ECC 3011

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1 (3+0)

7 : BASIC DIFFERENTIATION
7.1 Definition of derivative
7.2 Differentiable functions
7.3 Techniques of differentiation for various functions
including chain rule
7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related functions
7.5 Parametric, implicit and logarithmic differentiation
 7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related
functions

7.4.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTION
 Derivatives by definition of 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 gives :
d 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥+∆𝑥𝑥 −𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 ∆𝑥𝑥 −1
 𝑒𝑒 = lim = lim ∆𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑥𝑥→0 ∆𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑥𝑥→0
2 3
∆𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑥𝑥
d 𝑥𝑥 1 + ∆𝑥𝑥 + + ∆𝑥𝑥 + + ⋯− 1
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 lim 2! 3!
d𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑥𝑥→0 ∆𝑥𝑥

 Using limit for Exponential Series,

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
𝑒𝑒 = 1 + + + ⋯..+ + ⋯.
1! 2! 𝑛𝑛!
 Then
d 𝑥𝑥 1 1
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 lim 1 + ∆𝑥𝑥 + ∆𝑥𝑥 2
+⋯
d𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑥𝑥→0 2 6
 7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related
functions

 So that
d
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥

 Thus the exponential function (to base 𝑒𝑒) has the special property that it
is its own derivative.
dx
 Taking 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥, we have 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 , so that = 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦
d𝑦𝑦
d𝑦𝑦 1 1
 Form inverse-function rule, = =
d𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥
d𝑦𝑦 d 1 1
 Since 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥, = ln 𝑥𝑥 = = ;
d𝑥𝑥 d𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥

d 1
ln 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑥𝑥 > 0
d𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
 7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related
functions

EXAMPLE 7.8
d𝑦𝑦
Find the when 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥
 7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related
functions

EXAMPLE 7.9
d𝑦𝑦 ln 𝑥𝑥
Find the when 𝑦𝑦 =
d𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2
 7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related
functions

7.4.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION

 Hyperbolic functions are closely related to the exponential function.
 Derivatives of hyperbolic functions :
d
sinh 𝑥𝑥 = d 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1
d𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 = cosh 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥 2 2
d
cosh 𝑥𝑥 = d 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 = sinh 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥 2 2
d d sinh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥 − sinh 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑥𝑥 1
tanh 𝑥𝑥 = = = = sech2 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥 2 2
d𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥
d d 1 − sinh 𝑥𝑥
sech 𝑥𝑥 = = = − sech 𝑥𝑥 tanh 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥 cosh2 𝑥𝑥
d
cosech 𝑥𝑥 = d 1
= −cosech 𝑥𝑥 coth 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑥𝑥
d d cosh 𝑥𝑥
coth 𝑥𝑥 = = −cosech2 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑥𝑥
 7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related
functions

7.4.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION

 Following the procedure as for the inverse circular function, the
derivatives for inverse hyperbolic functions are:

d 1
sinh−1 𝑥𝑥 =
d𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
d 1
cosh−1 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑥𝑥 > 1
d𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 −1
d 1
tanh−1 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑥𝑥 < 1
d𝑥𝑥 1−𝑥𝑥 2
 7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related
functions

EXAMPLE 7.10
d𝑦𝑦
Find the when 𝑦𝑦 = tanh 2𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥
 7.4 Differentiation of exponential and related
functions

EXAMPLE 7.11
d𝑦𝑦 3𝑥𝑥
Find the when 𝑦𝑦 = sinh−1
d𝑥𝑥 4
 7.5 Parametric and implicit differentiation

7.5.1 PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION

 The chain rule is used with the inverse-function rule to evaluate
derivatives when a function is specified parametrically.
 Generally function is defined by 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), where 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡) and 𝑦𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡𝑡)
and 𝑡𝑡 is a parameter.
 Then
d𝑦𝑦 d𝑦𝑦 d𝑥𝑥 d𝑦𝑦 d𝑦𝑦 d𝑡𝑡
= � or =
d𝑥𝑥 d𝑡𝑡 d𝑡𝑡 d𝑥𝑥 d𝑡𝑡 d𝑥𝑥
 7.5 Parametric and implicit differentiation

EXAMPLE 7.12
d𝑦𝑦
Find ,
d𝑥𝑥

Given 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is defined by 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑡 3 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑡𝑡 2

 7.5 Parametric and implicit differentiation

7.5.2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

 The chain rule may also be used to differentiate functions expressed in
an implicit form
 A parameter t can be eliminated and expressed implicitly.
𝑦𝑦 3 = 𝑥𝑥 2
d𝑦𝑦
 To obtain the derivative , the method known as implicit differentiation
d𝑥𝑥
is used.
 7.5 Parametric and implicit differentiation

 𝑦𝑦 is treated as unknown function of 𝑥𝑥 and differentiate both sides term

by term with respect to 𝑥𝑥, gives:
d d
𝑦𝑦 3 = 𝑥𝑥 2
d𝑥𝑥 d𝑥𝑥

 𝑦𝑦 3 is a composite function of 𝑥𝑥, thus the chain rule with 𝑦𝑦 being an

intermediate variable:
d 3 d 3 d𝑦𝑦 2
d𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑦𝑦
d𝑥𝑥 d𝑥𝑥 d𝑥𝑥 d𝑥𝑥
 Substitute,

d𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 3 = 𝑥𝑥 2
3𝑦𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 � 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑥 � 𝑥𝑥
d𝑥𝑥
gives : 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥
=
d𝑦𝑦 2𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 2
= 2 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
d𝑥𝑥 3𝑦𝑦
=
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
 7.5 Parametric and implicit differentiation

EXAMPLE 7.13
d𝑦𝑦
Find when 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 1
d𝑥𝑥
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