Nationalism in Europe changes the people’s identities and
brought symbols that made new links in the communities.
Nationalism in India –
1. Nationalism - Anti-colonial movement – unity
discovered during struggle – Oppression provided
a shared bond in groups;
2. Each group – different experiences – different
notions about independence; Congress under
Mahatma Gandhi – brought all groups into one
movement – conflict occurred;
 Force Recruitment – Process – Colonial state
forced people to join the army;
Political and Economic Situation of India during WW1 –
1. War – defence expenditure – War loans and
increasing taxes: customs duties raised and income
tax introduced;
2. Price increase; B/w 1913 and 1918, prices doubles
– hardships;
3. Villages – angry – forced recruitment;
4. 1918-19 & 1919-20 – crops failed – many parts of
India – food shortage;
5. Influenza Epidemic
6. Census of 1921 – 12 to 13 million people died –
famines & epidemic;
7. People – hope – hardships gone after war; But no;
Political impact - New political leader with new
mode of struggle;
Satyagraha –
1. Mahatma Gandhi – India – 1915; South Africa –
fought racist regime – mass agitation – satyagraha;
2. Satyagraha – emphasize – power of truth and need
to search for it; True cause + struggle against
injustice = physical force not required;
3. Without aggression – Satyagrahi – win – non-
violence – appeal to conscience of oppressor;
Oppressor – persuaded to see truth – not forced to
accept it;
4. Truth – triumph; dharma of non-violence – unite
Indians;
Examples of satyagraha –
1. 1917 – Champaran, Bihar – peasants against
oppressive plantation system;
2. 1917 – Kheda district, Gujrat – peasants – crop
failure + plague epidemic = no revenue payable;
wanted collection relaxed;
3. 1918 – Ahmedabad – cotton mill workers;
Rowlatt Act –
1. 1919 – satyagraha – Rowlatt act of 1919; Rowlatt
act – passed hurriedly – imperial legislative council
– united opposition of Indian members; Govt –
enormous powers – repress political activities –
detention – political prisoners – 2 years – no trial;
Very unjust;
2. Started with – hartal on 6th April; Rallies in cities –
workers – railway workshops – strike – shops close;
3. Worry of govt – lines of communication –
telegraphs and railways – disrupted – clamp
nationalist; Amritsar – leaders picked up; Gandhiji
– barred – entering Delhi; 10 April – open fire –
Amritsar – peaceful procession – attacks – banks,
post offices & railway stations; Martial Law –
General Dyer takes command;
4. 13 April – Jallianwalla Bagh massacre; Large crowd
in this enclosed ground; Protesters (govt’s
repressive measures) & for annual Baisakhi fair;
Out of city – unaware about martial law; Dyer –
entered, blocked exits, open fired, hundreds killed;
Aim: moral effect & terror and awe;
5. Strikes, clashes with police, attack on govt
buildings; govt – brutal repression – humiliate and
terrorise – satyagrahis – rub nose on ground, crawl
in streets, salaam (salute) – all sahibs, people
flogged, villages (around Gujranwala, Punjab,
Pakistan) bombed; Mahatma Gandhiji – called off
movement;
Non – Cooperation Movement –
1. Rowlatt Satyagraha – limited to urban areas; Broad
movement required; Hindu and Muslims closeness
required; One way – Khilafat issue;
2. WW1 – Ottoman Turkey defeated; Harsh peace
treaty – Ottoman emperor – Khalifa – spiritual
head – Islamic world; Defend his powers – Khilafat
committee – Bombay – March 1919; Muslim
leaders - Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali –
brothers. Both they and Gandhiji – united mass
action;
3. Calcutta session of Congress – September 1920 –
leaders agreed;
Reason for Non – Cooperation –
1. Hind Swaraj (1909) – Gandhiji – British rule –
established & survived – Indian cooperation; No
cooperation – rule collapses – swaraj;
2. Stages – Surrender – govt awarded titles; Boycott –
civil services, army, police, courts and legislative
councils, schools, foreign goods; If govt represses –
full civil disobedience; summer of 1920 – Gandhiji
