Environmental Protection

Techniques

L05 – Hydrosphere pollution

30.04.2020 Ing. Jan Novosád, Ing. Ludek Jancik

 General
▪ Access to the University, exams etc.

▪ All students are allowed to access the university

individually upon request for urgent matters
(exams, consultations, laboratory measurements,
etc.), access registration is required.

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 General
▪ Access to the University, exams etc.
▪ Students from abroad are allowed to enter Czech
republic:
▪ in case of passing an exam (<24 hrs no quarantine
nor tests needed, university confirmation required),
▪ or if they have studied before and posses a valid
temporary stay permit (>24 hrs, PCR test or
quarantine required)

▪ Details: https://www.mvcr.cz/docDetail.aspx?docid=22247269&doctype=ART

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 General
▪ TBD

▪ How and where to get the PCR test? (answer LJ, until
4.5., send email)

▪ When will be the exam? (answer LJ, until 4.5., send

email)

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 General
▪ Exercises
▪ Calculations please send in a spreadsheet (Excel) file to
enable checking of your calculation method.
▪ Use standardized filename: TOZP1_EXnn_YourName.xls
(e.g. TOZP1_EX05_YourName.xls for this lesson).
▪ Don‘t send it back corrected after receiving revised
version with comments – use them to improve your
next work.

Thanks for cooperation!

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 Homework - Solubility – Corrected example
Task
Determine the saturation concentration of Air, N2, CO2 in
water at 105 Pa, at 10°C and 20°C.

Henry´s law constants for gases soluble in water

Temperature KH x 10-9 Pa
[°C] Air N2 O2 CO2 CO H2
0 4,32 5,29 2,55 0,07 3,52 5,79
10 5,49 6,68 3,27 0,1 4,42 6,36
20 6,64 8,04 4,01 0,14 5,36 6,83
30 7,71 9,24 4,75 0,19 6,2 7,29
40 8,7 10,4 5,35 0,23 6,96 7,51

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 Solubility – Corrected example
Partial pressure
𝒑𝑶𝟐 = 𝒄𝑶𝟐 −𝒂𝒊𝒓 · 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 · 𝟏𝟎𝟓

Henry´s constant
𝑲𝑯𝟏−𝑶𝟐 𝟏𝟎°𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 · 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑷𝒂/𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝑲𝑯𝟐−𝑶𝟐 𝟐𝟎°𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏 · 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑷𝒂/𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 · 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟔
𝒙𝒈𝟏 = = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟐 · 𝟏𝟎
𝒑𝒈 𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 · 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝒙𝒈 =
𝑲𝑯 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 · 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟔
𝒙𝒈𝟐 = = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 · 𝟏𝟎
𝟒. 𝟎𝟏 · 𝟏𝟎𝟗
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 Solubility – Corrected example
𝒑𝒈 𝒏𝒈 𝒏𝒍 · 𝒙𝒈
𝒙𝒈 = = → 𝒏𝒈 =
𝑲𝑯 𝒏𝒈 + 𝒏𝒍 𝟏 − 𝒙𝒈
𝒈
𝝆 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒅𝒎𝟑
𝒏𝒍 = 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = = 𝒈 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟔
𝑴 𝟏𝟖𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒅𝒎𝟑

𝟓𝟓. 𝟔 · 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 −𝟒
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒏𝒈𝟏 = = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 · 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒅𝒎𝟑
𝟓𝟓. 𝟔 · 𝟒. 𝟗𝟗 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 −𝟒
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒏𝒈𝟐 = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 · 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 − 𝟒. 𝟗𝟗 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒅𝒎𝟑
𝒈
𝐂𝐒 = 𝐧𝐠 · 𝐌 𝐂𝐒𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 · 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
· 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒎𝟑
−𝟒
𝒈
𝐂𝐒𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 · 𝟏𝟎 · 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗
𝒅𝒎𝟑
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 Content
▪ Hydrosphere
▪ Water
▪ Water cycle
▪ Pollution of hydrosphere
▪ Soil, lakes
▪ Principles of reducing:
▪ Mechanical
▪ Physical/chemical

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 Hydrosphere
Water
▪ Most abundant chemical compound on Earth

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 Hydrosphere

Source: www.agci.org/earth-systems/hydrosphere

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 Water – Importance for life

Human body
▪ Up to 70% of water (sex, age, condition)
▪ Survival – 80 days (food), few days (water)

