3

weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U, wePvi wefvM I `jxq e¨e¯’v

f‚wgKvt
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DËi Avqvij¨v‡Ûi mgš^‡q Ô†MÖU weª‡Ub I Avqvij¨v‡Ûi hy³ivR¨, MwVZ| weªwUk msweavb †Kvb wbw`©ó msN ev ms¯’vi
gva¨‡g wKsev ivRv‡`k e‡j M‡o D‡Vwb eis GwU GK `xN© I Ae¨vnZ µgweeZ©‡bi dj| GB weeZ©b cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g
mvgšÍev`, wbi¼zk ivRZš¿, AwfRvZZš¿ I †MvôxZ‡š¿i †mvcvb AwZµg K‡i MYZš¿ AR©b K‡i‡Q|
Av‡jvP¨ cv‡V Avgiv hy³iv‡R¨i AvBbmfvi MVb, ¶gZv I Zvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡, KgÝmfv I jW© mfvi MVb I Kvh©vejx
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GB BDwb‡Ui cv‡V¸‡jv njt

 1. cvj©v‡g‡›Ui MVb, ¶gZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡|
 2. KgÝ mfvi MVb I Kvh©vejx|
 3. KgÝ mfvi we‡kl AwaKvi I KgÝ mfvi ¯úxKvi|
 4. weªwUk AvBb mfvi D”P K¶ ev jW© mfvi MVb I Kvh©vejx|
 5. weª‡U‡bi wePvi e¨e¯’v I AvB‡bi kvmb|
 6. weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j e¨e¯’v|
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cvV-1 cvj©v‡g‡›Ui MVb, ¶gZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡

D‡Ïk¨t
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 wewUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui MVb I ¶gZv m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mve©‡fŠgZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 hy³iv‡R¨i AvBb cÖYqb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKvt
hy³ivR¨ ev †MÖU weª‡U‡bi AvBb mfvi bvg cvj©v‡g›U| GwU †MÖU weª‡U‡bi AvBb cÖYqb m¤úwK©Z
Kvh©µ‡gi m‡ev©PP ms¯’v| ivRv ev ivbx Ges cvj©v‡g‡›Ui `yÔwU K¶ - nvDm Ae jW©m (House of
Lords)Ges nvDm Ae KgÝ (House of Commons) †K wb‡q GB cvj©v‡g›U MwVZ n‡q‡Q| G
cvj©v‡g›U my`xN©Kvj a‡i cÖ_v c×wZi gva¨‡g wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| AvaywbK we‡k¦i
A‡bK ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi AvBb mfv weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui AbyKi‡Y M‡o D‡V‡Q e‡j hy³iv‡R¨i
cvj©v‡g›U‡K ÔÔcvj©v‡g‡›Ui RbbxÓ (Mother of Parliaments) ejv nq|
hy³iv‡R¨i
cvj©v‡g›U‡K weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq cÖ_g w`‡K GwU wQj ivRvi A_©
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mg_©b Av`v‡qi GKwU gva¨g we‡kl| civµgkvjx ivRkw³i Aax‡b †_‡K mvgšÍ †kÖYx
Rbbx ejv nq| ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡ cy‡ivcywi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Zviv hvRK †kÖYxi mv‡_ nvZ wgwj‡q ivRkw³i
weiæ×vPviY K‡i| Gi d‡j ivRvi ¶gZv wKQyUv n‡jI n«vm cvq Ges mvgšÍ †kÖYx cvj©v‡g›U‡K
wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© Kv‡R jvMv‡Z m¶g nq| †lvok kZvãx‡Z ivRvi wbi¼zk ¶gZvi cwie‡Z© awbK-
ewbK †kÖYx cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Dci cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôv K‡i| ïiæ‡Z mvaviY gvbyl KgÝ mfvi m`m¨ wbe©vP‡b
AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM cvq wb| c‡i 1832 mvj †_‡K 1928 mv‡ji g‡a¨ A‡bK byZb byZb AvBb
I ms¯‹vi mvwaZ nIqvi d‡j ch©vqµ‡g ga¨weË †kªYx †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wb¤œ-ga¨weË, kn‡ii kÖwgK
†kÖYx, bvixmn hy³iv‡R¨i mKj cÖvß eq¯‹ mvaviY gvbyl †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡ib|
hy³iv‡R¨ cvj©v‡g›UB AvBbMZfv‡e AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î mve©‡fŠg| my`xN©Kvj a‡i cÖ_v wfwËK
AvBb cwiPvwjZ nIqvi d‡j Ges †Kvb wjwLZ msweavb bv _vKvq cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ¶gZvi Dci †Kvb
AvBbMZ wewa-wb‡la Av‡ivwcZ nqwb| Bsj¨vÛ, ¯‹Uj¨vÛ, I‡qj&m I DËi Avqvij¨v‡Ûi Rb¨ weªwUk
cvj©v‡g›U †h †Kvb AvBb cÖYqb, evwZj ev ms‡kvab Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L| weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U Aev‡a
B‡”QgZ AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| c~‡e© hw` †Kvb AvBb ev KvR A‰ea e‡j MY¨ nZ Zv ˆea
†NvlYvi ¶gZvI iv‡L| hv c~‡e© ˆea wQj Zv A‰ea I kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ e‡j †NvlYv w`‡Z cv‡i| Av`vj‡Zi
wm×všÍ‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b RbM‡Yi gZvgZ bv wb‡qB cvj©v‡g›U Zvi †gqv` ewa©Z
hy³iv‡R¨
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb †`kvPvi‡K wejyß K‡i Ab¨ †Kvb †`kvPvi‡K cvj©v‡g›U Aek¨ cvjbxq e‡j
cvj©v‡g›UB
AvBb Rvix Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvj©v‡g›U KZ…©K M„nxZ †Kvb wej AvB‡b cwiYZ n‡Z n‡j Zv‡Z ivRv ev
AvBbMZfv‡e
ivbxi m¤§wZi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Aek¨ ivRv ev ivbx Giƒc we‡j m¤§wZ w`‡q _v‡Kb| 1707 mv‡ji ci
AvBb cÖYq‡bi
†Kvb ivRv ev ivbxi Giƒc we‡j Am¤§wZ †`b wb weavq GwU GLb Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o‡Q| Aek¨
†¶‡Î mve©‡fŠg|
hy³iv‡R¨i cvj©v‡g‡›Ui cÖwZ kÖ×v I wek¦vm AUzU Av‡Q e‡jB cvj©v‡g›U RbM‡Yi wPšÍv †PZbvi
cwicš’x †Kvb AvBb cÖYqb K‡i bv| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨MY Kgb j, c~e© `„óvšÍ, cÖPwjZ cÖ_v I
Rbg‡Zi cÖwZ we‡kl `„wó †i‡LB AvBb cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K|
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m‡ev©PP †gqv` cuvP ermi n‡jI cÖavbgš¿xi civgk©µ‡g ivRv ev ivbx †h †Kvb mgq
cvj©v‡g›U †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ_v Abyhvqx miKvix ev‡RU Aby‡gv`bmn Ab¨vb¨ AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq I
Acwinvh© wKQy Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g›U‡K eQ‡i AšÍZt GKevi Awa‡ek‡b em‡Z nq| cÖ‡Z¨K

ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-30

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Awa‡ek‡b nvDm Ae KgÝ M‡o cÖvq 175 w`b Ges nvDm Ae jW©m M‡o cÖvq 140 w`b mfvq wgwjZ
nq|
mviK_vt
hy³ivR¨ ev †MÖU weª‡U‡bi AvBbmfvi bvg n‡”Q cvj©v‡g›U| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui `yÕwU K¶-nvDR Ae jvW©m
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hy³iv‡R¨i cvj©v‡g›U‡K cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Rbbx wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
‰be©¨wËK cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK w`b
1. KqwU K¶ wb‡q weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U MwVZ ?
K. 2wU;
L. 3wU;
M. 1wU;
N. 4wU|
2. hy³iv‡R¨i m‡ev©PP AvBb cÖYq‡bi e¨vcv‡i †K g~L¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i?
K. ¯úxKvi
L. ivRv ev ivbx
M. cÖavbgš¿x
N. KgÝmfv|
3. ivRv ev ivbx †h †Kvb mgq cvj©v‡g›U †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡ib Kvi civg‡k©?
K. wePvicwZ;
L. ¯úxKv‡ii;
M. cÖavbgš¿xi;
N. AvBbgš¿xi|
4. †h †Kvb AvBb wewae×, evwZj ev ms‡kvab Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L -
K. kvmb wefvM;
L. wePvi wefvM;
N. wcÖwf KvDwÝjÔ
N. cvj©v‡g›U|
DËigvjvt 1, K 2, L 3, M 4 N