& Shaukat Ali – toured India – mobilising support;
3. Congress leaders – concerned; Reluctant – boycott
– council election – November 1920 – popular
violence; September to December – great conflict
– no meeting point for a while; Nagpur –
December 1920 – compromises & NCM adopted;
Non – cooperation – Khilafat Movement –
1. Began - January 1920; different social groups –
different aspirations;
2. Started in cities; Students left govt controlled
schools & colleges; headmasters & teachers
reigned; lawyers – gave up legal practices; Council
elections boycotted – except Madras – Justice
Party – non-Brahman party – council – only way to
power;
3. Economically – 1) Foreign goods boycotted, liquor
shops picketed, foreign cloth burnt; 2) import –
foreign cloth – halved – 1921 – 1922 – value drop –
₹102 crore to ₹57 crore; 3) Merchants & traders –
no trade – foreign goods – no finance – foreign
trade; 4) People discard foreign cloth & wear
Indian; Production – Indian textiles & handlooms –
increases;
- Problems for this movement –
1. Khadi cloth expensive – mass produced mill
cloth cheap – people can’t afford;
2. Indian institutions – to replace – British ones;
Slow to come up;
3. Students & teachers – return – govt schools;
lawyers – join – govt courts;
NCM in Countryside –
NCM spread to countryside from cities;
Case 1 –
1. Awadh – peasants – leader – Baba Ramchandra –
sanyasi – Fiji – indentured labourer;
2. Talukdars & landlords – high rents & taxes;
Peasants - begar – landlords farm – no pay; no
security of tenure – regularly evicted – no right
over leased land;
3. Demands: reduction – revenue; abolition – begar;
social boycott – oppressive landlords;
4. Nai- dhobi bands – by panchayats – landlords
deprived of barbers & washermen; June 1920 –
Jawaharlal Nehru – talking to villagers –
understand grievances; By October – Oudh Kisan
Sabha – headed – Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba
Ramchandra, others; Within month – over 300
branches – nearby villages;
5. Effort – integrate Awadh peasant struggle – NCM
struggle; Congress leaders unhappy – form of
development – peasant struggle; 1921 – house –
talukdars & merchants – attacked, bazaars looted,
grain hoards – taken over; Local leaders told
peasants – Gandhiji – no payment – taxes,
redistribution – land – the poor; The name of
Mahatma – sanction all actions;
Case 2 –
Tribal peasants had their own idea of swaraj.
1. Gudem hills, Andhra Pradesh – militant guerrilla
movement – early 1920s – not approved by
Congress.
2. Colonial govt – closed large forest areas –
preventing people – entering – graze cattle &
collect fuelwood and fruits; Made people angry;
Livelihoods affected & traditional rights denied;
When govt – forced begar – they revolted;
3. Leader – Alluri Sitaram Raju – interesting figure;
Claimed – variety of powers – Correct astrological
predictions, heal people, survive bullet shots;
4. Rebels proclaimed he was incarnation of God. Raju
– greatness – Mahatma Gandhi, inspired – NCM,
persuaded people – wear khadi & stop drinking;
India – liberated – force – not non-violence; Rebels
– attacked police stations, attempts – kill British
officials, guerrilla warfare;
5. Raju – captured & executed – 1924 – folk hero;
Case 3 –
Workers had own understanding of swaraj.
1. Plantation workers – Assam – freedom – right –
move freely in and out – enclosed space – in which
they were confined & retain link with their village.
2. Inland Emigration Act 1859 – plantation workers –
can’t leave tea gardens – without permission –
rarely given;
3. Heard about NCM – thousands – workers – left
plantations for home; Gandhi Raj – coming,
everyone – land – village;
4. Stranded – railway & steamer strike – police –
brutal beating;
Visions – movement – not given – Congress; Swaraj – own
ways – time with no suffering; Tribals – chanting & raising
slogans – relating – all-India agitation. Actions &
movements – linked – Gandhiji/ Congress – part of a
nation-wide movement!
Causes for Civil Disobedience Movement –
February 1922 – Mahatma Gandhi withdrew NCM.
