PTIT 2022 Mobile Network

VIETTEL
YOUR WAY
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v n. v n 1
Content
I. 5G Introduction
II. 5G Protocol Stack overview
III. 5G gNodeB – Base Station - overview
IV. 5G gNodeB – Physical Layer overview
V. 5G NR Cell Search
www.viettelrd.com.vn 2
I. 5G
Introduction
I. 5G Introduction
1. 5G – ?
2. ITU
3. 3GPP
4. Vendor
5. Operator / Service Provider
6. 4G/5G Network Architecture Overview
7. 4G/5G Non-standalone Architecture (NSA)

8. 5G Standalone Architecture (SA)
9. Radio Frequency
10. 5G in Vietnam
1. 5G
• 5G is the fifth generation of cellular networks.
• eMBB
• URLLC
• eMTC
2. ITU – International Telecommunication Union
• ITU
• Founded 1985
• Agency of United Nation (UN)
• 193 member states + 900 companies, universities and
organization
• Coordinates the global use of the radio spectrum and
defines requirements for next-generation mobile
communication technologies.
• 3 main sectors
• ITU-R Radio Communication
• ITU-T Standardization (called Recommendation)
• ITU-D Development
• Output document
• IMT-2000: define “3G”; year of release: 2000
• IMT-Advanced: define “4G”; year of release: 2010
• IMT-2020: define “5G”; year of release 2020
Committed to connecting the world
3. 3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project
• 3GPP
• Founded 1998
• Is an standard organization
• From 7 regional organization partners
(ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA,
TTC) + 700 companies
• Create & maintain technical standard for
global mobile communication technologies
as GSM, UMTS, LTE, NR
• 3 main group • Output document

• Radio Access Network • Release 99: “3G” UMTS standard
• Service & System Aspects • Release 8: “first 4G” LTE standard; year of release: 2008
• Core Network & Terminal • Release 15: “first 5G”; NR standard; year of release: 2018
4. Vendor
• Some Vendor’s Name
• Transport Network
• Radio Access Network
• Core Network
• Network & Equipment Test
• What vendors do ?
5. Operator – Service provider
• World
Revenue (TTM): $172.9 B Revenue (TTM): $46.9 B

Net Income (TTM): $11.1 B Net Income (TTM): $3.2 B
• Vietnam
Revenue (TTM): ~$11 B

Net Income (TTM): ~$1.8 B
BTS: 120000
• What they do ?
6. 4G/5G Network Architecture Overview
• 4G LTE option 1
• 4G/5G NSA option 3
• 5G SA option 2
https://www.digi.com
7. 4G/5G Non-standalone Architecture (NSA)
• NSA option 3
• Radio access network is composed of
• 4G eNodeB as master node
• 5G gNodeB as secondary node
• UE has dual connectivity to eNB/gNB
• Core is 4G core
• Advance
• Quickly deploy
• Add only gNB to 4G network
• eMBB
• Dis-advance
• only eMBB (no mMTC, no URLLC)
• Complex operation
8. 5G Standalone Architecture (SA)
• SA option 2
• Radio Access Network
• 5G gNodeB
• Core Network:
• 5G Core
• Advance
• Full 5G technology with the target as:
• eMBB
• URLLC
• eMTC
• Simple operation:
9. Radio Frequency
10. 5G in Vietnam
• Now: • Which type of 4G/5G Network
• 99.8 percent 4G coverage nationwide Architecture will be deployed
• 5G piloted by Viettel, VNTP, MobiFone in 20 cities • 4G LTE option 1
• ~75 % optical home users • 4G/5G NSA option 3
• 5G SA option 2
• Next:
• License for 5G frequency, • Vendors ?
• Bandwidth
• Commercial 5G – when ?
• Operators & Service Provider ?
• 5G Use cases and Industry Application
• UE Smartphone ~ eMBB
• Smart city ~mMTC • 3rd party Company ?
• Private network ~URLLC
II. 5G Protocol Stacks –
overview
II. 5G Protocol Stack - gNodeB
1. Definition
2. 5G NR Layers
3. gNodeB Protocol Stack – Control Plane
4. gNodeB Protocol Stack – User Plane

