TOZP EN06 Noise Vibrations

Environmental Protection
Techniques
L06 – Noise and vibrations
07.05.2020 Ing. Jan Novosád

Content
▪ Noise
▪ Sound X Noise
▪ Principles of analysis
▪ Principles of reducing
▪ Vibrations
▪ Characteristics
▪ Harmful effects
▪ Principles of measurement
▪ Principles of reducing
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Sound X noise
Sound
▪ Mechanical energy from a vibrating source, transmitted
through elastic medium.
▪ In fluids: vibrations = fluctuations of pressure
▪ Fluctuating component = sound (acoustic) pressure
Noise
▪ Unwanted form of sound
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Sound X Noise
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Speed of sound
𝝏𝒑
𝒂=
𝝏𝝆 𝑺
Pressure-pulse or compression-
Transverse wave
type wave (longitudinal wave)
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound
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Speed of sound – 1D solid
𝑬
𝒂=
𝝆
▪ E is Young´s (elastic) modulus
Source: www.edn.com/Home/PrintView?contentItemId=4015859
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Speed of sound – 3D solid
Primary and secondary waves
𝟒
𝑲+ 𝑮 𝑮
𝒂𝑷 = 𝟑 𝒂𝑺 =
𝝆 𝝆
▪ K – bulk modulus
▪ G – shear modulus
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound
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Speed of sound – solids (1D)
Velocity
Medium
(m/s) (ft/s)
Aluminum,
shear - longitudinal 3100 - 6400 10200 - 21060
wave
Beryllium 12890 42530
Brass 3475 11400
Brick 4176 13700
Concrete 3200 - 3600 10500 - 11800
Copper 4600 15180
Cork 366 - 518 1200 - 1700
Diamond 12000 39400
Glass 3962 13000
Glass, Pyrex 5640 18500
Gold 3240 10630
Granite 5950 19635
Hardwood 3962 13000
Iron 5130 16830
Lead 1960 - 2160 6430 - 7087
Lucite 2680 8790
Rubber, butyl 1830 6039
Rubber 40 - 150 130 - 492
Silver 3650 12045
Steel 6100 20000
Steel, stainless 5790 19107
Titanium 6070 20031
Wood (hard) 3960 13000
Wood 3300 - 3600 10820 - 11810
Source: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-solids-d_713.html
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Speed of sound – liquid
▪ K – bulk modulus
𝑲 ▪ Water around 1480 m/s at 20 °C
𝒂𝑳 =
𝝆
1ft/s ≈ 0.3 m/s

100°F ≈ 37.8°C
Source: www.engineeringtoolbox.com/bulk-modulus-elasticity-d_585.html
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Speed of sound – gases
Ideal gas
𝒄
𝒂= 𝜿·𝒓·𝑻 𝑴𝒂 =
𝒂
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressible_flow
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Speed of sound – visualization, shock waves
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressible_flow
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound
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Sound power and intensity r
P
ρ,c
Sound power
▪ The rate at which energy is transmitted by sound waves.
𝐏 = 𝐈 · 𝟒𝛑𝒓𝟐 [𝑾]
Sound intensity
▪ Average sound power per unit of area normal to the
direction of propagation of a sound wave.
𝒑𝟐 𝑾
𝐈=
𝝆·𝒄 𝒎𝟐
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Acoustic pressure
Not practical unit, because:

▪ Large range ≈ 2·10-5 to 200 Pa
▪ Ears do not respond linearly to acoustic pressure
▪ Real response is logarithmic
▪ -> Pressure LEVELS [dB]
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Sound pressure level (SPL)
𝒑𝒆𝒇
𝑳 = 𝟐𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩
𝒑𝟎
▪ pef – effective sound pressure
▪ p0 – referential sound pressure 2·10-5 Pa
▪ declines with distance from source
Sound power level (SWL)
▪ sound pressure level at the source (distance approx. 0) in