Movement – violent & Satyagrahis – need to be trained;
1. Within Congress – leaders tired – mass struggles –
participation – elections – provincial councils – set
up – Government of India Act 1919; Reason:
oppose British policies from within, argue for
reform & demonstrate – councils – not democratic;
C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru – Swaraj Party in
Congress – return – council politics; Jawaharlal
Nehru & Subhash Chandra Bose – young leaders –
radical mass agitation & full independence;
2. 2 factors shaped Indian politics – late 1920s;
Worldwide economic depression. Agricultural
prices fall from 1926 – collapse – after 1930;
Demand – agricultural goods & exports fell –
 peasants – difficulty in paying revenue; 1930 –
countryside – turmoil;
3. New Tory govt in Britain – consisted – Statutory
Commission – Sir John Simon; Set up in respose to
nationalist movement – look into functioning –
constitutional system – India – suggest changes;
Problem – Only British members, no Indian
members; Simon Commission – 1928 – ‘Go Back
Simon’; All parties – Congress & Muslim league –
participated;
4. Win over – Lord Irwin – October 1929 – vague offer
of dominion status – unspecified future; Round
Table Conference – future constitution; Congress –
not satisfied; Radicals – Jawaharlal Nehru &
Subhash Chandra Bose – more assertive; Liberals &
moderates – constitutional system – in British
framework – lost influence;
5. December 1929 – under Jawaharlal Nehru – Lahore
Congress – Purna Swaraj – full independence; 26
January 1930 – Independence day – people take
pledge to struggle; Celebrations – Little attention –
need for abstract idea of freedom with relation to
everyday life;
Salt March –
1. Salt – power symbol to unite India; 31 January
1930 – letter – Viceroy Irwin – eleven demands;
Demands: some general, some specific to certain
classes – demands wide-ranging – all Indians
identify with them and unite under them;
2. Abolish salt tax; salt – poor and rich both –
essential item of food – tax and monopoly on salt
production – most oppressive face of British rule;
3. Letter – ultimatum; Not fulfilled – 11 March – Civil
disobedience campaign launch; Irwin – not
negotiating;
4. Mahatma Gandhi + 78 trusted volunteers – salt
march; Over 240 miles – Gandhiji’s Ashram in
Sabarmati to Dandi – Gujrati coastal town; 24 days
– 10 miles a day; Thousands – hear Mahatma
Gandhi – wherever he stopped; Gandhiji – Told –
his meaning – Swaraj & urged – peacefully defy
British; 6th April – Dandi – manufactured salt by
boiling sea water – broke law;
Difference between NCM and CDM (not in book) –
Started 1921 – Rowlatt 1930 – eleven
Act & Jallianwala Bagh demands
Muslims participated Muslim action -
Lukewarm
No co-op. with British No co-op. & breaking
of colonial laws
Women did not Women participated –
participated manufactured salt –
picketed foreign cloth
& liquor shops.
Chauri Chaura - 1922 Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931
Civil Disobedience –
1. People – asked – no co-op and break colonial laws;
Thousands – broke salt law – manufactured salt &
demonstrations – in front govt salt factories;
2. Foreign cloth boycotted
3. Liquor shops picketed
4. Peasants – refused – revenue & chaukidari taxes;
5. Village officials resigned;
6. Forest people – violated forest laws – Reserved
Forest to collect wood and graze cattle;
7. Govt. reply –
Arrested Congress leaders; Violent clashes due to this;
Abdul Ghaffar Khan – devout disciple – Mahatma
Gandhi – April 1930 – angry crowds – demonstrated –
streets of Peshawar – armoured cars & police firing –
many killed; Month later – Mahatma Gandhi –
industrial workers – Sholapur – attacked police posts,
municipal buildings, lawcourts, railway stations & all
structures – symbolised – British rule; Brutal
repression; Peaceful satyagrahis attacked, women &
children beat up – 1 lakh people arrested;
8. Mahatma Gandhi – called of movement – pact with
Irwin – 5 March 1931; Gandhi-Irwin Pact – Gandhiji
– participate in Second Round Table Conference
(Congress boycotted the first) – London – govt
releases political prisoners; December 1931 –
Gandhiji – London – Conference – negotiations
broke down; India – govt – repression – Ghaffar
Khan & Jawaharlal Nehru – jail – congress – illegal
– measures – prevent meetings, demonstrations
and boycotts; CDM relaunched – continued for a
year – 1934 – lost momentum;
Participants of the Civil Disobedience Movement –
1. Rich peasant communities – Patidars (Gujrat) &
Jats (UP) – participated;
(i) Producers – commercials crops – hit – trade
repression & fallings prices; Cash income
disappears – impossible – pay – revenue – refusal
to reduce revenue – widespread resentment;
(ii) Supporters of CDM – organising communities,
forcing reluctant members – participate – boycott
programmes;
(iii) Fight for swaraj – struggle – high revenues;
(iv) Deeply disappointed – CDM called off – 1931 –
revenue rates same; 1932 – CDM – many did not
participate;
2. Poor peasants –
(i) Most – small tenants – cultivating rented land;
(ii) Depression – cash incomes dwindled – difficult to
pay rent;
(iii) Unpaid rent – remitted
(iv) Joined – radical movements – led by Socialists & Limits of CDM –
