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LECTURE 1
15/2/2022
HAYAT 2
DR MOHD FAHMI AZMAN
Room 4, Level 3, PASUM Complex
 Current (A) / Voltage (V)

+ve half cycle

Graph and Equation of Voltage

A -ve half cycle

and Current

Current:
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
t (s)

Voltage:
V 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 -A
Rotating vector to represent AC
signal (instantaneous current and
voltage)
ω3 ω2
ω1 ω8
ω5 ω6 ω7
ω1 ω2 ω3 ω4
ϕ (phi)
 Original: Shifted:
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
The roots of zero waste
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + ϕ
π
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 − )
𝟐

π
ϕ=−
2
 Original: Shifted:
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
The roots of zero waste
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + ϕ
π
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 − )
𝟐

π
ϕ=−
2
 Original: Shifted:
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + ϕ
The roots of zero waste

π
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + )
𝟐

π
ϕ=+
2
 Original: Shifted:
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + ϕ
The roots of zero waste

π
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + )
𝟐

π
ϕ=+
2
 Original: Shifted:
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + ϕ
The roots of zero waste

𝟑π
𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 − )
𝟐

3π
ϕ=−
2
LEADING &
LAGGING
CONCEPT

PHASE ANGLE
 LEADING &
LAGGING
CONCEPT
Wave that reaches the maximum
(peak) earlier – leading wave
Example 1 Example 2
C
A A
B

A leads B C leads A
or or
B lags A A lags C
 V
I
V
I

V and I are in phase

Do you
know?
Now,
 V 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + ϕ)
The voltage
signal leads the
current signal
π
by ϕ= .
2
The phase π
ϕ= 𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
angle is
π 2
2
V V 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + ϕ)

π
ϕ=
2

I π
ϕ=
2 𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
 V 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 − ϕ)
The current
signal leads the
voltage signal
π
by ϕ = . π
2
The phase ϕ= 𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
2
π
angle is
2
 V 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 − ϕ)

I
π π
ϕ= ϕ=
2 2
V 𝑰 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
Given the phase angle is 90°
i) Draw the phasor diagram at t=0.
ii) Which signal leads?
The phasor diagram represents two
signal at t=0.

Draw two signals representing the

phasor diagram.
V
Which signal lags? π
ϕ=
4
I
 θ θ

π
ϕ=
2
θ
θ

π
θ θ )
2
 π
θ θ )
2
π
π )
6
π π
πt )
2 6
π
πt )
3