mahor

Ekvtrivity and industties loweven a mistaka

alsa calliad Bad of 1aie nit fOr us. Tt be
must
usw

a n a n t per anit
(&Wh) be ery dangerouIS
a N hages a nnf IWhen elctrc curIent lows
nsunmptin ot ellktri
great care. as human
body, we r e e n e a shock body
The kWh aheters used nvadays are digtal nonduct electricity.
natue. o avoid any acekdent while using electri

by have diteent at homa the folowing Peautons should K

Dirkerent apypnliances used us

and hence they consume ditterent taken:

Owes
amounts of energy The values of some ot these 1. Never touch switehes
w i t h wet hand
are shown in table S.l.
The metal part ofan appliance should not be
lhevamount of electric energY consumed by touched with bare haMus when they are
in
exch appliance in a month can be caleulated by
uSe
Aising the following relation: 3. Never put your ingers or any metalle obiet
Electrical energy (in
k\Wh) in theholes ofasocket.
Power in watt xtinmein hour 4. Always use a three
pin plug so that the eath
1000 connectoris made with the metal case othe
Ppliance.
TABLE 8.1
5. Never cut cable of an
Power Rating of a few Common
a
appliance with a
pair

Appliances ofscissors when the appliance is in use

6. Never touch an eleetrie pole the

in
stree
Appliance Power rating at 220 volt particularly in the rainy season as courrent
Electric bulb may leak and can give a nasty shock.
40 W-200 w
7. All electrical appliances should
Tube light
be properly
0 W earthed.
8.
Fan 60 W Cover all naked wires and joints with an

Refrigerator 150 W nsulatingLape

9. Whenever you touch any part of the
Television 120 W
cu
aways stand.on a rubber nmat or woo
board or use rubber gloves
Electric iron 1000 W
10.ln case of a short-cireuit and fire, put o
Geyser 2000 W
main switech immediately
Air conditioner
2000 W-3000 W NEED TO CONSERVE
SAFETY MEASURES IN USING ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY AT HOME Lhe consumption of electricity is neCreasing

Electricity is the most important and day by day due to increase in popult
convenient source of advancement of technology d Use

energy
numerous electrical appliances in ou ly le
used in our
homes dal

PHYS
 matter. An atom is
production o electricity is not Atoms are building blockS of
t the
ut
made up of three sub-atomic particles called-
same pace because of the
increasing at the available. electrons and neutrons. Protons
are

mited sources Major part of protons,

electrons are

electricity is produced by using fuels

like positively charged particles,
and neutrons carry
natural gas
and uranium. If negatively charged particles
coal. petroleum,used at a tast rate, they will no charge.
these fuels are there will be an
get exhausted and
1heretore, it is necessary to
energy criS1s. when required, and adopt
Electron
useelectricity only Neutron
it. It is
methods to conserve wisely
ways and
said, Energy saved, 1s energy produced. Proton

common methods to prevent wastage

Some
of electricity are:
8.6 Structure of an atomm
Fig
and fans should be switched off when
1.Lights Protons and neutrons are tightly packed
not needed.

together to torm the nucleus of the atom. They

electricity consuming appliances
2. Low should use cannot move.

should be used, for example, we

bulbs. in
tube lights in place of electric Electrons move around the nucleus

3. Radio, TV, computer, music system, etC., definite orbits. They are the part of an atom.
when not viewed
O The electrons which lie close to the nucleus
should be switched off
held by strong force of attraction and
listened. are

not free to move. They are called bound

4 In household wiring, we should use
good are

which are further

electrons. Those electrons
quality connecting wires because 1ot o
electric energy is wasted in the torm of heat away trom the nucleus, experience less force
wires are used. of attraction and are called free electrons.
When poor quality They are free to move. An atom is electrically
STATIC ELECTRICITY neutral as the number of protons is always
equal to the number of electrons.
lhales, the ancient Greek philosopher around
b00 BC found that when amber (a kind ot resin) .
Law or Conservation of Charge
with cloth fur, they attracted light
WS rubbed or

objects bits ofpaper, thread, hair and feathers

as
When a body is rubbed with another body, the
Later this phenomenon was explained by Dr bodies become charged. The body that loses
William Gilbert. Certain substances acquired electrons becomes positively charged and the
charge when rubbed against each other. Ihis other body that gains the free electrons, from
ccumulation occurs on bad conductors (e-8 the rst body, becomes negatively charged. In
glass, wool, ebonite rod). this process, no charge is created or destroyed.

To understand the concept of static electricity, movable clectrons that are responsible
for this electrification. The total
et us recall the structure of an atom.
the bodies remains the
charge on both
An atom is
same, that is, charge is
the smallest indestructible part
an element.
o conserved.

