See also Indigenous medical practices in children, 318
Herding communities, 159–160, 1500–1501. See also in COMESA member states, 370–371
Nomadic societies development and, 756–757
in Kuwait, 925 drug trade and, 490
Herero people, 53 East Africa, 504–505
Heroin, 493 ethical issues regarding, 758
Herrera, Enrique Olaya, 351 Ethiopia, 658
Hertzog, James Barry, 58, 979–980 ethnic conflict and, 628
Herzl, Teodor, 134, 1758. See also Zionism family planning and, 654
Hese Note, Kessai, 996 feminization of, 758
Hezbollah, 752–763, 948 Gabon, 690
High-income countries, 1594 gender differences in risk, 319
High-Performing Asian Economies. See Asian ‘‘economic miracle’’ Ghana, 658
High-yielding varieties (HYVs). See Green Revolution Guyana, 737
Hima people, 211. See also Tutsi people human rights and, 757–759
Hinduism, 754–755 International Development Association and, 844
British codification of, 755 International Planned Parenthood Federation and, 851
caste system, 253–254, 1640–1641 Kiribati, 913
in Indonesia, 810 Laos, 944
in Malaysia, 982 life expectancy and, 1330
in Nepal, 1124 Malawi, 982
HIPCs. See Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Mozambique, 1087
Hipólito Igoyen, 81 Namibia, 1102
Hippopotamus, extinction of, 1709–1710 non-governmental organizations and, 759
Hirschman, Albert, 755–756, 795, 1600 Papua New Guinea, 1239
Hirschman, Robert O., 1615 public health and, 1328–1329
Hispanidad, 605 Rockefeller Foundation and, 1368
Histadrut (General Federation of Jewish Labor), 1008 Southeast Asia, 1452

I41
INDEX

HIV/AIDS (Continued ) Human Development Index, 421, 464–465, 467–468, 1310,

Southern African future and, 1467 1593–1594
Tanzania, 1523 GDP and, 1028–1029
Thabo Mbeki’s denial of, 1007 Guatemala, 725–726
Thailand, 337, 1542 Islam and, 876
United Nations Population Fund and, 1628 Mongolia, 1079
United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 1629, 1737 for Newly Industrialized Economies, 1133
USAID programs, 1636–1637 as poverty measure, 1315
WHO and, 1737 Singapore, 1413
Zambia, 1752 Taiwan, 1515
Zimbabwe, 1756 Turkmenistan, 1579
Hmong people, 1250, 1540 Humanitarian aid, 773, 784–787. See also Disaster relief
Ho, Edmund, 969 complex emergencies and, 785–786
Hobbes, Thomas, 1075 forms of assistance, 785
Ho Chi Minh, 730, 760–761, 1662, 1663 infrastructure problems and, 1618–1619
Ho Chi Minh Trail, 1250 principles, 784–785
Hofstadter, Richard, 486–487 United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, 1619
Holocaust, 1034–1035, 1037, 1226, 1638 Humanitarian Emergency Grant (Liberia), 5
Holper-Samuelson theorem, 1560 Human Poverty Index, 1315, 1593
Homelands, African. See Bantustans; Native Reserves Human resource development, 156, 768–770. See also Basic
Honduras, 762–763 Human Needs; Resources
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 change and, 769
border conflicts, 283 concept, 768
British. See Belize demographic changes and, 769
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 humanitarian approach, 769
El Salvadoran war, 763 industrialization approach, 769
life expectancy, 276 internal political changes and, 769
literacy, 276 management changes and, 769
territorial disputes, 1538 organic human model, 769
Honecker, Eric, 1656 present status, 768–769
Hong Kong, 764–765. See also East Asia; Tiger economies specifics in developing world, 769–770
anti-communism in, 514 Human resources, population growth and, 1296–1297
Asian ‘‘economic miracle’’ and, 101 Human Resources Management, 768
in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 108 Human rights. See also Human rights development; Human
banking industry, 764 rights violations
civic education, 340–341 Amnesty International and, 37–38, 519–520, 576, 1482
economic development, 511–512 Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 374
globalization and, 711 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1639
Import Substitution Industrialization, 515 Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 1639
as knowledge-based economy, 1529 defined, 771–772, 777
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 East Asia, 519–520
shadow economy, 181 foreign policy aspects, 770–777
technology transfer, 1131–1132 generational/positive vs. negative, 780
tourism, 764 Helsinki Final Act on Human Rights, 751–752
Honiara Peace Accord, 1431 hierarchy of, 781
Hon Sui Sen, 949 historical documents of, 779
Hope Dies Last (Dubcek), 496 HIV/AIDS and, 757–759
Hopper, Rex, social revolution theory, 1421 human nature and, 778–779
Horn, Gyula, 1655 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1207
Horn of Africa, 576 International Bill of Human Rights, 779–780
Horowitz, Donald, 631 military and, 1053–1057
Horticulture, subsistence living and, 1501 multinational corporations and, 1095
Houphoët-Bouigny, Félix, 403, 765–766 natural law justification, 777
Household farms. See also Family farms Organization of American States and, 1207
in Russia, 23 positivist justification, 778
Howell, Leonard, 1350–1351 refugees and, 1355–1356
Hoxha, Enver, 26, 27, 287, 766–768, 1487. See also Albania regional developments, 781–782
Hoyte, Désmond, 1179–1180, 1184 religion and, 778
Hua, Guofeng, 330 United Nations and, 779
Huang He River, 1687 United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and
Huaorani Indians, 49 Protection of Human Rights, 1627
Huguenot persecution and South Africa, 1439 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 37, 771, 777, 779,
Hukna ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (Huks), 977, 1272 1638–1640
Human capital, 222, 1161 universalism vs. relativism, 781
Human development, 467–468 war crimes tribunals, 1054–1055

I42
 INDEX

Human rights development Hu Yaobang, 889

basic diplomatic relations and, 772–773 Hydrochloric acid pollution, 1, 2
conditionality of aid, 774–775 Hydroelectricity, 560–561, 563. See also Dams
democracy and, 775–776 Itaipú Dam, 1485, 1498
economic and trade policy and, 773–774 Lesotho Highlands Project, 957
economic development and, 775 Petit-Saut dam, 1180
history of foreign policy and, 772 Slovenia, 1419
humanitarian intervention, 773 Three Gorges Dam, 520, 1546–1548, 1688
Human rights violations, 782–783. See also Atrocities; Volta River Project (Ghana), 1147
Ethnic conflicts water use, 1690
Argentina, 1481–1482 Hydrogen bomb. See Nuclear testing
Cambodian Pol Pot regime, 908 Hydrogen energy, 561
Colombia, 1277 Hyperinflation. See Inflation; Monetary policy
Equatorial Guinea, 576
Guinea, 733–734 I
Nicaraguan Somoza government, 1434
Peru, 49 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 831–832
Togo, 1552–1553 IATA (International Air Transport Association), 830–831
Humphrey, John P., 1639 Ibañez del Campo, Carlos, 30, 321
Hundertwasser, Friedensreich, 573 Iberian colonialism, 363–364. See also Portuguese colonies;
Hungarian Revolution, 293, 456, 788, 790, 1430, 1488, 1655 Spanish colonies
Hungarians, outside Hungary, 593 Ibo people, 176, 626, 627. See also Biafra
Hungary, 788–791 Ibrahim, Seid Kutub, 1096
agricultural privatization, 19 IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and
debt, 790 Development), 837
ethnic conflicts, 592 ICARA (International Conferences for Assistance to Refugees
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project dispute, 1622 in Africa), 850
Guyana and, 887 ICCO (International Cocoa Organization), 838–839
human resource development, 770 ICID (International Commission on Irrigation and
international relations, 293 Drainage), 871
magyarization policy, 284 ICO (International Coffee Organization), 840–841
in NATO, 294 ICSID (International Center for Settlement of Investment
political history, 284, 286, 289 Disputes), 837–838
privatization, 1324 IDA (International Development Association), 833–834,
territorial disputes, 1533 843–844. See also World Bank
Velvet Revolution, 1655–1656 Idris, Sheikh Sidi, 961
Visehrad Four and, 1672–1673 IFC (International Finance Corporation), 834. See also
welfare communism, 1428 World Bank
Hunger, 663–666. See also Food and nutrition Igbo people, 1142
International Baby Food Action Network (INFAN), 818 Illia, Arturo, 82
Nicaragua, 1136 Image of the limited good, 1257
Nigeria, 1143 Immorality Act (South Africa), 58
poverty and, 1316 Immunization, Rockefeller Foundation support, 1366–1367
Rockefeller Foundation and, 1367 IMO (International Maritime Organization), 845
World Food Conference, 1624 Imperialism. See also Colonialism
world situation, 663–664 decline of, 1075–1076
Hun Sen, 216, 787–788. See also Cambodia East Asia and, 512–513
Huntingdon, Samuel P., 449–450, 459, 460, 857–858, 1071, Lenin’s theory of, 1415, 1423, 1592
1105–1106, 1421 Import Substitution Industrialization, 105–106, 209, 458, 461,
Hunting/gathering peoples, 1500 708, 795–797, 1248, 1615
vs. foraging, 1500 Brazil, 1482
Hurricanes, 1111–1112. See also Disaster relief; Natural disasters Central America, 274
Central America, 276 East Asia, 515
Hurtado, Osvaldo, 49, 542 foreign direct investment and, 667
Husak, Gustav, 430, 1319, 1416 Honduras, 762–763
Hussein, King of Jordan, 70–71, 77, 791–792, 893 Mauritius, 1005
Hussein, Saddam, 71, 96, 130, 470, 486, 792–794, Mexico, 1018
1036–1037, 1262. See also Iraq Peru, 1269
invasion of Kuwait, 79 in practice, 796
Iran-Iraq War and, 865 rationale, 795–796
Kurds and, 611 reconsideration of, 796–797
Hussein, Sharif, 69 structuralist theory and, 1320
Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, 69 trade policy and, 1562
Hutu/Tutsi conflict, 211–213, 244, 255, 264–265, 269–270, 389–390, Venezuela, 1178
503–504, 590, 600–601, 630. See also Burundi; Ruwanda Income distribution, 797–801. See also Poverty

I43
INDEX

Income distribution (Continued ) Indians. See also Indigenous peoples and specific groups
criticism of Rawls’ theories, 798–799 Akoerio, 1507
global distributive justice, 799–800 Amerindian, 605–606
globalization and, 800 Andean, 51
government intervention in, 1065–1066 Arawak, 131, 1093, 1125, 1126, 1669
Southern Cone (Latin America), 1479 Carib, 998, 1083, 1494, 1507, 1570, 1669
in state-directed economies, 1497 expatriate, 1071
Tanzania, 1524 Guarani, 1498
in Western society, 797–798 Gujetari, 1071
Income inequality, 1310–1311. See also Poverty Tirios, 1507
Indenture. See also Slavery Wajana, 1507
African Diaspora and, 6–7 Indian–Pakistani wars, 94, 802, 803, 805–807, 897–899
in Niue, 1144–1145 Indigenous medical practices, 807–808
India, 801–805. See also India-Pakistani wars Indigenous peoples
agricultural water use, 1689 Aceh, 618–619
All-India Muslim League, 35–36 Amerindian, 605–606
arms industrialization, 94 Andean, 51
Asian Development Bank and, 100–101 Arawak, 131, 154, 586–587, 683
Bangladesh and, 141 Arawak Indians, 1669
Bharatiya Janata Parishad, 857 Aymara, 626–627, 685, 958
Bhutan and, 174 Balante, 734
as British colony, 360 Bantu-speaking, 1522–1523
Buddhism in, 859 Basuto, 956–957
caste system, 252–256, 1640–1641 Bolivian, 45–46
Chipko Movement, 446 British Virgin Islands, 1669
civic education in, 340–341 Bumiputra, 1127
Dutch East India Company and, 359–360 Bush Negroes, 1507–1508
earthquake of 1950, 1114 Carib Indians, 154, 586–587, 683, 723, 1494, 1570, 1669
external threat perception, 1443 Chamorros, 724–725
foreign direct investment, 708 Djerma, 1140
Fulbright Program and, 687 Fula, 734
global climate change and, 704 Fulbe, 733, 1140
Green Revolution and, 717–718 Garotega, 1134
Hinduism in, 859 Guarani Indian, 1475, 1498
India-Pakistani war, 1093 Hausa, 1140, 1142
infant mortality, 804 Hmong of Laos, 1250
irrigated and drained area, 871 Huaorani, 49
Jawaharlal Nehru, 1117–1118 Igbo, 1142
Kashmir dispute, 94, 805–807, 897–899, 1443 Kanak, 1194
Khalistani (Sikh) movement, 858 Kenya, 939, 1002
literacy, 804 Kono, 1406
Macaulayism and, 1119–1120 Kpelle, 960
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, 1710, 1711 Kru, 960
Mohajir migrants, 1222 language and, 939
Mohandas Ghandi. See Ghandi, Mohandas legal definition of, 1393–1394
neem tree and biopatents, 827 Maghrib, 975–976
neoliberalism and, 1121 Malasia, 1127
Non-Aligned Movement and, 1147–1149 Malawi, 981
partitioning of, 802 Malay, 973, 1272
population growth, 658 Mande, 733
religious revitalization in, 859 Mandinka, 734
Rockefeller Foundation and, 1367 Maur, 975
SEATO and, 1458 Mayan, 632, 634, 727
secularism in, 859 military and, 1050
Sikhism, 1408–1409 Misquito, 1134
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and, Niger, 1140
1441–1444 Nigeria, 1142
Sri Lanka conflict, 804 Peruvian, 49
telecommunications industry, 804 Philippines, 1271–1272
territorial disputes, 1535, 1692 Songhai, 1140
UNICEF in, 1603 Sosso, 733
water management status, 872 Southern Africa, 1459
in World War II, 361 subsistence living, 1500–1501
Indian Congresses, 10 Sudan, 1503
Indian Economic Plan, 1525 Swaziland, 1512

I44
 INDEX

Tamil, 804 defining, 812

Thailand, 1540 de-industrialization, 814, 1071–1072
Togo, 1552 demographic transition theory, 1297–1298
Tuareg, 975, 1140 development and, 458–459, 815–816
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Dominican Republic, 186
Peoples, 1627–1628 East Asian Tigers, 105–108, 512, 515, 764, 816
UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations, 1627 export-oriented, 1562–1563
Yoruba, 1142 forced of Jungary, 789–790
Indochina. See also Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam Gabon, 268
authoritarian governance, 1449 Great Migration and, 8
First Indochina War, 1663–1664 Guatemala, 80
France and, 1662, 1663 Kyrgyzstan, 928
French in, 1667 migration and, 1040
Japanese occupation, 1448 Peru, 46, 63
territorial disputes, 1535 progression of, 1067–1068
Indochinese Wars, 730 Puerto Rico, 1334
Indonesia, 808–812. See also East Asian Tigers Russia, 1375
ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1455–1456 science and technology and, 813–814
in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 108 secularization and, 857
in Bandung Conference, 139–140 Singapore, 1411–1412
banking in, 149 Soviet and state-sponsored, 814–815
CIA in, 1507 in state-directed economies, 1497
currency devaluation, 424 Taiwan, 1516
earthquake/tsunami of 2004, 811 tobacco use and, 1331
East Timor (Timor Leste) and, 1455 Trinidad and Tobago, 247
economy of, 98 Ukraine, 1588
education, 811 water use and, 1689–1690
ethnic (overseas) Chinese in, 620 Yugoslavia, 1080
ethnic conflicts, 618–619 Industrial pollution, 1288–1292
financial crisis, 1451 air, 1289–1290
foreign direct investment in, 670 global climate change and, 1289
form of government, 810–811 Kyoto Protocol, 1290
Guided Democracy, 1506 Love Canal, 1290
Gus Dur (Kiai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid), 734–735 Minamata Bay mercury, 1289–1290
history, 809–810 thermal, 1290
independence, 809 waste disposal and, 1290
Independence War, 1506 water, 1289–1290
Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore growth triangle, 1529 Industrial Revolution, 2, 812–813, 1067
invasion of East Timor, 524 capitalism and, 225
irrigated and drained area, 871 colonialism and, 364, 366
Islam and, 810 pollution and, 1288–1289
MAPHILINDO and, 1272 poverty and, 1310
national parks, 1245 Industrial wastes. See Waste; Waste management
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 INFAN (International Baby Food Action Network), 818
non-Islamic religions, 810 Infanticide, 819–820
Project Impact, 544 female, 319
religion and, 1457 Infant mortality, 817–819
Suharto regime, 1449, 1451 Antigua and Barbuda, 56
Sukarno, 1506–1507 breastfeeding initiatives, 818, 1736
territorial disputes, 1535 Cuba, 241
Tesso Nilo National Park, 1712 Ethiopia, 658
Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore growth triangle, 1529 gender discrimination and, 817. See also Infanticide
Indonesian Communist Party, 809–810, 1506 Ghana, 658, 700
Industrialization, 812–817. See also Economic development; GNP correlation, 817
Import Substitution Industrialization; Industry health care and, 746, 750
African Diaspora and, 7 India, 804
Albania, 26–27 Kenya, 659
Argentina, 82, 1260 Lebanon, 948
arms, 92–96. See also Arms industry; Arms transfer Libya, 962
ASEAN and, 114 Mauritania, 1005
Cameroon, 218 modernization and, 1071
Caribbean, 240–241, 241 Nepal, 1125
Central Asia, 299–300 Nicaragua, 1136
Communist economic model and, 386 Niger, 1141
debt and, 438 Nigeria, 1143

I45
INDEX

Infant mortality (Continued ) Rwanda, 1378–1379

Panama, 1236 Senegal, 1396
Philippines, 659, 1274 Singapore, 1413
as poverty measure, 1315 war and, 1677
Rwanda, 1379 Zambia, 1752
Saudi Arabia, 1392 Initiative, electoral, 555–556
Sri Lanka, 1489 Initiative for Strengthening Afghan Family Laws, 1719
St. Helena, 1492 Inkatha Freedom Party, 212
Sudan, 659 Innovation, diffusion of, 1069
Tanzania, 1523 Innovation clusters, 1528–1530, 1643. See also Growth triangles
United Nations Convention of the Rights Inside the Company (Agee), 309
of the Child, 818 Institute for Management Development, 1593
Vietnam, 659 Institute National l’Etudes Demographiques, 655
water management and, 1688 Institutional Action Party (Partido Revolutionario Institucional,
Zambia, 1752 PRI), 1017–1019, 1024, 1107, 1246–1249
Infectious diseases, 820–824. See also specific diseases Institutional FDI fitness theory, 668. See also Foreign
and organisms direct investment
HIV/AIDS. See HIV/AIDS Institutionalization
Nigeria, 1143 as measure of development, 467
Panama, 1237 of revolution, 1247
public health and, 1328–1329 INSTRAW (tions International Research and Training Institute
regional patterns in, 823 for the Advancement of Women), 1625–1626
USAID programs, 1636–1637 Integrated Regional Information Network, 476
water-borne, 1691 Integrated Water Resource Management, 1692
water management and, 1688 Integrative theory, 668. See also Foreign direct investment
Inflation, 149–151. See also Currency devaluation; Intellectual property rights, 824–827
Currency regimes; Monetary policy NAFTA and, 1173
Argentina, 82–83 trademarks, 827
Baku-Thilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Project, 699 TRIP agreement, 16, 490, 824–825, 827
Brazil, 228 World Intellectual Property Rights Organization
Gabon, 690 (WIPO), 825–826
Jamaica, 889 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1207
neoliberalism and, 1121, 1122 Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI), 1205
Peru, 49 Inter-American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Slovenia, 1419 Populations, 1321
Yugoslavian collapse and, 1058 Inter-American Development Bank, 40, 151, 571, 828–830, 1206
Influenza, 821 Inter-American Institute for Social Development, 829
Information access. See also Internet Inter-American Treaty of Mutual Assistance, 1183
agriculture and, 16 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty),
Information age, transparency and, 1569 1206, 1482
Information saturation, 1569 Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation, 927
Information technology Intergenerational equity, 1622–1623
COMESA and, 371–372 Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development
corruption and, 398–399 (IGAAD), 502
education and, 545–546 Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
globalization and, 709 humanitarian relief and, 784–787
Jordan, 893 modernization and, 1067–1068
Malaysia, 983 WHO and, 1735–1736
Mekong Basin Development Corporation and, 99 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 558
Taiwan, 1517 Inter-Korean Joint Declaration, 523
Infrastructure. See also Transportation Intermediate development, theory of, 1071–1072
colonialism and West African, 1697 Internal conflicts. See also Ethnic conflicts; Political history
Ethiopia, 1393 Central Africa, 268–269
Gambia, 691 Internally Displaced Persons, 1353. See also Refugees
Guinea, 734 International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1737
Guinea-Bissau, 735 International Air Transport Association (IATA), 830–831
humanitarian aid and, 1618–1619 International Atomic Energy Agency, 831–832
Laos, 944 Iraq and, 1264–1267
Libya, 961 International Baby Food Action Network (INFAN), 818
Malawi, 982 International Bank for Reconstruction and
Nicaragua, 1135–1136 Development, 151, 837. See also World Bank
Philippines, 1274, 1349 International Bill of Human Rights, 779–780
population movement and, 1299 International Business Companies. See Multinational corporations
public health and, 1329 International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes
Russia, 1374 (ICSID), 834, 837–838

I46
 INDEX

International Chamber of Commerce, anti-corruption Cote d’Ivoire and, 403

measures, 398 debt relief and, 440–441
International Clearing Union, 846 Democratic Republic of Congo and, 388
International Cocoa Organization (ICCO), 838–839 dependency theory of, 1069
International Code of Conduct, political prisoners, 37 Dominican Republic and, 485
International Coffee Organization (ICO), 840–841 evolution, 848–849
International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage fixed but adjustable system, 846–847
(ICID), 871 founding, 845–847
International Committee of the Red Cross, 475–476, 841–842 Gabon and, 690
Geneva Conventions, 1055 Gambia and, 691
International Commodity Agreements, 249–250 General Arrangements to Borrow, 848
International Confederation of Christian Trade Unions, 1727 genesis, 1606
International Conference for Assistance to Refugees in Africa Ghana and, 503
(ICARA), 850 Group of 10 and, 143
International Conference on Assistance to Refugees, 1618 Haiti and, 85
International Conference on Financing for Development, 1621 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, 818, 836, 849
International Conference on Human Rights (Tehran 1968), 37 institutions, 847
International Conference on Population and Development, 1628 International Monetary and Financial Committee, 847
International Conflict Resolution (Azar and Burton), 633 Kyrgyzstan and, 928
International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA), 476 Latvia and, 947
International Court of Justice (The Hague), 374, 1621–1623 Madagascar and, 974
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1391. Malaysia and, 978
See also Self-determination Mauritius and, 1005–1006
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural member states, 847
Rights, 1393. See also Self-determination Mongolia and, 1078–1079
International Criminal Court, 771, 1057 neoliberalism and, 1123
International Criminal Police (Interpol), 398, 842–843 Nicaraguan debt and, 1135
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Pakistan and, 1223
Yugoslavia, 1055–1056 petrodollars and, 1270–1271
International Development Association, 833–834, 843–844, 1606. political agendas and, 227
See also World Bank Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, 848
International Development Bank privatization and, 1323
Caribbean Development Bank and, 236 public sector reform and, 1331–1333
in Central Africa, 270 refugee classifications, 1354
International Disaster Assistance network, 476 Structural adjustment programs (SAPs). See Structural
International Energy Agency (IEA), 1209 adjustment programs
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Sukarno and, 1507
Societies, 475–476, 841 trade policy and, 1561–1562
International Finance Corporation, 834, 1606. See also Tunisia and, 1574
World Bank Uganda and, 503
International governmental organizations, US funding of, 1561
agriculture and, 15–16 WW II and, 459
International Governmental Panel on Climate Change, 705 International Organization for Migration (IOM), 850–851
International Higher Education Support Program (Soros International Petroleum Corporation, 41, 46
Foundation), 1437 International Planned Parenthood Federation, 655, 851–852
International Human Rights Day, 37 International Plan of Action on Aging, 1625
International law, 950–951. See also Legal systems International Radiotelegraph Convention, 854
International Maritime Organization, 845 International Red Cross and Red Crescent
International Meteorological Organization, 1738. See also Movements, 784–785
World Meteorological Organization International Refugee Organization, 1606, 1611, 1616. See also
International Military Tribunal, 1054–1055 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
International Missionary Council, 1729 International relations
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 9, 10, 506, 832–833. Albania, 293
See also World Bank Algeria, 1165–1166
agriculture and, 15 Antigua and Barbuda, 248–249
Argentina and, 83 Bahamas, 248
Asian Development Bank and, 100 Barbados, 247–248
Asian loans, 103 Brazil, 1482–1483
Asian Monetary Fund and, 104 Caribbean, 243–249
Balance of Payments and Statistics Yearbook, 1043 Caspian Sea and, 305–306
Bolivia and, 185 Central Africa, 267–271
Burkina Faso and, 211 Central America, 277–281
Central Africa and, 267 Central Asia, 302–307
Compensatory Financing Facility, 848 Chile, 1483–1484
concessionary loans, 1316. See also Debt Commonwealth of Independent States, 380–385

I47
INDEX

International relations (Continued ) Investment development, by ASEAN, 114

Cuba, 245–246 Inward FDI index, 669
Czechoslovakia, 294 IOM (International Organization for Migration), 850–851
Dominica, 248 Iqbal, Mohammad, 36, 877
Dominican Republic, 244–245 Iran, 862–865. See also Iran-Iraq War
East Africa, 504–508 agricultural privatization, 21, 23–24
East Asia, 516–524 Algiers Agreement, 865
Grenada, 248 Ali Akbar Rafsanjani, 1343–1344
Haiti, 243–244, 741 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 52–53
human resource development and, 769 arms transfers to, 95, 96
Hungary, 293 Ayatollah Khomeini, 909–910
Jamaica, 246–247 Baghdad Pact, 868
Libya, 1166–1168, 1338 Caspian Sea and, 305
Mexico, 1020–1025 claim to Bahrain, 133
Middle East, 1033–1039 Cossack Brigade, 863
Morocco, 1164–1165 Economic Cooperation Organization and, 304
North Africa, 1163–1170 economic sanctions, 1386
Northern South America, 1181–1187 geography and climate, 862
Paraguay, 1484–1486 Hezbollah and, 753
Poland, 294 independence, 1034
Romania, 293 Iranian Revolution, 865
Southeast Asia, 1453–1457 irrigated and drained area, 871
Southern Africa, 1464–1468 irrigation and drainage, 874–875
Southern Cone (Latin America), 1479–1480 Islamic Republic of, 864–865, 910
St. Kitts and Nevis, 249 Kurdistan and, 920, 921
St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 248 Kurds in, 920
Trinidad and Tobago, 247 languages spoken, 1027
Tunisia, 1165 Mohammed Mossadeq, 1085–1086
United Arab Emirates, 1596 nationalization of oil companies, 1085–1086
Venezuela, 1183–1184 natural gas production, 647
West Africa, 1698–1703 Nazi Germany and, 909, 1034
Yemen, 1747 oil industry, 647
Yugoslavia, 294 privatization, 1323
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 852–853 Qajar dynasty, 863
International Service for National Agricultural Regional Cooperation for Development and, 304
Research (ISNAR), 17 Reuters Concession, 863
International Sugar Agreement, 840 Revolutionary Guards, 864
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 854 Shah Mohammad Reza, 1220–1221
International Telegraph Convention, 854 Soviet Union and, 311
International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), 1484 territorial disputes, 1534
International Timber Organization (ITTO), 446 US downing of Flight 655, 867
International Tin Agreement, 840 Uzbekistan and, 303
International Tin Council, 250 White Revolution, 864
International Union for Conservation of Nature and National women’s rights movements, 878
Resources, 1509. See also World Conservation Union Iran-Contra scandal, 394
International Union for the Protection of Nature, 1244 Iranian Revolution, 868–869
International Women’s Rights Conferences, 1718 Iran–Iraq War, 96, 130, 793–794, 864, 865–869. See also
International Youth Internship Program, 221 Hussein, Saddam
Internet Gulf Corporation Council and, 735–736
agriculture and, 16 Iran–Libya Economic Sanctions Act, 1387
civil society and, 347 Iran–Soviet Memorandum, 305–306
connectivity and access problems, 546 Iraq, 867–870. See also Hussein, Saddam; Iran–Iraq War;
education and, 545–546 Persian Gulf War (1991); Persian Gulf War (2003)
globalization and, 709 aid to PLO, 71
Interpol, 842–843 arms embargo, 90
anti-corruption measures, 398 arms transfers, 95
Inter-religious relations, 854–860. See also Religion Ba’ath Party, 71, 129–130, 868, 1598
defining religion, 854–856 Baghdad Pact and, 130–131, 310, 868
globalization and, 857 Christianity in, 336
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, 1686–1687, 1694 economic sanctions, 1386
Inter-Tropical Front, 1694 Egyptian Free Officers’ Movement and, 868
Intervention, government. See Government intervention fedayeen, 1267
Intifadas, 71, 80, 741–742, 860–862, 883–884, 1038, 1227, geography and climate, 867
1231–1232 Hashemite dynasty, 868
al-Aqsa, 883–884, 1227 independence, 1034

