Mini-PE course 5N280

ir. Marcel Hendrix

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Resonant Converters II (last 2 of 4 hours)

WHY? Miniaturization; implying higher efficiency

WHAT are we going to investigate?

Correct approach:
• Need higher efficiency, therefore lower switching losses
• lower switching losses can be done with (Quasi) Resonance
• lower switching losses enable higher switching frequencies
• smaller (HF) components lower price new applications
Incorrect approach:
higher switching frequency ?? smaller Lf and Cf
EPE/mhx 2
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WHAT are we going to investigate?

• Bridges, half and full
• Rectifiers, current and voltage
• Series Resonant Circuits (SRC, PRC)
• Complex Series Resonant networks: LCC, LLC, ...
• Parallel Resonant, Parallel Load: a push pull
converter for lighting applications
Note: Converters
DC DC : `converters’
DC AC : inverters
AC AC : cycloconverters
AC DC : rectifiers
EPE/mhx 3
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Full Bridge
A
• DC component?
1 4
+ • Vload = Us

Us C D
• Vswitch,max = Us

-
• Iswitch,max = Iload
2 3

B+
Us

0
0 T T 3 2T t
T
2 2

- Us
EPE/mhx 4
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Half Bridge
A

1 4 • no DC component
+ • Vload = Us /2
Us C D • Vswitch,max = Us
- • Is,HB = 2Is,FB
2 3

B
Dual network

Us
+
C D 2
0
0 T T 3 2T
Us 2T t
2
2
EPE/mhx 5
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Half bridge with inductive load (1/3)

+ -
A Cs current
Tr 1 voltage
+
C4 I II time
D1 -
C0 0 T/2 T
C R L
C D
R0
D2
+
C3

Tr 2
- When R0=0, area I = area II, P = 0
B

• R0 damps L + C0, no resonant behavior

• Output power control by frequency changing
• ZVS: D1,2 conduct when Tr1,2 must turn on
• Turn-off can be lossless with Cdv/dt
EPE/mhx 6
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Half bridge with inductive load (2/3)

+ -
A Cs current
Tr 1 voltage
+
C4 I II time
D1 -
C0 0 T/2 T
R L
C D
R0
D2
+
C3
-
Tr 2
B

• Tr1 turned on
• Slow current rise because of L: no losses at turn-on
• Current starts negative: D1 conducts, ZVS
EPE/mhx 7
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Half bridge with inductive load (3/3)

+ -
A Cs current
Tr 1 voltage
+
Cdv/dt C4 I II time
D1 -
C0 0 T/2 T
R L
C D
R0
D2
+
-
C3
Why bridges, not single switch (Pt 1)?
Tr 2
B ZVS with limited Vswitch and Iswitch

• Tr1 turns off, load current slowly discharges Cdv/dt

• ... then D2 conducts
• load current fed back to supply, causing loss
• Circulating energy: the price paid for ZVS
EPE/mhx 8
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Fourier Series
Fourier series of periodic signal u O t  : Example:Fourier series
1 T of square wave with
a0   u O t  dt
T 0
amplitude U 0
2 T 2
an   u O t  cos n 0t dt ; n  0; 0  a 0  0, ai  0;
T 0 T
4 T
2 b1   U 0 sin 0t dt 
T 2

bn   u O t  sin n 0t dt ; n  0 T 0
T 0

4U 0 

0T 0
sin x dx 


4U 0
cos x 
0T 0

4U 0 4
• Orthogonal: integral=0 when ω1 <> ω2  1  1  U 0
2 
• Parceval’s Theorem
EPE/mhx 9
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Current-fed Rectifier
To turn a low-stress inverter into a DC-DC converter
îk I0
ik
îk
Io

ik R0
uk C0
Uo
ukk
U

4U o Average of rectified sine wave with amplitude ik

uk
uk 8 2 2ik
T

Rs R0 Io 2
ik sin 0t dt sin xdx
T 0
0T
0
2 ik Io ik
2

Io ik 2ik 2ik 2
2 cos x 1 1 ik
0T 2
EPE/mhx 0 10
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Voltage-fed Rectifier
To turn a low-stress inverter into a converter
ik
L0 I0
Io
ik
uk
Uo
+
uk R0
C0
uk -
uk