Source: imedicares.blogspot.cz/2016/11/impotence-of-water-for-health.html

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 Water – Importance for life

Transport medium
▪ Blood consists 94% water
▪ Nutrients to cells
▪ Helps removing waste

Source: cfaascience.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/water1.jpg

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 Water – Importance for life

Heat
▪ Energy storage - cp=4,2kJ/(kg·K)
▪ Heat conductivity
▪ High vaporization temperature

Advantages
▪ Influence in climatic pattern
▪ Minimizing sharp changes in temperature

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 Water – Importance for life

Density
▪ Max density at 4°C (above freezing point)

Source: www.medicaldaily.com/hypothermia-how-increase-your-chances-survival-freezing-water-294882
www.wallpaperup.com/174949/funny_guy_ice_big_fish_Hooks_humor_fisherman_winter_fishing_g.html

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 Water cycle

Source: water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

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 Water cycle - restoration

Water in Replaced every

Human body Month
Air 12 days
Tree 1 week
Rivers Few days
Lakes 0.1 – 100 years
Oceans 3600 years
Polar ice 15 000 years

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 Water pollution

Natural

Anthropogenic
▪ Direct
▪ Indirect

Source: www.filterwater.com/t-articles.water-pollution.aspx

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 Indirect anthropogenic water pollution - soil

Caused by polluted atmosphere

▪ ↑ acidity of surface water (pH ↓)
▪ ↓ ability of soil to bind ions
▪ ↑ leaching of nutrients from soil

Source: www.filterwater.com/t-articles.water-pollution.aspx

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 Indirect anthropogenic water pollution - soil

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 Indirect anthropogenic water pollution - lakes

Freshwater acidification
▪ ↓ Phytoplankton concentration

▪ carbonate HCO3- → CO2

▪ ↓ transparency of water

▪ Release of toxic metals – free metal ions

▪ Freshwater fauna and flora gradually changes.

▪ Short-term pH ↓ - toxic effects on susceptible organisms.

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 Direct anthropogenic water pollution

Waste water
Quality has changed after being used.

Pollution
▪ Biodegradable organic waste.

▪ Nutrients from fertilizers

▪ Hydrocarbons.

▪ Toxic compounds

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 Biodegradable organic waste

Adverse effect
Consumes oxygen by processes of mineralization

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological
organisms to break down organic pollution in water
BOD5
Most commonly expressed value, often used as a degree of
organic pollution.
𝐦𝐠 𝐎𝟐
𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟓 = │𝟐𝟎°𝑪,𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝒍𝒘
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 Exercise
Which method (and why) would you choose for a treatment of
contaminated water, if the sample tests produced values of :

a) COD/BOD = 1,8

b) COD/BOD = 2,8

Use information from „Wastewater Treatment Brochure“ on p. 13 – 15

(chapters Biochemical Oxygen Demand – Comparing BOD and COD).

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 Nutrients from fertilizers

Adverse effects
Might cause eutrophication problems = nutrient rich.
▪ Green colour of eutrophic lakes,Turbid water

▪ ↓ Oxygen in hypolimnion ← decomposition of algae

Source: www.waterontheweb.org/under/waterquality/temperature.html

blog.dhec.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/103-0372_IMG.jpg
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 Hydrocarbons (CnHm) in marine ecosystems

Adverse effects
▪ Oil film – alteration heat transfer water ↔ atmosphere

▪ Alteration in oxygen transfer atmosphere ↔ oceans

▪ ↑ cancer risk – carcinogenic hydrocarbons

▪ Damaged biochemical signals – aquatic animals

▪ Biomagnification of hydrocarbons (acumulation)

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 Hydrocarbons (CnHm)in marine ecosystems

Oil film Biomagnification

Source:philiporton.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/aptopix_gulf_oil_sp
Source:commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33156953
il_live_s640x416.jpg

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 Toxic compounds

Pesticides

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)

Heavy metals

Others

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 Pesticides
Chemical compounds to kill:

▪ insects (insecticides)

▪ weeds (herbicides)

▪ rodents (rodenticides)

▪ fish (piscicides)

▪ mites (miticides)

▪ fungi (fungicides)

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 Pesticides – problems of using
▪ Low biodegradability → accumulation

▪ Relatively quickly developed resistance

▪ Biomagnification (food chain)