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœt

1. weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui K¶ `yÕwUi bvg wK ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœt
1. weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui MVb I ¶gZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-31
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cvV-2 KgÝ mfvi MVb I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨t
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 AvBb cÖYq‡b KgÝ mfvi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 KgÝ mfvi m`m¨‡`i †hvM¨Zv I Awa‡ekb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 KgÝ mfvi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

1295 mv‡ji Ôg‡Wj cvj©v‡g›U n‡Z ax‡i ax‡i µgweKv‡ki gva¨‡g nvDm Ae KgÝ eZ©gvb iƒc
cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q| GwU cvj©v‡g‡›Ui wb¤œK¶| m`m¨MY RbMY Øviv wbe©vwPZ nIqvi d‡j eskvbyµwgK
I Ab¨vb¨ we‡ePbvi Øviv cÖvß jW©mfvi jW©M‡Yi Dci KgÝmfv cÖvavb¨ eRvq ivL‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q|
KgÝ mfvi m`m¨ msL¨v 655 Rb| wbe©vPKgÛjxi msL¨v e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ KgÝ mfvi m`m¨ msL¨vI
e„w× †c‡q‡Q| `yÔ`kK Av‡MI Gi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 635 Rb|
m`m¨‡`i †hvM¨Zvt
weª‡U‡b MYZ‡š¿i e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii d‡j †fvUvwaKv‡iiI cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| hy³iv‡R¨ 18 eQi eq¯‹
cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK cÖvß eq¯‹ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ I †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvix| hw`I mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii
bxwZ Abyhvqx cÖ‡Z¨K 18 eQi eq¯‹ bi-bvix †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi iv‡L wKš‘ cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨
wbe©vwPZ n‡Z n‡j Zuv‡K 21 eQi eq¯‹ n‡Z n‡e| AvBb Abyhvqx mKj RvwZ-ag©-eY© wKsev mvgvwRK
Ae¯’vb, wbwe©‡k‡l †h †Kvb 21 eQi eq¯‹ weªwUk bvMwiK KgÝ mfvi wbe©vP‡b cÖv_x© n‡Z cvi‡eb|
1957 mv‡j cÖYxZ KgÝ mfv A‡hvM¨Zv AvBbvbyhvqx †`Dwjqv, Db¥v`, `zbx©wZmn wewfbœ Acivag~jK
Kv‡Ri d‡j `wÛZ e¨w³, Bsj¨vÛ I ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi Pv‡P©i hvRK, †ivgvb K¨v_wjK, Pv‡P©i cy‡ivwnZ,
KgÝ mfvi miKvix Kg©Pvix, mvgwiK I cywjk evwnbxi m`m¨MY Bsj¨vÛ Ges ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi wcqvimb wbe©vP‡b
m`m¨MY GKK AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Z‡e DËivwaKvi m~‡Î jW© mfvi m`m¨cÖvß †Kvb e¨w³ 1963 mv‡ji
wbe©vPbx GjvKvq wcqv‡iR AvBbvbymv‡i jW© Dcvwa Z¨vM K‡i KgÝ mfvi wbe©vP‡b Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| KgÝ
RbM‡Yi †Mvcb mfvi m`m¨MY GKK wbe©vPbx GjvKvq RbM‡Yi †Mvcb e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ nb|
e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g KgÝ mfvi Kvh©Kv‡ji †gqv`t
wbe©vwPZ nb|
mvaviYZt KgÝ mfvi Kvh©Kv‡ji †gqv` cuvP eQi| 1911 mv‡ji c~‡e© GB †gqv` wQj 7 eQi| Z‡e
cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© Abyhvqx ivRv ev ivbx †h †Kvb mgq KgÝ mfv †f‡½ w`‡q bZzb mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi
wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡ib| hvi d‡j mKj mgq KgÝ mfv Zvi †gqv` cuvP eQi c~Y© Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ggb
†Kvb K_v †bB| †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ, Avmbœ wbe©vP‡b R‡qi m¤¢vebv, `‡j fv½b A_ev
msL¨vMwiôZv n«v‡mi `iæb miKv‡ii RbwcÖqZv cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡j cÖavbgš¿x KgÝ mfv †f‡½ †`qvi
Rb¨ ivRv ev ivbx‡K civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| ZvÕQvov KgÝ mfvi mvaviY Avmb wba©vwiZ
†gqv‡`i c~‡e© †Kvb Kvi‡Y k~b¨ n‡j †mB Avm‡bi Rb¨ Dc-wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb
m¤§vwbZ m`‡m¨i g„Zy¨, c`Z¨vM, ivbxi Aax‡b †Kvb c‡` wb‡qvM, K¶ †_‡K †Kvb m`‡m¨i ewn¯‹vi,
†Kvb m`‡m¨i wcqvi c`cÖvwßi d‡j KgÝ mfvi Avmb k~b¨ n‡q _v‡K Ges Giƒc k~b¨ Avm‡b Dc-
wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡q _v‡K|
KgÝ mfvi Awa‡ekbt
ivRv ev ivbx wb‡R ev Zuvi n‡q ivRKxq Kwgkb eQ‡i AšÍZt GKevi cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb
K‡ib| HwZn¨ Abyhvqx cÖwZ wZb eQi ci ci Awa‡ekb AvnŸv‡bi weavb wQj, wKš‘ miKvix Avq-
e¨‡qi gZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq cv‡ki Rb¨ eQ‡i AšÍZt GKevi Awa‡ekb Riæwi n‡q c‡o| GwU GLb

ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-32

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

GKwU kvmbZvwš¿K ixwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| mvaviYZ A‡±vei wKsev b‡f¤^i gv‡m KgÝ mfvi
Awa‡ekb e‡m| Z‡e ga¨eZx© mg‡q KgÝ mfvi Awa‡ekb g~jZexi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q| KgÝmfvi
Awa‡ekb mgvwß †NvlYvi mg‡q †Kvb we‡ji Av‡jvPbv Amgvß _vK‡j Zv cieZx© Awa‡ek‡bi mgq
bZzb K‡i DÌvcb Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Giƒc †Kvb Awa‡ekb g~jZexi mgq †Kvb we‡ji Dci Av‡jvPbv
Amgvß _vK‡j Awa‡ekb cybivq ïiæ nIqvi ci Amgvß Av‡jvPbv Avevi ïiæ Kiv hvq|
KgÝ mfvi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejxt
weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖev` Av‡Q| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui me©gq KZ…©Z¡, RbwcÖq
K¶iƒ‡c Gi ¸iæZ¡cY~ © bxwZ wba©viY, wm×všÍ MÖnY I wbqš¿Yg~jK ¶gZvi AwaKvix nIqvi Rb¨ wW cvj©v‡g‡›Ui
†jvgx GKevi e‡jwQ‡jb, ÒweªwUk cvj©v‡g›U bvix‡K cyiæ‡l Ges cyiæl‡K bvix‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv Qvov mve©‡fŠwgKZv
mewKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ó cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mve©‡fŠwgKZv ej‡Z Avm‡j KgÝ mfvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K eySvq| ej‡Z Avm‡j
nvi‡f I e¨v_vi KgÝ mfvi Kvh©vejx‡K cuvPwU †kÖYx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qbt h_v- KgÝ mfvi
 miKvi‡K mg_©b, Z`viK, mgv‡jvPbv I Zvi ˆeaZv i¶v Kiv; mve©‡fŠwgKZv‡KB
 weZ‡K©i e¨e¯’v Kiv; eySvq|
 cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv msi¶Y Kiv;
 Avq-e¨q wbqš¿Y Kiv;
 AvBb cÖYq‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
KgÝmfvi Kvh©vejx wb‡¤œ we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
miKvi MV‡b KgÝ mfvi ¶gZvt
ivRv ev ivbx KgÝ mfvi wbi¼zk msL¨vMwió `‡ji †bZv‡K cÖavbgš¿x Ges cÖavbgš¿xi civgk©µ‡g
Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x‡`i wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib| wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiô `j bv _vK‡j GKK msL¨vMwiô `‡ji
†bZv‡K ivRv ev ivbx cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi ci miKvi
MV‡b Gfv‡e mvnvh¨ Kiv mvsweavwbK ixwZ| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui †Kvb K‡¶i m`m¨ bb Ges Ggb †Kvb
e¨w³ Qq gv‡mi †ekx mgq gš¿x c‡` AšÍf³ z© _vK‡Z cvi‡eb bv| gš¿x mfv MV‡bi †¶‡Î KgÝ mfvi
f‚wgKv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©|
miKv‡ii Kvh©Kvj wbqš¿Yt
hy³iv‡R¨ msm`xq kvmb e¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg †gŠjbxwZ nj KgÝ mfvi wbKU gš¿x cwil‡`i
`vwqZ¡kxjZv| gš¿xMY e¨w³MZfv‡e A_ev †hŠ_fv‡e Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KgÝ mfvi wbKU `vqx
_v‡Kb| gš¿x mfv KgÝ mfvi mg_©b ev Av¯’v nviv‡j c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq| Ggb Ae¯’vq miKv‡ii
cZb N‡U| ZvB gš¿xmfvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ KgÝ mfvi Dci m¤ú~Y© wbf©ikxj| cÖkœ wRÁvmv, QuvUvB cÖ¯vÍ e I
g~jZex cÖ¯vÍ e MÖnY cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g KgÝ mfv K¨vwe‡b‡Ui Kvh©Kvj‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi
MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| KgÝ mfvi ¶gZv cÖm‡½ †eRnU e‡j‡Qb, KgÝ mfv †h †Kvb mg‡q †h
†Kvb miKvi MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avevi †h †Kvb mgq †h †Kvb miKvi‡K weZvwoZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB ZË¡MZ we‡køl‡Y ejv nq, KgÝ mfvB gwš¿mfv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
AvBb cÖbqY msµvšÍ Kvh©t
hy³ivR¨ I Zvi Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi Rb¨ KgÝ mfv bZzb bZzb AvBb cÖYqb, AvBb evwZj wKsev
ms‡kvab, cwigvR©b, ms‡hvRb I we‡qvR‡bi gZ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © ¶gZv iv‡L| KgÝ mfv cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK
K¶ weavq mKj ¸iæZ¡cY~ © wej G K‡¶B DÌvwcZ nq| KgÝ mfvq †Kvb wej M„nxZ n‡j jW© mfv
mvaviYZt Zv evwZj Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L bv Ges ivRv ev ivbxI †mB me we‡j m¤§wZ w`‡Z wØav
K‡ib bv| A_©gš¿xi gva¨‡g KgÝ mfvi A_© wej †ck Kiv nq Ges Ab¨vb¨ wej¸‡jv mswkøó `߇ii
gš¿x †ck K‡i _v‡Kb|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-33
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KgÝ mfvq wej DÌvcb n‡j Zv Av‡jvPbv Ges hvPvB evQvB I Aby‡gvw`Z nevi ci jW© mfvi
Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ D”PK¶ ev jW© mfvq †cÖiY Kiv nq| 1949 mv‡ji msm`xq AvBb Abymv‡i jW©
mfv KgÝ mfv KZ…©K M„nxZ A_©wej Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wej‡K GK eQ‡ii †ekx ¯’wMZ ivL‡Z cv‡i bv|
AZtci ZrcieZx© mg‡qi ci jW© mfvi Aby‡gv`b QvovB D³ wej ivRv ev ivbxi m¤§wZi Rb¨
†cÖiY Kiv nq| †h me we‡j †Kvb we‡kl weZK© _v‡K bv Ggb me wej Ges †emiKvix wejmg~nB
mvaviYZ jW© mfvq cÖ_g DÌvwcZ n‡q _v‡K|
A_©wej msµvšÍ ¶gZvt
jW© mfvq cÖ_‡g †Kvb A_© wej DÌvcb Kiv nq bv| ivRv ev ivbxi m¤§wZ wb‡q A_©gš¿x G wej KgÝ
mfvq cÖ_g DÌvcb K‡ib| †Kvb wej A_© wej wKbv G cÖkœ DÌvwcZ n‡j KgÝ mfvi ¯úxKvi
wb‡`©kbvgv Rvixi gva¨‡g Zuvi P‚ovšÍ wm×všÍ w`‡Z cv‡ib| KgÝ mfvq †Kvb A_© wej M„nxZ n‡j jW©
mfv Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| eis Zv 1(GK) gv‡mi g‡a¨ ms‡kvab Kivi mycvwik Ki‡Z
cv‡i| KgÝ mfv G mycvwik MÖnY bv K‡i wej ivRv ev ivbxi m¤§wZi Rb¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ivRv
ev ivbx †Kvb A_© we‡j m¤§wZ Ávcb Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡Z cv‡ib bv|
miKvix Avq-e¨q wbqš¿Yt
ivRv ev ivbxi c~e©vbygwZ wb‡q A_©gš¿x cÖ‡Z¨K Avw_©K eQ‡ii †k‡l cieZx© Avw_©K eQ‡ii Rb¨
m¤¢ve¨ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve m¤ú‡K© cvj©v‡g‡›U ev‡RU cÖ¯vÍ e †ck K‡ib| G ev‡R‡Ui gva¨‡gB
¶gZvmxb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Avw_©K bxwZ RbMY eyS‡Z cv‡i| KgÝ mfvi Aby‡gv`b Qvov †Kvb
Ki avh©, K‡ii nvi cwieZ©b, we‡`k †_‡K FY MÖnY wKsev Ki we‡jvc Kiv hvq bv| mwÂZ Znwej
†_‡K †Kvb A_© e¨‡qi Rb¨I KgÝ mfvi m¤§wZi cÖ‡qvRb nq| e¨q wbqš¿K I gnv wnmve wbix¶K,
ev‡R‡Ui miKvix MvwYwZK KwgwU, AvbygvwbK e¨q wnmve KwgwU cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g KgÝ mfv miKvix Avq-
gva¨‡gB e¨q‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| A_© msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i KgÝ mfvi GKK ¶gZv i‡q‡Q wKš‘ jW© mfvi Ggb †Kvb
¶gZvmxb ¶gZv †bB| KgÝ mfvq M„nxZ †Kvb A_© wej jW© mfv eo ‡Rvi 1 (GK) gvm wejw¤^Z Kivi ¶gZv
ivR‰bwZK iv‡L wKš‘ cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Aek¨ KwZcq mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Aaybv KgÝmfvi ¶gZv
`‡ji Avw_©K A_© msµvšÍ †¶‡Î w`b w`b n«vm cv‡”Q e‡j †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib|
bxwZ RbMY
weZK© I Av‡jvPbv Abyôvb msµvšÍ ¶gZvt
eyS‡Z cv‡i|
†MÖU weª‡U‡bi cvj©v‡g‡›Ui wb¤œK¶ ev KgÝ mfv me©v‡c¶v e„nr I cÖfvekvjx weZK© mfv wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix m`m¨MY RbM‡Yi AbyK‡z j K_v ejvi Rb¨ GLvb †_‡K e¨w³MZ
Ges `jxqfv‡e mybvg AR©‡bi my‡hvM cvb| mvaviYZt miKvix I †emiKvix wej, ivRv ev ivbxi
evZ©v, ivRKxq fvlY, RvZxq I ciivóªbxwZ, miKvi ev we‡kl †Kvb gš¿xi weiæ‡× AvbxZ `ybx©wZi
Awf‡hvM wb‡q GLv‡b wPËvKl©K I `„wó-AvKl©YKvix Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq| miKvix `j wb‡R‡`i
Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri weeiY cÖ`vb K‡ib, Avi we‡ivax `j hyw³ ZK© w`‡q miKv‡ii bxwZ I Kv‡Ri
MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡R‡`i RbwcÖqZv AR©‡bi †Póv K‡ib|
eZ©gv‡b bvbv Kvi‡Y KgÝ mfvi weZK© I Av‡jvPbvi ¸iæZ¡ eûjvs‡k n«vm †c‡q‡Q e‡j A‡b‡K
g‡b K‡ib|
Z`šÍgj~ K Kvh© I Awf‡hv‡Mi cÖwZKvit
kvmb wefv‡Mi Kvh©Kjv‡ci Dci Avbv Awf‡hv‡Mi Dci wfwË K‡i KgÝ mfv‡K Z`šÍg~jK `vwqZ¡
cvjb Ki‡Z nq| KgÝ mfv wewfbœ KwgwU MVb K‡i Zvi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi
Kvh©Kjv‡ci ev¯Íe wPÎ D`NvUb K‡i| Rbg‡Zi w`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L Ges KgÝ mfvi `vex Abyhvqx
†Kvb gš¿x wm‡j± KwgwU, wefvMxq KwgwU ev iq¨vj Kwgkb MVb K‡i †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q, †Kvb
wbw`©ó wel‡qi Dci Z`‡šÍi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡Kb| GB KwgwU KZ©„K AvbxZ Awf‡hv‡Mi †cÖw¶‡Z
Z`šÍg~jK e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e AbymÜvb, Z_¨ msMÖn, mv¶¨ MÖnY BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g wbw`©ó wel‡q cÖwZ‡e`b
†ck K‡i| Gme cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Dci wfwË K‡iB KgÝ mfvq DËß weZK© I Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq|

ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-34

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

msweavb ms‡kvabg~jK ¶gZvt

†MÖU weª‡U‡bi msweavb AZ¨šÍ bgbxq weavq mvaviY AvBb cÖYqb, AvBb ms‡kvab Ges mvsweavwbK
AvBb cÖYqb I ms‡kvab c×wZi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| KgÝ mfvq msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡`i mg_©‡b
mvaviY wej †hfv‡e Aby‡gvw`Z nq wVK †mfv‡eB msweavb ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| KgÝ
mfv †Kvb wePvicwZi Acmvi‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡j ivRv ev ivbx Zuv‡K AcmviY K‡i _v‡Kb|
¯^v_©v‡š^lx †Mvôxi ¯^v_©i¶vt
c„w_exi wewfbœ D`vi ˆbwZK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi b¨vq hy³iv‡R¨i KgÝ mfvI wewfbœ ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôxi
¯^v_©i¶v K‡i _v‡K| H me ¯^v_©v‡š^lx I †ckv`vix †Mvôx¸‡jv †Kvb bv †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mv‡_
NwbôZv i¶v K‡i e‡j KgÝ mfvq wbR `‡ji m`m¨‡`i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_©i AbyK‚‡j AvBb
cÖbqY I wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K|
ms‡hvM mvabg~jK Kvh©t
RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e KgÝ mfvi m`m¨MY wbR wbR GjvKvi RbM‡Yi Afve-Awf‡hvM
I mgm¨vejx KgÝ mfvq DÌvcb K‡ib| DÌvwcZ Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ miKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb
cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g D™¢zZ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gfv‡e KgÝ mfv GK w`‡K miKvi I
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM †mZz wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
RbgZ MVb msµvšÍ Kvh©t
miKvix `j I we‡ivax `‡ji g‡a¨ †h mKj wel‡qi Dci mviMf© I mywbw`©ó weZK© I Av‡jvPbv nq
Zv msev`cÎ, †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi †MvPixf‚Z nq| Gi d‡j RbmvaviY
miKvi I we‡ivax `‡ji bxwZ I Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© Z_v mgmvgwqK ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K©
h_vh_ aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i| fwelr miKvi MV‡b RbmvaviY mywPwšÍZfv‡e †fvU cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i
wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs †`Lv hvq, Z_¨ I msev‡`i Drmiƒ‡c KgÝ mfv cÖKvivšÍ‡i RbgZ
MV‡b mwµq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

mviK_vt
weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui me©gq KZ©„Z¡ Z_v RbwcÖq K¶iƒ‡c-Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bxwZ wba©viY wm×všÍ MÖnY I
wbqš¿Yg~jK ¶gZvi AwaKvix nIqvi Rb¨ ejv nq †h, weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U mewKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv ej‡Z Avm‡j KgÝmfvi mve©‡fŠwgKZv‡KB eySvq|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-35
GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK w`b
1. KgÝ mfvi m`m¨ msL¨v ?
K. 635;
L. 516;
M. 655;
N. 654|

2. weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U bvix‡K cyiæl Ges cyiæl‡K bvix‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv Qvov mewKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡iÓ|
G e³e¨wU Kvi?
K. †eRnU;
L. wW, †jvgx;
M. M¨v‡Uj;
N. MvY©vi|

3. gš¿xmfv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i -

K. kvmb wefvM;
L. KgÝ mfv;
M. jW© mfv;
N. ivRv ev ivbx|

4. miKvi I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †mZz wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i -

K. jW© mfv;
L. cÖavbgš¿x;
M. ivRv ev ivbx;
N. KgÝ mfv|
DËigvjvt 1, M 2, L 3, L 4 L

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœt

1. weª‡U‡b KgÝ mfv wKfv‡e MwVZ nq?
2. weª‡U‡b KgÝ mfvi Awa‡ekb wKfv‡e P‡j?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœt
1. weªwUk KgÝ mfvi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-36

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

KgÝ mfvi we‡kl AwaKvi I KgÝ mfvi ¯úxKvi cvV-3

D‡Ïk¨t
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 KgÝ mfvi we‡kl AwaKvi¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ¯úxKv‡ii Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

K_v ejvi AwaKvit

†lvok kZvãx‡Z ˆ¯^ivPvix ivRZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× msMÖv‡g AeZxY© n‡q cvj©v‡g›U wbR AwaKvi Av`vq
K‡i †bq| 1689 mv‡j AwaKv‡ii wej (The Bill of Rights) M„nxZ n‡j KgÝ mfvi GB we‡kl
AwaKviwU P‚ovšÍfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq| G wej Abyhvqx cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨‡`i evK&-¯^vaxbZv, weZK© Kivi
I Kvh©wbe©v‡n AskMÖnY Kivi ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui AbygwZ Qvov Av`vj‡Z G me AwaKv‡ii
wel‡q †Kvb Awf‡hvM Avbv hv‡e bv| cvj©v‡g‡›U †h me m`m¨ Zuv‡`i e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq †h
mKj KvMRcÎ ev †Mvcbxq Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡ib Zuvi Rb¨ miKvix †Mvcb welq-msµvšÍ AvBb Abymv‡i
Zuv‡K kvw¯Í †`qv hv‡e bv| Aek¨ KgÝ mfv Zvi wbqg bxwZ f‡½i Kvi‡Y †Kvb m`m¨‡K ewn¯‹vi
ev e›`x Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i|
†MÖßvi bv nIqvi we‡kl AwaKvit
KgÝ mfvi Awa‡ekb PjvKvjxb mg‡q †Kvb m`m¨‡K †MÖßvi ev AvUK Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e
wbivcËvg~jK AvUK ev †dŠR`vix AvB‡b KgÝ mfvi †h †Kvb m`m¨‡K K‡¶i evB‡i †MÖßvi Kiv
hvq|
¯^vaxbfv‡e Kvh©c×wZ wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvit
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i bxwZ Abyhvqx Gi cÖwZwU K¶ wbR wbR MVb, Kvh©µg, Kvh©c×wZ cÖf…wZ
¯^vaxbfv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i| mfvi Kvh©vejx myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Ges wbR¯^ Kvh©aviv
wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ wbqg Kvbyb cÖYqb Kiv I †m¸‡jv‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi AwaKvi KgÝ mfvi m`m¨‡`i
i‡q‡Q|
kvw¯Í`v‡bi AwaKvit
AwaKvi f½ I mfv Aegvbbvi `v‡q KgÝ mfvi ¯úxKvi †Kvb m`m¨‡K wZi¯‹vi ev mfvK¶ †_‡K
ewn®‹vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| mfvi kvwšÍ-k„sLjv f½ wKsev mfvi cÖwZ A‡kvfb AvPiY cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨
¯úxKvi †h †Kvb e¨w³‡K KvivMv‡i †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc †¶‡Î mfvi Awa‡ekb mgvwßi m‡½
m‡½ D³ e¨w³ gyw³ jvf K‡i _v‡Kb|
e³e¨ cÖ`v‡bi AwaKvit
KgÝ mfvi m`m¨MY ivRv ev ivbxi wbKU e³e¨ †ck Kivi AwaKvi iv‡Lb Z‡e m`m¨MY
e¨w³MZfv‡e G my‡hvM cvb bv| mgwóMZfv‡e ¯úxKv‡ii gva¨‡g GB AwaKviwU cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb|
¯úxKvi
†MÖU weª‡U‡bi mvsweavwbK BwZnv‡m ¯úxKvi c`wU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I gh©v`vevb | AvBb mfvi Kvh©
cwiPvjbvi AvBbMZ I ivR‰bwZK mgm¨vi eyw×`xß mgvav‡b ¯úxKvi AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡Kb| ¯úxKvi Qvov Ab¨‡Kvb cÖwZôvb weªwUk msweavb‡K GZ myôz I my›`ifv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-37
 GmGmGBPGj