Communists;
1. Not all social groups – moved – abstract concept of
(v) Congress – reluctant to upset rich landlords – not
swaraj; Untouchables – from 1930s – called
support “no rent” campaigns – most places;
themselves – Dalit/ Oppressed;
Relation b/w Congress & poor peasants -
(i) For long – Congress ignored them – offending –
uncertain;
sanatanis – conservative high – caste Hindus;
3. Business Classes – WW1 – Indian merchants &
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi – swaraj – won’t come – 100
industrialist – huge profits & got powerful;
years – untouchability not abolished; Untouchables
(i) Wanted – expand business – reacted against –
– Harijan – children of god – satyagraha – secure
colonial policies – restricted business activities;
entry to temples – access to public wells, tanks,
protections against – imports of foreign goods &
roads & schools. Cleaned toilets – dignify – work –
rupee – sterling foreign exchange ratio –
Bhangi/ sweeper; urged upper classes – change
discourage imports;
heart – abolish – sin;
(ii) Organise business interests – Indian Industrial and
(iii) Dalit leaders – different political solution –
Commercial Congress 1920 – Federation of the
community’s problems; Organised themselves -
Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
demanded reserved seats – educational
(FICCI) 1927; Led – industrialists – Purshottamdas
institutions – separate electorate – dalit members -
Thakurdas & GD Birla – industrialists – attacked
legislative councils; Political empowerment –
colonial control – Indian economy – supported first
resolve – social disability problems;
CDM; Gave financial assistance & refused –
(iv) Dalit participation – CDM – limited – Maharashtra
sell/buy – imported goods;
& Nagpur region – organisation – strong;
(iii) Their idea of Swaraj – time – colonial restrictions –
(v) Dr. BR Ambedkar – organised Dalits – Depressed
business don’t exist – trade & industry – flourish;
Classes Association 1930 – clashed – Mahatma
(iv) Failure – Round Table Conference – business
Gandhi – Second Round Table Conference –
groups – not enthusiastic; Apprehensive – spread
separate electorate – Dalits;
of militant activities, worried – prolonged
(vi) Brish govt. agreed – Gandhiji started fast unto
disruption – business & growing influence –
death; Separate electorates – slow process –
socialism – young members – Congress;
integration – society;
4. Industrial Working Class – didn’t participate in
(vii) Ambedkar – accepted Gandhiji’s position – Poona
CDM much except Nagpur region; Industrialists -
Pact – September 1932 – Depressed classes (later –
closer to Congress, workers – aloof;
Schedules Castes) – reserved seats – provincial &
(i) Some workers did participate – adopting ideas –
central legislative councils – voted – general
Gandhian Principle – boycott – foreign goods - part
electorate;
- of own movements –low wages & poor working
(viii) Dalit movement – apprehensive – Congress –
conditions; Strikes – railway workers – 1930 –
national movement;
dockworkers – 1932; 1930 – thousands – workers –
2. Muslim political organisation – lukewarm response
Chotanagpur tin mines – Gandhi caps – protest
– CDM;
rallies & boycott campaigns;
(i) Decline – NC-Khilafat Movement – Muslims –
(ii) Congress – reluctant – include worker’s demand in
alienated – Congress; mid-1920s – Congress –
struggle; Alienate industrialists & divide anti-
visibly – more associated – openly Hindu religious
imperial forces;
nationalist groups – Hindu Mahasabha;
5. Large-scale participation of women –
(ii) Relations – Hindu & Muslim – worsened – each
(i) Gandhiji’s salt march – thousands – women – came
community – religious processions – militant
– listen; Took part – protest marches,
fervour – causing – Hindu-Muslim – communal
manufactured salt, picketed foreign cloth & liquor
clashes & riots; Every riot worsened relations;
shops; Many – jail;
(iii) Congress & Muslim League – renegotiate alliance –
(ii) Urban – high-caste families; Rural – rich peasant
seemed possible 1927;
households;
(iv) Important difference – representation – future
(iii) Moved – Gandhiji’s call – service to nation – sacred
assemblies; Muhammad Ali Jinnah – one leader –
duty – women;
Muslim League – remove demand – separate
(iv) Increased public role – still no change in
electorates – Muslims got reserved seats – Central
visualisation of position; Gandhiji – women – duty
Assembly – representation – proportion – Muslim
– home & hearth – be good mother and wives;
dominated provinces (Punjab & Bengal);
Congress – long time – reluctant – allow women –
hold position – authority; Keen – symbolic
presence;
(v) Negotiations continued – hope – resolving issue –
All Parties Conference 1928 – M.R. Jayakar – Hindu
Mahasabha – strongly opposed negotiation;
(vi) At start of CDM – suspicion & distrust – b/w
communities;
(vii) Alienated – Congress – Muslims – couldn’t respond
– to call – united struggle
(viii) Muslim leaders & intellectuals – concern – status –
Muslims – minority – India; Culture & identity –
minorities – submerged – domination – Hindu
majority;
Allegories in India –
1. Nationalism spreads – people believe – part of
same nation – unity that binds them.