[dB]
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Sound pressure level from sound power level
𝑸
𝑳𝑷 = 𝑳𝑾 + 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 ( 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝑩
𝟒𝝅𝒓
▪ Q … directivity factor [-]
1 – free space, 2 – one wall, 3 – two walls, 4 – three walls
▪ LW – Sound power level [dB]
▪ LP – Sound pressure level [dB]
▪ r – distance [m]
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SPL in a distance (simplified)
𝒓𝟏
𝑳𝑷𝟐 − 𝑳𝑷𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩
𝒓𝟐
▪ r1, r2 distance [m]
SPL for n independent sources
𝑳𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 σ 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝒊 ·𝟎.𝟏 𝒅𝑩
▪ Li – sound pressure level of the i-th source [dB]
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SPL –addition sources problem
𝑳𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 σ 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝒊 ·𝟎.𝟏 𝒅𝑩
Source: Davis and Cornwell, 1991

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Sound - example
Sound source has a pressure 2000μPa at r = 10 m.

1) Compute SPL at 10 m [dB].
2) Compute sound intensity [W/m2] and sound power [W].
Density of air is 1.185 kg/m3, sound speed is 340 m/s.
3) Compute SPL for two these sound sources.
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Sound - example
1) Compute SPL.
𝒑𝒆𝒇
𝑳 = 𝟐𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩
𝒑𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑳 = 𝟐𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 −𝟔
= 𝟒𝟎 𝒅𝑩
𝟐 · 𝟏𝟎
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Sound - example
2) Sound intensity and power.

𝒑𝟐 𝑾
𝐈=
𝝆·𝒄 𝒎𝟐
(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ) −𝟗
𝑾
𝐈= = 𝟗. 𝟗 · 𝟏𝟎
𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 · 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝟐
𝐏 = 𝐈 · 𝟒𝛑𝒓𝟐 [𝑾]
𝐏 = 𝟗. 𝟗 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 · 𝟒𝛑 · 𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑾
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Sound - example
3) SPL – two sources.
𝑳𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 σ 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝒊 ·𝟎.𝟏 𝒅𝑩
𝑳𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝟏𝟎𝑳𝟏 ·𝟎.𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝟐 ·𝟎.𝟏 )
𝑳𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎·𝟎.𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎·𝟎.𝟏 = 𝟒𝟑 𝒅𝑩
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Sound - exercise
Sound source has a pressure 2000μPa at r = 10

m.
Density of air is 1.185 kg/m3, sound speed is 340 m/s.
1) Compute sound power level SWL (Q=2).
2) Compute sound pressure levels SPL in 1, 2, 4, 8 m

distance, starting with SWL from step 1, put results in
a graph.
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Sensitivity of human ear
▪ Depends on frequency of sound
▪ Most sensitive – (500-4000) Hz
▪ Needed higher SPL - <500, >8000Hz
▪ Real response is logarithmic
Loudness level [1 Phon]

The dB SPL of a sound at a frequency of 1 kHz that sounds
just as loud.
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Sensitivity of ear – equal loudness contours
Source: https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/soundlevel.htm
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Hearing range
Source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/b3/ce/cb/b3cecb149f9e0ffce304570128fcfbc1.jpg
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Human ear
Source: web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/soundlevel.htm
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Sensitivity of ear – equal loudness example
Source: philotone.com/2014/09/25/the-anatomy-of-a-sound-part-3
www.youtube.com/watch?v=igGroIcga3g
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Noise levels
Source: noiselimiters.co.uk/buy/noise-levels-what-is-noise.php
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Noise - hearing changes
Temporary threshold shift (TTS)

▪ Lessened ability to hear weak auditory signals.
▪ Recovery at most in 2-4 weeks.
Noise induced permanent TS (NIPTS)