I48
 INDEX

Israeli bombing, 161 in Mauritania, 1003–1004

Kurd Safe Havens in, 1355 modern interpretation and reform, 877–878
Kurds and, 71, 610–611, 794, 868–869, 920, 921, 1254 nationalism and, 1447
Kuwait invasion, 79, 89, 486, 793–794, 869, 925, 1037, 1160, in Niger, 1140
1261–1262. See also Persian Gulf War (1991) In North Africa, 611–612
League of Arab States and, 71–72 Organization of the Islamic Conference, 1215–1216
no-fly zones, 869 organizations contributing to development, 878
nuclear development, 161, 1037 populism and, 1302
OAPEC and, 1208 principles conducive to human development, 876–877
occupation and reconstruction, 1267 Salafist movement, 1505
oil-for-food program, 920 Saudi Arabia, 1391
oil industry, 647, 868 Shar’iah law, 955, 1595
in Palestinian conflict, 74 Sharia laws, 1503
privatization, 1323 Southeast Asian issues with, 1457
single-party government, 1414 Sufism, 1504–1506
USS Stark incident, 866 theoretical considerations for development, 879
weapons of mass destruction, 1262–1263 Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights, 782
Iraq Petroleum Company, 868 universality of, 68
nationalization of, 130 Uzbekistan, 1649
Iraq War. See Persian Gulf War (2003) Women Living Under Muslim Law, 1719–1720
Irish potato famine, 179 Islamic Democratic Alliance, 1097
Iron Islamic Development Bank, 151, 927
Angola, 53 Islamic fundamentalism, 8, 858, 877, 879–880. See also Islam;
Central Africa, 261 Muslim entries; Muslims
Guinea, 733 al-Aqsa (2000–present), 861–862
Industrial Revolution and, 813 Egypt, 1089–1090
Iron Curtain, 1488, 1655 first (1987–1983), 860–861
Ironsi, Gen. Aguyi, 1142 HAMAS, 741–743
Irredentism, 1455 Hezbollah, 752–763
IRRI (International Rice Research Institute), 852–853 jihad, 891–892
Irrigated and drained area, ten countries West Africa and, 1701
with largest, 871 Islamic law (Shar-iah), 955
Irrigation, 870–875. See also Dams; Water entries Islamic Salvation Front, 28, 1158
dams and water resources for, 1688 Islamic World Conference on Human Rights, 771
desertification and, 453–454 Islam se Tanali Malaya, 1344
Earth Summit Declaration, 872 Island states, global climate change and, 706
food production and, 1689 ISNAR (International Service for National Agricultural
India, 873 Research), 17
International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage Israel, 880–885, 1227. See also Arab–Israeli Wars; Gaza Strip;
(ICID), 871 Palestine; West Bank; Zionism
Kadakum Canal System (Turkmenistan), 1579 Arab nationalism and, 69
soil degradation and, 1286 arms industrialization, 94
Water Users Associations, 872 arms industry, 95
Isamaa Party (Estonia), 931 arms transfers by, 95
Isbegovic, Alija, 137 Balfour Declaration, 69, 134–135, 980, 1226, 1759
ISID (Centre for the Study of Islam and Democracy), 878 Bandung Conference, 139–140
Islam, 875–879. See also Islamic fundamentalism; Muslims Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization
agricultural privatization and, 24 and, 183–184
Almoravid movement, 1004 bombing of Iraq reactor, 161
basic facts, 875–876 Camp David Accords, 219–221
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 782 creation of, 1034–1035, 1037–1038, 1226
capitulation (Status Quo) agreements, 335 development and Arab–Israeli conflict, 882–883
in Central Asia, 297–298, 299–300 development towns, 881
Christianity and, 335 Druze in, 495
civil society and, 348 establishment of, 881–882
Coptic Orthodox Church and, 396, 614 geography and climate, 880–881
development and, 876 Golda Meir, 1007–1009
drug use and, 492 HAMAS and, 741–743
in East Africa, 502 intifadas and. See Intifadas
HAMAS, 741–743 invasion of Lebanon, 161, 753
Hezbollah, 752–763 kibbutzim and moshavim (communal farms), 881
historical interpretations impeding development, 877 Ma’alot massacre of school children, 1228
in Indonesia, 810 Oslo Accords, 1227, 1231–1232
jihad, 891–892 Palestinian occupation, 883
Kurdish, 920 Palestinian refugees in, 1231–1232

I49
INDEX

Israel (Continued ) international banks in, 151–152

society, 1027 Micronesia and, 1025, 1026
territorial disputes, 1534, 1692 Minamata Bay mercury poisoning, 1289–1290
treaty with Jordan, 883 mining industry, 648
in twenty-first century, 883–884 nation building in, 1104
US foreign aid to, 1106 natural gas production, 647
virtual water trade, 1671–1672 occupation of Guam, 724–725
Zionism, 166–167, 881, 1037, 1758–1759 Oceania and, 1240
Israeli Mossad, 1221 Southeast Asia and, 1447–1448
Issa people, 478–479. See also Djibouti Southeast Asia and postwar, 1456–1457
Itaipú Dam, 885–886, 1485, 1498 suicide rate, 1015
Italian colonies, 479, 501 Taiwan and, 1515
Italy territorial disputes, 1535
autonomous regions, 1394 US land redistribution, 935
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, 183–184 war crimes tribunals, 1055–1057
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 zaibatsu conglomerates, 103
CIA in, 307 Japan Bank for International Development, 1529–1530
in Group of 8, 573 Japanese colonies, 361
ITTO (International Timber Organization), 446 Japan International Cooperation Agency, 571
ITU (International Telecommunication Union), 854 Jarulzelski, Wojchiech, 288, 889–890, 1430. See also Poland
Ivory Coast. See also Cote d’Ivoire Java, Green Revolution/peasants study, 1256
independence movement, 30 Javier Arana, Francisco, 80
Iwokrama rainforest, 738 Jayawardene, J.R., 353, 1442
Izebegovic, Alija, 136, 411, 1059 J-curve theory of social revolution, 1421–1422
Jensen, Arthur, 1594
J Jerusalem, conflict over, 74–75
JEWEL (Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and
Jagan, Cheddi, 887–888, 1179–1180, 1184. See also Guyana Liberation), 180, 242, 248, 1129–1130
Jagan, Janet Rosenberg, 1180 Jewish Diaspora, 6
Jain, Devaki, 434 Jewish fundamentalism, 858. See also Zionism
Jamaica, 888–889 Jewish refugees, 881
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 from Soviet Union, 883
banking crises, 150 Jews. See also Anti-Semitism; Israel
bauxite production, 888–889 caste systems and, 253
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 under Communism, 592
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 ethnicity and, 630
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 of Mahgrib, 976
Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238 Jiang Qing, 327–328
Cayman Islands and, 258 Jiang Zemin, 329, 890–891
debt holdings, 889 reforms under, 325
ethnic conflicts, 587 Theory of the Three Represents, 891
food imports, 240–241 Jihad, 891–892, 1038
international relations, 246–247 in Algeria, 28
Rastafarianism, 1349–1351 Egypt and, 1089–1090
Jammeh, Yaha Abdul, 691 Jiménez, Marcos Pérez, 171
Japan Jinnah, Fatima, 125
ASEAN and, 115, 1455 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 35–36, 125
Asian Development Bank and, 101 John Frum cargo cult, 1652
Asian ‘‘economic miracle’’ and, 101–102 Johnson, Chalmers
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108 social revolution theory, 1420–1421
Brazil and, 1483 social systemic theory, 1422–1423
caste system, 255, 1640 Johnson, Lyndon B., 34, 186
Colombo Plan and, 354 Alliance for Progress and, 279
‘‘comfort women’’ sexual slavery, 522 Dominican Republic and, 245, 485
currency devaluation, 424 Panama and, 1238
defense and security, 517 Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1458, 1667
in East Asia, 512–513 Vietnam War and, 1664, 1667
East Asian legacy, 522 Johnston, Harry, 960
financial crisis, 1451 Johnstone, Peter, 55
fishing rights in Oceania, 1194 Joint Declaration of 77 Developing Countries, 721. See also
foreign direct investment, 708 Group of 77
globalization and, 711 Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation
in Group of 8, 573 (JEWEL), 180, 242, 248, 1129–1130
income inequality, 1311, 1312 Jordan, 892–894
in Indochina, 1664 Egypt and, 1159

I50
 INDEX

extractive industries, 893 Karen people, 618–619

independence, 1033–1034 Karimov, Idom, 1648
King Hussein, 791–792 Karimov, Islam, 303
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and, 927 Kariuki, J.M., 906
League of Arab States and, 71–72 Karl, Terry, 564
Palestine Liberation Organization and, 9277 Karmal, Babrak, 3–4, 1091
in Palestinian conflict, 74 Karzai, Hamid, 1522
Palestinian refugees in, 1230 Kasavubu, Joseph, 966
Persian Gulf War and, 893 Kashmir dispute, 94, 805–807, 897–899, 1443
political and economic reforms, 1032 Kassem, General Abd al-Karim, 308
Six-Day War and, 77 Katanga, 269
territorial disputes, 1692 Kaunda, Kenneth, 899–901, 1751–1752. See also Zambia
treaty with Israel, 883 Kavan, Jan, 772
virtual water trade, 1671–1672 Kayapó Indigenous Area (Brazil), 624
war with Syria, 70–71 Kayibanda, Gregoire, 1378
Yasser Arafat in, 79 Kazakhs, 298
Jorge Blanco, Salvador, 485 Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, 298–299. See also Kazakhstan
Juárez, Benito, 1017 Kazakhstan, 126, 901–902
Juché economic model, 914, 915 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization
Judaism. See also Jews and, 183–184
Conservative, 895 Caspian Sea and, 305
historical view, 894 Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380
Jewish denominations, 895 Economic Cooperation Organization and, 537–538
Jewish identity in modern Israel, 895 oil, 306
Orthodox, 895 political history, 299, 383
rabbinical view, 894–895 pollution, 1374
Reconstructionist, 895 territorial disputes, 1534
Reform, 895 Keita, Fodebo, 29–30
Jujuy people, 625 Keita, Modibo, 984, 1147
July 26th Movement, 413, 416 Kemal, Mustafa. See Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal
JUNAL (Brazil) National Indian Foundation, 624 Kemalism, 1049
Juntas. See also Military coups; Military regimes Kenjaev, Safarali, 302
Argentina, 82, 1082 Kennecott Copper Company, 1484
Ecuador, 47–48 Kennedy, John F., 171
Guatemala, 80–81 Alliance for Progress and, 33–34, 278–279, 732, 1106,
Nicaragua, 1389 1184, 1635
Venezuela, 171, 1259 Bay of Pigs invasion, 246, 308, 414
Jurrian culture, 922 Cuban Missile Crisis, 246, 414
Jus commune (common law of Europe), 951 Dominican Republic and, 245, 484–485
Justice Party (Turkey), 1577 Haitian aid and, 497
Justicialist Movement, 1081 Laos and, 1249
Just War concept, 773 national security intiatives, 404
Jute cultivation, Bangladesh, 141 Samoa and, 1385–1386
USAID and, 1634
K Vietnam and, 1105
Kenya, 902–905. See also East Africa
Kabila, Joseph, 265, 389, 601 agrarian reform, 935
Kabila, Laurent, 388–389, 590 civic education, 342
Kabiy people, 1552 colonial history, 502
Kadakum Canal System (Turkmenistan), 1579 COMESA and, 369
Kádár, János, 288, 788, 790 decolonization, 361–362
KADU (Kenya African Democratic Union), 903 East African Community and, 503, 508–510
Kadyrov, Ahmed, 598 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Kagame, Paul, 601, 1378 economy, 904
Kahlistan, 692–693 ecotourism, 539
Kalahari Desert, 190 Human Development Index, 659
Kalakhani, Habibullah (Afghan king), 3 independence, 30
Kamkalavan, Wavel, 1401 indigenous people’s languages, 939
Kanak people, 1194 Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), 903
KaNgame Homeland, 153–154. See also Native Reserves Kenya African National Union (KANU), 903–904, 1415
Kant, Immanuel, 773, 1569 Marsabit Federal Reserve, 1245
Kanton. See Kiribati Mau Mau, 502, 906, 1002–1003
KANU (Kenya African National Union), 903–904 National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), 905
Kanyon Doe, Samuel, 626 Native Reserves, 903, 1002
Karadzic, Radovan, 136, 137 privatization, 24

I51
INDEX

Kenya (Continued ) Koirala, Prasad Bosweswore, 1124

Somalia and, 1204 Kolingba, André, 264, 272
Somalis in, 1432 Kolkhozy, 19, 23, 162, 928, 1579
Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), 904 Komati Accord, 189
Swynnerton Plan, 1003 Konaré, Alpha Oumar, 985
white community, 1706, 1707 Konkomba people, 627–628
Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), 903 Kono people, 1406
Kenya African National Union (KANU), 502, Korea
903–904 North. See North Korea
Kenyatta, Jomo, 29, 502, 508, 904–905, 905–907 South. See South Korea
Kérékou, Mathieu, 168 Syngman Rhee and, 1364–1365
Keynes, John Maynard, 833, 846. See also Bretton Korean War, 918
Woods System Colombo Plan and, 354
Khader, Asma, 878 domino theory and, 486
Khaldun, Ibn, 1294 economic development and, 511
Khaldun Center for Development Studies, 878 Japanese economy and, 102
Khalistani (Sikh) movement, 858 South American exports and, 46, 47
Khama, Sekgoma, 907 Uruguayan economy and, 1647
Khama, Seretse, 190, 907. See also Botswana Koroma, Major Johnny-Paul, 1406
Khan, Amanullah (Afghan king), 3 Kosovo, 137, 138, 1749
Khan, Ayah, 898 atrocities in, 295
Khan, Genghis, 3, 298, 1518–1519 NATO and, 1175
Khan, Great, 298 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 138
Khan, Habibullah, 3 Kosygin, A.I., 1373
Khan, Irene, 37 Kouchner, Bernard, 480
Khan, Nadir, 3 Kountche, Col. Seyni, 1141
Khan, Reza. See Pahlavi, Shah Mohammed Reza Kpelle people, 960
Khan, Zahir, 3 Krahn people, 626
Khatami, Muhammad, 306, 864–865, 878 Krakatoa volcanic eruption, 1114
Khilafat Movement, 36 Krenz, Egon, 1656
Khlmelnytsky, Bohdan, 1588 Kruger, Paul, 1439
Khmer Rouge, 216–217, 309, 685, 787, 907–909, 1070, 1408, Kru people, 626, 960
1449, 1454, 1664. See also Cambodia Kruschev, Nikita, 712
Khoikoi people, 1459 Cuban Missile Crisis, 246, 414
Khoisan people, 1459 de-Stalinization and, 455–456
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 793, 858, 864–865, Hungary and, 790
909–910, 1220–1221. See also Iran polycentrism policy, 288–289
as populist, 1302, 1306 Tito and, 1552
Khosian language, 53 Virgin Lands program, 298
Khrushchev, Nikita, 287–288, 910–911, 1001–1002, 1373 Kshatriya caste, 253–254, 1640
Russian Orthodox Church and, 1376–1377 Kuanda, Kenneth
Kibbutzim and moshavim (communal farms), 881 contribution, 900–901
Kikungo language, 53 political philosophy, 900
Kikuyu people, 1002–1003 Kubitschek, Juscelino, 33, 919–920, 1482. See also Brazil
Kimathi, Didan, 906 Kucan, Milan, 1419
Kimbundu language, 53 Kuffour, J.A., 700
Kim Dae-Jung, 523 Kumanji Kurds, 1576
Kim Il Sung, 914–915 Kuna Indians, 606, 607–608
Kim Jong-Il, 915 Kunayev, Dinmukhamed, 383
Kim Young Sam, 103 Kuomintang, in Taiwan, 1515–1516
Kinfu, Kadane, 577 Kurdish Autonomous Province (Red Kurdistan), 923–924
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 344 Kurdish ethnicity, 630
Kipochakia, 1534 Kurdish nationalism, 610–611
Kirchner, Néstor, 83 Kurdistan, 920–921. See also Kurds
Kiribati, 911–912, 1191 history, 921–923
Kirimati (Christmas) Island. See Kiribati Iran and, 921
Kissinger, Henry, 1159, 1209 Iraq and, 921
Chile and, 1484 territorial disputes, 1533–1534
Israel and, 78 Turkey and, 920
Mozambique and, 682 Kurds, 921–924
Kiswahili language, 500–501, 502, 940 displaced, 850
KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army), 138 in Georgia, 698
Klaus, Vaclav, 430–431, 1416 groups within, 1576
Knowledge-based economies, 1529 history, 921–923
Kohl, Helmut, Bishop Desmond Tutu and, 1581 Iranian, 924

I52
 INDEX

Iraqi, 71, 794, 868–869, 1254, 1355 Land distribution, 934–936. See also Agrarian reform
modern times, 923–924 global perspective, 935
Turkey and, 1533–1534 Latin America, 934
Turkish, 920, 924, 1576, 1577 sub-Saharan Africa, 934–935
Kurili Islands territorial dispute, 517, 1535 Land erosion, 579–583. See also Deforestation;
Kurmanji language, 920 Desertification; Erosion
Kuwait, 924–926. See also Persian Gulf War (1991) Landfills, 1683–1684
agricultural water use, 1689 leachate, 1683
independence, 1034 Observations of Solid Waste Landfills in Developing Countries
Iran-Iraq War and, 866 (Johannessen and Boyer), 1683–1684
Iraqi invasion, 79, 89, 486, 793–794, 869, 925, 1037, 1160, operated dumps, 1683
1261–1262 Land fragmentation, 19–20
OAPEC and, 1208 agricultural privatization and, 21–22
oil, 646–647 Landmines, 230, 1437
OPEC and, 1261–1262 United Nations Development Program project, 1607
Palestinian refugees in, 1231 Land ownership
Saudi Arabian invasion, 925 agricultural, 12
United Arab Republic and, 1598 agricultural globalization and, 14
Yasser Arafat in, 70 decolonization and, 367
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, 926–927 Iraq, 130
Kuwait Oil Company, 925 Latin America, 34
KwaNdebele Homeland, 153. See also Native Reserves Oceanic women’s, 1197
Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 1676 Land per capita. See also Population density
Kwinti people, 1507 West Africa, 1694
Kyanasur disease, 1366, 1368 Land reform. See Agrarian reform
Kyoto Protocol, 446, 574, 1290, 1511 Landrent system, 809
Kyrgyzstan, 299, 927–929 Landsbergis, Vytautas, 937. See also Lithuania
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380 Language(s). See also Language planning
Economic Cooperation Organization and, 537–538 African Diaspora and, 7
ethnic conflicts, 594–595 Altaic, 1576
independence, 383 Barbados, 155
tourism, 300 Chomsky’s theories of, 939
Kyrillos VI, 396 decline or obsolescence of, 940
democratization of, 942–943
L development and, 938
East Africa, 500–501
Laar, Maart, 931–932, 1651. See also Estonia education and, 942
Labor, 932–933. See also Organized labor Georgia, 698
cheap and East Asian development, 513–514 Indonesia, 808–809
Communist view of, 932 Kiswahili, 500–501, 502
expatriate workers, 1030–1031 Kurdish, 920
Maquiladoras Program, 644, 992–995, 1018 Language Acquisition Device theory, 939
Marxist theory of, 932, 1000 Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, 938–939
Middle East, 1030–1031 Macedonian, 136
multinational corporations and, 1095 Malaysia, 543
NAFTA and, 1173 Middle East, 1027
neoliberalism and, 933 Mongolia, 1078
North Africa, 1162 Niger, 1140
Puerto Rican industry and, 1201 Nigeria, 1142
social democratic view of, 932 Oceania, 1192
in state-directed economies, 1497 official, 942
United Arab Emirates, 1597 Palau, 1225
women’s conditions, 1725 politics and, 941–943
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), 1731–1732 power and, 941–942
Labour Islamic Alliance, 1096 Puerto Rico, 1334
LAFTA (Latin American Integration Association), 945 Slovenian, 136
Lagos Plan, 529, 1204 social prestige and, 940
Laino, Domingo, 885, 1485 Sranan Tongo, 1508
Lake Chad, 1143 Sri Lanka, 1489
Lake Chad Basin Commission, 933–934 Suriname, 1508
Lakes Edward and Albert Fisheries (LEAF) Project Swahili, 500–501
(Republic of Congo and Uganda), 5 Tajikistan, 1518
Lake Titicaca, 43–44 thought and culture and, 938–939
Land Acts (South Africa), 152–154. See also Native Reserves as tool, 941
Land and climate. See Geography and climate Turkmen, 1578

I53
INDEX

Language(s) (Continued ) Guntis Ulmanis, 1589–1590

Ukraine, 1587 independence, 290, 293–294
UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Latvian Farmers Union, 1589
National or Ethnic, Religious, and Linguistic Law. See Legal systems and specific laws and types
Minorities, 938 LDCs (less developed countries), 462
vs. ethnicity and nationality, 939 LEAF (Lakes Edward and Albert Fisheries) Project, 5
Language Acquisition Device theory, 939 League of Arab States, 67, 71, 506
Language planning, 939–941 League of Nations, 73, 373, 495
allocation of function, 940 economic and finance organizations, 1606
status, 940 Liberia and, 960
Language shift, 940 Mandate System, 1631
Language skills, North Africa, 1162 refugee programs, 1601
Lanuse, Alejandro, 1261 trusteeships, 1631
Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP), 1249–1250 League of Red Cross Societies, 841. See also International
Laos Committee of the Red Cross
ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1456 Leakey, Mary, 500
colonial legacy, 1454 Least-developed countries (LDCs), 1067
Communist threat in, 1454 Lebanese Phalange, 336
development since 1954, 944 Lebanon, 947–948
economy, 98, 944 banking, 948
ethnic (overseas) Chinese in, 620 book production, 1162
ethnic conflict, 619 Christianity in, 335
history, 843–944 civil war in, 71, 79
Hmong people, 1250 confessional politics in, 1027
Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100 ethnic conflicts, 609
SEATO and, 1458 Hezbollah in, 753, 948
telecommunications industry, 99 independence, 1033–1034
territorial disputes, 1535 Israeli invasion, 79, 161, 753
La Prensa (newspaper), 1137, 1138 Maronite Christians and, 947
Larrazábal, Wolfgang, 171, 1178 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) om, 1630
Latin America. See also South America and individual countries in Palestinian conflict, 74
agrarian reform, 934 Palestinian refugees in, 1230
Alliance for Progress, 32–35, 1106 religion, 1027
Andean Community. See Andean Community; Andean UN peacekeeping, 1252
South America Lebed, Gen. Alexander, 597
banking crises, 150 Lebowa Homeland, 153. See also Native Reserves
CIA in, 308–309 Lechı́n Oquendo, Juan, 47, 185
civic education, 341 Lee Hsien Long, 712
decolonization, 358–359 Lee Kuan Yew, 948–949, 1412, 1449, 1450
ethnic conflicts, 624–626 Lee Teng-hui, 1517
foreign direct investment, 671 Leeward Islands, 1126, 1668–1669. See also Netherlands Antilles
global climate change and, 706 Legal systems, 950–956
health care, 748–749 civil law system, 951–952
import substitution industrialization, 796 common law, 952–953
income inequality, 1311 customary law, 956
Inter-American Development Bank and, 828–829 European Community law, 953–955
Migration for Development Program, 850 hybrid, 956
military and, 1049–1050 international law, 950–951
Organization of American States (OAS), 1205–1207 Islamic law (Shar’iah), 955, 1595
populism in, 1302–1304 Sino-Soviet (socialist) law, 955–956
private property rights in, 1321 Le Kha Phieu, 1666
privatization, 24, 1324 Lenin, Vladimir, 380, 1000–1001, 1495
religion, 1359 imperialist theory, 1069, 1415, 1423, 1592
Return of Talent for Latin America, 850 Leninist model of socialism, 1425–1426, 1427
Structuralist School of Development, 1319–1320 single-party government and, 1414–1415
territorial disputes, 1536–1538 Lenin Peace Prize, Kwame Nkrumah, 1147
transition to democracy, 123 Leoni, Raúl, 1184
Latin American Federation of Christian Trade Unions, 1728 Leopold II, King of Belgium, 262, 360
Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), 38, 945. Leopoldo Galtieri, General, 83
See also Latin American Integration Association Leprosy (Hansen’s disease), 820
Latin American Integration Association, 945–946 Lernca Indians, 606
Latin American Workers Central, 1728 Lerner, David, 1069
Latvia, 946–947. See also Baltic states Lesotho, 956–957
Commonwealth of Independent Nations and, 382 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Council of Baltic Sea States and, 381 history and economic development, 1460–1462

I54
 INDEX

as Native Reserve, 1461 Costa Rica, 401

Southern African Customs Union and, 1468–1470 Cuba, 241
Southern African Development Community and, 1463 education and literacy and, 544
Lesotho Highlands Project, 957 Ethiopia, 658
Less developed countries (LDCs), 439–440, 461, 462 Gambia, 691–692
globalization and, 710–711 Ghana, 658
Lesser Tumb/Greater Tumb islands, 1534 Guatemala, 725–726
Letanka, D.S., 10 health care and, 746
Letsie, King, 957 HIV/AIDS and African, 1330
Liberalization, financial, 441–442 Islam and, 876
Liberation of Women (Amin), 878 Kiribati, 912
Liberation Theology, 85, 333–334, 858–859, Lebanon, 948
958–959, 1359 Libya, 962
Liberia, 959–960. See also West Africa Malawi, 981
arms embargo, 90 Maldives, 984
civic education in, 342 Mauritania, 1005
Contonou Peace Agreement, 1255 as measure of development, 464
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 modernization and, 1071
ethnic conflict, 626, 628 Mozambique, 1087
Humanitarian Emergency Grant, 5 Nicaragua, 1136
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and, 927 Niger, 1141
literacy, 543 Nigeria, 1143
peacekeeping, 1253, 1254, 1255 Palau, 1225
People’s Redemption Council, 960 Panama, 1236
UNICEF in, 1603 Philippines, 1274
United Nations Development Program in, 1607 as poverty measure, 1315
Liberian Development Company, 960 public health and, 1330
Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy Rwanda, 1379
(LURD), 960 Saudi Arabia, 1392
Libermanism, 289 Seychelles, 1302, 1401
LIBERTAD Act, 1388 Slovenia, 1419
Liberterian theory of justice, 798 St. Helena, 1492
LIBOR (London Inter-Bank Offered Rate), 437–438 Tanzania, 1523
Libya, 961–962. See also Qaddafi, Muammar Tunisia, 1573
Algeria and, 1169 Uruguay, 1646
annexation of Chad, 264, 1169 Lima Conventions, 44
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 67–68, 1165, 1169–1170 Limann, Hilla, 700
arms embargo, 90 (The) Limits of Growth (Club of Rome), 569
Cultural Revolution, 962–963 Lim Kim San, 949
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Lin Biao, 327
economic development, 1160 Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, 938–939
economic sanctions, 1386 Linguistics. See Language(s)
ethnic conflicts, 612 Linz, Juan J., bureaucratic authoritarianism theory, 207–209
European Union and, 1168 Li Peng, 329
geography and climate, 1156 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 449, 458, 460
international relations, 1036, 1166–1168, 1338 Lissouba, Pascal, 390
Lockerbie plane downing, 1158, 1167, 1338 Literacy
Man Made River project, 962 Algeria, 1161
OAPEC and, 1208 Botswana, 191
occupation of Chad, 264, 269 Caribbean, 1211
oil, 1158, 1167 Central Africa, 272–273
political history, 1158–1159 Central Asia, 300
Sterling Zone and, 1166 Costa Rica, 276, 401
Uganda invasion, 1188 female and gender discrimination, 817
unemployment, 1162 Fiji, 662
Lien Viet Front, 1662 Ghana, 700
Life expectancy Honduras, 276
Antigua and Barbuda, 56 India, 804
Azerbaijan, 126 Lebanon, 948
Bangladesh, 658 Libya, 1161
Benin, 168 Maldives, 984
Bhutan, 174 Mauritania, 1004
Cambodia, 217 as measure of development, 464
Caribbean, 241 Morocco, 1085, 1161
Chile, 1330 Nepal, 1125

I55
INDEX

Literacy (Continued ) M
Nigeria, 1144
North Africa, 1161 Ma’alot massacre of school children, 1228
Oceania, 1192 Maasai people, 1002–1003
poverty and, 1312 Macapagal, Diosado, 1272
Saudi Arabia, 1392 Macapagal Arroyo, Gloria, 1273
Sri Lanka, 1489 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 977, 1055, 1104
Suriname, 1508 Macau, 969–970
Tunisia, 1161, 1573 gambling industry, 970
United Arab Emirates, 1597 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 1119
Uruguay, 1646 Macaulayism, 1119–1120
Vietnam, 1665 MacBride, Sean, 37
women, 1161 Macedonia, 287, 970–972. See also Yugoslavia
Zambia, 1752 establishment, 135
Lithuania. See also Baltic states Greece and, 971–972
Commonwealth of Independent Nations and, 382 independence, 290
Council of Baltic Sea States and, 381 international relations, 294
independence, 290, 293–294 peacekeeping, 1253
privatization, 20, 1324 Macedonian language, 136
Sajudis movement, 964 Machel, Samora, 682, 683, 972–973. See also Mozambique
Litigation of disputes, 837 Machiavelli, Nicolai, 120
Little Ice Age, 1189 Macias Nguema, Francisco, 265, 575
Liu Shaoqi, 327–328 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 798
Cultural Revolution and, 323–324 Madagascar, 973–975
Livestock production, 580–581. See also Herding communities COMESA and, 369
agricultural privatization and, 21 debt holdings, 371
Central Africa, 262 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
desertification and, 453 Forces Armées Populaires (FAP), 86–87
illegal in national parks, 1245 history and economic development, 1462
Kyrgyzstan, 927 UNICEF in, 1603
Mongolia, 1078 Madero, Franciso, 1246
Oman, 1199 Madl, Ferenc, 791
Somalia, 1432 Madrid Hurtado, Miguel de la, 1019, 1023, 1170, 1248
water use and, 1689 Maga, Hubert, 167
Lleras Camargo, Alberto, 352 Magellan, Ferdinand, 724
Loans. See also Banking Maghrib peoples, 975–976
conditionality of, 9 Magliore, Paul E., 497
Locke, John, 347, 771, 777, 1075, 1320 Magna Carta, 779, 953
Lockerbie plane downing, 1158, 1167 Magsaysay, Ramon, 977, 1272. See also Philippines
Lomé Accords, 1406–1407, 1701 Magyarization policy, 284
Lomé Convention, 964–966 Mahathir bin Mohamad, Dr. Dato Seri, 978–979.
London East India Company. See British East India Company See also Malaysia
London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR), 437–438 Maghreb
London Mission Society, 1144 Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 1165
Long, Gov. Huey, 1303 ethnic conflicts, 613–614
Long March, 331, 1754. See also Chinese Revolution; Mao Zedong European Union and, 1168
Lon Nol, 216, 309, 907–908, 1408 Mahkamov, Kahar, 302
López Contreras, Gen. Eleazar, 1178 Mahuad, Jamil, 542
López Mateos, Adolfo, 1022 Majlis Al-Shura, 134
López Michelson, Alfonso, 1182 Majoritarianism, 621, 633. See also Ethnic conflicts
Lopez Pérez, Rigoberto, 1137, 1435 Makarios III, Archbishop, 428
López Portillo, José, 1019, 1023 Makonnen, Tafari. See Selassie, Emperor Haile
Lost decade, Latin America, 275, 352, 708, 1269, 1563 Malaita
Louisy, Pearlette, 1493 Solomon Islands and, 1431
Lovelock, James, 573 Townsville Peace Agreement, 1431
Luanda, 53. See also Angola Malan, D.F., 188, 979–980, 1440. See also Apartheid
Lucy fossil, 500 Malaria, 822, 944
Luka, Vasile, 287 Rockefeller Foundation and, 1366–1367
Lukashenko, Alexander, 163 Malawi, 980–982
Lumumba, Patrice, 263, 308, 309, 388, 589–590, 966–967 COMESA and, 369
Lunda-Chokwe people, 53 debt holdings, 371, 444
Luos people, 939 decolonization, 361–362
Lutheran World Federation, 476 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Luthuli, Albert, 967 history and economic development, 1460–1462
Luxemburg, Rosa, 1425 HIV/AIDS in, 371