2. Sense of collective belonging – experience – united
struggles; Cultural processes – nationalism spread;
History, fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints,
symbols – nationalism;
The Allegorical Figure in India –
1. Identity – nation – symbolised – figure/image;
Image – people identify with;
2. 20th century – growth of nationalism – identity –
India – associated – image of Bharat Mata;
3. Image – first – Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay –
1870s – ‘Vande Mataram’ – hymn – motherland;
Included – his novel Anandamath – widely sung –
Swadeshi Movement – Bengal;
4. Moved – Swadeshi Movement – Abanindranath
Tagore – painted picture – Bharat Mata – ascetic
figure – calm, composed, divine, spiritual;
5. Following years – image – Bharat Mata – many
forms – painted – different artists – circulated –
popular prints; Devotion – Bharat Mata – evidence
– nationalism;
The use of folklore for Nationalism –
1. Nationalism – movement – revive Indian folklore;
Late 19th century India – nationalists – record folk
tales sung – bards – toured villages – gather folk
songs & legends;
2. Belief – tales – true picture – traditional culture –
corrupted & damaged – outside forces; Essential –
preserve – tradition – discover – national identity
& restore – sense of pride in past;
3. Bengal – Rabindranath Tagore – collected ballads,
nursery rhymes & myths – led movement – folk
revival; Natesa Sastri – published – 4-volume
collection – Tamil folk tales – “The Folklore of
Southern India” – belief – folklore- national
literature – most trustworthy manifestation –
people’s real thoughts & characteristics;
Use of Flags for Nationalism –
1. Nationalism leaders – more aware – icons &
symbols – unified people & inspiring nationalism;
2. Swadeshi Movement – Bengal – tricolor – red,
green and yellow – designed; 8 lotuses – 8
provinces – British India; Crescent moon – Hindus
and Muslims;
3. 1921 – Gandhiji – swaraj flag – tricolor – red, green
and white – spinning wheel in centre – Gandhian
ideal – self-help;
4. Carrying & holding high flag in marches – symbol of
defiance;
Use of History for Nationalism –
1. Nationalism – reinterpretation of History; End of
19th century – Indians – felt – instil pride – history –
reinterpreted;
2. Britsh – Indians – backward & primitive, incapable
of governance; Indians – discover India’s great
achievements – glorious developments – ancient
times – art, architecture, science, mathematics,
religion, culture, law, philosophy, crafts & trade
flourished;
3. Glorious time – followed – history of decline –
colonisation; Histories urged people – take pride –
India’s great past – struggle – change – miserable
conditions – life – British;
Past glorified – Hindu; Images celebrated – drawn – Hindu
iconography – other communities alienated;
The Conclusion –
1. Growing anger – colonial govt. – many classes &
groups – Indians – common struggle – freedom –
first half – 20th century;
2. Congress under Mahatma Gandhi – channel
grievance – people – organised movement –
independence – forge national unity;
3. Diverse groups – different expectations &
aspirations; Grievances – wide-ranging – freedom –
different for various groups;
4. Congress – tried – resolve differences – ensure –
demands – one group – not alienate – another;
Caused breaking of unity in movements;
5. High points – congress activity & unity – followed –
disunity & inner conflict b/w groups;
Thus, emerged a nation, with many different voices
wanting freedom;
 Boycott - Refusal – deal & associate – people/
participate – in activities/ buy & use things; Usually
form – protest;
 Picket – Form – demonstration/ protest – people
block entrance – shop/factory/office.
 Begar – Labour – villagers – forced – contribute
without any payment.