8
ik
4I o
2
Current-fed:
2
R0
uk
Rs R0
2uk Uo ik 8 Load on resonant tank = Ro ± 10%
Uo uk
EPE/mhx 2 11
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Series Resonant Circuit - Series Load

ub
C
Cr Lr Rs
D u Rs
1 1
1 j ( Lr )
C r Rs
• Square wave from C to D
• equivalent sine ûb = 4/ UCD = 2/ Us (half bridge)
• first harmonic 1/LrCr dominates
• works best when Rs = 0, Q =
• Rs is current-fed rectifier [sheet 10]; ûRs= 4/ Uo
Uo 0.5 0.5
2
Us 1 1
1 j ( Lr ) 1 j Q v 2/8
C r Rs 8 : Ro Rs
1 0
Lr 0 0.5 : half bridge
0
Q v
LrC r Ro 0
EPE/mhx 12
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Uo /Us for SRC

Gain of LC SRC for varying Q
0.5
Uo 0.5

0.45
Us 2
1 j Q v
0.4
8
0.35

0.3 Q
• No control for large Rs
Uo / Us

0.25
1
• oc: OK
0.2 • sc: problem
•
0.15
2 Why f sw limit?
0.1
3
4  0 Lr  0
0.05 5 Q ,v  
0.5 1
f / fo
1.5 2
Ro 0 
EPE/mhx 13
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Series Resonant Circuit - Parallel Load

Cr
u b Rs
C Lr D u Rs
Rs j Lr (1 j C r Rs )
Rs
• Square wave between C and D
• equivalent sine ûb = 4/ UCD = 2/ Us (half bridge)
• first harmonic 1/LrCr dominates
• works best when Rs = , Q =
• Rs is voltage-fed rectifier [sheet11]; ûRs= Uo/2
Uo = 4 1 4 0 Q
2
= 2
Us Lr 8
1 2
LrC r j vQ+ j 2
Rs 2 8/ : Ro Rs
1 Ro 0 0.5 : half bridge
0
Q v
LrC r L
0 r 0
EPE/mhx 14
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Uo /Us for PRC

Gain of LC PRC for varying Q
3
Uo = 4 0 Q
2 8
5 Us vQ+ j
2.5
2

4
2 • No control for small Rs

• sc: OK
Uo / Us

3
1.5

2
• oc: problem
1
• load step: cap.!
1
0.5
• Why f sw limit?
Q

0 Ro 0
0.5 1 1.5
Q
2
,v
f / fo
L
0 r 0
EPE/mhx 15
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LCC-PRC
Cr Lr Cs
Combine advantages: C D
• SRC when Rs is low
• PRC when Rs is high
Rs
Uo 4 1
Us 2 Cr 8
2
1 LrC r jvQ
Cs 2

1 0Lr 0
0 Q v
LrC s Ro 0

EPE/mhx 16
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LCC-PRC with Cr /Cs=1

Gain of LCC PRC for varying Q, C / C = 1.0
r s
0.8

1
Uo 4 1
0.7
2 2
Us 8
0.6 2 2
jvQ 2
0
0.5
2
Uo / Us

0.4
3
0.3
4
5
0.2
Q

0.1
L
0 r 0
Q ,v
0
0.5 1 1.5 2
Ro 0
f / fo
EPE/mhx 17
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LCC-PRC with Cr /Cs=0.5

Gain of LCC PRC for varying Q, C / C = 0.5
r s
0.55 Uo 4 1
2 2
0.5 1
Us 3 8
2
jvQ 2
0.45 2 0
0.4 2

0.35
Uo / Us

0.3 3 Q

0.25 4

0.2 5

0.15
L
0 r 0
0.1
Q ,v
Ro 0
0.05
0.5 1 1.5 2
f / fo
EPE/mhx 18
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Parallel Resonant - Parallel Loaded

A

1 4
+

Us C D
Is
C D
-

2 3

• dual circuit of half bridge

• through an inductor flows 0.5 Is +/- ICD
• square wave current Is through switches
EPE/mhx 19
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Parallel Resonant - Parallel Loaded

SPICE implementation

• 50 kHz drive
• square wave
current filtered by
R1, C1, L1 & L2
• what happens
when S1, S2 are
slow?