PHYSICS 8
 2.8 cm

According to the Law of Conservation

ot TABLE 8.2
charge, electric charge can neither be created
nor
be destroyed but can be transferred from Static Electricity Series
one object to another. 1 Glass 6. Cotton

2 Wool 7. Wood
ExPERIMENT 1 3.
4.
Fur
Silk
8.
9.
Ebonite
Plastic
Decreasim
order
Rubbing glass rod with silk 5.Paper 10. Rubber electrons
When a
glass rod is rubbed with silk, the silk From the above series, we see that
piece easily gains electrons from the glass loses electrons and becomes
glass
rod as
glass has a weak hold on electrons. positively cha
while plastic/ebonite does not
Glass rod becomes positively charged on easiled
electrons. Plastic/ebonite gains
losing electrons.
becomes negatively charged.
electron
Silk piece becomes
and
negatively charged on

gaining electrons. The Law of Electrostatic

Glass rod
Attraction and Repulsion
It is interesting to note that when
two
Silk cloth
charged bodies are brought close to opposit
each
Fig 8.7 Charges appear on a glass rod when rubbedd
are seen to attract each other. hey
with silk cloth
Example: When charged ebonitea
rod is hed
close to
suspended charged glass
a

ExPERIMENT 2 glass rod moves towards the ebonite rod-the

rod. Itis
so because
they are oppositely charged.
Rubbing ebonite rod with fur
When ebonite rod is rubbed with fur,
an

the fur piece

easily loses electrons as it has
a weak hold on
electrons, compared to the
ebonite piece. glass
ss rods + +
The ebonite rod becomes ebonite ubbed with suk
negatively
charged on gaining electrons. t+t++*

The piece of fur becomes positively (a) An ebonite rod rubbed

(6) Two glass rods
with fur attracts a glass rod
charged on losing electrons. rubbed with silk repel
rubbed with silk each other
Fur
Fig 8.9 Like charges repel, while unlike charges
attract each other
However, if a charged glass rod is brought dios
to another suspended charged glass rod-i
suspended glass rod moves away (repel eu
other). It is so because they are both posua
Ebonite rod
charged. tha
Fig. 8:8 Charges appear on ebonite rod and fur due From the above observations, we conclude
to friction positva
1. There two kinds of
are charges-
and negative charge.
P H Y S I C S

104
 in contact with the charged
each On coming trom the
similar charges repel transferred
having electrons get
Bodies opposite charges glass rod, one. Since
bodies having rod to the charged
her and uncharged glass
looses electrons
it also
attract each other.
the uncharged body
attract and
that-unlike charges becomes positively charged.
law states
e
e charges repel. negatively charged
body
when a
imilarly, electrons from the
METHODS O F C H A R G I N G
touches an uncharged body,
moves to the uncharged body.
BODIES harged body electrons
on gaining
be charged by: The uncharged body
Sodies having
no charge c a n acquires negative charge.
Friction Charging by Induction
Conduction
are two
there
of charging
Induction In this process

Charging by
Friction (Rubbing distinguishing features.

are rubbed against not touch each other, i.e.,

bodies
When two uncharged of the
1he two bodies do the bodies.
cach other they become charged. One there is no contact
between

while the other body gains to that of

Body loses electrons
2. The charge acquired
is opposite
become oppositely charged. Ihe
eiectrons. They becomes poSitively
the charged body.
electrons
that loses
DOdy this process.
T h e following diagrams explain
electrons
that gains
and the body
cnarged a glass

negatively charged. For example, with

becomes ebonite rod
rubbed
rubbed with silk, an
od with a plastic
straw, a comb
rubbed
ur, a cat's fur charged.
rubbed on hair become oppositely
Uncharged rod
Charging by Conduction

is brought
in contact
When a charged body
uncharged body
with anuncharged body, the process
with the same charge. 1his a r e two
gets charged Ihere
charging by conducton. this
s called to be
n o t e d tor
method:
(a) Charged body C attracts the electrons at A
portant points
must touch each other.
Metallic wire
The two bodies
1s similar charge.
2The charge acquired

Example: Uncharged
glassrod

Charged
glass rou Acquired
Insulated POSIUve
stand charge
Fig. 8.10 CHargng a body by conduction
(6) B is neutralized by earthing Earthing
PHYSICS 8 05
 Brass ca
Ebonite stopper
with a hole

Glass case
Brass stem

Gold eaf
Metal foil

Wooden
base
first and then the charged body C. Fig. 8.12 Agold leaf electroscope
(O) Earthing must be removed
A G.L.E. works on the principle-like charges
repel.
Detection of Charge by a
Charged G.L.E.
The G.L.E. can be charged by the method
of conduction or induction. The gold leaves
remain diverged in a charged G.L.E.

(d) The electrons spread across

Detection of Charge by Conduction
the rod AB. AB acquires
negative charge. The unidentified
Fig. 8.11
Charging body by induction
a
the
charged body is made to touch
brass disc of a charged G.L.E.:
An uncharged body can be charged positively If the leaves diverge further from each other, u
with
negatively charged body by using the
a
the body has similar charge as that of the G.LE
same method.