I56
 INDEX

independence, 30 Manley, Michael, 239, 247, 889

Southern African Development Community and, 1463 Man Made River project, 962
Malawi people, 1507 Manning, Patrick, 1571
Malaya, Communist movements in, 1455 Mano Blanca (White Hand) death squad, 726
Malay people, 618–619, 1272 Mano people, 626
Malaysia, 982–983 Man Tran Dan Toc Giai Phong Mien Nam (NLF), 1108–1110
Abdul Tunku Rahman, 1344–1345 Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve (Peru), 1712
agricultural privatization, 20, 24 Mao Zedong, 330, 331–332, 385, 990–992. See also China;
ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1455–1456 Chinese Communist Party
in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 108 Cultural Revolution and, 323–324
colonial legacy, 1454 de-Stalinization and, 456
currency devaluation, 424 Great Leap Forward, 326–327, 714–715
economy, 98 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 327–328
education, 543 guerrilla warfare model, 729–730
ethnic (overseas) Chinese in, 620, 632 Marxist theory and, 991
financial crisis, 1451 socialist economic model, 1428–1429
foreign direct investment, 670 MAP (Movement for Assemblies of the People), 180, 1129–1130
Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore growth triangle, 1529 Mapuche people, 625
Indonesian migration to, 1456 Maquiladoras Program, 644, 992–995, 1018
literacy, 543 Maraita, Marau Peace Agreement, 1431
MAPHILINDO and, 1272 Marau Peace Agreement, 1431
national parks, 1245 Marcos, Fernando, 344, 995–996, 1130. See also Philippines
New Economic Policy, 1127, 1450 constitutional authoritarianism, 1448–1449
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 Marcos, Imelda, 1273
religion and, 1457 Margai, Dr. Milton, 627
Spratly Islands dispute, 1241 Marginal Individual Benefit, 1065
territorial disputes, 1535 Marginal Individual Cost, 1065
United Malay National Organization (MNO), 1599 Marginal Social Benefit, 1065
Vision 2020, 983 Marginal Social Cost, 1065
Malaysian Federation, 1507 Margin of preference (MOP), 97–98
Maldives, 983–985 Mariam, Maj. Mengistu Hailie, 501
ecotourism, 539 Marianas Islands, Northern, 724–725. See also Guam
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation demographics, 1191
and, 1441–1444 Marighella, Carlos, 730
Malenkov, Georgi, 456, 1373 Marijuana
Mali, 984–985. See also West Africa Belize, 164
Ancient, 1695 Jamaica, 247
authoritarianism in, 123 Marine ecotourism, 540
Berbers in, 170 Maritain, Jacques, 680
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Maritime zones, 44–45
independence movement, 30 Market fundamentalism theory, 1438
West African Monetary Union and, 1703–1705 Market socialism, 1427–1428
Malik, Charles, 1639 in China, 1428–1429
Malinke people, 626, 627 cooperative, 1428
Malloum, Félix, 264, 311 Maronite Christians, 1028
Malnutrition, 663–666. See also Food and nutrition; Hunger Maronite Church, 336
Malthus, Thomas, 654. See also Family planning Maroons, 7, 588, 1350, 1507. See also Slavery
Malvinas/Falkland Islands War, 83, 986–989, Marsabit Federal Reserve, 1245
1479, 1486–1489 Marshall Islands, 996–998
Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve, 1348 Compact of Free Association, 996
Managerial know-how, 226 demographics, 1191
Managua Agreement, 1205 economic development, 997
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (India), 1710, 1711 social developments, 997–998
Mancham, James, 1401 trusteeship, 1632
Manchester Conference, 29 Marshall-Lerner conditions, for currency devaluation, 422–423
Manda people, 733 Marshall Plan, 32, 41, 102, 144, 353, 459, 1104, 1488
Mandela, Nelson, 10, 11, 30, 59, 61–62, 435, 989–990, 1441, 1463 Alliance for Progress vs., 1635
Bishop Desmond Tutu and, 1581 Central/Eastern Europe and, 286
Mandingo people, 626 Marti, Agustin Farabundo, 660
Mandinka people, 734 Martinez de Hoz, José, 82–83
Mane, Gen. Ausmane, 735 Martinique, 723, 998–999
Manh, Nong Duc, 1666 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
Manifesto of the Communist Party (Marx), 1000 Creole elite of, 587
Manila Declaration, 1610 Frantz Fanon, 659–660
Manila Pact, 1458. See also Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mt. Peleé eruption, 1114–1115

I57
INDEX

Marx, Karl, 120, 347, 458, 855 Mbeki, Thabo, 1006–1007, 1441, 1463
private property and, 1320–1321 Mbida, André-Marie, 25
Marxism, 999–1002. See also Communism; Communist Mbo people, 211
Party; Socialism Mboya, Tom, 906
collapse of Soviet Union and, 1001–1002 Mbundu people, 53
in Colombia, 233 McDonnell-Douglas Company, arms transfer and, 90
in Democratic Republic of Congo, 270 McFarlane, Robert, 394
development and, 460–461 McNamara, Robert, 91
as economic model, 1426–1427 Mdayizeye, Domitien (Frodebu), 212
human rights and, 772 Mead, Margaret, 458
imperialist theory, 1002, 1415, 1423, 1592 Meade, Reuben, 1083
income distributrion theory and, 799 Meadows Report, 569
labor and, 932 Measles, 822
legal system derived from, 955–956 Meatpacking, Central Africa, 262
of Lenin, 1000–1001 Meciar, Vladimir, 430–431, 1417–1418
Mao Zedong and, 991 Medellin drug cartel, 352–353, 1077, 1361. See also
of Marx, 999–1000 Drug trafficking
as model of socialism, 1425 Media. See also Television
modernization theory, 1069 as modernization factor, 1069
New Jewel Movement (NJM), 180, 242, 248, oversimplification of ethnic conflicts, 628
1129–1130 Mediation of disputes, 837
in North Korea, 913–914 Medicinal drugs. See Drug trade; Pharmaceutical industry
Praxis Group, 1001 Médicins sans Frontiers, 480–481
religion and, 855 Medina Angarita, Isaias, 1178, 1660
single-party government, 1414–1415 Megacities, 1643, 1644
theory of trade, 1560–1561 Meir, Golda, 1007–1009
vs. Trotskyism, 1001 Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100
Western, 1001 Menchu, Roberta, 726
Masaleet tribe, 1504 Menchú, Vicente, 1010
Masaliyev, Apsamar, 928 Menchú Túm, Rigoberta, 1009–1011
Masaryk, Jan, 286, 430 Mende, Brig. Maada-Bio, 1406
Masaryk, Thomas G., 430, 1416 Mende people, 627
Massacres. See Atrocities Menem, Carlos, 83, 1011–1012, 1478. See also Argentina
Massamba-Debat, Alphonse, 265, 390 Meningitis, 822
Matabele people, 623 Mental health, 1012–1016
Matanzima brothers, 154 definitions, 1012
Maternal mortality depression, 1013
Ethiopia, 658 modernization as stress, 1072–1073
Ghana, 658 substance abuse and dependence, 1013–1014
health care and, 750 suicide, 1014–1016
Kenya, 659 MERCODUS (Common Market of the South), 228
Nepal, 1125 MERCOSUR (South American Common Market), 200,
Philippines, 659 228, 830, 1480
Sudan, 659 Brasilia Protocol, 1472, 1473
Vietnam, 659 Brazil and, 1483
Mathathir Mohamad, 1449 foreign direct investment and, 1473
Matte, Eugenio, 30 Foz de Iguazo Declaration, 1472
Matthews, Herbert, Fidel Castro and, 413 Grupos de Tranajo, 1472–1473
Mau Mau guerilla movement, 502, 906, 1002–1003 member states, 1472
Mauritania, 975, 976, 1003–1005. See also West Africa neoliberalism and, 1122
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 67–68, 1169–1170 origins, 1472–1473
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Paraguay and, 1486
literacy, 543 trade policy and, 1564
Mauritius, 1005–1006 Mercury pollution
COMESA and, 369 Minamata Bay (Japan), 1289–1290
debt, 371 United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 and, 1620
history and economic development, 1460–1462 Meri, Lennart, 1651
multiethnicity, 633 Merina people, 973–974
Maur people, 975 Merit goods, 1065
Mayan Indians, 632, 634, 727 Meritocratic bureaucracy, in East Asia, 515
Guatemalan genocide, 605–606 Merwin, John, 1670
as minority, 606 Mesa, Carlos, 50
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 1676 Mesa Gisbert, Carlos, 185
M’Ba, Léon, 264, 265, 689 Mesic, Stipe, 411

I58
 INDEX

Methane pollution, 13, 704. See also Global climate change; Micombero, Captain Michel, 212
Greenhouse effect Micronesia, Federated States of, 1025–1026
from landfilling, 1683 Contract of Free Association with US, 1025–1026
from waste incineration, 1682–1683 demographics, 1191
Metula oil spill, 648 trusteeship, 1632
Mexico Middle East. See also individual countries and regions
Amerindian peoples, 605 Christianity in, 334–337
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 colonialism and, 1028
Bracero Program, 194–195, 1018 dependence on oil revenues, 1031
bureaucratic authoritarianism in, 209 economy, 1028–1031
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 ethnic conflicts, 609–611
cartel regulation, 251 ethnicity, 1027
caste system, 605 expatriate workers in, 1030–1031
closed corporate peasant communities, 1257 foreign aid, 1030
currency reform, 1248 geography, 1027
debt holding, 223 history and economic development, 1026–1033
ethnic conflicts, 605–601, 608, 625 Human Development Index, 1029
financial crisis, 222 international relations, 1033–1039
foreign direct investment, 669, 708 labor force, 1030–1031
General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental monarchic government in, 1075
Pollution, 1420 Non-Aligned Movement and, 1035
geography and climate, 1016–1017 political and economic reforms, 1031–1032
Gini index, 1017 political systems, 1027
Green Revolution and, 717–718 populism in, 1304
Hidalgo Revolt, 1017 privatization in, 1323–1324
history and economic development, 1016–1020 society, 1027
import substitution industrialization, 1248 women in, 1032
income inequality in, 1311 Midgan caste, 255
international relations, 1020–1025 MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency), 834
irrigated and drained area, 871 Migrant laborers
Law of State Security, 625 colonialism and, 365–366
Maquiladoras Program, 644, 992–995, 1018 vs. ethnic groups, 1062
migration from, 1023–1024 women, 1626
NAFTA and, 283, 1019–1020, 1024, 1170–1171, 1248, 1383 Migration, 1039–1046
National Environmental Program, 1420 Botswana/South Africa, 191
natural gas production, 647 Bracero Program, 194–195, 1018
neoliberalism and, 1248 brain drain, 1043–1044
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 case studies, 1045
Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN), 1107–1108, 1247 classic economic theory of, 1041
Partido Revolutionario Institucional (PRI), 1017–1019, 1024, convergence effect, 1041, 1042
1107, 1246–1249 Cuba to US, 246, 418
Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), 1247 development and, 1040–1041, 1045
peyote use in, 492 direction of, 1041, 1042
political history, 1017–1020 economic theories of, 1041
populists in, 1301 as emigration, 1040
Positivist movement, 1050 Financing for Development and Remittances and
privatization, 1383 Gender, 1626
remittances, 197 forced of Han Chinese, 520
slavery and emancipation, 7 GDP and, 1041
smaze problem, 1420 Haitian, 244, 740
suicide rate, 1014 historical overview, 1039–1040
Tlatelolco student massacre, 1018–1019, 1022–1023, industrial cycles and, 1040
1247–1248 International Organization for Migration (IOM), 850–851
transition to democracy, 123 Mexican to US, 1023–1024
Vicente Fox, 672–673 Mohajir from India, 1222
Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), 608, 1017, Morocco to France, 1164
1024, 1248, 1383, 1753–1754 Nigerian oil boom and, 1143
Mexico City, smaze problem, 1420 from Niue, 1145
Mexico City Olympics, 1018, 1022 from Oman, 1198
Mexico City (abortion) policy, 1635–1636 Palestinian refugees, 1229–1233
Meztizos, in Nicaragua, 607 policy measures, 1044–1045
MFDC (Movement of Democratic Forces of Senegal), 627 Puerto Rican to US, 1202
Mfecane (great upheaval), 621–622 push-pull relationship, 1298–1299
Mgoubbı́, Marien, 265 remittances and, 1042–1043
Michael, King of Romania, 286–287 return, 1044

I59
INDEX

Migration (Continued ) Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla (Marigella), 730

Richmond’s theory of multivariate typology, 1354 Mining industry, 647–648. See also Extractive industries
to Samoa, 1386 and specific minerals
seasonal vertical (transhumance), 1501 Angola, 53
Senegal, 1396 COMESA area, 370–371
sociological theory of, 1040–1041 Minorities. See also Discrimination
into Solomon Islands, 1431 defined, 1059–1064
Southeast Asian, 1456 discrimination against, 1059–1064
to Southern Cone region, 1476 ethnic communities and, 1061–1062
Turkish to Germany, 1578 Minto, Lord, 36
to Venezuela, 1659 MINUGUA, 727
women and, 1725 Mirabal sisters, murder of, 484
Mikolajcsk, Stanislaus, 286 MIRAB economies, 1192, 1582
Military Misquito people, 1134
attitudes toward, 1049–1050 Missionaries
civic action by, 1050–1051 Christian, 332–333
civilian control, 1046–1048. See also Civilian-military colonialism and, 365
relations; Military regimes to Niue, 1144
development and, 1048–1053 Sierra Leone, 1406
in economic development, 1051–1052 Misuari, Nur, 1349
human rights and, 1053–1057 Mitteleuropa concept, 290. See also Central and
justice and war, 1053–1054 Eastern Europe
neoliberal globalization and, 1052 Mixed economy, 1064–1066. See also
in World War II, 1054–1055 Government intervention
Military aid. See also Arms transfer advantages, 1066
to Bolivia, 40, 47 deregulation and, 1064
to Chile, 41–42 disadvantages, 1066
end of Cold War and, 89 forms of intervention, 1064–1065
to Peru, 41 private and public sectors, 1064
Military coups. See Assassinations; Coups d’etat; Mixed Marriages Act (South Africa), 57
Military regimes Mjeb-ur-Rahman, Sheikh, 141
Military Observation Mission Ecuador/Peru, 42 MK (Spear of the Nation, Umkhonto we Sizwe), 11, 59–60
Military regimes. See also Authoritarianism; Juntas Mkapa, Benjamin, 503, 1524
Argentina, 1082 Mladic, General Ratko, 136, 137
Batista, 413 MLSTP (Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé
Brazil, 93–94, 200 and Princep), 263
Cuba, 123 MNR (Nationalist Revolutionary Movement), 46, 185
economic performance, 1478 Mobil Oil Corporation. See Exxon-Mobil
Ecuador, 542 MOBRAL education program, 341
Myanmar (Burma), 119 Mobuta Sese Seko Koko Ngbendu Wa Za Banga, 264. See also
Paraguay, 1498 Mobuto, Joseph
Peru, 63–64, 1269 Mobuto, Joseph, 264, 270, 469–470, 590
Sierra Leone, 1406–1407 Mobutu, Joseph, 123
Southern Cone (Latin America), 1477–1478 Modernity, 1072–1073
Uruguay, 1478, 1647 Modernization, 1066–1073. See also Industrialization
Venezuela, 171 categories of, 1067–1068
Military security, 1047 culture and, 1071
Military spending, East Asia, 517–518 dependency theories, 1069
Military training East Asia, 512
in Bolivia, 46, 47 ethnic conflict and, 631
French in Madagascar, 86 functionalist intervention and, 1068–1069
Milk production, agricultural privatization and, 21 globalization and, 1072
Mill, John Stuart, 773 Human Development Index and, 1071
Millennium Declaration. See United Nations Millennium nation building and, 1104
Declaration Niue, 1145
Millennium Development Goals, 1317, 1607 Oceania, 1195
Millennium Summit, 1607 progression of, 1067–1068
Millspaugh, Arthur, 863 religion and, 856
Milošević, Slobodan, 136, 137, 138–139, 411, 1057–1059, social costs of, 1071–1072
1398–1399, 1749 social revolution and, 1422
Mindanao, 66, 977 theoretical origins, 1067–1068
Mindszenty, Cardinal Jozsef, 286, 789 Third-World applications, 1070–1071
Miners’ strikes underdevelopment and, 1591
Bolivia, 185 world-systems theories, 1070
South Africa, 10 Modernization Theory, 459–460, 1544

I60
 INDEX

Mogae, Festus, 191 Montesinos, Vladimiro, 685, 686, 1267–1268

Mohajir migrants, 1222 Montoneros, 82
Mohamad, Mahathir, 983 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
Mohammed, Ali Mahdi, 507 Ozone Layer, 1511
Mohammed, Gen. Murtala, 1142 Montserrat, 1082–1083
Mohammed V, King, 1202 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233
Moi, Daniel arap, 502, 904, 905, 906 Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235
Moldova, 1073–1074 Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
agricultural privatization, 20, 22, 23 Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, Montsioa, Mangena D., 10
183–184, 381 Moody, Dwight L., 639
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380 Moore, Barrington, 449
GUAM group and, 381 social revolution theory, 1422
independence, 290, 383–384 Morales Bermúdez, Fernando, 1269
peacekeeping operations, 1253 Morales Bermúdez, General Francisco, 42, 47
territorial disputes, 1532 Morán, Rolando, 727–728
Mole-Dagomba people, 700 Morauta, Mekeré, 1240
Molotov, Viacheslav M., 455, 456 Morbillivirus, 822
Molucca people, 618–619 Morinigo, Higinio, 1485
Momoh, General Joseph Saidu, 627, 1406 Morocco, 29, 1083–1085
Monarchic governance Algeria and, 1164, 1204
institutions of, 1076 Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 67–68, 1165, 1169–1170
Middle East, 1028 Barcelona Declaration, 1168
Nepal, 1124 Berbers in, 170
Oman, 1198–1200 Casablanca bloc, 1164
Papua New Guinea, 1239 debt, 1084
patriarch theory of, 1075–1076 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Qatar, 1338–1339 economic development, 1160–1161
Saudi Arabia, 1390–1392 ethnic conflict, 612–613
Swaziland, 1512–1513 France and, 1164
Thailand (Siam), 1540–1541 geography and climate, 1156
theories of, 1075 Green March, 743
Tonga, 1195, 1553 international relations, 1164–1165
Moncada, José, 1136 Israeli–Palestinian mediation, 1164
Mondlane, Eduardo Chivambo, 682 King Hassan II, 743
Monetary base, 148 literacy, 543, 1161
Monetary policy migration, 1164
agricultural privatization and, 21 Moroccanization plan, 1084
Japan, 104 Polisario warfare, 192
Money laundering, 1076–1079. See also Corruption; population growth, 657
Offshore banking religion, 1084
capital flight and, 222, 1076. See also Spain and, 1164
Offshore banking Structural Adjustment Plan, 1084
Cayman Islands, 258 territorial disputes, 1168–1169, 1532, 1536
dirty money, 1076 Tunisia and, 1168
drug money, 1077 unemployment, 1162
origins, 1077 Water Sector Adjustment Program, 5
Panama, 1555 women, 1162
terrorism and, 1076–1077 Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), 1349
Money supply, 147–148 Moro people, 618–619
Monge, Luis Alberto, 84 Moros Islands independence, 1455
Mongol Empire, 297–298 Mortality
Mongolia, 520–521, 1078–1079 infant. See Infant mortality
China and, 603 maternal. See Maternal mortality
Chinese nuclear programs in, 603 Mosaddeq, Dr. Mohammad, 52–53
extractive industries, 1079 Moscoso, Mireya, 1237
single-party government, 1414 Moscoso, Teodoro, 1200–1201, 1334
territorial disputes, 1535 Moshoeshoe, Chief, 957. See also Lesotho
Monoculture, 17. See also Crop specialization MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the
Monopoly, 1065–1066. See also Cartels Ogony People), 649–650
natural, 1065 Mosquitia, 607
Monroe Doctrine, 239, 278 Mossadeq, Muhammad, 308, 863–864, 1085–1086, 1221
Montenegro, 287, 1079–1081 Most favored nation principle, 707–708, 1567–1568
establishment of, 135 Most Favored Nation status, China, 774
independence, 290 Moto, Severo, 575

I61
INDEX

Mountbatten, Louis, 897 countertrade and, 406–408

Mouvement Nationale de la Révolution, 390 dependency and, 461
Movement for a Multiparty Democracy (Zambia), 1751, 1752 foreign direct investment by. See Foreign direct investment
Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP), 180, 1129–1130 human rights and, 1095
Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL), 960 Japanese, 103
Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), 53–54, labor and, 1095
416, 1536 market consolidation, 1094
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Princep Mexico, 1383
(MLSTP), 263 mobility of, 1095
Movement for the Survival of the Ogony People negative aspects, 1095
(MOSOP), 649–650 origins, 1093
Movement of Democratic Forces of Senegal (MFDC), 627 outsourcing strategy, 1094
Moviento de Participación Popular (MPP), 1575 positive contributions, 1094–1095
Moviento sem Terra, 1478 privatization and, 1095
Movimiento Brazileiro de Alfabetização, 543–544 profit-repatriation by, 1095
Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (Tupamaros), 1486, relocation of, 106–107
1575, 1647 Singapore, 949
Movimiento Popular de Libertação de Angola, 1292–1293 South Africa, 60
Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru, 48, 50, 64, 685, 1575 South Korean charbols, 103, 514–515
Movimiento Revolutionario 26 de Julio, 1584 strategies for expansion, 1094
Moyen Congo, 389 strategies of internalization, 1093–1094
Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), 682, 683 strategies of penetration, 1093
Mozambique, 1086–1087 structuralist theory and, 1320
assimilados, 1087 technology transfer and, 1530
debt holdings, 444 trading patterns and, 1567
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Mundt, Rep. Karl F., 686
ethnic conflicts, 623 Munich Olympic Games, terrorism at, 37, 71, 883, 1227
FRELIMO, 682–683, 972, 1087 Municipal solid waste, 1681
humanitarian relief, 786 Muñoz Martin, Luis, 1200–1201, 1334
independence, 1462 Murmiao (South African newspaper), 10
reforestation, 582 Museneni, Yoweri Kaguta, 503, 1586
Resisténica Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMI), 682–683, Musharraf, General Pervez, 898–899, 1223. See also Pakistan
972, 1087 Music
Samora Machel, 972–973 Dominican blues, 587
South Africa and, 60–61, 189 ‘‘noisy,’’ 1295–1296
Southern African Development Community and, 1463 Music industry, Barbados, 155
territorial disputes, 1536 Muslim Brotherhood, 1089–1090, 1096–1097
MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), Muslim League, 124, 1097–1098
53–54, 416, 1536 Zanzibar, 1523
Msmang, R. W., 10 Muslims. See also Islam
Mswati, 1512 Cambodian massacre of, 908
Mt. Peleé volcanic eruption, 998, 1114–1115 caste systems and, 253
Mtikila, Christopher, 1524 in India, 859
Mubarak, Hosni, 549, 925, 1088–1089, 1160, 1381 Islamic law and, 955
Mugabe, Robert, 30, 334, 632, 935, 1089–1990, 1757, 1758 of Maghreb, 976
Muhammad, Qazi, 921 Sri Lanka, 1489, 1490
Mujahedin, 4, 1091–1092, 1223, 1520–1521 Muslim women’s organizations, 878
Algerian, 28 Muslim World Leadership Institutes, program on
Soviet invasion and, 1091 feminism, 1719
Mujeb-ur-Rahman, Sheikh, 125–126, 1092 Mutalibov, Abulfaz, 127
Mullah Mohammad Omar, 1521 Mutea II, King, 503
Multiethnic societies. See also Diversity Mvumbi, Albert John. See Luthuli, Albert
positive aspects, 633 Mwanawasa, Levy, 1751–1752
Multifibre Agreements, 1566 Mwinyi, Hassan Ali, 1523
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Myanmar (Burma), 1098–1099
Protocol, 571 ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1456
Multilateral Investment Fund, 829 Aung San Suu Kyi, 119, 1098
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), 834 authoritarian governance, 1449
Multilateral Treaty of Free Trade and Economic Integration, 281 in Bandung Conference, 139–140
Multinational corporations (MNCs), 1093–1096 civil disobedience in, 344
agriculture and, 14–15 colonial legacy, 1454
in Cayman Islands, 258 economy, 98
in Central Africa, 271 ethnic conflicts, 618–619
in Central/Eastern Europe, 289 internal politics, 115
corporate agriculture and, 665 Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100

I62
 INDEX

Open Door policy, 1450 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 117, 166, 547–549, 1034, 1035, 1038,
SEATO and, 1458 1102–1103, 1159. See also Egypt
Shan states independence, 1455 Ba’ath Party and, 130, 1598
State Peace and Development Council, 1098 Baghdad Pact and, 310
Mycobacteria leprae, 820 in Bandung Conference, 139–140
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 822, 823 Free Officer’s revolt, 335
My War with the CIA: Memoirs of Norodom Sihanouk, 1407 Muslim Brotherhood and, 1096
Non-Aligned Movement and, 1552
N populism of, 1304–1305
Suez War and, 75–76, 117, 219–220, 548, 1035–1036,
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of 1102, 1159
Colored People), 29 United Arab Republic and, 69–70, 1598
Nabiyev, Rahman, 302, 383, 1512 Yemen and, 1746
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association), 200–201, National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN),
645, 708, 830, 1170–1174 672–673, 1024, 1107–1108
arguments for and against, 1173 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
assessment of, 1174 See NAACP
basic provisions, 1172–1173 National consciousness, Oceania, 1196
Canadian perspective on, 1171–1172 National debt. See Debt
Canadian transparency decision, 1570 National Endowment for Democracy (NED), 878
Caribbean and, 233 National Federation of Coffee Growers, 1177
Central America and, 283 National Front for the Liberation of Angola (NLA), 53–54
environmental provisions, 1174 National Indicative Programs (NIPs), 965
foreign investors and, 1172 Nationalism
Free Trade Area of the Americas and, 677 Arab, 68–72. See also Pan-Arabism
global trading patterns and, 1568 authoritarianism and, 122–123
intellectual property and, 1173 Cuban, 246
labor commission, 1174 Kurdish, 610–611, 1577
Maquiladoras Program and, 994 migration and, 1044
Mexican perspective on, 1170–1171 Montenegro, 1080
Mexico and, 283, 1019–1020, 1024, 1248, 1383 refugee movements and, 1354
neoliberalism and, 1122 religious, 857–858
organized labor and, 1173, 1174 single-party government and, 1415
Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) and, 1172 Southeast Asia, 1447–1448
rule of origin, 1172 Nationalization
snap-back provisions, 1172, 1173 Algeria, 1166
Southern Cone nations and, 1480 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 1221
trade policy and, 1563–1564 Argentina, 82
US perspective on, 1171 Belarus, 162
US politics and, 1173 Central/Eastern Europe, 291–292
Nagorno-Karabakh dispute, 87–88, 127, 378, 382, 924, Chile, 31, 681, 1484
1253, 1533 Cuba, 257, 413–414
Nagu, Ferenc, 286 Democratic Republic of Congo, 390
Nagu, Imre, 289 Ecuador, 48
Naguib, General Muhammad, 1159 Gamal Abdel Nasser and, 1102
Nagy, Imre, 456, 790 Guatemala, 32
Najibullah, 4, 1091–1092 Iran, 863–864, 1085–1086
Namaliu, Rabbie, 1240 Iraq Petroleum Company, 130
Namibia, 1101–1102 Laos, 944
COMESA and, 369 Nicaragua, 1138
diamond production, 250 North Korea, 914
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Peru, 41, 1269
ethnic conflicts, 623 Suez Canal, 75–76, 117, 219–220, 548, 1035–1036, 1102
history and economic development, 1460–1462 Syria, 1513
national parks, 1245 Trujillo holdings, 186
South Africa and, 60–61, 189 Zambia, 1752–1753
Southern African Customs Union and, 1468–1470 National Liberation Army (ELN), 352–353, 503,
Southern African Development Community and, 1463 1110–1111, 1182
South-West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), 1101, National Liberation Council (Ghana), 700
1444–1445 National Liberation Front (NLF), 1108–1110
Soviet Union and, 1445 National Liberation Party (NLP), 84
white community, 1706, 1707 National parks, 1244–1246
Nanumba people, 627–628 deforestation and, 1712
Napoleonic Civil Code, 951 future and recommendations, 1245–1246
Narcotics trafficking. See Drug trafficking Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), 1710

I63
INDEX

National parks (Continued ) Maldives, 984–985

Garamba National Park (Congo), 1709–1710 natural hazards vs., 1111
international and sustainable development, 1244–1245 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States and, 1211
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (India), 1710, 1711 Natural gas, 647
Serengeti National Park (Tanzania), 1710 Natural hazards
Tesso Nilo National Park (Indonesia), 1712 climatic, 1111–1113
Virunga National Park (Congo), 1709–1710 geologic, 1113–1115
in wildlife preservation, 1710–1711 Natural monopoly, 1065
National Party (South Africa), 30, 58, 61–62, 188–191, Natural resources, 768. See also Extractive industries
989–990, 1462 depletion and deterioration, 769
National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), Kenya, 905 Nature Conservancy, 1348
National Redemption Council (Ghana), 700 Nauru
National Resistance Council, of Uganda, 503 demographics, 1191
National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), 46, 185 trusteeship, 1632
National Revolutionary Unity of Guatemala Nawaz Sharif, Mian, 1223
(URNG), 726–728 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 383, 902
National Salvation Council (Somalia), 1433 Nazi Germany. See also Fascism; Hitler, Adolf; Holocaust
National security, counterinsurgency and, 404–405 Argentina and, 1481
National Security Council, Iran-Contra scandal and, 394 Bank for International Settlements and, 145
National Security Decision Directive 17, 393 eugenics programs, 654–655
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola Hungary and, 789
(UNITA), 53–54, 1293 Iran and, 909, 1034
Nation building, 1103–1107 Latvia and, 946
Strategic Hamlet Program, 1105 occupation of Ukraine, 1588
Native Reserves, 332–333, 903, 935, 979, 980, Paraguay and, 1485
1002, 1439–1440 Poland and, 1280
establishment of, 1462 Slovakia and, 1416
Hendrick Verwoerd and, 1661 Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 288, 963–964, 1496
Lesotho and Swaziland as, 1461 sterilization programs, 654, 655
Natives Land Act, 10, 935, 1439–1440, 1462 as totalitarian state, 1555, 1556
Natives Representative Councils, 1462 Uruguay and, 1486
NATO, 381, 1173–1176 war crimes tribunals, 1054–1055
arms industry and, 94–95 Yugoslavia and, 1748
arms transfer and, 89 Ndadaye, Melchior, 212
Baltic states in, 294 Ndebele people, 1439
Berlin Wall and, 171 Ndi, Ni John Fru, 1116–1117. See also Cameroon
in Bosnia, 1255 Ndjuka people, 1507
Central and Eastern Europe and, 286, 290, 294, 295 Ndluli, Laborsibeni Gwamile, 10
collapse of Soviet Union and, 1175 Ndzwani, 387
Croatia and, 411 NED (National Endowment for Democracy), 878
Czech Republic in, 294 Negdels. See Collective farms; Collectivization
formation of, 1488 Negrito people, 1271–1272
Hungary in, 294, 791 Negritude literature, 1234, 1396, 1545
Iraq War and, 1175–1176 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 802–803, 1117–1118. See also India
in Kosovo, 138, 1253 in Bandung Conference, 139–140
North Africa and, 1175 Non-Aligned Movement and, 1148, 1552
peacekeeping by, 1253 Neisseria meningitidis, 822
Poland in, 294 Nemeth, Miklós, 790, 1655
Russia and, 383 Neoclassical liberalism/Washington Consensus, 461–463,
Serbia and, 1399 965, 966
terrorism and, 1175 Neocolonialism, 1118–1120
Turkey and, 310 Kwame Nkrumah and, 1146
Yugoslavian no-fly zone and, 137 Neoliberalism, 1120–1123. See also Mixed economy
Natron (sodium carbonate) production, Chad, 261 backlash against, 1122
Natural disasters, 1111–1116. See also Disaster relief; labor and, 933
Natural hazards Mexico and, 1248
Association of Caribbean States and, 112 military and, 933
Caribbean Development Bank and, 236 trade policy and, 1563
Central America, 276 Neo-Marxist theory, 667. See also Foreign direct investment
climatic hazards, 1111–1113 Neostructuralism, 1617
disaster preparedness, 1115–1116 NEPAD. See New Partnership for Africa’s Development
earthquake/tsunami of 2004, 811, 985, 1489 Nepal, 1123–1125
Grenadan Souffriere Hills volcano, 1083 Bagmara Forest, 1711–1712
Haitian hurricanes, 741 counterinsurgency in, 405
Honduras, 763 national parks, 1245