bv| cÖ‡Z¨K mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi ci KgÝ mfvi msL¨vMwiô m`m¨MY GKRb MÖnY‡hvM¨ m`m¨‡K
mvaviYZ miKvix ¯úxKvi wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ K‡i _v‡Kb| c~e©eZx© ¯úxKvi mK‡ji Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡j wZwb ¯^c‡`
`j I we‡ivax envj _vK‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e mvaviYZ miKvix `j I we‡ivax `‡ji m`m¨‡`i cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi
`‡ji m`m¨‡`i gva¨‡g ¯úxKvi g‡bvbxZ nb| mvaviYZ G c‡`i Rb¨ wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq bv| Z‡e 1935, 1945
cvi¯úwiK I 1951 mv‡j ¯úxKvi c‡`i Rb¨ cvj©v‡g‡›U wbe©vPb n‡qwQj| Aek¨ GwU †bnv‡qZB e¨wZµg
mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g NUbv| KgÝ mfvi ¯úxKvi g‡bvbqb wVK n‡j ivRv ev ivbxi Aby‡gv`b AZ¨vek¨Kxq|
¯úxKvi g‡bvbxZ KgÝ mfvi ¯úxKvi 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| bZzb ¯úxKvi wbe©vwPZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ
nb| cyivZb ¯úxKvi ¯^c‡` envj _v‡Kb| ¯úxKvi wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© ivRv ev ivbx KgÝ mfvi be-wbe©vwPZ
m`m¨‡`i ga¨ †_‡K cÖexYZg m`m¨‡K ¯úxKvi †cÖv‡Ug (Speaker Protem) wb‡qvM K‡ib| Zuvi
`vwqZ¡ nj ¯úxKvi wbe©vPb cwiPvjbv Kiv|
¯úxKv‡ii Kvh©vejxt
KgÝ mfvi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e ¯úxKvi Zuvi ¸iæZ¡cY~ © `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| `jxq ivRbxwZi
D‡×© †_‡K miKvix I we‡ivax `‡ji g‡a¨ mg‡SvZv AR©‡bi e¨vcv‡i Zuvi f‚wgKv m‡ev©”P | Zuvi
wm×v‡šÍi †hŠw³KZv wb‡q Av`vj‡Z †Kvb gvgjv Kiv hvq bv| Zvi Kvh©vejx wb¤œiƒct
 myôz Ges my-k„sLjfv‡e KgÝ mfvi Kvh© cwiPvjbvi e¨vcv‡i ¯úxKvi h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i
_v‡Kb| mfvq †Kvb m`m¨ k„sLjv f½ Ki‡j ¯úxKvi KgÝ mfvi AbygwZ wb‡q Zv‡K KgÝ
mfv †_‡K eiLv¯Í, ewn®‹vi A_ev mvgwqKfv‡e KgÝ mfvi Kvh©vejx‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †_‡K
ewÂZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mfvq †Kvbiƒc wek„sLjv †`Lv w`‡j ¯úxKvi mfv g~jZex ivL‡Z cv‡ib|
 KgÝ mfvq Av‡jvPbv I weZK© PjvKv‡j k„sLjv i¶vi Rb¨ ¯úxKvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|
mfvq e³e¨ ev weZ‡K©i mgq AcÖ‡qvRbxq K_v ejvi Rb¨ GKB wel‡qi cybive„wËi Rb¨ wKsev
Akvjxb gšÍe¨ I AvcwËKi AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb †h †Kvb m`m¨‡K mshZ nIqvi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 KgÝ mfvi †h †Kvb m¤§vwbZ m`m¨ ¯úxKv‡ii wbKU mfvi †Kvb Kvh© c×wZi h_vh_ e¨vL¨v
Rvb‡Z PvB‡j ¯úxKvi mswkøó wel‡q wb‡Ri AwfgZ Ávcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G me wel‡q Zuvi
wm×všÍ fwel¨‡Z bwRi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| †Kvb wel‡q †fvU MÖn‡Yi wb‡`©k †KejgvÎ
¯úxKviB cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †fv‡Ui djvdj wZwbB †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 KgÝ mfvi m`m¨‡`i AwaKvi f‡½i e¨vcv‡i †Kvb e¨w³ ev Ab¨ †Kvb ms¯’v RwoZ _vK‡j
¯úxKvi mswkøó e¨w³ ev m`‡m¨i weiæ‡× h‡_vwPZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| mfvi Aegvbbvi
Rb¨, wZwb †h †Kvb e¨w³‡K †MÖßvi Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡ib|
 A_©wej wb‡q †Kvb weZ©‡Ki m„wó n‡j †m †¶‡Î ¯úxKv‡ii wm×všÍ P‚ovšÍ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| †Kvb
wej‡K A_© wej e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡j ¯úxKvi †m†¶‡Î mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb|

mviK_vt
1689 mv‡j KgÝmfvq wej Ae ivBUm M„nxZ n‡j we‡kl AwaKvi¸‡jv PzovšÍfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq|
wej Abyhvqx cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨‡`i evK-¯^vaxbZv, weZK© Kivi I Kvh©vwbe©v‡n AskMÖnY Kivi
¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| hy³iv‡R¨i mvsweavwbK BwZnv‡m ¯úxKvi c`wU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui KvR
cvwiPvjbvq ¯úxKvi AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|

ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-38

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK w`b
1. AwaKvi wej M„nxZ nq KZ mv‡j ?
K. 1689 mv‡j;
L. 1692 mv‡j;
M. 1695 mv‡j;
N. 1705 mv‡j|

2. KgÝ mfvi ¯úxKvi g‡bvbqb wVK n‡j Kvi Aby‡gv`b Avek¨K ?

K. jW© mfvi;
L. wePvicwZi;
M. ivRv ev ivbxi;
N. cÖavbgš¿xi|

3. KgÝ mfvq mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e †K `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib ?

K. cÖavbgš¿x;
L. ivRv ev ivbx;
M. ¯úxKvi;
N. cÖavb wePvicwZ|

4. †Kvb wej‡K A_© wej e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡j †m †¶‡Î mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vb K‡ib †K ?
K. ivRv ev ivbx;
L. wePvicwZ;
M. cÖavbgš¿x;
N. ¯úxKvi|

DËigvjvt 1, K 2, M 3, M 4 N

iPbvg~jK cÖkœt
1. KgÝ mfvi we‡kl AwaKvi¸‡jv wK?
2. e„‡U‡bi KgÝ mfvi ¯úxKv‡ii Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-39
 GmGmGBPGj

cvV-4 weªwUk AvBb mfvi D”P K¶ ev jW© mfvi MVb I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨t
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 jW© mfvi MVb cÖYvjx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 jW© mfvi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