EPE/mhx 20
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Parallel Resonant - Parallel Loaded

Push-Pull PSPICE output
100
R1 1k

VR
0
C1 4.7n
0
S1 L1 1m L2 1m S2
+ + + +
-100
- - - - 0 10 20 30 40 50
I1
0.1
60
vswitch1,2
0 0 0
0 40
V 1 = -1 0
V 2 = +10
V1 20
TD = 0 0
T R = 10 0n
T F = 100 n
P W = 10u 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
P ER = 20u 0.1
iswitch1,2

0.05

2 1 1 0
0
(L1 L2 )C 1 4 R12 C 12 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0.15
0.1
iL1,2

0.05
Used in busses, trains, 0
airplanes, to get 230 V -0.05
AC from DC (batteries) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
time [ s]
EPE/mhx 21
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Parallel Resonant - Parallel Loaded

+ + Loop I
S1 S1
u S1 u S1
- C r Rr + - Cr Rr +
Lr ur ur
- - u LS + - + Lr
S2 - US -
u S2
+ Us,peak

us
- u LS + - + 0 T/2 T
US

• Current source approximated with Ls and Us

• Loop I: <uLs> = 0, <uLr> = 0 <uS1> = Us
• Assuming sinusoidal switch voltage when off:
1 T 1
Us us 1(t ) dt u s 1 sin x dx , so u s 1 = U s
EPE/mhx T 0 2 0 22
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Parallel Resonant - Parallel Loaded

+ +
S1 S1
u S1 u S1
- C r Rr + - Cr Rr +
Lr ur ur
- - u LS + - + Lr
S2 - US -
u S2 Loop II
+

- u LS + - +
US
Note uLr / 2 = uR / 2 = uS1 / 2 =  Us / 2
Loop II: uLs =uLr / 2 - Us uLs U s ( sin t 1)
2
Us
sin t
2
EPE/mhx 23
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Parallel Resonant - Parallel Loaded

Push-Pull PSPICE output
50
vR

VR
0
R1 1k
vS 1 vS 2
-50
C1 4.7n 400 410 420 430 440 450
50

vswitch1,2
i L1
i L2 0
L1 1m 1m L2
S1 S2 0
+ + + + 400 410 420 430 440 450
- -
L3
- - 0.1
iswitch1,2

10 m
0 i S1 i S2
0.05
V2
15 V 0
0 400 410 420 430 440 450
0 0.2
0
iL1,2

V1
0
V 1 = -1 0
V 2 = +10
TD = 0
T R = 10 0n -0.2
T F = 100 n 400 410 420 430 440 450
0
P W = 10u time [ s]
P ER = 20u

EPE/mhx 24
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iS1
IS1

U s
u S1

U s
ur

0
• uS1, uR and uLs were explained
• S2 is on before S1 is off,
therefore Cr is shorted:
iCr = duCr/dt = 0, so iC flows
u LS
0 U s
-US 2
through S1
ic

0 IS1 follows from

better simulations
[sheet 28-29]
0   t
EPE/mhx 25
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Self-oscillating inverter
D
Re

Uh T3
T1 Lr
Rb
Ib Cr Rr
U ks

• Feedback winding uks T2

diverts Ib to either T1 or
T2 Ls UA
Rh - +
• When Tx turns off, uks
goes to 0 and both T1
and T2 are on [prev sheet]

EPE/mhx 26
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The rest is silence

EPE/mhx 27
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EPE/mhx 28
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EPE/mhx 29