I64
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Rana family, 1124 democratization, 1139–1140

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and, earthquake of 1972, 1134–1135
1441–1444 education, 543
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 883 ethnic conflicts, 607
Netherlands history, 1134
international banks in, 151 in Honduras, 763
Papua New Guinea and, 1240 infrastructure, 1135–1136
Suriname and, 1185–1186 life expectancy, 276
Netherlands Antilles, 1125–1127 literacy, 544
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 Mexico and, 1023
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 Organization of American States and, 1206–1207
Venezuela and, 1126 political history, 392–393, 1134–1135
Neto, Agostiño, 1292 private property rights in, 1321
Neutralism vs. nonalignment, 1148 remittances to, 283
Nevada del Ruiz volcanis eruption, 1115 San Andrés Island dispute, 1182
Neves, Tancredo, 200 Sandinistas, 233, 416, 660–661, 763, 1023, 1135, 1389–1390
Nevis Reformation Party, 1491 Supreme Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP), 1138
New Caledonia territorial disputes, 283, 1135, 1538
international relations, 1194 United Nicaraguan Opposition, 1389–1390
Kanak people, 1194 United States and, 279, 1023
national identity, 1193–1194 Nicaraguan Revolution, 1136–1137
New Economic Policy (Malaysia), 1127 Nickel production, New Caledonia, 1191
New Guinea trusteeship, 1632 NICs. See Newly industrialized countries
New International Economic Order, 139, 461, 835, 1128–1129 Niger, 1140–1141. See also West Africa
cartels and, 249–250 Berbers in, 170
Lomé Convention and, 964–966 debt relief, 443
Non-Aligned Movement and, 1148 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Program for Action, 1128–1129 ethnic conflict, 628
trade policy and, 1562 extractive industries, 1140
New Jewel Movement (NJM), 180, 242, 248, 1129–1130 independence movement, 30
Newly Emerging Nations, military and, 1050 Lake Chad Basin Commission, 933–934
Newly industrialized countries (NICs), 101–103, 463, 1067, 1546 Niger Delta Development Commission, 1144
export characteristics, 1566 Nigeria, 1141–1144. See also West Africa
Newly industrialized economies (NIEs), 101–103, 1130–1133 Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwi, 127–128
economic liberalization of, 1132–1133 Biafra and, 175–177
foreign direct investment in, 1132 civic education, 342
technology transfer and, 1131–1132 currency devaluation, 423
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), 5, 1204, debt, 223, 1144
1466, 1700, 1701 decolonization, 361–362
New People’s Army, 1130 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
New Zealand economy, 1143
ASEAN and, 115 ethnic conflicts, 627, 628–629
Canberra Agreement, 1194 famine, 176–177
Marau Peace Agreement, 1431 health care, 748
Niue and, 1144–1145 Lake Chad Basin Commission, 933–934
Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France), 1623 Niger Delta Development Commission, 1144
Samoa and, 1385 oil, 270–271, 646, 649–650, 1143
SEATO and, 1458 peacekeeping, 1254
Tonga and, 1554 petroleum royalties, 221
Tuvalu Trust Fund, 1583 political history, 1142–1143
Nganguela people, 53 shadow economy, 181
Ngobe (Guaymiés) Indians, 606, 607–608 white community, 1706
Nguema, Francisco Macı́as, 264 Yoruba people, 1257
Nguema Mbasongo, Teodoro Obiang, 265, 575, 576 Nigerian Trust Fund, 4
Ngum people, 1512 Niger River Valley Zone, 582
Nguyen Al Quoc. See Ho Chi Minh Nile River, 547, 1157, 1688. See also Egypt
Ngwane, 1512 NIPs (National Indicative Programs), 965
Nicaragua, 934, 1133–1136. See also Nicaraguan Revolution Nitric acid pollution, 1, 2
Anatasio Debayle Somoza, 1434–1435 Nitrous oxide pollution, 1, 1289
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 agricultural globalization and, 13
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 Niue, 1144–1145
CIA in, 309 Nixon, Richard M., 32
Contras, 309, 392–395, 1023 Israel and, 78
Cuba in, 257 Niyazov, Saparmurad, 1579
debt, 1135 Niyazov, Saparmyrat, 299

I65
INDEX

NJM (New Jewel Movement), 180, 242, 248, 1129–1130 modernization and, 1067–1068
Nkomo, Joshua, 30, 334, 1757 multiple concurrent programmes, 1154
Nkoniti Accord on Non-Agression and Good objectives, 1153
Neighborliness, 973 origin, growth, and life cycle, 1151
Nkrumah, Kwame, 29, 30, 700, 1145–1147, 1202, 1463. Oxfam, 1217–1218
See also Ghana in Pakistan, 1224
in Bandung Conference, 139–140 people-oriented vs. project-oriented activities, 1154
NLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), 53–54 of Protestant origin, 639
NLP (National Liberation Party), 84 risk of vendorism, 1153
Nobel Peace Prize Rockefeller Foundation, 1365–1368
Amnesty International, 38 roles, 1150
Arafat/Peres/Rabin, 79 Salvation Army, 1384
Bishop Desmond Tutu, 1580, 1581 Soros critique of, 1438
De Klerk/Mandela, 438, 990 Soros Foundation Network, 1435–1438
Lech Walesa, 1676 typology, 1150–1151
Oscar Arias Sanchez, 84, 280 voluntarism as characteristic, 1150
Sadat/Begin, 161, 220, 1038, 1159, 1382 vs. civil society organizations, 1150–1151
Ximines Bel/Ramos Horta, 525 WHO and, 1736
Nobel Prize, Rockefeller Foundation and, 1366, 1368 Noriega, General Manuel, 1236–1237
Noboa, Gustavo, 49, 542 North, Col. Oliver, 309, 394
‘‘Noisy music’’ and popular sectors, 1295–1296 North Africa. See also individual countries and regions
Nomadic pastoralism, 159–160 associations and inter-state relations, 1168–1170
Nomadic societies, 1500 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Central Asia, 297, 299 economic development, 1160–1161
education and, 545 education, 1161–1162
Kuwait, 925 ethnic conflicts, 611–615
Saudi Arabia, 1391 European Union and, 1168
Tuareg, 1140 geography and climate, 1156–1157
Non-Aligned Movement, 192, 416, 1035, 1147–1149, history, 1157–1160
1234–1235, 1545 human development, 1161–1163
Colombia and, 1183 international relations, 1163–1170
Gamal Abdel Nasser and, 1552 literacy, 1161
Josip Broz Tito and, 1552, 1749 monarchic government in, 1075
Norodom Sihanouk and, 1407 NATO and, 1175
Sukarno and, 1506–1507 research and development in, 1162
Summit Conference, 1442 North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA). See NAFTA
vs. neutralism, 1148 North Atlantic, sustainable development and, 1510
Nong Duc Manh, 1666 North Atlantic capitalism, social revolution theory of, 1422
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 519, 1149–1156. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO
See also individual organizations Northern Mariana Islands
agriculture and, 16 international relations, 1194
antidiscrimination efforts, 1063 trusteeship, 1632
CARE, 229–231 Northern South America. See also individual countries
Code of Conduct, 784 and regions
DAWN (Development Alternatives with Women for a Colombia, 1176–1177, 1182–1183
New Era), 433–435 French Guiana, 1180–1181, 1186
debt crisis and, 849 Guyana, 1179–1180, 1184–1185
defining, 1149–1150 history and economic development, 1176–1181
against deforestation, 446 international relations, 1181–1187
development and, 459 Suriname, 1180, 1185–1186
for disaster relief, 475–476 Venezuela, 1177–1179, 1183–1184
environmental, 177–179, 571, 572–575, 1348 North Korea, 913–915. See also East Asia
funding, 1153–1154 arms exports, 96
government and, 1151–1152 arms industrialization, 94
government or political cooption of, 1154–1155 civic education, 340
government partnership programs, 1152–1153 economic decline, 915
health care, 748, 759 economic development, 511, 914–915
HIV/AIDS and, 759 economic sanctions, 1386
humanitarian relief projects, 784–787 in Grenada, 721
human rights coalition, 37–38 histography, 913–914
in India, 1154 Import Substitution Industrialization, 515
institutionalization of, 1154 Inter-Korean Joint Declaration and, 523
Islamic, 878 Japanese rule of, 513
issues confronting, 1153–1155 Juché economic model, 914, 915
management issues, 1154 missile program, 517

I66
 INDEX

single-party government, 1414 history and economic development, 1189–1190

South Korea and, 522–523 international relations, 1192–1197
Soviet Union and, 514 national consciousness, 1196
territorial disputes, 1535 nuclear testing in, 1194
Novak, Michael, 709 Pacific Islands Forum, 1219–1220
Novotny, Antonin, 496, 1319 water management status, 872
Nozick, Robert, 798 whaling industry, 1190
NRC (National Redemption Council, Ghana), 700 Ochoa Sánchez, Gen. Arnaldo, 417
Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 601 October (Yom Kippur) War, 77–78, 1038
Nuclear development, Iraq, 1037 Odinga, Oginga, 906
Nuclear energy, 563 O’Donnell, Guillermo, 449, 1477–1478
Chernobyl disaster, 379, 563, 1373 bureaucratic authoritarianism theory, 207–209
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 831–832 Odrı́a, General Manuel, 40, 41, 46
Lithuania, 963 OECS (Organization of Eastern Caribbean States), 236, 243.
Soviet Union, 1373–1374 See Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
Taiwan, 1517 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 307
Nuclear technology, 96 Offsets, 406
Nuclear testing Offshore banking
British near Kiribati, 912 Angola, 55
France in Algeria, 1166 Bahamas, 132
Kiribati civil suit, 912 Cayman Islands, 258
in Micronesia, 1025 Dominica, 484
Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France), 1623 Mauritius, 1006
in Oceania, 1194 Panama, 1236, 1555
Soviet, 298–299, 902 Vanuatu, 1653
Nuclear wastes Ogaden National Liberation Front, 585
management of, 1685 Ogony people, 649–650
Russian, 1373–1374 OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference), 72
Taiwan, 1517 Oil-for-food program, 920
Nuclear weapons. See also Weapons of mass destruction Oil industry. See also Extractive industries
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEC), 1264 Algeria, 29, 192, 1158
Iraqi, 1264 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 52–53
in Mongolia, 603 Angola, 53
Soviet Union, 1488 Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO), 2–3, 72–73
Nuremberg Charter, 1056 Argentina, 82
Nuremberg Trials, 1055 Azerbaijan, 127
Nutmeg. See also Spice trade Bahrain, 133
colonialism and, 359 Biafra, 177
Nutrition. See Food and nutrition; Hunger Bolivia, 184
Nyaneke-Humbo people, 53 Brunei, 202
Nyanja people, 981 Caribbean, 241
Nyassaland. See Malawi Central Africa, 261, 270–271
Nyerere, Julius, 30, 37, 180, 502–503, 508, 600, 906, 934, Central Asia, 304–305
940, 1188–1189, 1524 Chad, 312
Arusha Declaration, 1524 Colombia, 351
Seychelles coup d’etat and, 1401 debt holdings and, 835
single-party government and, 1415 deforestation and, 1347
dependency and, 1031
O East Timor, 524–525
Economic Cooperation Organization and, 304–305
OAS (Organisation Armée Secrète), 28 Ecuador, 40, 48–49, 541–542
OAS (Organization of American States). See Organization of as energy source, 562–563
American States Equatorial Guinea, 576
OAU. See Organization of African Unity as extractive industry, 646–656
Obando y Bravo, Archbishop Miguel, 1134 Guinea-Bissau, 735
Obote, Milton, 36, 503, 504, 508, 1147, 1586 Iran, 863, 1085–1086
Obregón, Alvaro, 1018 Iraq, 868
Observations of Solid Waste Landfills in Developing Countries Kazakhstan, 306, 901–902
(Johannessen and Boyer), 1683–1684 Kurdistan, 920
Ocalan, Abdullah, 920 Libya, 1158, 1167
Oceania. See also Fiji; Samoa; Tonga Mauritania, 1004
caste/class system, 1194–1195 Middle East economy and, 1029
ethnic conflict, 615–618 Netherlands Antilles, 1126
France and, 1193–1194 Nigeria, 1143
Free Association Contract, 1225 OPEC and, 563–564, 1212–1215. See also OPEC

I67
INDEX

Oil industry (Continued ) Open Society and Its Enemies (Popper), 1435–1436
Peru, 41 Open Society Institute, 1437. See also Soros
petrodollars, 1270–1271, 1563 Foundation Network
pipeline routes, 306, 638, 698 Operation Bootstrap, 1200–1202, 1334–1335
producer cartels, 250. See also OPEC Operation Desert Storm. See Persian Gulf War (1991)
Qatar, 1339 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1265–1266. See also Persian
Republic of Congo, 270 Gulf War (2003)
Russia, 564 Operation Mockingbird, 307–308
Saudi Arabia, 1391–1392 Operation Mongoose, 308
Suez War and, 76 OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation), 1216–1217
Syria, 1513–1514 Orange Revolution (Ukraine), 1589
Trinidad and Tobago, 1571 Organisasion armeé secrete (OAS), 28, 613
Turkmenistan, 306, 1579 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
United Arab Emirates, 1595, 1596–1597 (OECD), 102–103, 1383
Venezuela, 171, 313, 1178 anti-corruption measures, 398
war on terrorism and, 679–680 Slovakia and, 1417–1418
Oil production, Venezuela, 1658–1659 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe,
Oilseed production, Cameroon, 261 1063, 1253
Oil spills Organization of African Unity (OAU), 227, 257, 264, 507,
Amoco Cadiz, 648 529, 782, 1202–1205, 1235, 1700. See also African Union
Erica, 648 Algerian/Moroccan border dispute settlement, 1168–1169
Exxon Valdez, 648 apartheid and, 1203–1204
Metula, 648 contributions to development, 1203
Polycommander, 648 Convention on Refugees, 1353
Torrey Canyon, 648 Coordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, 1203
Ojeda, Alonso de, 1125 global trading patterns and, 1568
Ojukwu, Emeka, 176, 627, 1142 institutions, 1203
Okello, John, 1197–1198 Language Plan of Action for Africa, 940
Okin, Susan Moller, 799 peacekeeping by, 1252
Oligarchic democracies, 209 Organization of American States (OAS), 33, 40, 278, 571,
Oligarchies 1205–1207
Argentinian, 82 anti-corruption measures, 398
El Salvador ‘‘Fourteen Families,’’ 552 charter members, 1205
Latin American, 1476 Cold War and, 1206
Olusuba language, 939 Colombia and, 1182
Olympic Games cultural programs, 1207
Mexico City, 1018, 1022, 1247 Dominican Republic invasion and, 485
Munich, 37, 71, 883, 1158, 1227 election monitoring, 1206–1207
South Africa barred from, 1204 Haiti and, 85
Oman, 1198–1200 human rights and, 782
independence, 1034 institutions, 1205–1206
political and economic reforms, 1032 peacekeeping operations, 1254
territorial disputes, 1534 peacemaking efforts, 1206
Omar, Mullah Mohammad, 1521 terrorism and, 1207
‘‘On the Duty of Civil Disobedience’’ (Thoreau), 343 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC, 1212–1215 (OAPEC), 1207–1210, 1270
Algeria in, 1158 impact, 1209–1210
as Arab forum, 72 numbers, 1210
Arabian American Oil Company structure, 1207–1208
(ARAMCO) and, 1213 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), 236, 243,
as cartel, 251 248, 1210–1212
Ecuador and, 40 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See OPEC
founding, 1209 Organization of the Islamic Conference, 72, 1215–1216
future of, 1215 Organized labor
history, 1212–1215 African Diaspora and, 8
Kuwaiti defiance of, 1261–1262 arguments against privatization, 1326–1327
Middle East economy and, 1029 Cuba, 415–416
natural gas production, 647 NAFTA objections, 1173
oversupply and, 1214–1215 Puerto Rican industry and, 1201
petrodollars, 1270–1271 South African, 10–11
rise of, 563–564 World Confederation of Labour (CISC), 1727–1728
stagflation and, 1121 (The) Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt), 1555, 1556
Venezuela and, 171, 1184, 1659 Oromo Liberation Front, 585
World Bank and, 835 Ortega, Daniel, 393, 1138, 1139–1140, 1389
OPEC Fund for International Development, 927 Ortega, Humberto, 1139

I68
 INDEX

Orthodox Church. See also Religion; Russian Orthodox Church Benazir Bhutto, 174–175
Coptic, 396, 614 boundary agreement with China, 125
Greek, 715–717 CENTO and, 311
Ukrainian, 384, 1587 Democratic Action Committee, 125–126
Osborne, John, 1083 East. See Bangladesh
Oslo Peace Accords, 71, 79, 861, 883, 1036, 1227, Economic Cooperation Organization and, 304, 537–538
1231–1232, 1631 economic growth, 125
Osorio tank incident, 95 Edhi Foundation, 1224
Ossetians, in Georgia, 697 education, 125, 1223
Ottoman Empire, 68–69, 87, 284–285 external threat perception, 1443
Britain and France and, 135 Fauji Foundation, 1224
Christianity and, 335 Fulbright Program and, 687
Constitutional (Tanzimat) Movement, 1049 Green Revolution and, 717–718
Croatia and, 410 independence, 36
Cyprus and, 428 India’s wars with, 94
Druze religion and, 494–495 irrigated and drained area, 871
international relations, 1033 irrigation and drainage, 874
in Iraq, 867–868 Islamic Democratic Alliance, 1097
Jordan and, 893 Kashmir dispute, 94, 805–807, 897–899, 1443
Kurdistan and, 922–923 Mujahedin and, 1091, 1223
military in, 1049 Mukti Sanad (Six-Point Program), 1092
Palestine, 1225–1226 Muslim League, 1097–1098
Qatar and, 1339 national parks, 1245
Serbia and, 1398 pipeline routes, 306–307
Turkey and, 1576 political history, 1222–1224
Oubangui-Chari. See Central African Republic public safety issues, 1223
Oueddei, Goukouni, 264 Regional Cooperation for Development and, 304
Our Common Future. See Brundtland Report remittances, 197, 1043
Ousmane, Mahamane, 1141 SEATO and, 1458
Ovamboland People’s Congress, 1444, 1445. See also South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
South West Africa People’s Organization and, 1441–1444
Ovambo people, 53 Taliban and, 1521–1522
Overseas Development Assistance, 1317 territorial disputes, 94, 805–807, 897–899, 1443, 1535
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), 1216–1217 Pakistan Resolution, 36
Ovimbundu people, 53, 54 Paksas, Rolandas, 964
Owen, Robert, 1592 Pakuristan territorial dispute, 1534–1535
Ownership, land. See Land ownership Palau (Belau), 1224–1225
Oxfam, 476, 1217–1218 demographics, 1191
Ozone depletion. See also Global climate change; Pollution trusteeship, 1632
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Palés Matos, Luis, 587
Ozone Layer, 1511 Palestine, 1225–1228. See also Arab-Israeli Wars;
sustainable development and, 1510 Palestine Liberation Organization
anti-Zionism, 166–167, 881, 1037, 1758–1759
P Arab nationalism and, 69, 70–71
Arab Revolt, 1226
Pacific Business Forum, 1132 Balfour Declaration, 69, 134–135, 980, 1226
Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, Singapore and, 1412 British Mandate, 167, 1008, 1226
Pacific Islands Forum, 1219–1220 Christianity in, 336
Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency, 1582–1583 creation of Israel and, 1226
Pacific Rim, Lomé Convention, 964–966 early history, 1225–1226
Pacific ‘‘Ring of Fire,’’ 1113–1114 intifadas, 71, 80, 741–742, 860–862, 883–884, 1038, 1227,
Pacto de Punto Fijo, 1183, 1659 1231–1232
Padmore, George, 29 Israeli occupation, 883, 1008, 1037–1038
Pahlavi, Shah Mohammad Reza, 863–864, 909–910, 1034, Oslo Peace Accords, 1227, 1231–1232
1220–1221. See also Iran Sykes-Picot Agreement, 69, 135, 495, 947, 1226
PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization), 749 territorial disputes, 1534
Paiewonsky, Ralph, 1670 terrorism and, 1226–1227
Pakistan, 1221–1224 United Nations High Commissioner for Palestine, 1611
Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan, 1222, 1745–1746 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine,
arms transfers to, 96 1606, 1611, 1629–1631
Asian Development Bank loans, 100–101 United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees, 1611
Awami League, 124, 1092–1093 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 37, 883, 927, 1036,
Baghdad Pact, 868 1228–1229. See also Arafat, Yasser
Bandung Conference, 139–140 Algeria and, 1166
Bangladesh and, 141 early history, 70–71

I69
INDEX
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Continued )
HAMAS and, 742
in Lebanon, 1630
Libya and, 1158
terrorism and, 1226–1227, 1228–1229
Palestinian Authority, 79–80, 1227, 1229, 1233
Palestinian Diaspora, 1229–1233
right of return and, 1233
Palestinian refugees, 75, 881
Palm kernel production, Central Africa, 261
Pampas, Argentinian, 81
PAN (Partido Acción Nacional ), 672–673
Pan-African Congress, 11, 436, 1234, 1440, 1463
Pan-African Freedom Movement, 901. See also
Kuanda, Kenneth
Pan-Africanism, 8, 1233–1236
All-African People’s Congress, 29–30, 1147
branches of, 1235
Kwame Nkrumah and, 1145–1147
negative effects of, 1235–1236
negritude literature, 1234, 1396, 1545
Rastafarianism and, 1350
Pan-African Union, Jomo Kenyatta and, 906
Pan-African Workers Congress (PAWC), 1728
Panama, 1236–1237. See also Panama Canal
anti-American demonstrations, 32
Association of Caribbean States and, 111
Canal Zone, 1237–1238
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233
Comarca system, 607–608
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1236, 1237
Liberation Theology and, 334
Omar Torrijos Hérrera, 1554–1555
Panama Canal, 1237
Panama Canal Treaties, 1237–1239
Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), 749
Pan-Arabism
Ba’ath Party and, 129
nationalism and, 69–70
Panchayat, Rashtriya, 1124
Panchayat caste, 254
Panday, Basdeo, 1571
Paniagua, Valentin, 1267–1268
Pan-Malayasian Islamic Party, 1344
Papa Doc. See Duvalier, François
Papaya production, Central Africa, 261
Papua New Guinea, 1239–1240
demographics, 1191
education, 545
ethnic conflict, 615–616
popular sectors in, 1295–1296
trusteeship, 1632
Papuan Liberation Organization, 1535
Paracel, 1241–1242
(The) Paradox of Plenty (Karl), 564
Paraguay, 1242–1243
agricultural oligarchy, 1476
Alfredo Stroesser, 1485–1486, 1497–1498
Chaco War, 1485, 1497
dependence on Argentina, 1485
financial crises, 1478
Friendship Bridge, 1485
geography and climate, 1474, 1475
Guairá Falls, 885
Institute of Rural Welfare, 1243
I70
international relations, 1484–1486
Itaipú Dam, 885–886, 1485, 1498
MERCOSUR and, 1472–1474, 1486
Nazi Germany and, 1485
Organization of American States and, 1206
outward-directed development (desarrollo hacia afuera), 1243
Peace Corps in, 1485
Radical Civic Union, 1485
single-party government, 1414
slavery and emancipation, 7
Treaty of Asunción, 200
in United Nations, 1485
War of the Triple Alliance, 1484
Yacyretá Dam, 1243
Parallel sailing, 724
Paramaka people, 1507
(The) Paranoid Style in American Politics (Hofstadter), 486–487
Paratyphoid fever, 821
Pariah caste, 1640
Paris Club, 442
Paris Peace Accords, 216, 1250
Park Chung Hee, 94, 102–103, 917
Park systems, national, 1244–1246. See also National parks
and specific parks
PARLCEN (Central American Parliament), 280
Parliamentary system, 554–555
Parsons, Talcott, 458, 1293–1294, 1591
Parsons’ structural-functionalist theory, 1069
Parti Congolais du Travail, 390
Partida de Liberacı́on Dominicano (PLD), 485
Partido Africano da Independocia da Guineé Cabo
Verdw, 215–216
Partido Aprista Peru, 745
Partido Arnulfista, 1237
Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN), 672–673,
1024, 1107–1108, 1247
Partido de la Liberación Dominicana (PLD), 186
Partido Justicialista (Argentina), 83
Partido Radical (Chile), 321
Partido Revolucionario de Trabajo (PRT), 1363
Partido Revolucioria Democrático (PRD), 1237
Partido Revolutionario Institucional (PRI), 1017–1019, 1024,
1107, 1246–1249
Parti Progressiste Tchadien (PPT), 311
Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK), 920
Pas Estenssoro, Victor, 46, 47, 50
Pashtunistan, 3
Pass Laws (South Africa), 11, 59–60. See also Apartheid
Pastoralism, 1500–1501
nomadic, 159–160
Pastrana, Andées, 1361
Patagonia, 1475
Patassé, Ange-Felix, 269, 272
Patents. See also Intellectual property rights
on life forms, 826–827
Pathet Lao, 1249–1250
Pauker, Ana, 287
PAWC (Pan-African Workers Congress), 1728
Paz Estenssoro, Victor, 185
Paz Zamora, Jaime, 50
Peace Corps, 40, 459
in Paraguay, 1485
Peacekeeping, 1250–1256
Chad, 1252
challenges and future directions, 1255
 INDEX

Commonwealth of Independent States, 378 Persian Gulf War (1991), 79, 382, 869, 925, 1034, 1089, 1160,
Congo, 1252 1261–1264
deployment procedures, 1254–1255 Argentina and, 1482
evolution of operations, 1251–1252 arms transfer and, 89–90
Lebanon, 1252 Bahrain and, 133
objectives, 1251 causes, 1261–1262
peace building, 1253–1254 international response to, 1262
post-Cold War, 1252–1254 Iraq and, 793–794
preventive deployment, 1253 Jordan and, 893
quasi-enforcement, 1253 Operation Desert Storm, 1262–1263
Sierra Leone, 1406–1407 peacekeeping operations, 1253–1254
Somalia, 1433–1434 significance, 1263
Suez War, 1252 Persian Gulf War (2003), 794, 869–870, 924, 1036, 1264–1267
traditional roles, 1252 Argentina and, 1482
United Nations, 295, 590, 607, 966, 1103–1104, 1182, Jordan and, 893
1250–1256 Mexico and, 1024
Peanut production, Gambia, 691 nation building and, 1106–1107
Pearling industry, 133 NATO and, 1175–1176
Peasants, 1256–1258 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1265–1266
closed corporate communities of, 1256–1257 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 1286–1287
image of the limited good, 1257 Personal dictatorships, 196, 473, 1416
leveling mechanisms, 1257 Pertussis (whooping cough), 822
weapons of the weak concept, 1257 Peru, 1267–1270
Pedi people, 622 Acción Popular, 1269
Pedro I and II (Brazil), 199 agrarian reform, 47
Pegov, Nicolai, 305–306 Alianza Popular Revolutionaria Americana (APRA), 46,
Peking Diary: A Year of Revolution (Bodde), 686 62–65, 1267
Peña Gómez, Francisco, 485 Andean Regional Initiative, 1277
Pentagon attack (September 11), 300 arms transfer to, 93
Peoples, legal definition of, 1393–1394 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108
People’s Action Movement (PAM), 1491 Bolivian and Chilean relations, 43–44
People’s Action Party (Singapore), 1413 Cold War and, 41
People’s Army of Vietnam, 1249 development post-World War II, 1268–1269
People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), 576 economic reforms, 49–50
People’s Front of Azerbaijan, 127 economy, 1268
People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF), 1258–1259 ecotourism, 539
People’s National Congress (Guyana), 1184 geography and climate, 1267
People’s Progressive Party (Guyana), 887, 1184 historical background, 1267–1268
People’s Republic of China. See China import substitution industrialization, 1269
Pepper production. See also Spice trade income inequality, 1311
Central Africa, 261 lost decade and, 1269
colonialism and, 359 Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve, 1712
Peres, Shimon, 79–80 military coups, 47
Perestroika, 289, 596, 702–703, 712–713, 1374. See also Organization of American States and, 1206
Gorbachev, Mikhail political history, 46, 1267–1270
Russian Orthodox Church and, 1377 Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path). See Sendero Luminoso
Perestroika and New Thinking for Russia and the Entire World slavery and emancipation, 7
(Gorbachev), 712 territorial disputes, 39, 42–43, 541, 1537
Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 312 Vı́ctor Raúl de la Torre, 745–746
Pérez, Manuel, 1110 women’s rights, 1404
Perez, Simon, 1164 Peruvian Aprista Party, 745
Pérez Balladares, Ernesto, 1237 Pesticide use
Perez de Cuéllar, Javier, 685 agricultural globalization and, 13
Pérez Jiménez, Marcos, 1178, 1183, 1259–1260, 1659. See also agricultural privatization and, 20–21
Venezuela Petit-Saut Dam, 684, 1180
Permanent Arab Commission on Human Rights, 782 Petrescu, Elena, 259
Perón, Eva, 82, 1260 Petrodollars, 1270–1271, 1563
Perón, Isabel, 82, 988, 1261, 1481 Petróleos de Venezuela (PEDEVESA), 1178–1179, 1659
Perón, Juan Domingo, 32, 81–82, 123, 988, 1260–1261, Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), 1172, 1247
1476–1477, 1481 Petroleum. See Oil production
Justicialismo, 1081, 1302, 1304 Petroleum royalties, Nigeria, 221
Movimiento Peronista Montonero (Montoneros), Pewenche Indians, 625
1081–1082 Peyote, 492
Peronismo, 1081–1082 PFDJ (People’s Front for Democracy and Justice), 576
Perot, Ross, 1173 PFI (political freedom index), 467