ELECTROSCOPE
The bs
An
electroscope is a device the that detects 5ody charged unchatg
presence of charge and identifies the with similar r oppos
nature of charge (+)
charge on a body. It was
invented by Abraham + rged
Bennet in the +/
eighteenth century. (a)
A Gold Leaf Charged (6)
Electroscope (G.L.E.) is
G.L.E Divergence (C) Divergence

of a
glass jar with made up increases decreases
a hole at Fig. 8,13
ebonite stopper. one Detection of charge by
closed by end 10
an
A brass whiCh 1s
If the
leaves
co
passes the hole. One end rod/stem
through are seen to Come
come close to ea
has a brass
cap and the other end of
of the
stem other, then the
body is positely charged
oppositeiy
to the
gold leaves,which lie inside
it is
attached
the jar. The
uncharged.
metal foil is
earthed when the
This ensures that the G.L.E. is in use. Detection of Charge ction

gold leaves do space around the

The by Inau
not
carry any charge. stem and unidentified
the brass charged body is broughtn
disc of D
a
charged L.E.:
f the gold leaves are seen to diverge, the charge Benjamin Franklin discovered that during
on the body 1s Similar to the charge on the gold thunderstorms charges
leaf electroscope
are
produced in tne
atmosphere and that lightning is a gigantic
it
However, the leaves are to come closer to
seen
electric discharge taking place between two
each other, then the body is oppositely charged charged clouds or between a cloud and the
or uncharged. earth.

Suppose a body, whose charge

identified, is brought
has
be
the brass cap of
The
near
magnitude of the discharge is
damage both ite
to
it causes to and
so large that
property.
positively charged electroscope and the
leaves are seen to diverge. This happens Negatively charged cloud
because electrons from the leaves move to

the disc due attraction by the body. This can

only happen if the body to be detected is also

positively charged. Only a positively charged
body can attract electronsS.
Positively
Charged
1ons
nebody
sitively Electrons

d
Charged charged.
pikePointed
cnds nave high

eBenm
) hcrease
Charged G.LE a)
Thick r etalruns
rod which
he body is
along the height
negatve of building

Chargc
bodydy to be
identihied
Divergence
decreases
Charged G.LE Thick metal plate buried inside the Earth

Fig 8.15 Working of alightring conductor

Fig 8.14 Detection of charge by induction
p o r t a n t to note that repulsion (increase ln order to save both lite and property Benjamin

In divergence of the leaves) is the only sure test Franklin invented the lightning conductor in
a G.L.E. 1749. This rod is also known as the
Franklin Rod,
LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR A
lightning conductor
rod fixed at the
is
long conducting
highest point of a building
Lhe
phenomenon of lightning in the with its lower end buried deep into the earth,
dtmosphere during a thunderstorm is based on to conduct the electric discharge during
static electricity. thunderstorm.

PHYSICS8
Modern buildings provided by a network
are SOLVED NUMERICAIS
sunk
of strips around the building with its base
Example 1:
deep into the ground.
An electric meter reads 5980 kWh a
Sone safety precautions the
end of the month, while at the end of t.

during lightning previous month the reading

kWh. How many units of electricity was
was 583

1. Take off the plugs from their sockets. Do

Wait t consumed during the month? If one u
not use the electrical appliances. nit
costsR4, find the cost of the electrical
the storm is over.
energy consumed.
2. Try not use taps, sinks and baths.
Solution:
3. Stay away from objects that conduct

electricity, open balconies or terrace. Initial reading of the meter = 5830 kWh

4. If you are outdoors, never take shelter Final reading of the meter = 5980 kwWh
beneath a tree.
Energy consumed during the month

KNOW YOUR = 5980 kWh -

5830 kWh
SCIENTIST = 150 kWh = 150 units

Benjamin Franklin Cost of 1 unit = R4

(1706- 1790)
Cost of 150 units = 4x 150 =R600
Franklin was a renowned polymath and a
leading author, printer, political theorist, Example 2:
politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist,
A bulb of
inventor, Civic activist, statesman, and rating 100 W, 220 V is used tor
5 hours
diplomat of United States. daily
for a month of 30 days. How
As a scientist, he many units of electrical energy are consuneu
was a
major figure in the by the bulb in one month?
American Enlightenment and the
of history
physics for his discoveries and theories Solution:
regarding electricity. As
inventor, he is
an
known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Energy consumed in one day
Franklin stove, among other inventions.
100 x 5
kWh
1000
Do YOU KNOW? = 0.5 kWh

Benjamin Franklin never

patented
of his
inventions. He reasoned that any Energy consumed in 30 days
should be "We
glad of
others by any inventionopportunity
an
to =
0.5
of ours; and
serve x 30 kWh =
15 kWh
should do this we
freely and
generously" Hence, in one month
consumptio
kWh or 15 units.energy
is 15