5. 5G NR Layer 3
6. 5G NR Layer 2
7. 5G NR Layer 1
8. 5G NR Channel Types
9. 5G NR Channel Mapping
10. 5G NR Channel Mapping - Example
1. Definition
• Protocol
• A set of rules or procedures for transmitting
data between electronic devices
• Protocols in Transport layer: ?
• Interface
• A shared boundary across which two or
more components
• Protocol Stack
• A set of protocols used in communication
network --- ?
2. gNB NR Layer
• Layer 3 – Control layer
• Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol in
Radio interface
• XnAP, NgAP, F1AP protocols in other Layer 3 RRC Control layer
interfaces
• Layer 2 – Transport layer

• Same principle with Transport Layer in
Computer Network. Layer 2 SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MAC Transport layer
• SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MAC protocols
• Layer 1 – Physical layer Layer 1 PHY Physical layer

• Channel coding
• Modulation
• Precoding
Uu
• Fourier transformer …
3. gNodeB Protocol Stack – Control Plane
• Plane for transmitting control information
or signaling messages
• Uu Interface
• Ng-C Interface: ?
4. gNodeB Protocol Stack – User Plane
• Plane for transmitting user data
• Uu Interface
• Ng-U Interface ?
5. 5G NR Layer 3
• Protocol
• Radio Resource Control - RRC
• Ng Application Protocol – NgAP
• Xn Application Protocol – XnAP
• F1 Application Protocol – F1AP
• Main function
• Broadcast of system information
• Manage RRC connection (establish,
maintain, release)
• Manage Data Radio Bearer – DRB
(establish, configuration, maintain, release)
• Mobility function & QoS management
• RRC messages: MIB, SIB, RRC Paging, RRC

setup, RRC release, RRC request, RRC
reconfiguration ….
• NgAP messages: NgAP setup, Ng Handover

Request, Ng Paging…
6. 5G NR Layer 2
• Service Data Application Protocol - SDAP
• Package Data Convengence Protocol –
PDCP
• Sequence numbering
• Ciphering & integrity
• Header compression
• Radio Link Control – RLC (38.322)
• 3 mode of transfer: UM, AM, TM
• Segmentation and re-segmentation
• Error correction through ARQ
• Medium Access Control – MAC

• Mapping logical-transport channels
• Multiplexing/ de-multiplexing.
• Scheduling
• Error correction through HARQ
7. 5G NR Layer 1
Design to meet the main 5G use
cases
• eMBB
• More Bandwidth/
subcarrier
• Dynamic TDD
• Massive MIMO/Beam
forming
• More OFDM symbol per
slot
• URLLC
• Shorter slot
• Less OFDM symbol per
slot
• mMTC
• Flexible slot
• Flexible subcarrier
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8. 5G NR Channel Type
• Logical channels: define the types of data to be
transferred: traffic user data, signaling message.
• Control channels: BCCH, CCCH,
PCCH…
• User traffic channel: DTCH
• Transport channels: define the information
will be carried to the physical layer & the
characteristics of the data: error protection,
channel coding & CRC, data package size…
• Physical channels: carry information on the