I71
INDEX

PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine), 335 Suriname, 1508
PH, of acid precipitation, 1, 2 Tanzania, 1524
Phak Pasason Purivat Lao (Pathet Lao), 1249–1250 Tobago, 1571
Pharmaceutical industry, 490. See also Drug trade United States Virgin Islands, 1670
cost of exported product, 1565 Platt Amendment, 245–246, 412–413
Pharmaceuticals, from Amazon rainforest, 179, 1346 Plaza, Galo, 42, 46–47
Phieu, Le Kha, 1666 PLD (Partido de la Liberación Dominicana), 186, 485
Philately, Cayman Islands stamps, 258 PLO. See Arafat, Yasser; Palestine Liberation Organization
Philippines, 1271–1274 Pluralism, democracy requiring, 121
ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1455–1456 Plurality, religion and, 857
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108 Pohamba, Niñkepunye, 1101
Barrio Village Education Movement, 544 Poland, 1278–1281. See also Walesa, Lech
civil disobedience in, 344 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, 183–184
currency devaluation, 424 Cardinal Stefan Wyznynski, 1743–1744
economic history, 1450 exports, 1279
economy, 98 financial crises, 289
erosion control measures, 582 Germanization, 1279
ethnic (overseas) Chinese in, 620 history, 1279
Fidel Ramos, 1349 human resource development, 770
financial crisis, 1451 independence, 1280
foreign direct investment, 670 international relations, 294
geography and climate, 1271 Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II), 288, 366, 1375,
Green Revolution and, 717–718 1714–1715
Huks, 977, 1272 in NATO, 294
Human Development Index, 659 Nazi Germany and, 1588
infrastructure, 1349 political history, 284–285, 286, 288
MAPHILINDO and, 1272 Round Table Agreement, 1676
mercury contamination, 1620 Rural Solidarity, 1430
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), 66, 1349 Solidarity Union, 890, 1280, 1429–1431, 1488, 1655, 1676
Moros Islands independence, 1455 Soviet Union and, 889–890
National Democratic Front, 66 Visehrad Four and, 1672–1673
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 Wojchiech Jarulzelski, 889–890
New People’s Army, 1130 Workers’ Defense Committee, 1429–1430
population growth, 657 Polanyi, Karl, 458
Project Impact, 544 Polar regions, global climate change and, 706
Ramon Magsaysay, 977 Poliomyelitis, 820
religion, 1457 Political culture, 1281–1283
remittances, 197 Eastern Europe, 1281–1282
SEATO and, 1458 factors in, 1281
Spratly Islands claims, 1241 Political development, 466–467
territorial disputes, 1535 Political freedom index (PFI), 467
Phoenix Factor theory, of war and development, 1677 Political history
Phomvidane, Kaysone, 1250 Algeria, 1157–1158
Phouma, Souvanna, 1249 Bulgaria, 284–285, 290
Phoumasavane, Nouhak, 1250 Central Africa, 262–266
Pinochet, Augusto Ugarte, 32, 123, 321–322, 934, 1274–1276, 1484 China, 325–326
CIA and, 308 Colombia, 350–352, 1176–1177
ECLAC and, 1615 Costa Rica, 402
Pinto de la Costa, Manuel, 263 Czech Republic, 430
Pipelines Democratic Republic of Congo, 388–389
Central Asian routes, 306 East Africa, 501–504
Chile-Bolivia natural gas pipeline project, 50 Egypt, 1159–1160
Pakistan, 306–307 Ghana, 700
Tanzania–Zambia, 900 Hungary, 284, 289
United States routes, 306 Iraq, 864
Pipil Indians, 606 Libya, 1158–1159
Pitcairn, demographics, 1191 Marshall Islands, 996–997
Plan Colombia, 1276–1278, 1361–1362 Mexico, 1017–1020
Planned economy, 385. See also Central planning Nicaragua, 392–393, 1134–1135
Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 655, 852 Nigeria, 1142–1143
Plantation system. See also Slavery Pakistan, 1222–1224
British Virgin Islands, 1669 Poland, 284–285
Caribbean, 357–358 Republic of Congo, 389–390
Guyana, 1179 Sudan, 1502–1503
Kenya, 1002 Taiwan, 1516–1517

I72
 INDEX

Third World, 1544–1545 Philippines, 659

United Arab Emirates, 1595 Rwanda, 1379
Venezuela, 1659–1661 Slovenia, 1419
Yugoslavia, 290 Southeast Asia, 1452
Political Liberalism (Rawls), 798 Sudan, 659
Political Order in Changing Societies (Huntingdon), 1105–1106 Tajikistan, 1518–1520
Political prisoners, Amnesty International, 37–38 Togo, 1552
Political reforms, Alliance for Progress and, 34 trends in, 657
Political systems. See Governance models Tunisia, 1573
Politics, Personality and Nation-Building: Burma’s Search for United Arab Emirates, 1597
Identity (Pye), 1104–1105 urbanization and, 1642
(The) Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Young), 629 Vietnam, 659, 1665
Politics of language, 941 world trends in, 657
Pollution. See also Waste management; specific types Population movement, 1298–1299
acid precipitation, 1–3 ethnicity and cultural heritage and, 1299–1300
agricultural, 1284–1288 infrastructure and, 1299
agricultural globalization and, 13 Population size, 1297–1298
air, 1419–1420 Populations Registration Act (South Africa), 58, 1440.
carbon dioxide, 1346–1347 See also Apartheid
Cospa Mica (Romania) toxic waste cleanup, 1620 Populism, 1301–1306
deforestation and, 445 Aprista movement and, 64
from fossil fuels, 563–564 Brazil, 1482
free market economy and, 675–676 Chiang Ching-Kao and, 314
haze, 116, 445–446, 1419–1420 Christianity and, 1302
industrial, 1288–1292 comparative perspective on, 1302–1306
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 1286–1287 definition, 1301–1302
of poverty, 1510 Mexico, 1019
from refineries, 648 nationalism and, 1301–1302
in Taiwan, 107 Progressive Party and, 1303
United Nations Industrial Development Organization Unitarianism and, 1301
and mercury, 1620 Porfirio Diaz, 1017, 1021
urbanization and, 1645–1646 Porto-Novo, 167
from waste incineration, 1682–1683 Portugal, exploration and colonization, 356
water, 13, 1240 Portuguese colonies, 53–54. See also individual countries
Pollution vouchers, 675–676 Central Africa, 263
Pol Pot, 215–217, 787, 1408, 1449, 1664. See also Cambodia East Timor, 524–525
Ponce Vaides, Federico, 80 independence, 1707
Pondoland Revolt, 11 West Africa, 1695–1696
Pope Bendict XVI, 1714 Positivism, 1050
Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla), 288, 336, 366, 1275, 1375, Postmodernism, 1073
1714–1715 Potato production, Central Africa, 261
Pope Kyrillos VI, 396 Potsdam Conference, 1496
Pope Shenouda III, 396 Poultry industry
Popper, Sir Karl, 1435–1436 Central Africa, 262
Popular Action Front (Chile), 31 corporate farms, 665
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 335, 1228 Poverty, 1307–1312. See also Human Development Index
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, 53–54, 416, absolute and relative, 1312–1313
1292–1293, 1536 Central America, 281
Popular sectors, 1293–1296 as concept, 1307
Popular Unity (Chile), 31–32 Costa Rica, 401
Population density definitions, 1307–1308, 1312
environment and, 571 deprivation and, 1308
water resources and, 1687 development and, 1312–1318
West Africa, 1694 disaster and, 475
Population growth rate, 653, 1296–1300. See also extreme defined, 1311, 1312
Family planning Guatemala, 725–726
demographic transition theory, 1297–1298 HIV/AIDS and, 757
Ethiopia, 658 Honduras, 763
Gambia, 692 human well-being and, 1313–1314
Ghana, 658, 700 hunger and, 664, 1316. See also Food and nutrition
human resources and, 1296–1297 income inequality and, 1310–1311
Kenya, 659 Kenya, 904
Macau, 969 measurement of, 1308, 1315–1316
Mozambique, 1087 Mongolia, 1079
Nicaragua, 1136 moral dimensions, 1316–1317

I73
INDEX

Poverty (Continued ) mixed economy and, 1064

multidimensional, 1313, 1315–1316 Morocco, 1084–1085
Nicaragua, 1135 Mozambique, 683
Nigeria, 1143 multinational corporations and, 1095
Organization of African Unity and, 1204 neoliberalism and, 1122
overpopulation theory and, 1316 political interference argument for, 1325
Overseas Development Assistance and, 1317 protection of jobs argument against, 1326–1327
pollution related to, 1510 social justice argument against, 1326
poverty line, 1308–1309 Structural adjustment programs and, 1500–1501
public health and, 1330 Venezuela, 1660
quality of life, 1340–1341 Vietnam, 481–482
reduction strategies, 1317 Production for use vs. for market, 15
socialistic approach to, 1309 Profit repatriation, 1095
Tajikistan, 1520 Programa Fome Zero, 1410
trends in, 1309–1311 Progressive Liberation Movement (Antigua), 56
Uzbekistan, 1648–1649 Progressive Party (US), 1303
Vietnam, 1665 Prohibition, Bahamas and smuggling, 132
worldview of, 1307 Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1462
Poverty-conflict trap theory, of war, 1677, 1678 Project Impact, 544
Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, of IMF, 848 Proportionality principle, 1054
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, of World Bank, 836 Protestanism, evangelical, 639
Power-conflict theory, of social revolution, 1423 Protestant Ethic, 1067
Pozsgay, Imre, 289 capitalism and, 855–856
PPP (People’s Progressive Party), 887 population movement and, 1299–1300
PPT (Parti Progressiste Tchadien), 311 (The) Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber),
Prado Ugarteche, Manuel, 44, 46, 63–64 855–856, 1299–1300
Pragmatics, 941 Protestant Reformation, 639
Prague Spring, 430, 496, 1318–1319, 1488, Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 742. See also
1654–1655, 1656 Anti-Semitism
Prasad Koirala, Bosweswore, 1124 Provincias Unidas del Centra de América, 277–278
Praxis Group, of Marxists, 1001 Psychiatric illness. See Mental health
PRD (Partido Revolucioria Democrático), 1237 Public health, 1327–1332. See also Health care
Prebisch, Raúl, 458, 1018, 1319–1320, 1614–1616 definition, 1327–1328
Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA), 97, 113 Ebola virus and, 1330
Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) epidemiological transition concept, 1330–1331
COMESA and, 369 financial resources and, 1328
Economic Commission for Africa, 529–530 globalization and, 1329
Premadasa, R., 1490 immunization programs, 1329
Prestes, Luis Carlos, 199 infrastructure and, 1329
Préval, René, 85 internal political conflict and, 1329
PRI. See Partido Revolutionario Institucional poliomyelitis program, 1329–1330
Private property rights, 1320–1321 Rockefeller Foundation in, 1366–1368
Private sector development, Caribbean Basin scope of, 1329
Initiative and, 232 Soros Foundation programs, 1437
Privatization, 1321–1327 tobacco-related illnesses and, 1331
agricultural, 18–25. See also Agricultural Privatization Public sector reform, 1331–1333. See also Structural
Belarus, 163 adjustment programs (SAPs)
Bolivia, 185 Puerto Rican Reconstruction Administration, 241
case for, 1325–1326 Puerto Rico, 1333–1335
consumer welfare argument against, 1327 Chardon Sugar Plan, 1200
corruption and, 1343–1344 ethnic conflicts, 587
debt relief and, 441 food imports, 240–241
definition and meaning, 1322 industrialization, 1334
deregulation as panacea argument for, 1325 migration to US, 1202
efficiency/profitability argument against, 1326 Operation Bootstrap, 1200–1202, 1334–1335
efficiency/profitability argument for, 1325 Organic Act of Puerto Rico, 1200
Estonia, 1651 promotion of, 1201
ethnic/racial discrimination fear against, 1326 slavery and emancipation, 7
expansion of foreign partnership argument for, 1326 textile industry, 1201
foreign domination fear argument against, 1326 Punjab territorial dispute, 1535
growth of private sector argument for, 1326 Purchasing Power Parity measure, 1309
Guyana, 1180 Push-pull relationship, in migration, 1298–1299
internal factors and, 1324 Putin, Vladimir, 383, 1375
logic and scope of programs, 1322–1325 Chechen wars and, 597–598
Mexico, 1383 Pye, Lucian, 1104

I74
 INDEX

Q Ramirez de Leon, Ricardo Arnoldo (Rolando Morán), 727–728

Ramos, Fidel V., 66, 1273, 1349. See also Philippines
Qaddafi, Muammar, 961–962, 1036, 1158, 1167, 1337–1338 Ramos Horta, José, 524, 525
Cultural Revolution, 1305 Ramsar (Convention on Wetlands of International
Libyan Cultural Revolution, 962–963 Importance), 178
populism of, 1302, 1305–1306 Ranariddh, Prince Norodom, 216, 907–908
Qai (narcotic plant), 1746 Rao, P. V. Marasimha, 804
Qajar dynasty, 863 Rapanui (Easter Island), demographics, 1191
Qasim, Abdel Karim, 1598 Rassemblement Democratique Africaine, 1558–1559
Qasin, Gen. Abd al-Karib, 868 Rastafarianism, 1349–1351, 1393
Qatar, 1338–1340 colonial origins, 1350
geography and climate, 1338–1339 development of, 1350–1351
independence, 1034 post-colonial resurgence, 1351
natural gas production, 647 Ratsimandrava, Richard, 973–974
OAPEC and, 1208 Ratsiraka, Didier, 86, 974
political and economic reforms, 1032 Ratzel, Friedrich, 486
territorial disputes, 1534 Rawlings, Jerry, 700, 701
Quadros, Jánio, 1482 Rawls, John, 797–798. See also Income distribution
Quajr, Mozaffaredin Shah, 52 Raznatovic, Zelijko, 138
Quality of life, 1340–1341 RCD (Regional Cooperation for Development), 304
capability approach, 1340 Reagan, Ronald, 139, 171
GDP as measure, 1340 abortion funding and, 1635–1636
as measure of development, 464 Bishop Desmond Tutu and, 1581
Quiroga, Jorge, 50 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232, 247, 550
Quran. See also Islamic fundamentalism; Islam; Muslims Chile and, 1484
interpretations impeding development, 877 Colombia and, 1182
Islamic law and, 955 development theory and, 462
Qwa-Qwa Homeland, 153 Grenada invasion, 417, 720–721, 1185
Guyana and, 1185
R Iran hostage crisis, 864
Iranian airliner shooting, 867
Rabin, Yitzhak, 76, 79–80, 861, 883 Iran-Iraq War and, 866
Racial segregation. See also Apartheid; Caste systems; Libyan bombing, 1158
Discrimination Mexico City (abortion) policy, 1635–1636
Kenya, 1002–1003 Micronesia and, 1026
in US, 8 National Security Decision Directive 17, 393
Radcliffe, Cyril, 897 neoliberalism and, 1121
Radical Civic Union (Paraguay), 1485 Nicaragua and, 279, 392–393, 1023, 1138,
Radioactive wastes, 1373–1374, 1685 1389. See also Iran-Contra scandal
Radio Free Europe, Hungarian uprising and, 788 Oceania and, 1194
Radium production, Central Africa, 261 Paraguay and, 1485
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi, 864, 1343–1344 Poland and, 1430
Rahman, Tunku Abdul, 982–983, 1344–1345 Real Plan, 228
Rainfed agriculture, 870–871, 903 Red Cross, International Committee of, 841–842
in Kenya, 903 Red Kurdistan (Kurdish Autonomous Province), 923–924
Rainforest Reformation, Protestant, 855
Amazon. See Amazon rainforest Refugee Convention, 1352
biodiversity, 1346 Refugees, 1351–1358. See also Migration
Central African, 260 adaptation of, 1356
definition and status, 1345 anthropological study of, 1356
deforestation and, 444–445, 1345–1349, 1420 asylum policies, 1353
extent of destruction, 1345 in Azerbaijan, 127
Guyana, 738 Bosnian, 137
Iwokrama, 738 Burundian, 1617–1618
smaze and, 1420 Cambodian, 1454
species extinction and, 1708 Cartagena Declaration, 38, 44, 1205, 1353
Suriname, 1508 Central America, 1353
Tesso Nilo National Park (Indonesia), 1712 Cold War and, 1353
Trinidad and Tobago, 1570 Colombian internal, 1277
Rainforest Action Network, 178 decolonization and, 1352
Rainforest Preservation Foundation, 1348 development and, 1356–1357
Rais, Amien, 735 environmental, 1357
Rajk, Lázló, 789 environmental impact of, 1356
Rákosi, Ernesto, 789 Eritrean, 577
Ramirez, Sergio, 1138, 1139 explaining movements of, 1353–1354

I75
INDEX

Refugees (Continued ) Hinduism, 754–755

Geneva Convention for, 1352 Huguenot persecution and South Africa, 1439
humanitarian aid and, 1354–1355 human rights and, 778
human rights and, 1355–1356 inter-religious relations, 854–860
International Conference on Assistance to involvement in change, 1361
Refugees, 1618 Islam, 891–892
International Organization for Migration, 850–851 Islamic beliefs. See also Islam
International Refugee Organization, 1606, 1611 Judaism, 894–895
Jewish, 881 Latin America, 1359
legal status of, 1352–1353 Lebanon, 947–948
Nepalese, 173–174 Liberation Theology, 85, 333–334, 858–859, 958–959, 1359
Organization of African Unity Convention on Malaysia, 982
Refugees, 1353 Maronite Christians, 947, 1028
Palestinian, 75, 608, 860–862, 881, 1036, 1229–1233 Max Weber on, 855–856
recent history, 1352–1353 Middle East, 1027. See also Christianity; Islam; Islamic
Richmond’s theory of multivariate typology, 1354 fundamentalism
Rwandan, 601, 1617–1618 modernization and, 856
socioeconomic impact, 1356 Moldova, 1073
Soviet Jews, 883 Mongolia, 1078
United Nations and, 1352 Morocco, 1084
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 475, Mozambique, 1086
1617–1620, 1629 Namibia, 1101
United Nations Population Fund and, 1628 Nepal, 1124
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Niger, 1140
(UNRAW), 1629–1631 Palau, 1225
United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees, 1611 plurality and, 857
vs. Internally Displaced Persons, 1353 Poland, 1278–1279
World War II and, 1352 Pope John Paul II, 288, 366, 1375, 1714–1715
Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD), 304 revitalization of, 858–859
Registration, voter, 557 Russian Orthodox Church, 1376–1377
Reinhard, Wolfgang, 355 Salvation Army, 1384
Religion(s), 1358–1361. See also specific religions secularization and, 856–857
Adiaphora policy, 51 Sikhism, 1408–1409
Africa, 1360–1361 South Africa, 58
Afrikaner, 58 Southeast Asia, 1457
Alawi, 1028 Sri Lanka, 1489
Anglican Communion, 51–52 Tajikistan, 1518
Berbers and, 170 Tewahdo Orthodox Church, 585
Buddhism, 203–204, 859 Turkey, 1576
Byzantine church, 716 Ubuntu theology (Desmond Tutu), 1580
Central Asia, 297–298. See also Islam Ukraine, 1587
Christianity, 332–334 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 384
civil, 856 World Council of Churches, 1728–1731
civil society and, 348 Yugoslavia, 136
Confucianism, 340, 510–511, 515–516 Zimbabwe, 1757
Coptic Orthodox Church, 395–396, 614 Religious conflict. See also Ethnic conflicts
defining, 854–856 Tanzania, 1524–1525
democratization and, 448 Religious conversion, colonialism and, 364
developing society and, 1358–1359 Religious nationalism, 857–858
development and, 856–857 Remeliik, Haruo, 1225
drug use as part of, 492 Remengesau, Tommy Esang Jr., 1225
Druze, 493–495, 1028 Remittances, 197
Dutch Reformed Church, 58 Caribbean region, 241
Eastern Orthodox, 336 Central America, 283
East Timor, 524–525 Financing for Development and Remittances and
East vs. West Germany, 1360 Gender, 1626
Emile Durkheim on, 855 migration and, 1042–1043
Ethiopia, 585 MIRAB economies, 1192, 1582
Europe, 1359–1360 Oceania, 1192
evangelical Protestanism, 640–641 Senegal, 1396
future prospects, 862 Somalia, 1432
Georgia, 698 Syria, 1513, 1514
Greek Orthodox Church, 715–717 Tonga, 1553, 1554
Guatemala, 725 Tuvalu, 1582–1583
Guyana, 738 RENAMO (Resisténica Nacional Moçambicana), 682, 683

I76
 INDEX

René, France-Albert, 1401 Rio Treaty (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance),

Repression, rationales for, 472–473 1206, 1482
Republican People’s Party (Cumhurtiyet Halk Partisi ), 1577 Rising expectations theory, of social revolution, 1421–1422
Republic of Chad. See Chad Rivonia Trial, 59
Republic of China. See Taiwan Riyale Kahin, Dahir, 1433
Republic of Congo, 265, 389–391 Roberto Flores, Carlos, 763
COMESA and, 369 Roberto Santucho, Mário, 1363
Ebola virus in, 1330 Roca–Runciman Agreement, 81
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa Rockefeller Foundation, 1365–1368
and, 526–527 Green Revolution and, 717, 853
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Rodrı́guez, Andrés, 1485
Economic Community of Central African States Rodrı́guez Lara, General Guillermo, 48
and, 531–533 Roe v. Wade, 655
ethnic conflicts, 589 Rogers, Everritt, 1069
immunization programs, 1330 Rojas Pinilla, Gustavo, 352, 1177
Lakes Edward and Albert Fisheries (LEAF) Project, 5 Roldós, Jamie, 48–49, 542
oil production, 270 Roma (Gypsies)
political history, 269 in Kosovo, 1253
Republic of the Ivory Coast. See Cote D’Ivoire Nazi extermination of, 1557
Research, agricultural, 17 Roman Catholic Church
Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (South Africa), 58 Argentina, 1261
Reserve deposit ratio, 147 authoritarianism and, 209
Resisténcia Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO), 682–683, Cardinal Stefan Wyznynski, 1743–1744
972, 1087 Central/Eastern Europe, 288
Resolution 1600 (Colombia), 341 Chile, 320
Resources Coptic Orthodox Church and, 396, 614
capital, 768. See also Capital flight; Capital flow Croatia, 136
human, 768. See also Human resource development Cuba, 413
natural, 768. See also Extractive industries; Czech Community Part and, 1319
Natural resources Dominica, 483
technological, 768. See also Information Eastern Orthodox, 336. See also Russian
technology; Technology Orthodox Church
Respiratory infectious diseases, 764–765, 821, 1452 East Timor, 524–525
Return of Talent for Latin America program, 850 Great Schism, 334–335
Reuters Concession, 863 Greek Uniate, 336
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 352, Grenada, 720
1277, 1362–1363, 1537 Guatemala, 725
Revolutionary Army of the People (ERP), Indonesia, 810
82, 1363–1364 Latin America, 1359
Revolutionary Feminine Unity (Cuba), 416 Nicaragua, 1134, 1434
Revolutionary Front for Independent East Timor opposition to family planning, 657
(FRETILIN), 524 Pope John Paul II, 288, 366, 1375, 1714–1715
Revolutionary Workers Party (Argentina), 1363 Slovenia and, 1419
Reyes, Rafael, 1177 World Council of Churches and, 1728–1729
Rhee, Syngman, 913 Romania
Rhinoceros, extinction of, 1709 agricultural privatization in, 18, 19, 20, 24
Rhodes, Cecil, 1089 Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Rhodesia, Federation of. See Zimbabwe Organization, 183–184
decolonization, 361–362 Cospa Mica toxic waste cleanup, 1620
white community, 1706, 1707 ethnic conflicts, 592
Ricardo, David, 1121, 1559–1560 independence, 1656–1657
Rice production Moldova and, 384
air pollution from, 1286 nationalist/isolationist socialism, 1428
Green Revolution and, 719 Roman law, 951
Haiti, 740–741 Roma people (gypsies), 1062
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 852–853 Romero, Archbishop Oscar, 334, 660, 958
Suriname, 1508 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1639
Richmond’s theory of multivariate typology, 1354 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 333
Rift Valley fossils, 500 Good Neighbor Policy, 1136
Rights, definition and type, 344 New Deal, 1426
Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development, OSS and, 3407
570, 1510 Rostow, Walt W., 33, 459–460, 1591, 1635
Rio de Janeiro Conference, 570, 582 economic growth model, 815
Rio de Janeiro Protocol, 42 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 1075, 1569
Rios Montt, José Efrain, 726, 1010 Royal Dutch Shell Company. See Shell Oil

I77
INDEX

Royal Lao Army, 1249 ethnic conflicts/genocide, 211–213, 244, 264–265, 389–390,
Roye, Edward, 959 503–504, 590, 600–601, 630, 783
Rubber production geography and climate, 1377–1379
Central Africa, 262 HIV/AIDS in, 371
Liberia, 960 infrastructure, 1378–1379
producer cartels, 250 political history, 503
Rubbish. See also Waste; Waste management refugees, 1355
defined, 1681 trusteeship, 1632
Rugova, Ibrahim, 138 United Nations Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda,
Ruiz Cortines, Adolfo, 1021 1055–1057
Rumsfeld, Donald, Iran–Iraq War and, 866 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and,
Rural development. See also Agricultural development 1617–1618
African Development Bank and, 5
Russia, 1372–1375. See also Soviet Union S
agricultural privatization, 18–25
Armenians in, 87 Saba, 1126
arms transfer by, 90–91, 96 Sabotage Act of 1962 (South Africa), 59
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108 SACPO (South African Coloured People’s Organization), 11
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, SACTO (South African Congress of Trade Unions), 11
183–184, 381 SACU. See Southern African Customs Union
Boshevik Revolution, 298–300. See also Lenin, Vladimir; Sadat, Anwar, 70, 118, 220, 336, 549, 882, 1038, 1089, 1159,
Marxism 1381–1382. See also Egypt
Caspian Sea and, 305–306 Muslim Brotherhood and, 1096
Central Asia and, 298 SADC (Southern African Development Community), 5, 369
Chechen wars, 596–599 SADCC (Southern African Development Coordination
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380 Conference), 506
Council of Baltic Sea States and, 381 Sahara Desert, 261, 453, 1156, 1693
diamond production, 250 in Mauritania, 1003
in East Africa, 507 Sahei desertification, 452–453
foreign direct investment, 1375 Saidu Momoh, Joseph, 627
glasnost and perestroika, 289, 596, 702–703, 712–713, 1374 Sajudis movement, 964
in Group of 8, 573 Salafist movement, 1505
health care, 1328 Salat Hassan, Abdulkassim, 1433
income inequality, 1311 Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 1746
industrialization, 1375 Saleh Sabbe, Osman, 576–577
infrastructure, 1374 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 1019, 1024, 1170,
Iraq War and, 1265 1248, 1382–1384
irrigated and drained area, 871 Salinization, 1689
Latvia and, 947 Salmonella paratyphii, 821
legal system, 955–956 Salmonella typhii, 821
natural gas production, 647 Salta people, 625
oil production, 564, 646–647 Salt iodization, 818
populists (Narodniks) in, 1301, 1302, 1303 Salt Satyagraha of Ghandi, 343
privatization, 1324, 1375 Salvation Army, 476, 639, 1384
shadow economy, 181 Samarkand, conquest of, 297
Soros foundations in, 1436 Samoa (Western Samoa), 1384–1386. See also
Tajikistan and, 302–303 American Samoa
territorial disputes, 517, 1533, 1534, 1535 demographics, 1191
Zemstvo system of health care, 747 international relations, 1194
Russian Federation. See Russia trusteeship, 1632
Russian Orthodox Church, 1376–1377 Samphen, Khien, 908
Leonid Brezhnev and, 1377 Sampson, Nicos, 428
Mikhail Gorbachev and, 1377 Sanakoine, Phoui, 1249
Nikita Khrushchev and, 1376–1377 Sánchez Cerro, Luis M., 745
numbers, 1377 Sánchez de Lozada, Gonzalo, 50, 185
Russians, in Georgia, 697 Sanctions, economic, 774, 1386–1388
Russo-Iranian Alliance Treaty, 305–306 Sandel, Michael, 798
Rwanda, 212, 1377–1379. See also East Africa Sandinistas (FSLN), 233, 279, 393, 395, 416, 660–661,
Batwa people, 1061 763, 1023, 1135
caste system, 255 agrarian reform and, 934
COMESA and, 369 San Andrés Island dispute, 1182
debt holdings, 371 Sandino, Augusto César, 392, 1134, 1136, 1389.
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 See also Sandinistas
Economic Community of Central African States Sangoulé Lamizana, General, 210
and, 531–533 Sanguinetti, Julio Maria, 1486–1487, 1647