▪ Loss fully the ability to hear.
▪ No recovery
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NIPTS
Source: tinnitus.org.au/Hearing-Protection/The-Effects-of-Noise
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Noise exposure (US)
>50% 80dB
Source: www.ilocis.org/documents/chpt47e.htm
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Sources of noise pollution
Point source
▪ Usually small source, e.g. fan, dril.
Areal source
▪ Source of sound is larger area,
▪ E.g discotheque, construction zone, factory.
Line source
▪ One dimension area (source)
▪ E.g. Road with vehicles, moving train
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Source: www.rimbach.com/scripts/article/ihn/number.idc?number=91
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Noise protection
Change of design/technology
Reduction of vibrating sources
Isolation/enclosure of the source
Attenuation by absorption after generation
Barrier the noise
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Natural frequency
Source: phuonghvtruong.blogspot.cz/2015/08/literature-review-natural-frequencies.html
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Noise protection
Source: www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/noise10.pdf
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Noise protection
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Noise protection
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Noise protection
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Noise protection
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Source: www.eardoc.info/news/more-on-ear-infection-and-relation-to-ear-plugs
www.multivario.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Transparent-Noise-Barrier-Panels_3.jpg
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Isolation of vibrating sources
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Isolation of vibrating sources
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Enclosure of vibrating sources
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Enclosure of vibrating sources
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Partial enclosure of vibrating sources
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Barrier the noise
Source: www.eardoc.info/news/more-on-ear-infection-and-relation-to-ear-plugs
www.multivario.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Transparent-Noise-Barrier-Panels_3.jpg
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Barrier the noise
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Thanks for attention.
07.05.2020 52

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Environmental Protection

L06 – Noise and vibrations

07.05.2020 Ing. Jan Novosád

▪ E is Young´s (elastic) modulus

1ft/s ≈ 0.3 m/s

Not practical unit, because:

▪ Ears do not respond linearly to acoustic pressure

▪ Real response is logarithmic

▪ -> Pressure LEVELS [dB]

▪ pef – effective sound pressure

▪ p0 – referential sound pressure 2·10-5 Pa

▪ declines with distance from source

Sound power level (SWL)

▪ sound pressure level at the source (distance approx. 0) in

▪ Q … directivity factor [-]

1 – free space, 2 – one wall, 3 – two walls, 4 – three walls

▪ LW – Sound power level [dB]

▪ LP – Sound pressure level [dB]

SPL for n independent sources

𝑳𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 σ 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝒊 ·𝟎.𝟏 𝒅𝑩

▪ Li – sound pressure level of the i-th source [dB]

𝑳𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 σ 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝒊 ·𝟎.𝟏 𝒅𝑩

Source: Davis and Cornwell, 1991

Sound source has a pressure 2000μPa at r = 10 m.

2) Compute sound intensity [W/m2] and sound power [W].

Density of air is 1.185 kg/m3, sound speed is 340 m/s.

3) Compute SPL for two these sound sources.

2) Sound intensity and power.

𝐏 = 𝟗. 𝟗 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 · 𝟒𝛑 · 𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑾

3) SPL – two sources.

𝑳𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 σ 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝒊 ·𝟎.𝟏 𝒅𝑩

𝑳𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝟏𝟎𝑳𝟏 ·𝟎.𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝟐 ·𝟎.𝟏 )

𝑳𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎·𝟎.𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎·𝟎.𝟏 = 𝟒𝟑 𝒅𝑩

Sound source has a pressure 2000μPa at r = 10

1) Compute sound power level SWL (Q=2).

2) Compute sound pressure levels SPL in 1, 2, 4, 8 m

▪ Most sensitive – (500-4000) Hz

▪ Needed higher SPL - <500, >8000Hz

▪ Real response is logarithmic

Loudness level [1 Phon]

Temporary threshold shift (TTS)

Noise induced permanent TS (NIPTS)

Reduction of vibrating sources

Isolation/enclosure of the source

Attenuation by absorption after generation

Barrier the noise

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