air interface
9. 5G NR Channel Mapping
In 5G NR Downlink
• Logical channels
• PCCH, BCCH,
• CCCH, DCCH
• DTCH
• Transport channels
• PCH
• BCH
• DL-SCH
• Physical channels
• PBCH
• PDCCH
• PDSCH
10. 5G NR Channel Mapping - Example
• MIB (RRC messages) - ~ 24bit
• RLC mode: TM
• Logical channel: BCCH
• Transport channel: BCH
• Physical channel: PBCH
• 576 Resource Elements (240*2 + 48*2)
• Coding: polar coding
• Modulation: QPSK
• antenna transmission scheme: single
• User data
• RLC mode: ?
• Logical channel: ?
• Transport channel: ?
• Physical channel: ?
III. 5G Base Station -
gNodeB overview
III. 5G Base Station - gNodeB
1. gNodeB
2. gNodeB Architecture
3. gNodeB Deploy option
4. Control Unit - CU
5. Distributed Unit - DU
6. Radio Unit (RU) + Antenna
7. Specifications
8. Throughput: Cell, gNodeB

9. Multi UE per Cell
1. 5G gNodeB
• 5G Macro 32T32R
• 5G Macro 8T8R
• 5G Micro 8T8R
• 5G AIO
2. 5G gNodeB Architecture
• gNodeB:
• Central Unit – CU; Distributed Unit – DU; Radio Unit – RU
• Split Architecture
• Flexible HW implement
• Adapt to various use cases: latency, eMBB …
• Coordinate for performance, load ….
3. 5G gNodeB Deploy option
• Deploy
• One unit: CU/DU/RU in one
block.
• Two unit: CU in one block –
DU/RU in one block
• Three unit: CU in one block –
DU in one block – RU in one
block
RU DU CU
4. gNodeB-Central Unit (CU)
• CU:
• Interface
• Ng
• Xn
RU CU + DU
• F1
• Main Function:
• Layer 3
• PDCP
• SDAP
• Hardware & platform

• Commercial Server /
Virtualization
5. gNodeB-Distributed Unit (DU) O-DU
• O-DU: is a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) edge
servers that can function as baseband
processing unit
• Main function
• High PHY layer
• MAC layer
• RLC layer
• Hardware
• OS
• Linux operating system such as Red Hat
CentOS, Ubuntu
• Virtualization
6. gNodeB-Radio Unit (RU) + Antenna
• RU
• The Radio Unit (RU) purpose is to convert
radio signals sent to and from the antenna to
a digital signal that can be transmitted over
the front-haul to Distributed Unit (DU)
• Interface
• To DU
• To Antenna
• Main function
• Hardware & platform
7. gNodeB-Specifications
• Mechanical
• Hardware
• Performance
• DL throughput
• UL throughput
• Max UE
• Feature
8. Throughput
• ITU/3GPP note:
• Maximum Data Rate in Downlink: 20Gbps
• Example: N41, Bandwidth 100 MHz, 4
Layer, Modulation: 256 QAM, ~ 80% slot
DL. ~~~~ peak throughput 1.7Gbps
• Aspects relate to Cell throughput: ? (In

Theory)
• Aspects relate to User throughput ? (in
• Network & Equipment Test
9. Mass multi type connection - mMTC
• Smartphone
• IoT devices
• Multi service & requirement
IV. 5G Physical Layer –
gNodeB
IV. 5G gNodeB Physical Layer
1. Block Function
2. Frame Structure – Time view
3. Numerology – Frequency view
4. Resource Grid
5. Waveform & Channel Coding
6. Physical Channel - Signal
7. Resource Allocation
8. PDCCH
2. Frame Structure (Time view)
One frame, Tframe = 10 ms
• 1024 Frame [0-1023]
• One Frame: 10 ms
• One Subframe: 1 ms One subframe, Tsubframe = 1 ms
Case subcarrier spacing: 30 kHz #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9
• One Slot: 0.5 ms

• One OFDM symbol: One Slot / 14
Δf=15 kHz
• MAC à PHY One slot, 1 ms
• One slot push one Transport Block Δf=30 kHz

One slot, 0.5 ms
Δf=60 kHz
One slot, 0.25 ms
• One second
Δf=120 kHz
• How many Slot ? One slot, 0.125 ms
• How many OFDM symbol ?
Δf=240 kHz
One slot, 0.0625 ms
3. Numerology – Frequency view
• Scalable subcarrier spacing:
• Number of Slot per Frame:

• Depend on subcarrier spacing
• Subcarrier spacing: 30 kHz

• 14 OFDM symbols per Slot
• 2 Slots per Subframe
• 20 Slots per Frame
• Bandwidth: 100 Mhz

• If each subcarrier: 30 kHz
• Numer of subcarrier = 100
Mhz/30kHz = ~3300
4. Resource Grid
• Scalable subcarrier spacing:
• Resource Block
• 12 subcarriers
• Resource Element
• one subcarrier + one OFDM symbol
• Number Bandwidth: 100 Mhz.
• 273 RB = 273 * 12 = 3276 subcarrier
5. Waveform & channel coding
• Waveform
• DL: OFDM:
• efficient MIMO spatial multiplexing for higher
spectral efficiency.
• Scalable to wide bandwidth with lower complexity
receivers
• UL: SC-FDMA
• High energy efficient
• Channel coding
• Data channel: LDPC
• Higher throughput (improved decoding latency due
to parallelization) and reliability compare to Turbo
code in LTE
• Control channel: Polar code
6. Physical Channels - Signal
7. Frequency Domain Resource Allocation
Resource allocation type 0 – bitmap, each bit corresponds to a group of RBs
Resource allocation type 1 – start and length of RB allocation
The type to use is RRC configured (always 0, always 1, dynamic selection of 0/1)
Uplink transmissions limited to contiguous allocations in Rel-15
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Type 0
Bitmap
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Type 1
Start Length
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
45
Time Domain Resource Allocation
Using pre-defined table
Index into RRC-configured table
slot
4 OFDM
symbols
Index Slot Start Length PDSCH

offset symbol mapping type
0 0 2 12 A
1 0 2 10 A RRC configured
2 1 3 4 B
… … … … …
Jointly encoded
46
8. PDCCH
Downlink Control information (DCI),
transmitted on PDCCH
CORESET #4
Similar usage as in LTE (scheduling, …)
CORESET #3
CORESET (Control Resource Set)
CORESET #2
Time-frequency region where the UE monitors
CORESET #1
for PDCCH transmission
Frequency span in multiples of 6 RB
one slot
Time span of 1, 2, or 3 OFDM symbols
Search spaces
Set of CCEs upon which the UE tries to blindly
detect PDCCH transmissions
47
PDCCH
Each CORESET has an associated CCE-to-REG mapping
Interleaved mapping
Non-interleaved mapping
PDCCH
CCE
REG
CORESET OFDM symbol

REGs 17 34 35 17 34 35 34 35
16 32 33 16 32 33 32 33
15 30 31 15 30 31 30 31
14 28 29 14 28 29 28 29
13 26 27 13 26 27 26 27
12 24 25 12 24 25 24 25
11 22 23 11 22 23 22 23
10 20 21 10 20 21 20 21
9 18 19 9 18 19 18 19
8 16 17 8 16 17 16 17
7 14 15 7 14 15 14 15
6 12 13 6 12 13 12 13
5 10 11 5 10 11 10 11
4 8 9 4 8 9 8 9
3 6 7 3 6 7 6 7
2 4 5 2 4 5 4 5 REG bundle
1 2 33 1 2 3 2 3
0 0 1 0 0 1 REG bundle 0 1
1 symbol CORESET 2 symbol CORESET 1 symbol CORESET 2 symbol CORESET 2 symbol CORESET
bundling size 2 bundling size 2 bundling size 6
non-interleaved mapping interleaved mapping
48
PDCCH
Blind decoding of PDCCH using search spaces and DCI formats
Similar concept as in LTE
Aggregation level 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16
Flexible configuration of when, what formats, and what aggregation
levels to monitor
CORESETs with search spaces for aggregation level 2 monitored
one slot
No monitoring in this occasion of the search space Aggregation level 4 monitored No monitoring in this occasion of the search space
49
THANK YOU
3GPP release
TS 38.401 NG-RAN; Architecture description
TS 38.410 NG-RAN; NG general aspects and principles
8. 3GPP Release
TS 38.411 NG-RAN; NG layer 1
TS 38.412 NG-RAN; NG signalling transport
TS 38.413 NG-RAN; NG Application Protocol (NGAP)
TS 38.104 NR; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
TS 38.414 NG-RAN; NG data transport
TS 38.201 NR; Physical layer; General description TS 38.415 NG-RAN; PDU Session User Plane protocol
TS 38.202 NR; Services provided by the physical layer TS 38.420 NG-RAN; Xn general aspects and principles
TS 38.211 NR; Physical channels and modulation TS 38.421 NG-RAN; Xn layer 1
TS 38.212 NR; Multiplexing and channel coding