I78
 INDEX

Sani Abacha, Gen. Ernest, 1142 Secularization, 856–857

Sankara, Thomas, 210–211, 211 India, 859
Sankoh, Foday, 627 Securities markets, central banks and, 148–149
San Martı́n, Dr. Ramón, 413 Security
San people, 1459 internal, 1047
San Remo Conference, 73 military, 1047
Sanskritization, 255–256 Segregation. See Apartheid; Discrimination;
SANU (Serbian Academy of Sciences), 137 Racial segregation
Sao Tomé and Principe Sékou Touré, Ahmed, 627
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Selassie, Emperor Haile, 576, 577, 585, 739, 1204, 1382–1393.
political history, 265–266 See also Eritrea; Ethiopia; Rastafarianism
SAPs. See Structural adjustment programs Self-determination, 1393–1395
Sar, Saloth. See Pol Pot Selwyn-Clarke, Percy, 1401
Sarajevo, 137. See also Balkan Wars Seme, Pixley Ka Izaka, 10
Saramaka people, 1507 Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), 44, 48, 64, 685, 1077,
Sarney, José, 200 1267, 1403–1404
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), 764–765, 1452 chronology of movement, 1403
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 1001 goals, ideology, and strategies, 1403
Sasanian Empire, 922 revolutionary activities, 1404
SASM (South African Student Movement), 11 social appeal, 1404
SASO (South African Students Association), 59–60 Senegal, 1395–1396. See also West Africa
Sassou-Nguesso, Denis, 270, 390 CIDA in, 221
Saudi Arabia, 1390–1392 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
aid to PLO, 71 ethnic conflict, 627
arms transfer, 90 independence movement, 30
Baghdad Pact and, 130–131 literacy, 543
Brazil’s tank sale to, 95 West African Monetary Union and, 1703–1705
independence, 1034 Sénghor, Leopold, 29, 1147, 1396–1397. See also Senegal
Kuwait invasion, 925 September 11 terrorist attacks, 880, 1076–1077, 1264
League of Arab States and, 71–72 Chechnya and, 598
natural gas production, 647 NATO and, 1175
OAPEC and, 1208 Serbia, 135–139, 287, 1397–1399. See also
oil, 646–647 Slobodan Milosevic
population growth, 657, 1390 Albanians in, 138, 1059, 1398
privatization in, 1323 ethnicity, 1398
Taliban and, 1521–1522 independence, 290
Yemen and, 1746 international relations, 295
Sauvy, Alfred, 1542–1543 NATO and, 1175
Savannah Serbia and Montenegro, 1081, 1397
Central African, 260–261 Serbian Academy of Sciences (SANU), 137
fire risk in, 1112 Serbian Republic of Karjina, 1058
in Malawi, 981 Serbs, NATO and Albanian, 1175
Rwandan, 1377–1378 Serengeti National Park (Tanzania), 1710
Suriname, 1507 Serrano, Jorge, 1206
Save the Children, 476 Settlement colonies, 355–356
Savimbi, Jonas, 309 Seven Modernizations, 1121
Savings deposits, 146 Seven Sisters (oil producers), 251, 1212
Scandinavia, family planning in, 655 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),
Schedina, Abdulaziz, 878 764–765, 1452
Scherbak, Yuri, 384 Sewage treatment wastes. See Waste; Waste management
Schnake, Oscar, 30 Sex slavery, Sudan and, 1503–1504
Schumacher, E.F., 574 Sex tourism, 1399–1400
Schumacher’s theory of intermediate development, 1071–1072 Sex trade/trafficking, 1399–1401
Schuster, W. Morgan, 863 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). See also HIV/AIDS
Scottish Enlightenment, 347 syphilis, 822–823
Seaga, Edward, 232–233 United Nations Population Fund and, 1628
SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization). See Southeast Sexual slavery, 522
Asia Treaty Organization Sex work, child, 317–318
Seawater distillation, 1670 Seybou, Col. Ali, 1141
Sebastian, Cuthbert, 1490–1491 Seychelles, 1401–1403
Sebe brothers, atrocities of, 154 COMESA and, 369
Second Treatise of Government (Locke), 347 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Second World, 459, 1069, 1542 history and economic development, 1460–1462
Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 1219 Seychelles Democratic Party, 1401
Sectoral Import Programs (SIPs), 965 Seychelles National Party (Parti Seselwei ), 1401

I79
INDEX

Seychelles People’s Progressive Front, 1401 colonial legacy, 1454

Seychelles People’s United Party, 1401 Communist movements in, 1455
Shadow economy, 180–184. See also Black market development and sovereignty quest, 1411–1412
Shadra caste, 1640 early development, 1450
Shah, King Zahir, 1091 early poverty, 1411
Shanghai Five summit, 520 financial crisis, 1412–1413, 1451
Sharecropping, 7 foreign direct investment, 1412
multiple sources of risk, 1257 globalization and, 711
Shar’iah (Islamic law), 955, 1595 Goh Chok Tong, 712
Sharm el Sheikh, 76, 77 governance, 1413
Sharon, Ariel, 80, 861, 1229 history, 1411
Shastri, Lal Behadur, 803 Human Development Index, 1413
Shehu Shagari, Ahaji, 1142 Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore growth triangle, 1529
Shell Oil, 53, 171, 1029 infrastructure, 1413
Caspian Sea and, 305 Lee Kwan Yew, 1449, 1450
in Nigeria, 649–650 as market economy, 1412
OPEC and, 251, 1212 as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131
Shenouda III, 396 People’s Action Party (PAP), 1413
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 382 per capita income, 1413
Shigellosis, 821 shadow economy, 181
Shi’ite Muslims, 1027 Singapore-Johor-Riau growth triangle, 1529
in Bahrain, 133 technology transfer and, 1131–1132
in Lebanon, 335 Singapore Declaration, 373–374
Shinawatra, Thaksin, 338 Singapore-Johor-Riau growth triangle, 1529
Shining Path (Sendero Lominoso). See Sendero Luminoso Singh, Dr. Manmohan, 804
Shipping industry Singh, Vishnawanath, 804
Black Star Line (Ghana), 1147 Single European Act of 1986, 955
flags of convenience, 1006 Single-party government
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 845 class analysis and, 1415
Shiva, Vanadna, 827 Communism and, 1414–1415
Shonekan, Ernest, 1142 economic development and, 1416
Shushkevich, Stanislav, 163 nationalism and, 1415
Siad Barre, Gen. Mohammed, 505–506, 1404–1405. non-ideological, 1416
See also Somalia non-Marxist states, 1414
SICA (Sistema de Integracı́on Centoamericana), 280 states having, 1414–1415
Sierra Leone, 1405–1407. See also West Africa Sinhalese people, 1489, 1490
Basic Education and Life Skills (BELS) program, 545 Sino-Soviet (socialist) law, 955–956
caste system, 1406 Sino-Soviet split, 293, 328, 330
diamond production, 250 Sint Eustatius, 1126. See also Netherlands Antilles
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Sint Maarten, 1126. See also Netherlands Antilles
ethnic conflict, 627, 628 SIPR (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute), 90
Lomé Accord, 1406–1407 SIPs (Sectoral Import Programs), 965
Revolutionary United Front, 1406 Sirte Declarations, 1204
Sihamoni, Norodom, 216 Sisal production
Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 216, 907–908, 1407–1408. Bahamas, 132
See also Cambodia Tanzania, 1523
Sikhism, 1408–1409 Sislu, Walter, 10, 11
Sikhs, in India, 692–693 Sison, José Maria, 1130
Silent Spring (Carson), 574 Sistema de Integracı́on Centoamericana (SICA), 280
Siles Zuazo, Hernán, 46, 48, 50, 185 Sisterhood Is Global Institute, 878
Silié Valdez, Arturo, 111 Sisulu, Walter, 1463
Silk production, Central Asia, 299 Sivaraska, Sulak, 859
Silk Road, 126, 299 Six-Day War, 70, 71, 72, 76–77, 161, 883, 1038
SILOS (Systemas locales de salud ) health care Siyad Barre, General Mohammed, 1433
organizations, 749 Skate, Bill, 1240
Silva, José Ferreira de la, 1410 Skoepol, Theda, 1423–1424
Silva, Luı́z Inácio ‘‘Lula’’ da, 201, 1409–1411, 1478–1479 Slash-and-burn cultivation, 1474. See also Haze pollution
Silver mining, Central Africa, 261 as subsistence living, 1501
Sinai Peninsula, 70, 1157, 1382. See also Arab-Israeli Wars; Slavery
Israel; Palestine African Diaspora and, 6–7
Singapore, 948–949, 1411–1414 Antigua and Barbuda, 56
ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1455–1456 Bahamas, 131–132
Asian ‘‘economic miracle’’ and, 101 Barbados, 155
banking, 1413 Belgian colonies, 262
Central Provident Fund, 949 Brazil, 1475–1476

I80
 INDEX

Caribbean ethnic conflicts and, 586 Social Democratic Front (Cameroon), 218
Central African Republic, 272 Social Democratic Party (Brazilian), 228
colonialism and, 364, 365 Social initiatives
Dominica, 483 Albania, 27
East Africa, 500 Alliance for Progress and, 33
Ethiopia, 1393 APEC, 109
founding of Liberia and, 959 Association of Caribbean States, 111
French Guiana, 683 to Central America, 282–283
Grenada, 720 Chile, 322–323
Guyana, 1179 Costa Rica, 402
Haiti, 588 Cuba, 414
Maroons, 7, 588, 1350, 1507 decolonization and, 368
Martinique, 998 East Asia, 512
Mauritania, 1004–1005 Kyrgyzstan, 928
Oceania, 1190 Saudi Arabia, 1392
as practiced by Africans, 1606 Seychelles, 1401
as practiced by Arabs, 1606 Somalia, 1405
Rastafarianism and, 1350 Soviet Union, 300
sexual, 522 Turkmenistan, 1579
Sierra Leone, 1405–1406 Socialism, 1424–1426. See also Socialist economic model
South Africa, 1439 Cold War and, 1425
St. Helena, 1492 collapse of and trade policy, 1563
St. Vincent, 1494 contradictions of capitalism and, 1425
Sudan, 1501, 1503–1504 cooperative, 239
sugar cane and, 357–358 denial of democracy and, 1425
Suriname, 1507 industrialization under, 814–815
Tobago, 1571 Julius Nyerere and, 1188
Triangle Trade, 357–358, 1696 labor and, 932
Trinidad, 1571 legal system, 955–956
United States Virgin Islands, 1670 Leninist model, 1425–1426
Virgin Islands, 1669 Marxian model, 1425
West Africa, 1695–1696 military, 1555
Slave trade, Oceania, 1190–1191 as social order, 1424–1425
Slovak Republic, 430, 431, 1416–1418 Stalinist model, 1425–1426
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization Trotsky’s world revolution model, 1425
and, 183–184 Socialist economic model. See also Socialism
displaced Hungarians in, 593 Castro’s Cuban, 1428
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project dispute, 1622 Central European ‘‘human face,’’ 1428
geography and climate, 1416–1417 cooperative market socialism, 1428
privatization, 1324 Gorbachev’s human-face, 1428
Visehrad Four and, 1672–1673 Lenin’s, 1427
Slovenia, 187, 287, 1418–1419 market (Lange) socialism, 1427–1428
establishment, 135 Marxist, 1426–1427
independence, 290, 1749–1750 Romanian isolationist, 1428
international relations, 294 Stalinist, 1427
Slovenian language, 136 standard of living and, 1428
Slovo, Joe, 11 Tito’s cooperative, 1428
Smallholders. See Peasants Socialist Party (Chile), 31–32
Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher), 574 Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Moore), 1422
Smallpox, 820 Social revolution, 1420–1424
Smaze (smoke haze), 116, 445–446, 1419–1420 Arendt’s democratic theory, 1421
Smith, Adam, 1121, 1559–1560 definitions, 1420
Smith, Ian, 1090, 1757 evidence of, 1421
Smith, Robert Angus, 2 globalization of, 1424
Smith, Sen. Alexander, 686 Gurr’s psychological theory, 1421–1422
Smith-Mundt Act, 686–687 Huntingdon’s description of, 1421
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, species count, 178–179 internal causality of, 1424
Smoking-related illnesses, 1331 internal war theory of, 1424
Smuggling, during Prohibition, 132 J-curve theory of Davies, 1421–1422
Smuts, Jan, 1440 Johnson’s social systemic theory, 1422
Snowball Earth period, 705 Johnson’s theory of force and violence, 1420–1421
Sobers, Garfield, 155 lag and disharmony theories, 1422
Sobhuza II, King, 1512–1513 Marxist-Leninist theory, 1423
SoCal, 251, 1029 normative and cultural change theory, 1421
Socarrá, Carlos Prio, 158 process modeling of, 1422

I81
INDEX
Social revolution (Continued )
relative deprivation theory, 1321
rising expectations theory, 1421–1422
Skoepol’s class struggle theory, 1423–1424
social subversion theory, 1422
structuralist theories, 1422
Tilly’s power-conflict theory, 1423
Wolf’s North Atlantic capitalism theory, 1422
Social systemic theory, 1422–1423
Society
civil, 346–348
defined, 346
Sociolinguistics, 941
Soglo, General Christophe, 167
Soil degradation, 1286
agricultural globalization and, 13
agricultural privatization and, 20–21
Aral Sea, 299, 1286, 1374, 1648
erosion and, 581
irrigation and, 1286
St. Christopher and Nevis, 1490
Soilihi, Ali, 387
Solar energy, 559
Solidarity Movement (Poland), 890, 1429–1431, 1488,
1655, 1676. See also Walesa, Lech
Round Table Agreement, 1676
Rural Solidarity, 1430
Solomon Island Development Trust, 616
Solomon Islands, 1431–1432
Bougainville Women for Peace and Freedom, 1432
demographics, 1191
ethnic conflict, 616
Honiara Peace Accord, 1431
Malaita and, 1431
Marau Peace Agreement, 1431
Townsville Peace Agreement, 1431
women’s rights, 1431–1432
Solomon Islands Alliance for Change, 1431
Solow model of economic growth, 1497
Somalia, 1432–1434. See also East Africa
arms embargo, 90
colonial history, 501
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Ethiopian invasion, 416
ethnic communities, 1432–1433, 1434
ethnic conflicts, 1405, 1433
geography and climate, 1432
humanitarian relief, 786
Kenya and, 1204
peacekeeping, 1254
remittances, 1432
social initiatives, 1405
Soviet Union and, 1405
Supreme Revolutionary Council, 1405
territorial disputes, 1536
trusteeship, 1632
United States and, 507, 1405
Somalian Salvation Democratic Front, 1433
Somali caste systems, 255
Somali National Movement, 1433
Somali Patriotic Movement, 1433
Somare, Michael, 1240
Somoza, Luis, 392–393
Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 392–393, 1134, 1137,
1389, 1434–1435
I82
Somoza Debayle, Luis, 1134–1135
Somoza Garcı́a, Anastasio, 1134, 1136–1137, 1435
Somoza Garcia, Augusto, 392
Songhai people, 1140
Songhay (Songhai) Empire, 1694–1695
Sorami language, 920
Sorghum production, Central Africa, 261
Soros, George, market fundamentalism theory, 1438
Soros Foundation Network, 1435–1438
institutions, 1436
open society alliance, 1437–1438
open society idea, 1435–1436
programs and other initiatives, 1436–1437
Sosso people, 733
Sotho people, 1512
Sotho-Tswana people, 1439
Souphanovong, Prince, 1249–1250
South, countries of the. See Third World
South Africa, 1438–1441. See also African National Congress;
Afrikaners; Mandela, Nelson
agrarian reform, 935
Angola and, 1293
apartheid, 622–623, 1439
Bantu Authorities Act, 1462
barred from sports events, 1204
Bishop Desmond Tutu, 1580–1581
Botswana and, 190–191
COMESA and, 369
Defiance Campaign, 1440
Democratic Party, 1463
Development Bank of, 4
D.F. Malan, 979–980
diamond production, 250, 1461
Die Burger newspaper, 979–980
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
economic sanctions, 1386, 1581
education, 1441
geography and climate, 1438
gold production, 1461
Great Trek, 622. See also Afrikaners
history, 1439, 1460–1462
Immorality Act, 1462
independence movement, 30
Land Acts, 153. See also Native Reserves
Mfecane (great upheaval), 621–622
mining industry, 648
national parks, 1245
National Party, 30, 58, 61–62, 188–189, 190–191, 435–436,
989–990, 1440, 1462
National Security Management System, 61, 189
Native Reserves, 332–333, 903, 980, 1002
Natives Land Act, 935, 1439–1440, 1462
Natives Representative Councils, 1462
Nkoniti Accord on Non-Aggression and Good
Neighborliness, 973
Organization of African Unity and, 1203–1204
Populations Registration Act, 1440, 1462
private property rights in, 1321
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1462
Promotion of Black Self-Government Acts, 1440
provinces of, 1438–1439
Sauer Report, 980
shadow economy, 181
Southern African Customs Union and, 1468–1470
Soweto Massacre, 1440
 INDEX

Thabo Mbeki, 1006–1007 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 94, 1458
Tomlinson Report, 980 founding members, 1458
Tricameral Parliament, 189 Manila Pact, 1458
wars waged by, 189 Southern Africa
white community, 1706–1707. See also Afrikaners apartheid and, 1462–1463. See also Apartheid;
South African Coloured People’s Organization South Africa
(SACPO), 11 countries comprising, 1464
South African Communist Party, 1463 definition of region, 1459
South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTO), 11 democratization, 1463–1464
South African National Party, 30, 58, 188–191, diamond production, 1461
989–990, 1462 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
South African Native National Congress, 10 European migration to, 1459
South African Student Movement (SASM), 11 extractive industries, 1461
South African Students Association (SASO), 59–60 global relations, 1467
South America. See also Latin America and gold production, 1461
individual countries history and economic development, 1459–1464
Alliance for Progress, 1635 HIV/AIDS and, 1467
Andean. See Andean Community; Andean indigenous peoples, 1459
South America inter-African relations, 1466–1467
arms industrialization, 93–94 international relations, 1464–1468
authoritarianism in, 123 international relations within, 1465–1466
Black Market Peso Exchange, 1077 landlocked countries, 1461
bureaucratic authoritarianism in, 208 land reform controversies, 1466–1467
development and colonization, 458–459 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 1638 and, 11466
mining industry, 648 precursors of post-1945 development, 1459–1460
northern, 1176–1181. See also Northern South America and Southern African Customs Union (SACU), 1468–1470
specific countries institutions, 1469
Organization of American States (OAS), 1205–1207 Southern African Development Community (SADC), 5, 369,
slavery and emancipation, 7 1463, 1464, 1470–1471
South American Common Market. See MERCOSUR Southern African Development Coordination Conference
South Asia, poverty in, 1311, 1312 (SADCC), 506, 1470. See also Southern African
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Development Community
(SAARC), 1441–1444 Southern Cone (Latin America). See also Argentina; Brazil;
external threat perception and, 1443 Chile; Paraguay; Uruguay
founding nations, 1441–1442 countries comprising, 1474
Kashmir dispute and, 1443 geography and climate, 1474–1475
South Asian Regional Cooperation (SARC), 1442. See also history and economic development, 1474–1480
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation international relations, 1479–1480, 1480–1487
Southeast Asia. See also Tiger economies; individual nations MERCOSUR and, 1472–1474, 1480
ASEAN and, 1449–1450, 1455–1456. See also ASEAN Southern Cone Common Market, 39. See MERCOSUR
Chinese suzerainty in, 1453 Southern Rhodesia. See also Rhodesia
Cold War and, 1454 independence movement, 30
colonialism in, 1446–1447 South Korea, 916–919. See also East Asia
colonial legacy in, 1454 agrarian reform, 935
Communist threat to, 1454 anti-communism in, 514
environmental issues, 1452 arms exports, 96
ethnic conflicts, 618–620 arms industrialization, 94
financial crisis, 1451–1452 arms industry, 95
geography and climate, 1446 ASEAN and, 1455
history and economic development, 1446–1452 Asian ‘‘economic miracle’’ and, 101, 102–103
international development implications, 1457 banking, 149
international relations, 1453–1457. See also ASEAN banking crises, 150
irredentism and autonomous movements, 1455 boundary disputes, 18, 517
Japan (post-war) and, 1456–1457 chaebol conglomerates, 103, 107, 514–515
migration issues, 1456 civic education, 340
nationalism in, 1447–1448 culture and economy, 918
original state formation in, 1453 currency devaluation, 424
population growth, 1452 democratization, 709
post-independence development, 1448–1449 economic development, 511–512, 916–917
reform and economic growth, 1449–1451 education, 769–770
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 764–765, 1452 financial crisis, 1451
South East Asian Centre for Educational Innovation and globalization and, 711
Technology, 545 Import Substitution Industrialization, 515
Southeast Asian Tigers, 1450 innovation studies, 1530

I83
INDEX

South Korea (Continued ) Iran and, 311

Inter-Korean Joint Declaration and, 523 Kurds in, 920
monetary policy, 150 Kyrgyzstan and, 928
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 Latvia and, 946–947
North Korea and, 522–523 Libya and, 1167
Syngman Rhee, 1364–1365 Living Church movement, 1376
technology transfer and, 1131–1132 Marxism and, 1001
territorial disputes, 1535 Mexico and, 1021
tiger economy, 106, 917–918 Middle East and, 130, 1035
South Ossethia territorial dispute, 1533 Mongolia and, 1078
South Pacific, demographics, 1191 in Nicaragua, 279
South Pacific Forum, 1219. See also Pacific Islands Forum nomenklatura, 703
South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), 1101, Non-Aligned Movement and, 1148
1444–1445, 1536 North Korea and, 914
Sovhozes (collective farms), 19. See also nuclear testing, 902
Agricultural privatization oil production, 646–647
Soviet Bloc, 1487–1488. See also Central and Eastern Europe; Poland and, 889–890, 1280, 1429
Central and Eastern Europe and individual countries; Romania and, 259
Cold War; Soviet Union Russian Orthodox Church and, 1376–1377
arms industry and, 94–95 social initiatives, 300
arms trade, 78 Somalia and, 1405
Velvet Revolution, 289, 294, 430, 496, 592–593, 713, 1416, South West Africa People’s Organization and, 1445
1654–1657 split with China, 293, 327, 330
Soviet-Nazi Non-Aggression Pact, 288–1496, 963–964 Stalinist model of socialism, 1425
Soviet Union. See also Russia Syria and, 1513
abortion in, 654–655 Tajikistan and, 302–303, 1519
Afghanistan invasion, 4, 303, 416, 1091, 1520 as totalitarian state, 1555, 1556
agrarian reform, 935 Turkmenistan and, 1578–1579
Algeria and, 1166 Vietnam and, 760, 1450
in Angola, 54 wheat blight, 179
arms transfer, 41–42, 75, 76, 77 Zemstvo system of health care, 747
Aswan High Dam financing, 118 Sovkhosy (collective farms), 23, 162
Austria and, 288 Soweto Massacre, 11, 60, 1440
in Azerbaijan, 126–127 Spain
Basarabia and, 1074 Algeria and, 1166
Belarus and, 162–163 Morocco and, 1164
Berlin Wall, 170–171 territorial disputes, 1532
in Central Africa, 263 Spanish-American War, 1200
Central/Eastern Europe and, 285 Caribbean region and, 245
Chechen wars, 596–599 Guam and, 724
Chernobyl disaster, 379, 563, 1373 Spanish colonies, 356–357
collapse of, 89, 96, 290, 345, 380–381, 417, 1175, 1375 Central Africa, 263
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380, 713 Central America, 273–274
Cuba and, 246, 257, 414, 417 Spanish Sahara, 29
Cuban Missile Crisis, 246 Spear of the Nation (Umkhonto we Sizwe), 11, 59–60, 967
Czech invasion, 496 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), 144, 848
de-Stalinization, 455–456, 914, 1427 Special Economic Zones, China, 644
domino theory and, 486 Special-relationship development, 465
in East Africa, 505 Special-resource development, 465
Economic Cooperation Organization and, 304 Species extinction, 1708–1713. See also Wildlife preservation
economy of Eastern Europe and, 288 Spender, Percy, 353
Egypt and, 1381 Spice trade
in El Salvador, 279 colonialism and, 359
environmental issues, 2 Comoros islands, 387
Estonia and, 583 Spillover effects, 268, 675
ethnic conflicts, 591 of war, 1678
Finland and, 288 SPLA (Sudanese People’s Liberation Army), 502
Five-Year Plans, 385, 1372–1373 Spratly Islands, 1241–1242
foreign aid expenditures, 1374 Sranan Tongo language, 1508
German nonagression pact, 963–964 Sri Lanka, 1488–1489
glasnost and perestroika, 289, 596, 702–703, 712–713, 1374 agricultural privatization, 20
in Guatemala, 279 Asian Development Bank and, 100–101
Ho Chi Minh and, 761 in Bandung Conference, 139–140
Hungarian Revolution and, 788 education, 545
Indonesia and, 1507 ethnic conflict, 1489

I84
 INDEX

Green Revolution and, 717–718 (The) Strategy of Development (Hirschman), 755

Gum Adava (Village Awakening), 1489 Streeten, Paul, 156
Indian conflict, 804 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 821
Liberation Tigers, 694–695 Strikes. See also Organized labor
resources, 1489 Chilean, 31–32
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and, Durban, 11
1441–1444 South Africa, 10–11
suicide rate, 1014 tactical uses, 227
tsunami of 2004, 1489 Stroesser, Adolfo, 1485
St. Barthéleme, 723. See also Guadaloupe Stroesser, Alfredo, 1242–1243, 1485–1486, 1497–1498
St. Croix, 1670 Stroesser, Gustavo, 1485
St. Helena, 1491–1492 Structural adjustment programs (SAPs), 441, 442, 461, 849, 904,
St. Kitts and Nevis, 1490–1491 928, 1498–1500
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 description, 1498–1499
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 effectiveness, 1500–1501
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 Ghana, 701
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 Mauritius, 1005–1006
Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238 Mongolia, 1078–1079
international relations, 249 Morocco, 1084
Nevis Island Assembly, 1491 peasants and, 1256
People’s Action Movement (PAM), 1491 privatization and, 1323, 1500–1501
St. Lucia, 1493–1494 public sector reform, 1331–1333
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 trade liberalization, 1500
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 Turkey, 1577
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 Uruguay, 1647
Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238 Venezuela, 1179
St. Martin, 723, 1126. See also Guadaloupe Structural-functionalist theory, 1069
St. Thomas, 1670 Structuralism, 667, 1319–1320, 1561, 1614–1616. See also
St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 1494–1495 Foreign direct investment; Neo-Marxist theory
Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233 neostructuralism, 1617
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 Sub-Saharan Africa
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 banking in, 149
Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238 literacy, 543
international relations, 248 Subsidization, agricultural, 13, 14
Stabilization of Export Earnings (STABEX), 965 Subsistence agriculture. See also Subsistence living
(The) Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto agricultural privatization and, 24
(Rostow), 459–460, 1635 French Guiana, 1181
Stagflation, 1121 globalization and, 12
Stalin, Joseph, 287, 291, 380, 712, 760, 1001, 1372–1373, 1495–1496 Maldives, 984
de-Stalinization, 455–456, 1427 Nigeria, 1143
Nikita Khrushchev and, 910–911 Palau, 1225
Russian Orthodox Church and, 1376 privatization and, 21
Soviet-Nazi Non-Aggression Pact, 288, 1496 Rwanda, 1378
Tito and, 1551–1552 Vanuatu, 1653
Stalinist model of socialism, 1425, 1427 Subsistence economies, of indigenous people, 625
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 171 Subsistence first economic orientation, 1257
in Peru, 41 Subsistence living
Stanger, Margaret, 655 egalitarianism, 1500
State (political), role of, 16 foraging, 1500
State-directed economies, 1496–1497 generalized reciprocity, 1500
Solow model of economic growth, 1497 horticulture, 1501
State intervention. See Government intervention pastoralism, 1500–1501
Statement of Forest Principles, 1510 Substance abuse and dependence, 1013–1014. See also
State of the World’s Children Report (UNICEF), 1602 Drug trafficking
State Peace and Development Council, 1098 Sudan, 1501–1504. See also East Africa
States and Social Revolution (Skoepol), 1423–1424 arms embargo, 90
State terror, 473 Aswan High Dam and, 117
Steppes, of Central Asia, 297 colonial history, 501–502
Sterilization programs, 654–655 COMESA and, 369
Sterling Zone, 1166 debt, 223, 371
Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, 570 decolonization, 361–362
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPR), 90 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Strasser, Captain Valentine, 1406 geography and climate, 1501–1502
Strategic Hamlet Program, 1105 health care, 748
Strategic trade theory, 1560 health issues, 1503

I85
INDEX

Sudan (Continued ) intergenerational equity, 1622–1623

history, 1502 International Court of Justice and, 1622
Human Development Index, 659 international park system and, 1244–1245
independence movement, 30 terminology, 1509
political history, 1502–1503 UNICO and, 1620–1621
Sha’ria laws and, 1503 water resource, 1672
slavery, 1501, 1503–1504 Sustaining Export-Oriented Development: Ideas from Asia
territorial disputes, 1536, 1692 (Grilli and Riedel), 643
UNICEF in, 1603 Susu groups, 151
Sudanese People’s Liberation Army, 502, 1503, 1536 Svododa, Ludwik, 1319
Suez War, 75–76, 116, 219–220, 548, 612, 1035–1036, 1159. Swahili language, 500–501
See also Egypt Swahili peoples, 500–501
United Nations Emergency Force in, 1252 SWAPO. See South West Africa People’s Organization
Yasser Arafat in, 79 Swaziland, 1512–1513
Sufism, 1504–1506 COMESA and, 369
Sugar production decolonization, 361–362
Antigua and Barbuda, 56 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
British Virgin Islands, 1669 history and economic development, 1460–1462
Central Africa, 261 as Native Reserve, 1461
Cuba, 159, 257, 414 Southern African Customs Union and, 1468–1470
Guatemala, 725 Swaziland Independence Constitution, 1512
Guyana, 1179, 1185 Sweatshops, 551
Haiti, 740–741 Sweden, income inequality in, 1311
producer cartels, 250 Swedish International Development Agency, 1692
Puerto Rico, 1200 Sweezy, Paul, 460, 461
St. Christopher and Nevis, 1490, 1491 Switch trading, 407
St. Lucia, 1494 Switzerland, international banks in, 151
Triangle Trade, 357–358, 1696 Swynnerton Plan, 1003
United States Virgin Islands, 1670 Sykes, Mark, 135
Suharto, 619, 810, 1449 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 69, 135, 495, 947, 1226
in Bandung Conference, 139–140 Syngman Rhee, 1364–1365
Suicide, 1014–1016 Syphilis, 822–823
Sukarno, 809–810, 1506–1507 Syria, 1513–1514
in Bandung Conference, 139–140 Alawi people, 608–609, 632
Guided Democracy, 1506 Ba’ath Party in, 71, 129–130, 1038, 1598
Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 734–735, 810. See also Christianity in, 336
Indonesia; Sukarno Druze in, 495, 609
Sulfur dioxide pollution, 1–2, 1289 independence, 1033–1034
Sumatra, Aceh independence, 1455 international relations, 1036
Sunni Muslims, 1027 Kurdistan and, 920
Ba’ath Party and. See Ba’ath Party League of Arab States and, 71–72
in Bahrain, 133 OAPEC and, 1208
in Lebanon, 947–948 occupation of Lebanon, 79
in Libya, 961 in Palestinian conflict, 74
in Syria, 609 Palestinian refugees in, 1230–1231
in Tajikistan, 1518 privatization in, 1323
Sun Tzu, 728. See also Guerrilla warfare Six-Day War and, 77, 1038
Sun Yat-sen, 326 Soviet Union and, 1513
Supreme Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP), 1138 state economic dominance, 1031
Suriname, 1180, 1185–1186, 1507–1509 Sunni Muslims in, 609
Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235 United Arab Republic (UAR) and, 69–70, 130, 1103,
Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237 1159, 1597–1598
CARICOM and, 1185 war with Jordan, 70–71
Central Suriname Nature Reserve, 1508 SYSMIN, 965
international relations, 1185–1186 Systemas locales de salud (SILOS) health care
rainforest, 1508 organizations, 749
slavery, 1507 System of Central American Integration, 280
territorial disputes, 1185
Sustainability T
agricultural globalization and, 14
agricultural privatization and, 20 Tabrizi, Ahmad Kasravi, 878
Sustainable Cities Program, 1600 Tacna, 43
Sustainable development, 468, 1290–1291, 1509–1512 Tadzhik tribe territorial dispute, 1534
extractive industries and, 648–650 Tafari, Ras, 1350. See also Rastafarianism
growth vs. development, 1509 Ta’if Accord, 948