  1928 – Vallabhbhai Patel – led peasant movement Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das & Ajoy Ghosh; HSRA –
– Bardoli – taluka – Gujrat – enhancement – land targeted – symbols – British power; April 1929 –
revenue. Called – Bardoli Satyagraha – movement Bhagat Singh & Batukeshwar Dutta – bomb –
– success – strong leadership; Struggle – widely Legislative Assembly; Same year – attempt – blow
publicised – immense sympathy; – train – Lord Irwin; Bhagat Singh – 23 – tried &
 Lala Lajpat Rai – assaulted – British police – executed; Trial – he did not wish to glorify – cult –
peaceful demonstration – Simon Commission; Died bomb & pistol – wanted revolution;
due to injuries; 2. Revolution – undeniable right – mankind; Freedom
– right – all; Bring youth – revolution – no sacrifice
Refer to image and its info from book itself;
too big; Await revolution;
Refer to timeline from book.
Muhammed Iqbal’s idea of Communalism –
Mahatma Gandhi’s view on Satyagraha –
1930 – His statement – intellectual justification – Pakistan;
1. So called “Passive resistance” – weapon of weak – Emphasised –
can be used only by strong; Not passive resistance;
i. Indian Muslim – entitled – full & free
Calls for intense activity; Movement in SA – not
development – according – culture & tradition;
passive, was active;
ii. Communalism – indispensable – formation –
2. Satyagraha – not physical force; Satyagrahi – inflict
harmonious whole – country – India;
no pain, no seek for destruction of enemy; No ill-
iii. Empowerment Muslims – necessary – general
will present;
economic inferiority & insufficient majority –
3. Satyagraha – pure soul force – truth – substance –
some provinces;
soul – that’s why called “Satyagraha” – Soul has
knowledge and love; non-violence – supreme Changes witnessed by foreigners in India –
dharma;
1. Earlier times – foreign travellers – marvelled –
4. India – cannot rival – Britain/ Europe – arms; They
courage, integrity & modesty – people – Arya
become bearer of arms & worshippers of war-god;
Vamsa; Now – remark – absence; Those days –
Indians – can’t bear arms; Non-violence is their
Hindus – set out – conquest – hoist flag – Tartar,
religion;
China & other countries; Now – few soldiers – tiny
Incident of Jawaharlal Nehru – island – far away – lording India;
2. Tarinicharan Chattopadhyay – Bharatbarsher Itihas
1. January 6th 1921 – police open fire – United
(History of Bharatbarsh) – vol 1 – 1858;
Provinces – peasants – Near Rae Bareli; Nehru – go
– place – firing – but stopped; Agitated & angry – Quit India Movement –
addressed – peasants – gathered round him;
1. Failure – Cripps Mission + WW II effects –
2. They – calm – face of danger; He felt angry & for a
widespread discontent – India; Gandhiji – launched
moment – forgot non-violence; Remembered –
– movement – complete withdrawal – British –
Gandhiji – saw calm peasants – anger passed –
India; Congress Working Committee – meeting –
spoke – non-violence – all dispersed peacefully;
Wardha – 14 July 1942 – passed ‘Quit India’
3. Quoted – Sarvapalli Gopal – Jawaharlal Nehru: A
resolution - immediate transfer - power - Indians &
Biography, Vol. 1;
quit India; 8 August 1942 – Bombay – All India
Independence Day Pledge – 26th January 1930 - Congress Committee – resolution – non-violent –
mass struggle – nationwide; Gandhiji – ‘Do or Die’
1. Right – Indian people – freedom, enjoy results –
speech;
work, have necessities – life – opportunities –
2. Call – Quit India – nearly stopped state machinery
growth; If any Govt – deprives – people – rights &
– large parts – country – people voluntarily
oppresses – people – right – alter/abolish it;
participated; Hartals, demonstrations &
2. British Govt – deprived freedom – Indians – ruined
processions – national songs & slogans; Mass
India economically, politically, culturally,
movement – thousands – student, workers,
spiritually; India – Purna Swaraj/ Complete
peasants, etc; Leaders – participated – Jayprakash
Independence;
Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia,
Bhagat Singh – women – Matangini Hazra – Bengal, Kanaklata
Barua – Assam, Rama Devi – Odisha;
1. Man nationalists – struggle – British – violence; 3. British - much force – more than year – suppress;
1928 – Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA)
– Ferozeshah Kotla ground – Delhi; Leaders –