▪ Toxicity for humans

▪ Destruction of non-target organisms

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 Pesticides – Examples

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 Polychlorinated bisphenyls (PCB)
Mixture of compounds derived from biphenyl by chlorination

▪ Used widely – transformator oil, softener in paint, plastics

▪ Limits ↓ avoid emissions because of biomagnification

▪ Low short-time toxicity, carcinogenous (long time period)

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 Heavy metals

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 Waste water treatment

Waste water primary sources

▪ Municipal sewage
▪ Industrial waste water
▪ Agricultural runoff
▪ Storm water and urban runoff

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 Waste water treatment - methods
▪ Mechanical treatment

▪ Biological treatment

▪ Striping

▪ Ion exchange

▪ Adsorption

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 Mechanical treatment
▪ Screening

▪ Sand trap

▪ Sedimentation

▪ Filtration

▪ Flotation

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 Mechanical treatment - Screening

Screen
▪ Larger particles (~10-100mm)

▪ Iron bars or gratings

▪ Frequently cleaned (mech., rakes)

Source: http://industrialwatertreatments.com/screening/
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 Mechanical treatment – Sand traps

Sand traps, grit chambers

▪ Inorganic particles (0.1-3mm)

▪ Short-time sedimentation (~10 min)

Source: www.reuk.co.uk/wordpress/water/sand-filters-for-greywater

thepooltimer.com/best-swimming-pool-sand-filters/
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 Mechanical treatment – Sedimentation
For suspended solids.

Settling tank - functions

▪ Provide effective removal of suspended solids.
▪ Collect and discharge subnatant stream of sludge.
▪ Thicken the sludge to certain concentration of solid.

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 Mechanical treatment – Sedimentation types

Discrete settling
Dilute suspensions of particles which have little or no
tendency to flocculate.

Flocculent settling
Settling velocity of particles increases by falling to the
bottom of the tank due to coalescence with other particles.

Zone settling
Interparticle forces hold particles in fix position relative to
each other.
Particles sink as a large mass rather than as discrete.
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 Mechanical treatment – Filtration
Deep granular filters
▪ Silica sand
▪ Dual filter – coal over sand (widely used)
▪ Multi media filter – coal, silica sand, garnet sand

Precoat filters
▪ Diatomaceous earth, perlite, power activated carbon
Img. source: http://www.riversands.com.au/filter-media-specifications
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 Filtration – Slow and rapid sand filters
Slow filters
▪ Operate 10 – 30 days
▪ Sand is replaced (added)
Rapid filters
▪ Continously
▪ Back washing (reverse flow)

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 Filtration – Precoating filters
Filtration cycle
▪ Precoating
▪ Filtration
▪ Removal of the spent filter cake

Img. source: www.lenntech.com/systems/sediment/precoat/precoatfilter-eng.htm

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 Mechanical treatment – Flotation
▪ Remove suspended solids, concentrate sludge.
▪ Alternative to sedimentation (for fat and oils).

Source: https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/froth-flotation-process

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 Biological treatment
Conventional activated sludge process
▪ Rapid adsorption and floculation of organics.
▪ Oxidation and decomposition of adsorbed organics.
▪ Oxidation and dispersion of sludge particles.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludge

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 Biological treatment
Contact stabilization process
▪ Aeration of stabilized sludge for 0.5 – 1 hour.
▪ Mixed liquid is separated by sedimentation.
▪ Settled sludge aeration continues in sludge stabilization
tank to complete the oxidation.
▪ Should give 85% efficiency of BOD5 removal.

Source: www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0012-73532011000400012

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 Biological treatment
Trickling filter

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickling_filter

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 Stripping
▪ Used to remove volatile gases (as hydrogens – sulphide,
cyanide, ammonia) by blowing air through waste water .
▪ Removing rate depends on pH.

▪ Relatively small cost.

▪ T higher than 5-7°C

▪ CaCO3 ↓ efficiency
▪ CaCO3 can block tower

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_stripping

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 Ion exchange removal of nutrients
𝑯𝟐 𝑹 + 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ → 𝑪𝒂𝑹 + 𝟐𝑯+ 𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝟒 + 𝑹 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 → 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑹 + 𝟐𝑶𝑯−

Source: www.wateronline.com/doc/industrial-water-treatment-for-inorganic-contaminants-chemical-treatment-processes-0001

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 Content – next lecture
▪ Noise, vibrations

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 Thanks for attention.

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