I86
 INDEX

Taiwan, 1515–1518. See also East Asia; Tiger economies CIDA in, 221
agrarian reform, 935 COMESA and, 369
agricultural development, 1516 debt holdings, 371, 444
anti-communism in, 514 diamond production, 250
Asian ‘‘economic miracle’’ and, 101, 102–103 East African Community and, 503, 508–510
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Chiang Ching-Kuo, 313–314 GDP per capita, 1523
Chiang Kai-shek and, 313–315 geography and climate, 1522
China and, 1517–1518 history, 1460–1462, 1522–1523
civil society, 1517 language planning and, 940
democratization, 709 national parks, 1245, 1710
Dominican Republic and, 245 neoliberalism and, 1121
economic development, 511–512 political history, 502–503
GDP per capita, 1515 revolt in, 11
geography and climate, 1515 Seychelles coup d’etat and, 1401
globalization and, 711 Southern African Development Community and, 1463
Import Substitution Industrialization, 515 Uganda and, 37, 600, 1188
indigenous rights movement, 1517 Ujamaa Vijinji (Socialism in the Village), 1188, 1524
industrial development, 1516 Tanzania–Zambia pipeline, 900
information technology sector, 1517 Taraki, Nur Mohammad, 4, 1091
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 Tariffs. See also GATT
nuclear energy, 1517 agricultural privatization and, 21
nuclear wastes, 1517 agriculture and, 13–14
political and economic restructuring, 1517 ASEAN and, 97–98, 113
political history, 1516–1517 Common External Tariff, 243
reunification proponents, 1518 Tariff Schedule of the United States, classification 807, 549
sovereignty issue with China, 521–522 Tarzi, Mahmud, 3
Spratly Islands claims, 1241 Tashkent Agreement, 898
technology transfer, 1131–1132 Taylor, Charles, 798, 960, 1406
territorial disputes, 1535 Taylor, Frederick, 226
Women’s Awakening Foundation, 1517 Tbilisi, territorial disputes, 1533
Tajikistan, 299, 300, 1518–1520 TCDD, 1683. See also Air pollution; Pollution
civil war, 302–303 Tchicaya, Felix, 389
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380 Tea production
Economic Cooperation Organization and, 537–538 Central Africa, 261
education, 543 Rwanda, 1378
ethnic conflicts, 594–595 Technological innovation. See also Technology;
independence, 383 Technology transfer
international relations, 303 agricultural privatization and, 20
literacy, 543 agriculture and, 17. See also Biotechnology
privatization, 1324 in Albania, 27
Soviet Union and, 302–303, 1519 Southeast Asia, 1450
Uzbekistan and, 303 Technological resources, 768. See also Information
Take Shima (Lioncort Rocks) territorial dispute, 1535 technology; Technology
Talabani, Jalal, 923–924 Technology
Taliban, 299–300, 381, 489, 1092, 1224, 1520–1522, 1534. alternative, 1593
See also Afghanistan; Islamic fundamentalism catch-up efforts, 1528
Pakistan and, 1521–1522 China and, 1527–1528
Talmud, 894 development and, 1525–1531
Tamanantsoa, Gabriel, 973 as exogenous production factor, 1526
Tambo, Oliver, 10, 11, 1463 governments and, 1526
Tambora volcanic eruption, 704, 1114 innovation clusters, 1528–1530, 1643
Tamerlane, 3 Japanese foreign direct investment and, 1527
Tamil people, 1489, 1490 learning and educational issues, 1525–1527, 1527–1528
Tanganika African National Union (TANU), 1188 official development assistance, 1528
Tanganyika, 502. See also Tanzania original brand manufacture, 1527
independence, 30 original design manufacture, 1527
trusteeship, 1632 original equipment manufacture, 1526–1527
Tanganyika African Association, 1522–1523 premises of technology transfer, 1525
Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), 1415, 1522–1524 transport cost reduction and, 1529
Tantalite, 649 Technology transfer, 1069
Tantulum, 649 ESCAP and, 1609–1610
Tanzania, 1522–1525. See also East Africa foreign direct investment and, 1528
agrarian reform, 934–935 Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 99
arms transfer, 212 multinational corporations and, 1094–1095

I87
INDEX

Technology transfer (Continued ) Terror

Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) and, 1131–1132 state, 473
Oceania, 1196–1197 totalitarian use of, 1556–1557
principles of, 1525 Terrorism, 1538–1540
Tehran Conference, 1496 Afghanistan, 299–300, 307
Tejudin (Genghis Khan), 3 Argentina, 1082
Telecommunications Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and, 109
in Cameroon, 219 Belgian in Central Africa, 262
India, 804 Chechen ‘‘black widows,’’ 598
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 854 Commonwealth of Independent States and, 379
Mekong Basin Development Corporation and, 99 Coptic Orthodox Church and, 396, 614
tantulum production and, 649 East Africa, 507–508
Television economic sanctions and, 1386, 1387
al-Jazeera, 1032 Egypt, 1160
North Africa, 1162 funding of, 109
Teller Amendment, 245 HAMAS, 741–743
Temne people, 627 Hezbollah, 752–763
Temperature, urbanization and, 1645 international, 1540
Temple, Archbishop William, 1729 as Iraq War rationale, 1264
Tenant farming, 7 legal definitions, 1539
Terai Arc Landscape Program, 1711 money laundering and, 1076–1077
Territorial disputes, 1531–1538 motives for, 1539–1540
Abkhazia, 378 Munich Olympics, 37, 71, 883, 1227
Africa, 1536 Muslim Brotherhood, 1096
Algeria/Morocco, 1168–1169 National Liberation Army (Colombia), 1110
Argentina/Paraguay, 886 NATO and, 1175
Itaipú Dam and, 885 Organization of American States and, 1207
Bolivia/Chile, 1473 Palestine, 1226–1227
Botswana/Namibia, 374 Palestine Liberation Organization and, 1228–1229
Brazil/Paraguay, 885 September 11, 300, 880
Central and Eastern Europe, 296 Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso). See Sendero Luminoso
Colombia, 1182 Taliban and, 1520–1522
as colonial legacy, 364, 367, 470–471, 626–627, 1585, 1697, tools used by, 1539
1698–1699. See also Balkanization US trade agreements and, 679
dictatorship and, 470–471 USAID and antiterrorism, 1636
East Africa, 505 Yasser Arafat and, 79–80
economic reasons, 1531 Yemen and, 1747
Ecuador/Peru, 42–43, 541 Terrorism Act of 1967 (South Africa), 59
Ethiopia/Eritrea, 505 Tesso Nilo National Park (Indonesia), 1712
Europe, 1532–1533 Tetanus (lockjaw), 821
Guatemala/Belize, 164, 283 Tewahdo Orthodox Church, 585
Guyana/Suriname, 1185 Texaco, 171, 1029
Guyana/Venezuela, 1185 OPEC and, 251, 1212
Honduras/Nicaragua, 283 Textile industry
Kashmir (India/Pakistan), 94, 805–807, 897–899, 1443 Central Africa, 262
Kuril Islands (China/South Korea), 517 Honduras, 763
Latin America, 1536–1538 Industrial Revolution and, 813
Middle East and Asia, 1533–1534 Mauritius, 1005
Nagorno-Karabakh, 87–88, 378, 382, 924, 1253, 1533 Puerto Rico, 1201
Nicaragua/Colombia, 1135 sweatshops, 551
Nile Basin, 505 Textron, 1201
Pakistan/China, 125 Thailand, 1540–1542
Peru/Venezuela, 1182 ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1455–1456
Qatar/Bahrain, 1339 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108
religious/ethnic reasons, 1531–1532 banking, 149
Somalia-Eritrea, 505 Burmese refugees and, 1456
Spratly Islands, 1241 Cambodia and, 1456
strategic reasons, 1531 Cambodian refugees and, 1454
Timor Sea, 525 colonial legacy, 1454
Venezuela/Colombia, 1183 Communist movements in, 1455
Venezuela/Guyana, 1179, 1183 currency devaluation, 424
Venezuela/Peru, 1182 economy, 98, 1449–1450
water resources and, 1692 erosion control measures, 582
Western Sahara, 1169 ethnic (overseas) Chinese in, 620

I88
 INDEX

ethnic conflicts, 619 Ghana, 701

financial crises, 150, 337, 1451 illegal in national parks, 1245
geography and climate, 1540 Papua New Guinea, 1239
HIV/AIDS, 1542 Time deposits, 146
income inequality, 1311 Timor Leste, 1455
indigenous peoples, 1540 ASEAN and, 1456
irrigated and drained area, 871 territorial disputes, 1535
Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100 TIPAC (Transport Inter-Etat des Pays d’Afrique
monetary policy, 150 Centrale), 527
as Newly Industrialized Economy, 1131 Tirios Indians, 1507
Patani independence, 1455 Tito, Josip Broz, 135–136, 188, 1001, 1080, 1551–1552,
religion and, 1457 1749–1750. See also Yugoslavia
SEATO and, 1458 Bandung Conference, 139–140
Separatist movement, 1542 cooperative socialism, 1428
State Enterprise Labor Relations Act, 1541 Croatia and, 411
Thais, Cambodian massacre of, 908 Franjo Tudjman and, 1573
Thar Desert, 453 Non-Aligned Movement and, 1148, 1552, 1749
Thatcher, Margaret, 139, 171 Slovenia and, 1418
Bishop Desmond Tutu and, 1581 Soviet Bloc and, 1487
development theory and, 462 Tlatelolco student massacre, 1018–1019, 1022–1023, 1247–1248
Malvinas/Falkland Islands action, 83, 986–989 Tobacco-Free Initiative (WHO), 1331
neoliberalism and, 1121 Tobacco products
Theiler, Dr. Max, 1366 Central Africa, 262
(A) Theory of Justice (Rawls), 798. See also Tanzania, 1523
Income distribution Tobacco-related illnesses, 1331
Thermal pollution, 1290 Toba people, 625
Third Assessment Report (of IGPCC), 705 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 1294, 1320
Third Universal Theory, 961 Togo, 1552–1553. See also West Africa
Third Wave, 449–450 authoritarianism in, 123
Third World, 459, 1542–1546 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Cold War and, 1543–1544 West African Monetary Union and, 1703–1705
conclusion of, 139–140, 1118, 1234–1235–1246, 1506–1507 Tokelau, 1191
definition, 1542 Tokes, Pastor Laszlo, 289, 1657
dependency theory and, 1544 Tolbert, William R., 626, 960
development measures, 465–466 Toledo, Alejandro, 48, 49–50, 50, 64, 685–686
modernization theory and, 1544 Tomal caste, 255
origin of term and alternates, 1542–1543 Tombalbaye, François, 264, 311
political history, 1544–1545 Tonga, 1553–1554
world system theory and, 1544 demographics, 1191
Thoreau, Henry David, 343 Niue and, 1144
Thorp, Rosemary, 1615 Tongaland, 1512
Three Gorges Dam, 520, 1546–1548, 1688 Tonga people, 1512
Three Mile Island nuclear meltdown, 563 Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1458, 1667
Tiananmen Square massacre, 328, 451, 519, 1549–1551 Torah, 894–895
Tibet, 520–521, 1548–1549. See also Bhutan Tornadoes, 1113
Bhutan and, 173 Torrey Canyon oil spill, 648
Buddhism in, 1548–1549 Torriello Garrido, Jorge, 80
China and, 602, 603 Torrijos Hérrera, Omar, 1236, 1238, 1554–1555.
earthquake of 1950, 1114 See also Panama
forced Chinese migration to, 1548 Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy
geography and climate, 1548 (Friedrich and Brzezinski), 1556
migration to India, 1549 Totalitarianism, 1555–1558
Tidal power, 560 mobilization of the masses, 1557–1558
Tiger economies, 105–108, 816, 764, 1450. See also Asian Tigers; Nazi and Soviet systems and, 1555, 1556
East Asian Tigers six traits of, 1556
as Newly Industrialized Economies, 1131 terror tactics, 1556–1557
Singapore, 1411–1414 Third World similarities, 1555–1556
Tilly, Charles, power-conflict theory, 1423 transition to democracy, 122
Timber products vs. authoritarianism, 121
Belize, 164 Toure, Samori, 733
Central Africa, 261 Touré, Sékou, 29, 30, 733, 1147, 1415, 1558–1559
deforestation and, 444 Tourism
Estonia, 583 Angola, 55
as fuel, 562 Antigua and Barbuda, 56

I89
INDEX

Tourism (Continued ) Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIP) agreement,

Association of Caribbean States and, 111–112 16, 490, 824–825, 827
Bahamas, 132 Trade unions. See also Organized labor
Barbados, 247 in Antigua and Barbuda, 56
Belize, 164–165 World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), 1731–1732
Cambodia, 217 Trading patterns, global, 1565–1568. See also Global
Caribbean, 239, 241, 1211 trading patterns
Cayman Islands, 258 Trajkovki, Branko, 971
Central Asia, 300 Transhumance, 1501
Dominica, 483–484 Transjordan. See Jordan
Dominican Republic, 485 Transkei Homeland, 153
ecotourism. See Ecotourism Transnational corporations. See Multinational corporations
Egypt, 548, 1160 Transnational identities, 8
Fiji, 662 Transnistria, 1074, 1532–1533. See also Moldova
Gambia, 691 Transoxiana, 297. See also Central Asia
Grenada, 720–721 Transparency, 1568–1570
Hong Kong, 764 compliance and, 1569–1570
Kiribati, 912 definition, 1568
Maldives, 984 historical development of concept, 1569
Marshall Islands, 997 information age and, 1569
Mexico, 1018 Transparency International, 398, 1593
Oceania, 1191 Transportation. See also Infrastructure
Palau, 1225 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
Panama Canal, 1237 Central Africa, 272
sex, 1399–1400 colonialism and West African, 1697
Seychelles, 1401 Guinea, 734
Singapore, 949, 1413 International Air Transport Association (IATA), 830–831
St. Barthéleme, 723 Transport cost reduction, technology transfer and, 1529
St. Christopher and Nevis, 1491 Transport Inter-Etat des Pays d’Afrique Centrale (TIPAC), 527
St. Helena, 1492 Transvaal National Party, 189. See also South Africa
St. Lucia, 1494 Transylvania
Trinidad and Tobago, 1571 displaced Hungarians in, 593
Uzbekistan’s potential for, 1649 territorial disputes, 1533
Townsville Peace Agreement, 1431 Traoré, Moussa, 984–985
Trade Trash. See also Waste; Waste management
comparative advantage theory, 1671 defined, 1681
definition, 1559, 1565 Treason Trial (South Africa), 59–60
economies of scale and, 1560 Treaty disputes, International Court of Justice, 1621–1623
specialization and, 1560 Treaty of Amsterdam, 955
virtual water, 1671–1672 Treaty of Asunción, 200, 228, 1483. See also MERCOSUR
Trade embargoes, 1386–1388. See also Arms embargoes Treaty of Chaguaramas, 233, 242
Cuba, 414, 418, 687 Treaty of Laudanne, 923
Trade liberalization Treaty of Maastricht, 955
Africa and, 9 Treaty of Paris, 358, 723
agricultural privatization and, 21 Treaty of Sévres, 923
agriculture and, 13–14 Treaty of Versailles, 373, 495
migration and, 1045 Treaty of Westminster, 357
Trademarks, 827. See also Intellectual property rights Trek Boers, 58, 622, 1439. See also Afrikaners
Trade policies, 1559–1565 Treponema pallidum, 822–823
collapse of socialism and, 1563 Triangle Trade, 357–358, 1696
dependency theory and, 1562 Trianon Peace Treaty, 593
dependistas, 1560–1561 Trinidad and Tobago, 1570–1572
export-oriented industrialization and, 1562–1563 Association of Caribbean States and, 111
Hecksher-Ohlin theorem, 1560 Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 232–233
Holper-Samuelson theorem, 1560 Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235
human rights development and, 773–774 Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
import substitution industrialization. See Import Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238
substitution industrialization Eric Willaims, 1713–1714
liberal perspective, 1560 food imports, 240–241
Marxist perspective, 1560–1561 international relations, 247
neoliberalism and, 1563 People’s National Movement, 1571
New International Economic Order and, 1562 United National Congress, 1571
petrodollars and, 1563 TRIP agreement, 16, 490, 824–825, 827
strategic trade theory, 1560 Tripartite Declaration, 75
structuralist school, 1561. See also Structuralism Tropical cyclones (hurricanes), 1111–1112, 1144, 1153

I90
 INDEX

Trotsky, Leon, 1001 languages spoken in, 1027

world revolution model of socialism, 1425 military-civil relations, 1048
Trujillo, Rafael, 171, 186, 244–245, 484, 1184, 1572. See also multiethnicity, 1576
Dominican Republic pipeline routes, 306
Trujillo (Peru) uprising, 63 Regional Cooperation for Development and, 304
Truman, Harry S. Republican People’s Party (Cumhurtiyet Halk Partisi ), 1577
China and, 326 territorial disputes, 1532, 1533–1534
CIA and, 307 Turkic state federation, 1534
Fulbright Program and, 686 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 428–429
Mexico and, 1021 Turkmenistan, 299, 1578–1580
Palestine and, 73–74 Caspian Sea and, 305
Truong Vam Cam (Nam Cam), 1666 Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380
Trusteeship System, 1631–1633 Economic Cooperation Organization and, 304, 537–538
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), 820–821 failed development, 1579
Tshombe, Moise, 263, 590 oil, 306
Tsirinana, Philibert, 973 pipeline routes, 306
Tsunamis, 811, 985, 1114–1115, 1489 privatization, 1324
of 2004, 811, 985, 1489 Soviet Union and, 1578–1579
Tsvangirai, Morgan, 1090 tourism, 300
Tswana people, 190–191 Turkmen language, 1578
Tuaregs, 170–171, 628, 975, 1140. See also Berbers Turks, Ottoman. See Ottoman Empire
Tuberculosis, 822, 823 Turks and Caicos
Tubman, William, 960, 1202 Caribbean Community and Common Market and, 233–235
Tudjman, Franjo, 136, 411, 1059, 1573, 1750. See also Croatia Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
Tugwell, Rexford, 1200 Caribbean Free Trade Association and, 237–238
Tumb islands, 1534 Turojonzade, Akbar, 594
Tumen River Area Development Plan, 518 Tutsi-Hutu conflict, 211–214, 244, 255, 264–265, 269–270,
Tumen River Economic Development Area, 518 389–390, 503–504, 590, 600–601, 630. See also
Tuna fishing, Japanese, 1194 Rwanda, Burundi
Tuna Wars, 40. See also Fishing rights Tutu, Bishop Desmond, 1580–1581
Tunisia, 1573–1575 apartheid and, 1581
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 67–68, 1165, 1169–1170 Ubuntu theology, 1580
Barcelona Declaration, 1168 Tuvalu, 1581–1583
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, 183–184 demographics, 1191
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Tuvalu Trust Fund, 1583
ethnic conflict, 612–613 Twa people, 211, 255
geography and climate, 1156–1157 26th of July Movement, 1583–1584
history, 1574 Typhoid fever, 821
Industrial Promotion Agency, 1574
international relations, 1165 U
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and, 926
literacy, 1161 US Federal Reserve Bank, 144
Morocco and, 1168 Ubangi-Shari. See also Central African Republic
OAPEC and, 1208 slavery and, 272
unemployment, 1162 Ubı́co, Gen. Jorge, 726
women, 1162 Ubuntu theology, 1580
Tunisian Railway Infrastructure Modernization Project, 5 Uganda, 1585–1586
Tupamaros (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional ), 1486, colonial history, 502
1575, 1647 COMESA and, 369
Turbay Ayala, Julio César, 352, 1110, 1182 debt, 444
Turkey, 1575–1578. See also Ataturk, Kemal deportation of Asians, 36–37
Armenians in, 87 East African Community and, 503, 508–510
Baghdad Pact and, 130–131, 310, 868 Ebola virus in, 1330
Baku-Thilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Project, 638, 698 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, 183–184 economy, 36–37
counterinsurgency in, 405 elections, 1586
earthquakes in, 1575 ethnic conflicts, 632
Economic Cooperation Organization and, 304, 537–538 HIV/AIDS, 371
geography and climate, 1575–1576 independence, 30
Greece and, 1577 invasion of Tanzania, 37
history, 1576–1577 Lakes Edward and Albert Fisheries (LEAF) Project, 5
invasion of Cyprus, 1035 Libyan occupation, 1188
irrigated and drained area, 871 National Resistance Army, 1586
Justice Party, 1577 political history, 270, 503
Kurds and, 920, 924, 1533–1534, 1576 war with Tanzania, 600

I91
INDEX

Uganda National Congress, 1585 Uniate Churches, 335

Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), 600 UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), 475, 1601–1603
Uganda Peoples Congress, 1586 civil society programs, 1602
Uganda Peoples Union, 1586 development activities, 1602
Ugyhur minority, China, 603 disaster relief, 1602
Ujamaa Vijinji (Socialism in the Village), 1188, 1524 genesis and early years, 1601, 1606
Ukraine, 1587–1589 humanitarian relief projects, 785
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, primary health care/health-for-all approach, 749–750
183–184, 331 public health and, 1329
Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380 State of the World’s Children Report, 1602
Cossack uprisings, 1588 structure and authority, 1601–1602
ethnic conflicts, 1587 WHO and, 1735–1736
ethnicity, 1587 Unidad Popular, 681. See also Allende, Salvador
geography and climate, 1587 Unión Cı́vica Radical (Argentina), 81
governance, 1588–1589 Union des Populations du Cameroon (UPC), 25
Green World movement, 384 Union Douaniére des Etats l’Afrique Centrale, 531
GUAM group and, 381 Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,
history, 1587–1588 1244–1245
independence, 290, 384 Union of South Africa. See South Africa
natural gas production, 647 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union
Nazi occupation, 1588 Unions de Populations du Cameroon (UPC), 218
Orange Revolution, 1589 UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence
privatization, 23 of Angola), 53–54, 309, 1293
Rurik dynasty, 1587–1588 Unitarianism, populism and, 1301
Scandinavian colonization, 1587–1588 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 1595–1597
territorial disputes, 1532, 1533 creation of, 1034
Ukrainian Helsinki Union, 384 economic diversification, 1031
Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 384 geography and climate, 1596
Ukrainians, in Georgia, 698 history, 1595–1596
Ul-Haq, Zia, 175 industry and economy, 1596–1597
Ulmanis, Guntis, 946, 1589–1590 international relations, 1596
Ulmanis, Larlis, 946 labor market and population, 1597
Ul-Mulk, Nawab Viqar, 36 OAPEC and, 1208
Umbundu language, 53 oil, 646–647
Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), 11, 59–60 political background, 1595
Um-Nyobe, Reuben, 1590 Shar’iah law and, 1595
UNAIDS program, 1608, 1737 territorial disputes, 1534
Underdevelopment, 1590–1595 women, 1720
alternative development and, 1592 United Arab Republic (UAR), 69–70, 130, 1103, 1159,
capital accumulation and, 1591–1592 1597–1598. See also Egypt; Syria
causes, 1591–1593 United Democratic Front (South Africa), 11
contract theory, 1591 United Fruit Company, 80, 634, 762, 1177
dependency theory, 1592. See also Dependency Theory United Kingdom. See also Britain; British Commonwealth
early theorists, 1591 arms transfer by, 90
entrepreneurship and, 1591–1592 Caribbean Development Bank and, 235–237
high-income countries, 1594 in Central America, 278
imperialist theory, 1415, 1423, 1592 countertrade laws, 408
measurement of, 1593 foreign direct investment, 708
mechanical/organic solidarity theory, 1591 international banks in, 151–152
modernization theory and, 1591 invasion of Grenada, 278
origin and evolution of concept, 1590–1591 oil production, 646–647
populism and, 1592 United Malay National Organization, 1599
racial/cultural theories, 1593–1594 United Nations. See also UN entries
twenty-first century state of, 1593–1594 Amnesty International and, 37–38
Weber’s rationality theory, 1591 anti-corruption measures, 398
world systems theory, 1592 Bahrain declaration, 133
Underground economy, 180–184. See also Black market Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and,
UNESCO 183–184
Basic Education and Life Skills (BELS) program, 544–545 Convention of the Elimination of Discrimination against
educational effectiveness study, 544 Women (CEDAW), 1717–1718
family planning and, 654 creation of, 1638–1639
human rights and, 779 Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 1055–1057
television education and, 546 Decade for Women, 433, 1716–1718
World Experimental Literacy Program, 542–543 Dr. Ralph Bunche and, 207
Uneven development, 465 Earth Summit, 1290

I92

Economic Commission for Africa, 529–530
economic sanctions, 1440, 1463
El Salvador and, 661
family planning and, 654
Group of 77 and, 721
HIV/AIDS and, 1329, 1608, 1737
human rights and, 771, 779
International Bill of Human Rights, 779–780
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,
1055–1056
Jerusalem question and, 75
in Kosovo, 138
Millennium Declaration, 1609, 1690
New International Economic Order and. See New
International Economic Order
nonaligned majority in, 1148
Organization of African Unity and, 1203
Pan-Africanism and, 29
Refugee Convention, 1352
Somalia and, 1433
South Africa and, 1440, 1463
statement on agricultural pollution, 1284
Sukarno and, 1507
World Food Program, 475, 785, 1606, 1732–1734
World Health Organization and. See World Health
Organization (WHO)
World Intellectual Property Rights Organization
(WIPO), 825–826
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 476, 705,
1738–1739
Yasser Arafat legitimized by, 1228–1229
Yugoslavian no-fly zone and, 137
United Nations Advisory Committee on Security Questions in
Central Africa, 532
United Nations Center for Human Settlements
(UN-HABITAT), 1599–1600
United Nations Charter, 1638–1639
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). See UNICEF
United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal
Justice, 1603–1604
United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 487–488, 1639
United Nations Conference on Desertification, 453
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,
178, 446, 582, 1509–1510
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), 139, 667, 669, 721, 835, 1148, 1604–1605
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, 446
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 818, 1602
United Nations Declaration of Action for the Establishment
of a New Economic Order, 139
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,
487–488
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons
Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious, and
Linguistic Minorities, 938
United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs,
475, 1619
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 15–16, 115,
467–468, 475, 1511, 1592–1593, 1605–1608
genesis, 1606
poverty research, 1308–1312, 1312–1318
programming efforts, 1607
structure and authority, 1606–1607
water management and, 1692
United Nations Disaster Relief Agency, 475
INDEX
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific (UNESCAP), 1608–1611
evaluation, 1610–1611
history and functions, 1609–1811
overview, 1608–1609
regional institutions, 1610
United Nations Economic and Social Committee for Asia
and the Pacific (UNESCAP), 100
United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC),
37–38, 1611–1613, 1639
Commission on International Commodity Trade, 1604–1605
conference diplomacy, 1612–1613
early initiatives, 1611–1612
future outlook, 1613
trade reforms and controversies, 1605
World Trade Organization and, 1605
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and
the Caribbean, 281, 458, 1613–1616
current programs, 1614–1616
mission, 1614
structure, 1614
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation. See UNESCO
United Nations Emergency Force, 76–77, 1252. See also
Peacekeeping; United Nations peacekeeping
United Nations Environment Program, 453, 571, 1511
water management and, 1692
United Nations Expanded Program of Technical
Assistance, 1606
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 15,
1606, 1612, 1616–1617, 1692, 1732–1734
water management and, 1692
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
446, 574
United Nations General Assembly
Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning
Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States, 1394
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial
Countries and Peoples, 1393
NIEO resolution, 1128. See also New International
Economic Order
Resolution 1080, 1206
Resolution 1514, 987
Resolution 2085, 987
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 780
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 475,
1352, 1606, 1611, 1617–1620, 1629
aid and development linkages, 1618–1619
International Conference on Assistance to Refugees, 1618
zonal development programs, 1617–1618
United Nations Human Rights Commission, 1063
United Nations Independent Commission on International
Development (Brandt Commission), 139
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO),
1620–1621
Market Access Initiative, 1621
United Nations International Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism, 1539
United Nations International Court of Justice (The Hague),
1621–1623
development issues and, 1622–1623
intergenerational equity cases, 1622–1623
Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France), 1623
United Nations International Drug Control Program, 489,
491, 1623
I93
INDEX

United Nations International Fund for Agricultural United States. See also US entries
Development, 1624 Afghanistan and, 307, 1521–1522
United Nations International Governmental Panel on Climate African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), 1700, 1701
Change, 705–706 agricultural subsidization, 13
United Nations International Institute on Aging, 1624–1625 Alliance for Progress and, 32–35
United Nations International Research and Training Institute American Society of African Culture, 1235
for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW), 1625–1626 Andean South America and, 39–45
United Nations Korean Relief and Reconstruction Argentina and, 1481
Agency, 1612 arms transfer veto by, 95
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian ASEAN and, 115
Affairs, 475, 1619 Asian Development Bank and, 101
United Nations Palestine Partition Plan, 1226 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108
United Nations peacekeeping, 295, 590, 607, 966, 1103–1104, Bank for International Settlements and, 142
1150–1256, 1182. See also Peacekeeping Berlin Wall and, 171
Balkan states, 295 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and, 183–184
Chad, 1252 Bracero Program, 194–195, 1018
Colombia, 1182 Cambodian bombing, 1407–1408
Congo, 590, 966, 1103–1104, 1252 Christian fundamentalism in, 858
Cyprus, 295, 1252 Colombo Plan and, 354
Lebanon, 1252 corn blight, 179
Rwanda, 507 countertrade laws, 408
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Cuba and, 416–418
Peoples, 1627–1628 Declaration of Independence, 777, 779
United Nations Population Fund, 1628–1629 Dominican Republic and, 245
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine, 75, East Africa and, 505–506
1229, 1606, 1611, 1629–1631 Egypt and, 1106
Peace Implementation Program, 1631 foreign aid and Cold War, 1106
shelter rehabilitation programs, 1631 foreign assistance program, 156–158
subsidized loan program, 1630 foreign direct investment, 667, 708
United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees, 1611 Free Association Contract, 1225
United Nations sanctions Fulbright Program, 686–687
Iraq, 869 globalization and, 711
Libya, 1167 Grenada invasion, 232, 248, 278, 720–721, 1185
Yugoslavia, 971 in Group of 8, 573
United Nations Security Council Guatemala and, 1021–1022
Resolution 242, 77, 78, 220 Guyana and, 887–888, 1184–1185
Resolution 338, 78, 220 Haiti and, 84, 85
Resolution 598, 867 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1236, 1237
Resolution 687, 1263, 1264 human rights and, 772
Resolution 731, 1167 immigration and, 1023–1024
Resolution 748, 1167 income inequality in, 1311
Resolution 883, 1167 industrialization and Great Migration, 8
Resolution 1306, 1407 intellectual property rights and, 825–826
Resolution 1441, 1265 international banks in, 151–152
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, 73 International Development Association and, 844
United Nations Special Fund for Economic Development, 1606 International Energy Agency, 1209
United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Iran hostage crisis, 864
Protection of Human Rights, 1627 Iranian airliner shooting, 867
United Nations Transitional Authority for East Timor, 525 Iran–Iraq War and, 866
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, irrigated and drained area, 871
216, 217 Israel and, 1106
United Nations Trusteeship Council, 1631–1633 Jamaica and, 247
United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Japanese land redistribution, 935
996, 1225 Kurdistan and, 921
United Nations University, 1633 Kyoto Protocol and, 446, 574
United Nations Water Conference, 1690 Laos and, 1249–1250
United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Liberia and, 960
Populations, 1627 Libya and, 1167
United Nations World Heritage Sites, 1710–1711 Malvinas/Falkland Islands action, 83, 986–989
United Nations World Summit for Children, 1602 Maquiladoras Program, 644, 992–995, 1018
United Nicaraguan Opposition, 1389–1390 MERCOSUR and, 1473
United Progressive Party (Zambia), 1753 Mexico and, 1020–1021
United Provinces of Central America, 277–278, 552 Micronesia and, 1025–1026
United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), 352–353 Middle East policy, 130–131
United Somali Congress–Somali National Alliance, 1433 mining industry, 648