jW© mfv c„w_exi weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui DPP K‡¶i bvg ÔjW© mfvÕ (House of Lords)| bg©vb Avg‡ji e„nËi cwil`
me‡P‡q cyivZb (Magnum Concilium) n‡Z weewZ©Z jW© mfv c„w_exi me‡P‡q cyivZb wØZxq cwil` (Second
wØZxq cwil`| Chamber)| AZx‡Z jW© mfvi ¶gZv wQj A‡bK †ekx, wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î Gi
¶gZv A‡bK n«vm †c‡q‡Q|
MVb cÖYvjx t
jW© mfvi AwaKvsk m`m¨B Rb¥ m~‡Î Avmb AwaKvi K‡ib| Zuviv RbMY KZ…©K wbe©vwPZ nb bv|
Zuv‡`i †Kvb mywbw`©ó msL¨v †bB| 1988 mvj ch©šÍ jW© mfvi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 1190| Zvi g‡a¨
DËivwaKvi m~‡Î jW©‡`i (Hereditary Lords) msL¨v wQj 759| DËivwaKvi m~‡Î jW©MY QvovI
jW© mfvq ¯‹Uj¨vÛ I Avqvij¨v‡Ûi jW©M‡Yi Rb¨I wba©vwiZ Avmb Av‡Q| 1958 mv‡ji GK AvBb
(The Life Peerages Act, 1958) Øviv ivRv ev ivbx KZ…©K wKQy msL¨K cyiæl ev gwnjv‡K Rxeb
Kv‡ji Rb¨ jW© Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ Kivi weavb ivLv nq| 1988 mv‡j Zuv‡`i msL¨v wQj 379|
Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ gwnjv wQj 60 R‡bi gZ|
jW© mfvq K¨v›Uvi‡eix I Bq‡K©i AvP© wekc Ges jÛb Wvinvg I DBb‡Póv‡ii wekcmn †gvU 26
Rb hvRK Av‡Qb| G Qvov 9 Rb mvaviY Avwcj jW© Av‡Qb| Zuviv jW© mfvi wePvi wefvMxq KvR-
K‡g©i Rb¨ †`‡ki cÖL¨vZ AvBbRxex‡`i ga¨ n‡Z AvRxe‡bi Rb¨ †eZb‡fvMx wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ
nb|
mfvcwZt jW© P¨v‡Ýji (Lord Chancellor) jW© mfvi mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib| wZwb cÖavbgš¿xi
mycvwikµ‡g ivRv ev ivbx KZ…©K wbhy³ nb| wZwb mvaviYZ K¨vwe‡b‡Ui m`m¨ n‡q _v‡Kb| Avi
ZvB KgÝ mfvq ¯úxKv‡ii b¨vq Zuvi f‚wgKv wbi‡c¶ bq| wZwb jW© mfvi weZ‡K© AskMÖnY I
†fvU`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Zuvi †Kvb wbY©vqK †fvU (Casting Vote) bvB| jW© P¨v‡Ýj‡ii
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mfvcwZZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ ivRv ev ivbx K‡qKRb mn-mfvcwZ (Deputy
Speaker) wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ KwgwU¸‡jvi jW© †Pqvig¨vb (Lord Chairman of
Committees) cÖ_g mn-mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e jW© P¨v‡Ýj‡ii Abycw¯’wZ‡Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|
hw` mfvcwZ Ges mn-mfvcwZ‡`i mK‡jB Abycw¯’Z _v‡Kb, †m †¶‡Î jW©MY KZ…©K evQvBK…Z
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m`m¨MY e³„Zv cÖ`v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡ib;
cÖ‡Z¨K jW© c„_Kfv‡e ivRv/ivbxi mv‡_ mv¶vZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib; D‡jøL¨ †h, KgÝ mfvi m`m¨M‡Yi
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ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-40

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jW© mfvi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejxt

jW© mfv GKvav‡i weª‡U‡bi AvBb mfvi DPP K¶ I ¶gZvi A-¯^Zš¿K…Z hy³iv‡R¨i mycÖxg †KvU© KgÝ mfvi kw³
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Act, 1911 & 1949) Øviv jW© mfvi ¶gZv e¨vcK fv‡e n«vm Kiv nq| GQvovI 1963 mv‡ji (The K‡g †h‡Z _v‡K|
Peerage Act) Øviv jW© mfvi ¸iæZ¡‡K AviI †ekx Le© Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b jW© mfv Zvi mxwgZ
cwim‡i wb¤œiƒc ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx cvjb K‡i _v‡Kt
AvBb cÖYq‡bt
weª‡U‡b cÖvq mKj ¸iæZ¡cY~ © AvB‡bi wejB KgÝ mfvq DÌvwcZ nq| Aek¨ KgÝ mfvi Dci Pvc
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wej bq Ggb me wej, †UKwbK¨vj wej I Kg ¸iæZ¡ m¤úbœ wej| 1947-57 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †gvU
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Kivi mgq I my‡hvM cvIqv hvq|
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KgÝ mfvi we‡ji wewae×KiY wejw¤^Z Kivi ¶gZvB g~jZt jW© mfvi GKgvÎ Aewkó ¶gZv|
1911 mv‡ji Parliament Act cvk nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ Zv‡`i nv‡Z GZ`&msµvšÍ h‡_ó ¶gZv wQj|
G AvBb cvk nIqvi c‡iI jW© mfv 2 eQi ch©šÍ †Kvb miKvix wej‡K cvk bv K‡i wejw¤^Z Ki‡Z
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1911 I 1949 mv‡ji Parliament Act Øviv jW© mfvi G ¶gZv‡K 1 eQ‡i bvwg‡q Avbv nq| Z‡e
mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi mvgvb¨ Av‡M (GK eQ‡i Kg mgq evKx _vK‡Z) G ¶gZv me©v‡c¶v Kvh©Kix
fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e| g~jZt 1949 mv‡ji AvBb cÖewZ©Z nIqvi c‡i AvBb cÖYqb wejw¤^ZKiY
wel‡q jW© mfvi nv‡Z mvgvb¨ ¶gZvB i‡q‡Q|
mgmvgwqK welqvejx Av‡jvPbv Kivt
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wKš‘ jW© mfvi Dci Kv‡Ri Pvc Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg _vKvq Zv †`k i¶v, we‡`k bxwZ,
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bxwZi mvaviY cÖkœv`x wel‡qB cÖavbZt jW©MY weZ‡K© wjß nb| jW© mfvi A‡bK m`m¨B e¨vcKfv‡e
AwfÁ, Zuv‡`i A‡b‡KB AvBb I wePvi msµvšÍ wel‡q we‡klÁ| AwaKš‘, Zuv‡`i A‡b‡KB Ôwb`©j
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wnmv‡e KvR K‡ib| jÕ jW©M‡Yi (The Law Lords) g‡a¨ Av‡Qb jW© P¨v‡Ýji, 9 Rb mvaviY

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Avwcj jW©, cÖv³b jW© P¨v‡ÝjiMY Ges DPP wePviK c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb ev Av‡Qb Ggb mg¯Í
jW©| Kgc‡¶ 3 Rb jÕ jW© Av`vj‡Z Dcw¯’Z bv _vK‡j †Kvb AvwcjB ïbvbxi Rb¨ M„nxZ nq bv|
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wewae× AvBb (statutes) e‡j †h mKj weavb cÖYqb Kiv nq, Zv‡K Aby‡gv`b ev cÖZ¨vLvb Kivi
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weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui DPP K‡¶i bvg ÔjW© mfvÕ(House of Lords)| bg©vb Avg‡ji e„nËi cwil`
(Magnum Concilium) n‡Z weewZ©Z jW© mfv c„w_exi me‡P‡q cyivZb wØZxq cwil` (Second
Chamber)| AZx‡Z jW© mfvi ¶gZv wQj A‡bK †ekx, wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î Gi
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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
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L. jW© mfvi m`m¨;
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M. ivRv ev ivbx;
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K. ivRvi Av‡`k e‡j;
L. gwš¿cwil` Øviv;
M. cvj©v‡g›U G¨v± 1911, 1949 Øviv|
DËigvjvt 1, L 2, K 3, M
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœt
1. jW© mfv wKfv‡e MwVZ nq ?
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ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-42

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weª‡U‡bi wePvi e¨e¯’v I AvB‡bi kvmb cvV-5

D‡Ïk¨t
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 weª‡U‡bi wePvi e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 weª‡U‡bi wePvi e¨e¯’vi †kÖYx wefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
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Av`vjZ¸‡jv †m mKj gvgjvi wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| G Qvov g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ¸‡jvi
iv‡qi weiæ‡× ivRKxq Av`vjZ¸‡jv‡Z Avwcj Kiv hvq| †dŠR`vix wePvi e¨e¯’vq ivRKxq
Av`vj‡Zi Dcwi¯’ Av`vjZ nj Avwcj Av`vjZ| G Avwcj Av`vjZ jW© Pxd Rvw÷m (Lord Chief
Justice) Ges nvB †Kv‡U©i (The High Court) ivRv ev ivbx wefv‡Mi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wePviK wb‡q
MwVZ nq| ivRKxq Av`vj‡Zi iv‡qi weiæ‡× Avwcj Av`vj‡Z Avwcj Kiv hvq| GiciI AvB‡bi
cÖ‡kœ jW© mfvq Avwcj Kiv hvq; Z‡e Av`vjZ‡K G g‡g© mvwU©wd‡KU w`‡Z nq †h mswkøó gvgjvwU‡Z
Rb¯^v_© Ges AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ RwoZ Av‡Q|
†`Iqvbx Av`vjZt
weª‡U‡b †`Iqvbx wePv‡ii †¶‡Î me©wb¤œ Av`vjZ nj KvDw›U Av`vjZ (County Courts)| AwaKvsk
†`Iqvbx gvgjvi wePvi nq GB KvDw›U Av`vj‡Z| gvÎ GKRb wePvicwZ wb‡q KvDw›U Av`vjZ
MwVZ| wZwb jW© P¨v‡Ýjvi KZ…©K g‡bvbxZ nb| KvDw›U Av`vj‡Zi Aaxb GK ev GKvwaK mvwK©U
RR _v‡Kb| jW© P¨v‡Ýjvi Zuv‡`i wbhy³ K‡ib| KvDw›U Av`vjZ¸‡jv‡Z A‡c¶vK…Z ¯^í A‡_©i

ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-44

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

`vex-`vIqv msµvšÍ weev`¸‡jvi wePvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| jÛb kn‡ii KvDw›U Av`vjZ Ò†gq‡ii ev
jÛb kn‡ii Av`vjZÓ (The Mayor’s and the City of London Court) bv‡g cwiwPZ| †h mKj
†`Iqvbx gvgjv KvDw›U Av`vj‡Zi wePvi Kivi Gw³qvi †bB †m¸‡jv wePv‡ii Rb¨ DPP b¨vqvj‡q
(The High Court of Justice) †cÖiY Kiv nq| DPP b¨vqvjq nj DaŸ©Zb wePvivj‡qi (The
Supreme Court of Jurisdicture) GKwU Ask| GB Av`vj‡Zi wZbwU wefvM Av‡Q| h_v- (1) ivRv
ev ivbxi wefvM (The King’s or Queen’s Bench Division) P¨vÝvix wefvM (2) (The Chancery
Division) Ges (3) cvwievwiK wefvM (The Family Division)| D”P b¨vqvj‡q (The High
Court of Justice) AvYxZ gvgjv¸‡jvi welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i GB wefvM¸‡jv wewfbœ gvgjvi wePvi Kvh©
cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| nvB‡Kv‡U©i GB wZbwU wefv‡Mi iv‡qi weiæ‡× Avwcj Av`vj‡Z Avwcj Kiv
hvq| jW© P¨v‡Ýjv‡ii mfvcwZ‡Ë¡ D”P Av`vj‡Zi K‡qKRb wePvicwZ‡K wb‡q Avwcj Av`vjZ
MwVZ nq| GB Avwcj Av`vj‡Zi iv‡qi weiæ‡× jW© mfvq Avwcj Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h
†dŠR`vix wePv‡ii b¨vq †`Iqvbx gvgjvi e¨vcv‡iI me©‡kl Avwcj Av`vjZ nj jW© mfv| ZvB jW©
mfvB nj weª‡U‡bi m‡ev©PP Avwcj Av`vjZ| mvaviYZt jW© mfvq Avwcj gvgjv wePv‡ii mgq jW© jW© mfvB nj
P¨v‡Ýjvi I `kRb Avwcj jW© Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb| Z‡e wePvi wefvMxq D”P c‡` Avmxb wQ‡jb Ggb weª‡U‡bi m‡ev©”P
wcqviMY I cÖv³b jW© P¨v‡ÝjviMY jW© mfvq Avwcj gvgjvi ïbvbx‡Z Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z cv‡ib| Avwcj Av`vjZ|
Avwcj Av`vjZ ev jW© mfvi Aby‡gv`b Qvov jW© mfvq Avwcj Kiv hvq bv| mvaviYZt ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©
AvB‡bi cÖkœ RwoZ gvgjvi †¶‡ÎB Avwc‡ji AbygwZ †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K|

mviK_vt
†h †Kvb †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ wePvi wefvM GKwU Acwinvh©
A½| weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vI Gi e¨wZµg bq| ZvB weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq wePvi wefvM
GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki d‡j mgv‡R Ab¨vb¨
cÖwZôv‡bi MVb, bxwZ Ges Kvh©Kjv‡ci †hgb cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q, weª‡U‡bi wePvi wefv‡MiI †Zgwb
cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-45
GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK w`b
1. cÖ_vMZ AvBb j¶¨ Kiv hvq †Kv_vq ?
K. Av‡gwiKvq;
L. weª‡U‡b;
M. fvi‡Z;
N. evsjv‡`‡k|

2. Bsj¨vÛ Ges I‡qj‡mi Av`vjZ¸‡jv Kvi Aax‡b KvR K‡i ?

K. mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i Aax‡b;
L. ivRvi Aax‡b;
M. †K›`ªxq wePvi e¨e¯’vi Aax‡b;
N. KgÝ mfvi Aax‡b|

3. weª‡U‡b †`Iqvbx wePv‡ii †¶‡Î me©wb¤œ Av`vjZ nj -

K. RR †KvU©;
L †dŠR`vix †KvU©;
M. KvDw›U Av`vjZ|

4. weª‡U‡bi m‡ev©PP Avwcj Av`vjZ nj-

K. mycÖxg †KvU©;
L. jW© mfv;
M. nvB †KvU©|

DËigvjvt 1, L. 2, M, 3. M, 4. L

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœt

1. †dŠR`vix Av`vjZ wK ?
2. †`Iqvbx Av`vjZ wKfv‡e KvR K‡i ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœt
1. weª‡U‡bi wePvi eve¯’vi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-46

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j e¨e¯’v cvV-6

D‡Ïk¨t
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 weª‡U‡bi `j e¨e¯’vi µgweKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 weªwUk `jxq e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

weª‡U‡b `j-e¨e¯’vi weKvkt

weªwUk msweav‡bi b¨vq †m‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `‡ji BwZnvmI A‡bK `xN©| mß`k kZvãx‡Z weªwUk
cvj©v‡g‡›U MwVZ †Mvôx¸‡jv n‡ZB g~jZt ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D™¢e nq| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z, Bsj¨v‡Û
M„n hy‡×i d‡j †mLv‡b cÖ_g `„k¨gvb ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv weKvk jvf K‡i| Z…Zxq DBwjqv‡gi
mgq hLb cvj©v‡g‡›Ui cÖavb¨ †gvUvgywUfv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq ZLb cvj©v‡g‡›U †Uvix I ûBM (Torye-
Whig)-G `yB `‡ji cÖvavb¨ wQj| Aek¨ 1679 mv‡j me©cÖ_g GB `ywU `‡ji bvg e¨eüZ nq|
1832 mv‡ji ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi (The Reform Act, 1832) ci †Uvix I ûBM `‡ji bvg cwiewZ©Z
n‡q h_vµ‡g i¶Ykxj (Conservative) I D`vi‰bwZK (Liberal) `j bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
mgMÖ Dwbk kZ‡K D`vi‰bwZK I i¶Ykxj `j Qvov Avi †Kvb `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ weª‡U‡b wQj bv| 1900
mv‡ji c~‡e©I weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U kÖwgK m`m¨ wQj, wKš‘ Zv‡`i `jMZ †Kvb iƒc wQj bv| 1899
mv‡j †UªW BDwbqb Ks‡MÖ‡mi Awa‡ek‡b cvj©v‡g‡›U AviI AwaK m`m¨ `uvo Kivevi Rb¨ kÖwgK-
msN Ges wewfbœ mgvRZvwš¿K ms‡Ni GK mfv AvnŸvb K‡i| Zuv‡`i mgš^‡q GKwU †dWv‡ikb MwVZ
nq| cieZx©‡Z GwUB kÖwgK `j (Labour party) bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|
hy³iv‡R¨ `jxq e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨
weª‡U‡bi ivRbxwZ wel‡q mg¨K aviYv †c‡Z n‡j Zvi `jxq e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv GKvšÍ
cÖ‡qvRb| `j e¨e¯’vi D™¢‡ei d‡jB AvR ivRv ev ivbx GZ `~e©j Avi cÖavbgš¿x GZ kw³kvjx|
`j e¨e¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZvi Kvi‡YB eZ©gv‡b †Kwe‡bU I cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ga¨Kvi m¤úK© cÖvq cy‡ivcywifv‡e
cwiewZ©Z n‡q †M‡Q| `j e¨e¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZvi DciB g~jZt hy³iv‡R¨ MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ wbf©ikxj|
wb‡¤œ weª‡U‡bi `jxq e¨e¯’vi ˆewk󨸇jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
`j e¨e¯’vi
 weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j e¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nj Gi wØ-`jxq e¨e¯’v| weª‡U‡b eû D™¢‡ei d‡jB
w`b n‡ZB `yÕwU `‡ji cÖvavb¨ cwijw¶Z nq| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ `yÕwU `‡ji ch©vß msL¨K msMVb AvR ivRv ev ivbx
Av‡Q Ges wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g kvmb ¶gZvq Avmxb nIqvB Zv‡`i j¶¨| g~jZt wØ-`jxq e¨e¯’vi GZ `~e©j Avi
Zvrch© eyS‡Z cvi‡jB weªwUk ivRbxwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiv mnR n‡e| Aa¨vcK dvBbvi weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x GZ
wØ-`jxq e¨e¯’vi QqwU ¸‡Yi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| Aek¨ `yÕwU `‡ji cÖvavb¨ cwijw¶Z n‡jI kw³kvjx|
AvBb mfvi †fZ‡i I evB‡i `yÕ†qi AwaK `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb|
 weª‡U‡bi `jxq e¨e¯’vi Avi GKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q `jxq m`m¨MY `‡ji cÖwZ my`„pfv‡e AbyMZ
_v‡Kb| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨ n‡Z n‡j †Kvb e¨w³‡K D³ `‡ji m`m¨ ZvwjKvq ïay Zvi
bvg AšÍf³z© Ki‡jB P‡j bv; Zuv‡K D³ `‡ji cÖwZ AbyMZ _vKvi cÖwZkÖæwZI `vb Ki‡Z nq|
m`m¨ c‡`i Rb¨ `jxq m`m¨‡K AvbyôvwbK cÖgvY cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’vI Av‡Q|
 weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv cy‡ivcywifv‡e mymsMwVZ| †`‡ki me©ÎB Zv‡`i kvLv m¤cÖmvwiZ
i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K `jB Zv‡`i m`m¨‡`i wbKU n‡Z gvwmK ev evwl©K Puv`v Av`vq K‡i| `‡ji
†K›`ªxq †bZ…Z¡ Ges kvLv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me mgqB Nwbó †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i Pjv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-47
 GmGmGBPGj