TS 38.422 NG-RAN; Xn signalling transport
TS 38.423 NG-RAN; Xn Application Protocol (XnAP)
TS 38.213 NR; Physical layer procedures for control
TS 38.424 NG-RAN; Xn data transport
TS 38.214 NR; Physical layer procedures for data
TS 38.425 NG-RAN; NR user plane protocol
TS 38.215 NR; Physical layer measurements
TS 38.455 NG-RAN; NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa)
TS 38.321 NR; Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
TS 38.460 NG-RAN; E1 general aspects and principles
TS 38.322 NR; Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification
TS 38.461 NG-RAN; E1 layer 1
TS 38.323 NR; Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification TS 38.462 NG-RAN; E1 signalling transport
TS 38.331 NR; Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification TS 38.463 NG-RAN; E1 Application Protocol (E1AP)
TS 38.340 NR; Adaptation layer (SDAP) TS 38.470 NG-RAN; F1 general aspects and principles
TS 38.471 NG-RAN; F1 layer 1
TS 38.141-1 NR; Base Station (BS) conformance testing Part 1: Conducted conformance testing
TS 38.472 NG-RAN; F1 signalling transport
TS 38.141-2 NR; Base Station (BS) conformance testing Part 2: Radiated conformance testing
TS 38.473 NG-RAN; F1 Application Protocol (F1AP)
TR 38.810 NR; Study on test methods
TS 38.474 NG-RAN; F1 data transport
TS 38.133 NR; Requirements for support of radio resource management TS 38.475 NG-RAN; F1 interface user plane protocol
53
RLC – Radio Link Control
https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/38_series/38.322

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VIETTEL

5. Operator / Service Provider

6. 4G/5G Network Architecture Overview

7. 4G/5G Non-standalone Architecture (NSA)

• 3 main group • Output document

Revenue (TTM): $172.9 B Revenue (TTM): $46.9 B

Revenue (TTM): ~$11 B

3. gNodeB Protocol Stack – Control Plane

4. gNodeB Protocol Stack – User Plane

10. 5G NR Channel Mapping - Example

• Layer 2 – Transport layer

• Layer 1 – Physical layer Layer 1 PHY Physical layer

• RRC messages: MIB, SIB, RRC Paging, RRC

• NgAP messages: NgAP setup, Ng Handover

• Medium Access Control – MAC

• Physical channels: carry information on the

8. Throughput: Cell, gNodeB

• Hardware & platform

• Aspects relate to Cell throughput: ? (In

2. Frame Structure – Time view

3. Numerology – Frequency view

6. Physical Channel - Signal

Case subcarrier spacing: 30 kHz #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

• One Slot: 0.5 ms

• One slot push one Transport Block Δf=30 kHz

• Number of Slot per Frame:

• Subcarrier spacing: 30 kHz

• Bandwidth: 100 Mhz

Index Slot Start Length PDSCH

CORESET OFDM symbol

non-interleaved mapping interleaved mapping

TS 38.212 NR; Multiplexing and channel coding

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