I94
 INDEX

NAFTA and, 1171 hydrologic regime and, 1644–1645

nation building, 1103–1107 Marshall Islands, 997
natural gas production, 647 measures of, 1641
Oceania and, 1194 megacities, 1643, 1644
oil production, 646–647 Urban population, 1644
OPEC and, 1209 Uribe Vélez, Alvaro, 1361
Operation Bootstrap, 1334–1335 URNG (National Revolutionary Unity of Guatemala),
pan-Africanism and, 1235 726–728
Panama and, 1236–1237 Ur-Rahman, General Zia, 141
Panama Canal Treaties, 1237–1239 Uruguay, 1646–1648
Paraguay and, 1242–1243 agricultural oligarchy, 1476
Persian Gulf War of 1991, 925, 1160 Batellista economic program, 1647
Persian Gulf War of 2003 (Iraq War), 794, 869–870, 1036 bureaucratic authoritarianism, 208, 209
pipeline routes, 306 Colorado/Blanco conflict, 1647
Plan Colombia, 1276–1278 financial crisis, 1647–1648
Platt Amendment, 245–246 Frente Amplio, 1647
populism in, 1303 GDP per capita, 1646
Puerto Rico and, 1200–1202, 1333–1335 geography and climate, 1474, 1475
Samoa and, 1385–1386 history, 1647
SEATO and, 1458 IMF Structural Adjustment Program, 1647
September 11, 1076–1077 international relations, 1486–1487
Somalia and, 507, 1405, 1433–1434 MERCOSUR and, 1472–1474
South Africa and, 60–61 Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (Tupamaros),
suicide rate, 1015 1486, 1575, 1647
Taiwan/Chinese disputes and, 521–522 Movimiento de Participación Popular (MPP), 1575
Terrorism Code Title 22, 1539 Nazi Germany and, 1486
Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1458, 1667 slavery and emancipation, 7
Tripartite Agreement and, 75–76 Treaty of Asunción, 200, 1483
Tunisia and, 1165 Tupumaros, 1486
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, 1639 urban guerilla warfare, 1477–1478
USS Stark incident, 866 War of the Triple Alliance, 1484
withdrawal from UNIDO, 1621 World War II and, 1647
United States Constitution, Thirteenth Amendment, 7 Uruguay Round of GATT, 13–14, 14, 97, 113, 227,
United States–Dominican Republic–Central America Free 696–697, 707. See also GATT
Trade Agreement, 1637–1638 US Agency for International Development (USAID), 33–34,
United States Foreign Assistance Act, 1634–1636 275, 475–476, 1634–1635
United States Information Agency (USIA), 687 in Vietnam, 1105
United States Virgin Islands, 1669–1671 US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 88
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 37, 771, 777, 876, US Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act of 2000, 231.
1638–1640 See also Caribbean Basin Initiative
private property rights and, 1321 US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), HIV/AIDS and, 1329
Universal Declaration of Women’s Rights, 1715 US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). See Central
Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights, 782, 876 Intelligence Agency
University of Chicago school of economists, 1121, 1275. US Congress, Basic Human Needs legislation, 157
See also Neoliberalism US Foreign Assistance Act, 33
University of Tirhana, 27 US Freedom of Information Act, 1570
UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), 600 US Military Assistance Command, 1105
Unocal, 306 USAID Expanded Promotion of Breastfeeding
Untouchables (Dalits), 1640–1641. See also Caste systems Program, 818
UPC (Unions de Populations du Cameroon), 218 USIA (United States Information Agency), 687
Upper Hungary. See Slovak Republic US–Philippines Military Bases Agreement, 66
Upper Volta. See Burkina Faso USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). See Soviet Union
Uranium production Utilitarians, human rights and, 772
Central Africa, 261 Utopian concepts, Robert Owen, 1592
Niger, 1141 Utub tribe, 133
(The) Urban Guerrilla (Oppenheimer), 730 Uzbekistan, 300, 1648–1649
Urbanization Aral Sea disaster, 299, 1286, 1374, 1648
deforestation and, 445 Commonwealth of Independent States and, 375–380
development and, 1641–1643 cotton production, 1648
development-driven, 1641–1642 Economic Cooperation Organization and, 304, 537–538
East Asia, 512 ethnic conflicts, 594–595
Engels’ Law and, 1641–1642 independence, 383
environmental impact, 1643–1646 international relations, 303–304
erosion and, 580 poverty, 1648–1649
health advantages of cities, 1642 shadow economy, 181

I95
INDEX

Uzbekistan (Continued ) Viet Minh (Vietnam Independence League), 1662, 1663, 1667
Tajikistan and, 303 Vietnam, 1663–1666. See also Vietnam War
territorial disputes, 1534 agrarian reform, 582
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, 299. See also Uzbekistan American war. See Vietnam War
ASEAN and, 97, 112–116, 1456
V Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108
Cambodia and, 907–908
Vai people, 626 CIA in, 309
Vaishya caste, 253–254, 1640 colonial legacy, 1454
Vajpayee, Atal Behari, 804, 899 doi moi strategy, 481–482
Väl, Tiit, 1651–1652. See also Estonia economy, 98
Vanuatu, 1652–1653 ethnic (overseas) Chinese in, 620
demographics, 1191 financial crisis, 1451
John Frum cargo cult, 1652 under French. See Indochina
national identity, 1193–1194 Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, 1664
National Planning Office, 1652 GDR per capita, 1665
offshore banking, 1653 Ho Chi Minh, 730, 760–761
Vargas, Getúlio, 199–200, 1476, 1482, 1653–1654. Human Development Index, 659
See also Brazil Lien Viet Front, 1662
Vargas Llosa, Marios, 685 literacy, 543
Variola (smallpox) virus, 820 Mekong Basin Development Corporation, 98–100
Vas, Zoltán, 789 National Liberation Front (NLF), 1108–1110
Vásquez Lajara, Horacı́o, 1572 nation-building and, 1105
Vattimo, Gianni, 1569 Pathet Lao and, 1249–1250
Velasco Alvarado, General Juan, 40, 41–42, 47, 1267 People’s Army of Viet Nam, 1664
Velasco Ibarra, José, 42, 46–48 Poverty Reduction Partnership Agreement, 1666
Velvet Revolution, 289, 294, 430, 496, 592–593, 713, privatization, 21
1416, 1654–1657 Red River flood, 1113
Venda Homeland, 153 SEATO and South, 1458
Venda people, 1439 Soviet Union and, 1450
Venetiaan, Ronald, 1180, 1508 Strategic Hamlet Program, 1105
Venezuela, 1658–1661 telecommunications industry, 99
Acción Democrática, 1178, 1183–1184, 1259–1260, 1659 territorial disputes, 1241, 1535
Andean Community and, 39 Viet Minh (Vietnam Independence League), 1662, 1663, 1667
anti-American demonstrations, 32 Viet Nam Fatherland Front, 1662
Association of Caribbean States and, 111 Vo Nguyen Giap, 730
coffee production, 1178 Vietnamese, Cambodian massacre of, 908
Corporación Venezolana de Fomento, 1178 Viet Nam Fatherland Front, 1662
debt, 223 Viet Nam Quoc Ddn Dang (Van Dao), 1662
financial crisis, 1659–1660 Vietnam War, 1105–1106, 1108–1110, 1666–1668
foreign direct investment, 669 arms industrialization and, 93
import substitution industrialization, 1178 Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 1259
income inequality, 1311 counterinsurgency in, 405
Inter-American Treaty of Mutual Assistance, 1183 development theory and, 461–462
international relations, 1183–1184 guerrilla tactics in, 730
Netherlands Antilles and, 1126 Ho Chi Minh Trail, 1250
oil, 1178, 1658–1659 international relations and, 1454
overdependence on petroleum, 1659–1660 Laos and, 944
Pacto de Punto Fijo, 1183, 1659 My Lai, 1668
Petróleos de Venezuela, 1178–1179 Norodom Sihanouk and, 1407–1408
political history, 1659–1661 Paris Peace Accords, 1250
slavery and emancipation, 7 People’s Army of Vietnam, 1249, 1258
Social Christian Party (COPEI), 1659, 1660 People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF), 1258–1259
territorial disputes, 1179, 1185, 1537 Tet offensive, 1259, 1664
Verdan, Marie-Claude, 684 Viet Cong (People’s Liberation Armed Forces),
Verreenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie. See Dutch East 1258–1259
India Company Vike-Freiberga, Vaira, 1589
Verwoerd, Hendrik, 1462, 1661. See also Apartheid; Villa, Francisco ‘‘Pancho,’’ 1246
South Africa Villalba, Jóvito, 171
Vibrio cholerae, 821–822 Villalobos, Ruy López, 1224
Vicente Gómez, Juan, 1660 Viral diseases. See Infectious diseases and specific diseases
Videla, General Jorge Rafael, 82, 1082 and organisms
Vieira, Gen. Joao, 734–735 Virgin Islands
Vienna International Plan of Action on Aging, 1625 British, 1668–1669
Viet Cong (People’s Liberation Armed Forces), 1258–1259 United States, 1669–1671

I96
 INDEX

Virgin Islands National Park, 1670 War of the Pacific, 43

Virtual water trade, 1671–1672 War of the Triple Alliance, 1484
Virunga National Park (Congo), 1709–1710 War on drugs, 488–489. See also Drug trade; Drug trafficking
Visehrad Four, 1672–1673 Warsaw, Menachem Begin in, 161
Visser’t Hooft, W.A., 1729 Warsaw Pact, 286, 1175, 1487–1488
Voice of the Arabs, 310 Czech invasion and, 1319
Vojvodina, displaced Hungarians in, 593 dissolution of, 791
Volcanic eruptions, 1114–1115 Poland and, 890
acid precipitation and, 1–2 Washington, Booker T., 1234
climate change and, 704 Washington Consensus, 461–463, 965, 966
Krakatoa, 1114 Wasmosy, Juan Carlos, 885, 1206
Matupit Volcano (Papua New Guinea), 1239 Waste management, 1680–1686. See also Pollution; Wastes
Mt. Peleé, 998, 1114–1115 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Mt. Pinatubo, 2 Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their
Nevada del Ruiz, 1115 Disposal, 1685
Souffriere Hills (Grenada), 1083 biological treatment (composting), 1682
Tambora, 704, 1114 defining, 1680–1681
Volta River Project, 1147 hazardous waste, 1684–1685
Vo Nguyen Giap, 730 history of, 1680–1681
Voorhoeve, J.C.C., 156 integrated, 1684
Vorster, John, 188, 1581 landfilling, 1683–1684
Voter registration, 557 solid waste treatment, 1681, 1682–1684
Vulnerability, as poverty measure, 1315 by source reduction, 1684
by source separation, 1684
W thermal treatment, 1682–1683
three major points of, 1681
Wade, Abdoulaye, 1395 Wastes
Wahid, Kiai Haji Abdurrahman (Gus Dur), 734–735, 810. agricultural, 1690
See also Indonesia carbon to nitrogen ratio, 1682
Wahid Hasyim, K.H., 735–736 collection of, 1681
Wajana Indians, 1507 composition and management of, 1681
Walesa, Lech, 294, 890, 1430, 1488, 1655, 1675–1676. incineration, 1682–1683
See also Poland; Solidarity Movement municipal solid, 1681
Nobel Peace Prize, 1676 types considered hazardous, 1684
Visehrad Four and, 1672 Water
Walker, William, 278 agricultural privatization and, 20
Wallenstein, Immanuel, 460, 461, 1070 aquifers, 1688
Wallis and Futuna, 1191 availability of and settlement patterns, 1687–1689
Walsh, Lawrence, 394 chemical pollution, 648
Walter, George, 56 desalinization, 1688–1689
WAMU (West African Monetary Union), 1703–1705 in developing countries, 570
War diseases borne by, 1691
casualties in developed vs. undeveloped nations, 1677 Economic Commission for Africa and, 530
classic theories of development and, 1677 Egypt, 547–549
collective goods theory and, 1678 evapotranspiration, 1686
conditional theories of development and, 1677–1678 global climate change and, 1691
convergence theory, 1677 Great Man-Made Rivers Project (Libya), 1338
development and, 1676–1680 groundwater reserves, 1688
discrimination principle, 1054 groundwater resources, 1686–1687
domestic vs. international, 1676–1677 human uses, 1689–1690
failed states and, 1679 hydrological cycle, 1686–1687
future of conflict and development, 1679–1680 Integrated Water Resource Management, 1692
Geneva Conventions, 1055 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, 1686–1687
greed-inspired, 1678–1679 Maldives, 984
guerilla movements and, 1678–1679 Middle East, 1027
infrastructure and, 1677 politics and resources, 1691–1692
military necessity principle, 1054 quality, 20, 1690–1691
Phoenix Factor theory, 1677 resource planning, 1691
poverty trap theory, 1677, 1678 resources and distribution, 1686–1693
proportionality principle, 1054 sewage treatment wastes. See Waste; Waste management
rules of, 1053–1054 surface water resources and human settlement, 1687–1689
spillover effects, 1678 urbanization and, 1644–1645
United Nations Charter and, 1053 virtual water trade, 1671–1672
weapons proscribed in, 1054 World Water Commission, 1692
War crimes, 1054–1055. See also Atrocities Water-borne infectious diseases, 821–822, 1691

I97
INDEX

Water erosion, 581 West Indies Federation, 155, 246, 1211, 1493, 1494. See also
Water management Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Danube River), 1622 Westmoreland, Gen. William C., 1668
Lake Chad Basin Commission, 933–934 West Papua
Lesotho Highlands Project, 957 ethnic conflict, 619
Libyan Man Made River project, 962 gold production, 619
seawater distillation, 1670 Weyand, Gen. Fred, 1668
Three Gorges Dam, 520, 1546–1548, 1688 WFTU (World Federation of Trade Unions), 1731–1732
Water pollution Whaling industry, 1190, 1710
agricultural, 1285 What Is Enlightenment? (Kant), 1569
industrial, 1289–1290 White, Harry Dexter, 833, 846. See also Bretton Woods System
Water Sector Adjustment Program (Morocco), 5 White, Tim, 500
Water Users Associations, 872 White African communities, 1705–1708. See also Colonialism
Wazel, Hasina, 141 ‘‘White man’s burden,’’ 360
(The) Wealth of Nations (Smith), 1559–1560 White Tai people, 1540
Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), 1262–1263, 1387 Whitman, Unison, 180
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, 1265 WHO Conference on the Rational Use of Drugs, 490
Weather, urbanization and, 1645–1646 Wichi people, 625
Weber, Max, 349, 458, 855–856, 1067, 1299–1300 Wiesel, Eli, 136–137
Weismann, Chaim, 134–135 Wilderness Society, 446
West Africa Wildlife, agricultural globalization and, 12–13
Cold War and, 1700–1701 Wildlife preservation
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 causes of extinction, 1709–1710
Economic Community of West African connecting corridors and, 1711
States and, 533–536 future actions, 1712–1713
economic development, 1696–1698 international efforts, 1712
Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), 1701–1702 resolving human/wildlife conflict, 1711–1712
ethnic conflicts, 626–629 species extinction and, 1708
ethnic regionalization, 1696 strategies for, 1710–1711
Euro-centricity and, 1694 value systems and, 1708–1709
failed states, 1697 Williams, Eric, 241, 247, 1571, 1713–1714. See also Grenada
geography and climate, 1693–1694 Wilson, Edward O., 177
global powers and, 1700–1702 Wilson, Woodrow, 134, 333, 430
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 1697 Wind energy, 559
history, 1694–1696 Windward Islands
international relations, 1698–1703 St. Lucia, 1493–1494
intra-Africa relations, 1700 St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 1494–1495
Lomé agreements and, 1701 Wingti, Paias, 1240
population densities, 1694 WIPO (World Intellectual Property Rights Organization), 825–826.
privatization, 1324–1325 See also Intellectual property rights; TRIP agreement
Rassemblement Democratique Africaine, 1558–1559 Witt, Mahuad, 49
slavery, 1695–1696 Wittfogel, Karl, 120
subregional relations, 1699–1700 Wojtyla, Karol (Pope John Paul II), 288, 366, 1375, 1714–1715
white community, 1706 Wolde Kahasi, Christian, 577
West African Development Bank, 151 Wolf, Eric, 1422
West African Monetary Union (WAMU), 1703–1705 Wolf ’s North Atlantic capitalism theory, 1422
currency, 1703 Wolof people, 626
West African National Congress, 29 Women
West Bank, 71, 161, 883, 1229, 1382. See also Arab-Israeli Afghanistan, 3, 4
Wars; Israel; Palestine African Gender and Development Index, 530
HAMAS in, 741–743 in agriculture, 12, 1724–1725
intifadas, 71, 80, 741–742, 860–862, 883–884, 1038, 1227, Amnesty International and, 38
1231–1232 Argentina, 1260
Palestinian refugees in, 1232 Beijing World Conference on Women, 1626
Western Christian Civilization concept, 640. See also Bougainville Women for Peace and Freedom, 1432
Evangelical Protestanism Chechen ‘‘black widows,’’ 598
Western Europe China, 326
family planning in, 655 Convention of the Elimination of Discrimination against
globalization and, 711 Women (CEDAW), 772, 1717–1718
income inequality in, 1311 Cuba, 416
mining industry, 648 current emphases in development, 1724–1725
oil consumption, 647 DAWN (Development Alternatives with Women for a
Palestinian migration to, 1232–1233 New Era), 433–435
Western Samoa, 1385. See also American Samoa; Samoa development and, 1721–1722
West Indian Diaspora, 1571 development theory as ignoring, 464–465

I98
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directions in theory and practice, 1725–1726 Asian Development Bank and, 100
East Asia, 512 Basic Human Needs program, 156–158
education and, 318–319 Burkino Faso and, 211
Egypt, 548 Caribbean Development Bank and, 236
female genital mutilation, 758 Cold War and, 40
female infanticide, 319, 819 concessionary loans, 1316. See also Debt
Fiji, 662 criticisms of, 836
Financing for Development and Remittances and Gender, 1626 debt relief and, 442
Gender and Development Division of Economic Commission Democratic Republic of Congo and, 388
for Africa, 529–530 dependency theory of, 1069
gender and development (GAD) theory, 1723–1724 East Africa and, 506
Gender Awareness Information and Networking System environmentalism and, 650
(GAINS), 1626 foreign direct investment (FDI) study, 670
Gender Empowerment Measure, 876 genesis of, 1606
gender issues and development, 1722–1723 Group of 10 and, 143
gender roles in Oman, 1199 Haiti and, 85
global response to, 758 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, 818, 836, 849
Green Revolution and, 718 HIV/AIDS and, 1329
health care and, 750 institutions, 833–834
HIV/AIDS and, 758 Inter-American Development Bank and, 828
identity and roles, 1720–1721 International Development Fund, 1612
infant mortality and, 817–819 Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and, 927
International Women’s Rights Conferences, 1718 Latvia and, 947
Iran, 863 Malaysia and, 978
Islam and, 878 Mongolia and, 1078
Japanese ‘‘comfort women’’ sexual slavery, 522 neoliberalism and, 1123
Kuwait, 925–926 Newly Industrialized Economies and, 1131
labor issues, 1725 Nicaraguan debt and, 1135
legal status of, 1715–1719 operations, 834–836
Liberation of Women (Amin), 878 political agendas and, 227
Liberation Theology and, 958 poverty measures, 1316
literacy, 544, 1161 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, 836
Marshall Islands, 997 poverty studies, 1309, 1310, 1313, 1315
Middle East, 1032 privatization and, 1323
migrant, 1626, 1725 public sector reform and, 1331–1333
Millennium Development Goals, 1626–1627 Purchasing Power Parity measure, 1309
Morocco, 743, 1085 refugee classifications, 1354
Muslim women’s organizations, 878 structural adjustment programs (SAPs). See Structural
networks and development, 1725 adjustment programs
North Africa, 1162 Sukarno and, 1507
Oceania, 1195–1196, 1196–1197 trade not aid policy, 1132
Peru, 1404 trade policy and, 1561–1562
Qatar, 1339 US funding of, 1561
Solomon Islands, 1431–1432 World Development Report, 466
South Africa, 11 WW II and, 459
Swaziland, 1513 World Commission on Human Medium and Development, 569
tobacco-related illnesses, 1331 World Commission on the Environment and Development,
UN Decade for Women, 433, 1716–1718 573–574
UN International Research and Training Institute for the World Competitive Index, 1593
Advancement of Women, 1625–1626 WorldCom scandal, 226
United Arab Emirates, 1596 World Confederation of Labour (CISC), 1727–1728
United Nations Population Fund and, 1628–1629 World Conference Against Racism, 1759
women and development (WAD) theory, 1723 World Conference of the International Women’s Year,
Women and Law in the Muslim World Programme, 1719 1625–1626
women in development (WID) theory, 1723 World Conference on Women (Beijing), 1626
Women Living Under Muslim Law, 878, 1719–1720 World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas,
Women United Together Marshall Islands, 997 1245–1246
World Conference of the International Women’s Year, World Conservation Strategy, 1509
1625–1626 World Conservation Union, 1245, 1509. See also International
Workers’ Defense Committee (Poland), 1429–1430 Union for Conservation of Nature and National Resources
World Assembly on Aging, 1625 World Conservation Union Red List, 178
World Bank, 10 World Council of Churches, 1728–1731
African Development Bank and, 5 history, 1728–1729
agriculture and, 15 Pan-Africanism and, 30
Argentina and, 83 political and social issues, 1730–1731

I99
INDEX

World Council of Churches (Continued ) Lomé Convention and, 965–966

theological issues, 1729–1730 Mongolia and, 1078
Zimbabwe and, 1757–1758 most-favored nation principle, 1567–1568
World Declaration and Program of Action on the Survival, neoliberalism and, 1123
Protection, and Development of Children, 1602 non-tariff barriers and, 1741
World Development Report, 466, 1593–1594 origin, 708
World Economic Forum, 1123 principles, 1741
anti-corruption measures, 398 protests against, 1565
World Employment Program of International Labour Seattle meeting, 14
Office, 1045 Singapore and, 1412
World Experimental Literacy Program, 542–543 structure and role, 1741–1742
World Federation of Trade Unions, 1727, 1731–1732 trade policy and, 1561–1562
World Food Conference, 1624 US funding of, 1561
World Food Program, 475, 785, 1606, 1732–1734 World Vision, 476
World Health Assembly, 1734–1735. See also World Health World War I
Organization Arab nationalism and, 68
World Health Organization (WHO), 1734–1738 Bahrain and, 133
challenges to, 1738 British Commonwealth and, 373
definition of public health, 1328 Central/Eastern Europe and, 285–286
family planning and, 654 colonialism and, 361
genesis, 748, 1606 development and, 459
‘‘health for all’’ strategy, 749–750, 1737–1738 financial crises following, 142
HIV/AIDS and, 759 health care system development and, 747–748
membership and structure, 1734–1735 Latvia and, 946
mental health and, 1016 Micronesia and, 1025
regionalization, 1735 World War II
relations with intergovernmental organizations, 1735–1736 African Diaspora and, 8
relations with nongovernmental organizations, 1736 Albania and, 26
relations with private sector, 1736–1737 Bracero Program, 194–195, 1018
relations with states, 1735 Brazil and, 200
statement on agricultural pollution, 1284 CARE and, 229
Tobacco-Free Initiative, 1331 Caribbean tourism and, 132
UNICEF and, 1735–1736 Central African independence and, 263
World Health Report, 1330 Central America and, 277–278
World Heritage Sites, 1710–1711 Central Asia and, 300
World Human Rights Fund, 37 Central/Eastern Europe and, 286
World Intellectual Property Rights Organization colonialism and, 361–362
(WIPO), 825–826 Commonwealth of Nations and, 373
World Investment Report, 667 development and, 459
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 476, 705, 1738–1739 Dominican Republic and, 1572
Applications of Meteorology Programme, 1739 ethnic conflicts following, 591–592
Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme, 1739 financial crises and, 142
World Nature Letter (1982), 570 Golda Meir and, 1008
World Social Forum, 1123 Maquiladoras Program and, 644, 992–995, 1018
World Summit for Sustainable Development, 1510, 1621 Micronesia and, 1025
World systems theory, 1070, 1544 Middle East and, 1033
of underdevelopment, 1592 NATO and, 1175
World Trade Center attack (September 11), 4, 300, 880 Oceania and, 1191, 1225
World Trade Organization (WTO), 459, 1739–1743. populism and, 1304
See also GATT refugees and, 1352
agriculture and, 13–14 Samoa and, 1385
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and, 108 South American authoritarian states and, 123
assessment and future challenges, 1742–1743 Southeast Asian nationalism and, 1447–1448
China and, 517, 518 UNICEF and, 1601
China in, 329, 890 Uruguayan economy and, 1647
closed regionalism policy, 1637–1638 Venezuela and, 1183
critics of, 1742 war crimes and, 1054–1055
dependency theory of, 1069 Yugoslavia and, 1749
ECOSOC and, 1605 World Water Commission, 1692
Estonia in, 583 World Wide Fund for Nature. See World Wildlife Fund
foreign direct investment definition, 666–667 World Wide Web. See Internet
GATT and, 695, 697 World Wildlife Fund, 177, 446, 1245, 1712
history, 1740–1741 Project Tiger, 1245
Kyrgyzstan and, 928 Terai Arc Landscape Program, 1711
Latvia and, 947 Worrell, Frank, 155

I100
 INDEX

WTO. See World Trade Organization reestablishment post World War I, 135
Wye Peace Agreement, 1631 Serbia and, 1397–1399
Wye River Memorandum, 71 Slovenia and, 1418
Wyznynski, Cardinal Stefan, 1743–1744 Soviet Bloc and, 1487
in World War II, 1749
X Yuschenko, Viktor, 384, 1589
Yusef Ahmed, Abdullah, 1434
Xhosa people, 622, 1439 Yusof, Mohhamad, 3
Ximenes Belo, Bishop Carlos, 525
Xindonga people, 53 Z
Xinhai Revolution, 331–332
Xinjiang relocation, 520 Zagawa tribe, 1504
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 603 Zahedi, General Zahedi, 52
Xosa people, 630 Zaibatsu conglomerates, 103
Zaire. See also Democratic Republic of Congo
Y arms transfer, 212
authoritarianism in, 123
Yahya Khan, Agha Mohammed, 1222, 1745–1746 Banyarwanda of, 590
Yalta Conference, 1496 Chad and, 264
Yameógo, Maurice, 210 Economic Community of Central African States
Yangtze River, Three Gorges Dam, 520, 1546–1548, 1688 and, 531–533
Yanukovych, Viktor, 384 independence, 269
Yebir caste, 255 Zambia, 1751–1753
Yellowstone National Park (US), 1244 COMESA and, 369
Yeltsin, Boris, 375, 383, 713–714, 1657 debt, 371
Chechnya and, 597 decolonization, 361–362
Yemen, 1746–1747 Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530
independence, 1034 geography and climate, 1751
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and, 926 health care, 748
League of Arab States and, 71–72 history and economic development, 1460–1462
oil, 646–647 HIV/AIDS, 371, 1752
territorial disputes, 1534 independence, 30
Yhombi-Opango, Joachim, 265 Kenneth Kuanda, 899–901, 1751–1752
Y2K, 145 Movement for a Multiparty Democracy,
Yoder, Dale, social revolution theory, 1421 1751, 1752
Yom Kippur War, 77–78, 1038 Southern African Development Community and, 1463
Yongchaiyudh, Gen. Chavalit, 337 United Progressive Party, 1753
Yoruba, 176. See also Biafra Zambian African National Congress, 1752
Yoruba people, 626, 1142, 1257 Zanzibar. See also Tanzania
in Trinidad and Tobago, 1571 Chama che Mapinduci (Revolutionary Party), 1523
Youlou, Félix, 390 history, 1523
Youlou, Fulbert, 264 independence, 30
Young, Crawford, 629 Zanzibar and Pemba Peoples’ Party, 1523
Youth League, of African National Congress, 10, 11 Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP), 1198, 1523
Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 810 Zanzibar Revolution, 1197
Yugoslavia, 1747–1750. See also Tito, Josip Broz Zanzibaran Civic United Front, 1524
arms embargo, 90 Zapata, Emiliano, 1246
in Bandung Conference, 139–140 Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN),
collapse of, 295 608, 1017, 1024, 1248, 1383, 1753–1754
cooperative socialism, 1428 Zapawepwe, Simon, 1763
destalinization and, 287–288 Zapotocky, Antonin, 1319
domino theory and, 486 Zardari, Asif Ali, 175
early history, 1748 Zedillo, Ernesto, 1020, 1024
end of, 1750 Zerbo, Colonel Saye, 210
geography and climate, 1747–1748 Zero growth, 569
history 1918–1941, 1748 Zero Hunger Program (Brazil), 1410
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Zhivkov, Todor, 206, 288
1055–1056 Zhivkova, Ludmilla, 206
international relations, 294 Zhosa Homeland, 153. See also Native Reserves
Macedonia and, 971 Zhou Enlai, 1754–1755
Montenegro and, 1080 in Bandung Conference, 139–140
Nazi Germany and, 1748 Zhu Rongji, 325, 329. See also China
Non-Aligned Movement and, 1148, 1749 Zia, Khaleda, 141
political history, 287, 290 Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad, 1223, 1756
Praxis Group of Marxists, 1001 Ziaur Rahman, 1442

I101
INDEX

Zimbabwe, 1756–1758 Zimbabwean African People’s Union (ZAPO), 1090

agrarian reform, 935 Zinc production, Central Africa, 261
COMESA and, 369 Zionism, 134, 166–167, 881, 1037, 1758–1759
Economic Commission for Africa and, 528–530 Menachem Begin and, 161
ecotourism in, 539 in Palestine, 73–74
ethnic conflicts, 623, 632 Teodor Herzl, 134, 1758
history and economic development, 1460–1462 Zivilgesellschaft, 347
Movement for Democratic Change, 1090 ZNP (Zanzibar Nationalist Party), 1198
Robert Mugabe, 1089–1990 Zolberg, Aristide, 1354
South Africa and, 60–61 Zuang minority, China, 602, 603
Southern African Development Community and, 1463 Zulu nation, 438, 621–622, 630, 1439
white community, 1706 African National Congress and, 10
World Council of Churches and, 1757–1758 Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, 212–214

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