`‡jiB †eZbfz³ ¯’vbxq G‡R›U, Gi AvÂwjK I m`i `߇i †eZb †fvMx Kg©Pvix `j Av‡Q|
`jxq cÎ-cwÎKv cÖKvkbv QvovI `jxq wewea KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv Zuv‡`i `vwqZ¡|
 weª‡U‡b `jxq e¨e¯’vi Avi GKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q, ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi bxwZ wba©vi‡Y Ges
wbe©vP‡b cÖv_x© g‡bvb‡qi †¶‡Î †K›`ªxq †bZ…‡Z¡i wm×všÍB P‚ovšÍ| Z‡e cÖv_x© g‡bvbqb msµvšÍ
mvgvb¨ ¶gZv `‡ji ¯’vbxq kvLv¸‡jvi Av‡Q| Aek¨ G †¶‡ÎI `jxq m`i `ßi †f‡Uv cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b †Kvb `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ `vb I `jxq A_©-e¨q msµvšÍ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
¶gZv †K›`ªxq †bZ…‡Z¡i nv‡Z b¨¯Í|
 `„p k„sLjv weª‡U‡bi `jxq e¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg Avi GKwU ˆewkó¨| msm`xq wbe©vP‡b `jxq
g‡bvbqb jv‡f B”QzK e¨w³‡K Aek¨B `‡ji †K›`ªxq msMVb KZ…©K wb‡`©wkZ kZ©vejx c~iY
Ki‡Z n‡e| Zuv‡K Aek¨B `jxq m`m¨ n‡Z n‡e Ges `jxq bxwZ I Kg©mP~ xi cÖwZ AbyMZ
_vKvi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡Z n‡e| msm‡` `jxq wm×v‡šÍi weiæ×vPvi‡Yi `„óvšÍ weª‡U‡b weijB ejv
hvq| `jZ¨vM wKsev we‡ivax `‡ji AbyK‚‡j †fvU `v‡bi `„óvšÍ weª‡U‡b †bB| G †¶‡Î cvj©v‡g›U
m`m¨MY †fvU`v‡b weiZ _v‡Kb gvÎ|
 weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi Aci GKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv Zviv cy‡ivcywi Kvh©mP~ x wfwËK|
weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb Kvh©mP~ x cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z h‡_ó mgq e¨q K‡i
Ges wbe©vP‡b msL¨vMwiôZv jvf Ki‡j G Kg©mP~ x ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| A‡b‡K weª‡U‡bi
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv‡K Avav-Av`k©ev`x (Semi-ideological) wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
 ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv †kªYx ¯^v_©i¶vi cÖwZf‚-weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi †¶‡Î GK_v wKQyUv
n‡jI cÖ‡hvR¨ †h Zviv †kªYx ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i P‡j| weªwUk ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv cy‡ivcywi †kÖYx
wfwËK `j bv n‡jI wbw`©ó †kÖYxi cÖwZ Zv‡`i AbyivM Ges †kÖYx wfwËK mg_©b i‡q‡Q| D`vniY
¯^iƒc, †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jv kÖwgK `‡ji Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask ¯^iƒc| kÖwgK `j mvgwMÖKfv‡e msMwVZ
kÖwgKM‡Yi I `wi‡`ªiB `j| Avevi, i¶Ykxj `j (Conservative Party) mKj †kÖYxi RbM‡Yi
mg_©b jvf Ki‡jI mgv‡Ri GwjUiv D”P †kªYx I m¤ú`kvjx †kÖYx¸‡jvi g‡a¨B G `‡ji g~j
mg_©b wfwË wbwnZ|
weª‡U‡bi wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j
weª‡U‡bi eZ©gvb kvmb-e¨e¯’v msMwVZ, cÖwZkÖæwZkxj I k„sLjve× ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Dci
eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| A‡bK¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK `j weª‡U‡b Kvh©Ki _vK‡jI eZ©gvb weªwUk ivRbxwZ‡Z
i¶Ykxj `j I kÖwgK `j- G `yÕwU `‡ji cÖvavb¨ my¯úó| †mLvbKvi Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j mg~‡ni
g‡a¨ be-MwVZ †mvk¨vj G¨vÛ wjev‡ij †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU©, †mvk¨vj †W‡gvµ¨vwUK cvwU©, †Kv-
Acv‡iwUf cvwU©, †MÖU weª‡Ub KwgDwbó cvwU©, b¨vkbvj d«›U, †mvk¨vwjó cvwU© cÖf…wZ D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨|
ivR‰bwZK ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv weªwUk msweav‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ AsM| G `jxq ivRbxwZi myev‡`B mvgwMÖK
`j¸‡jv weªwUk ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v mPj i‡q‡Q| miKvi e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Ges miKv‡ii Dci †hŠw³K Pvc
msweav‡bi cÖ‡qvM K‡i `vex Av`v‡qi Rb¨ miKvix I we‡ivax Dfq `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ GKvšÍ Riæwi| weª‡U‡bi `jxq
Awe‡”Q`¨ AsM| e¨e¯’v‡K G †¶‡Î `„óvšÍ wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

mviK_vt
weª‡U‡bi msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i g~j wfwË n‡jv ivR‰bwZK `j e¨e¯’v| `j¸‡jv cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g RbgZ
MVb K‡i Ges wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi MV‡bi †Póv K‡i| wbe©vP‡b †h `j KgÝ mfvq
msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i †mB `jB miKvi MVb K‡i| Aci `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ KgÝ mfvi w`¡Zxq
e„nr `jwU we‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-48

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK w`b
1. weª‡U‡bi `jxq e¨e¯’vq ms¯‹vi AvBb n‡qwQj KZ mv‡j ?
K. 1669;
L. 1832;
M. 1835|

2. weª‡U‡bi ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D™¢e n‡qwQj -

K. mß`k kZvãx‡Z;
L. Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z;
M. Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z|

3. wK Kvi‡Y cÖavbgš¿x ivRv ev ivbxi †P‡q kw³kvjx-

K. AvB‡bi kvm‡bi d‡j
L. jW© mfvi Kvi‡Y
M. `jxq e¨e¯’v D™¢‡ei d‡j|

DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. K, 3. M|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœt

1. weª‡U‡b `j e¨e¯’vi weKvk wKfv‡e n‡qwQj?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœt
1. hy³iv‡R¨ `jxq e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-49
GmGmGBPGj

cÖ‡qvRbxq †bvU wjLyb

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ivóªweÁvb : ˆe‡`wkK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v c„ôv-50