INTRODUCTION

TO
HISTORY
Prepared by:
SAS Faculty Baby Grace R. Abad, JD.
Introduction to History:
Definition, Issues,
Sources and
Methodology
Learning Objectives
1. The learners will be able to understand and
evaluate the importance of history and why
we need to study history.
2. To understand the meaning of history as an
academic discipline and to be familiar with
the underlying philosophy and methodology
of the academic discipline.
3. The learners will be able to learn and discuss
the applications of Historical Sources; the
primary and secondary sources.
4. To appreciate the importance of history in the
social and national life of the Philippines.
Definition
• History – the common definition of History is
the “Study of the Past”.
• Historian – is the “Arbiter of Facts” and
evidences in making interpretations and
forming historical narrative.
• History – was derived from the Greek word
“Historia” which means knowledge acquired
through inquiry and investigation.
• Linguist – can also be helpful in tracing historical
evolutions; past connections among different
groups and flows or cultural influences by
studying language and the changes.
Sources of History
• Historical Sources
✓ Primary Source - are those sources
produced at the same time as the event,
period or subject being studied.
✓Secondary Source – are those sources
which were produced by an author who
used primary sources to produce the
material.
• Historical Methodology
✓ it comprises certain techniques and
rules that historians follow in order to
properly utilize sources and historical
evidences in writing history.
Issues of History
1. What is History?
2. Why we study History?
3. History is for whom?
• All this questions it can be answered by
“Historiography”.
• What is Historiography?
✓Historiography is usually the History of History.
Distinctions between history and
historiography
• History • Historiography
1. Is the study of the 1. Object of study
past. 2. History itself
2. Events that 3. Books
happened in the 4. How was a certain
past and the historical text
causes of such written.
events. 5. Who wrote it.
6. What was the
context of its
publication.
7. What particular
method was
employed.
8. What was the
source used.
History and Historian
• Historian Historian Job
1. Narrator 1. Seek historical
2. Access evidences and facts
representation of 2. Interpret those facts
the past through 3. It is the job of the
historical sources historian to give
and evidences. meaning to those
3. Is a person of his facts and organize
own who influence them into a timeline,
by his own context, establish causes
environment, and write history.
ideology and
education.
4. Used methodology
and relevant facts.
External and Internal Criticism
• Historian should be able to conduct
an external and internal criticism.
✓External Criticism – is the practice of
verifying the authenticity of evidence by
examining its physical characteristics,
consistencies with the historical
characteristics of times when it was
produced, and the material used for
evidence.
✓Internal criticism – is the examination of
the truthfulness of evidence. It looks at
the content of the sources and examines
the circumstance of its production.
• Task of the historian – is to organize the
past that is being created so that it can
offer lessons for nations, societies and
civilization.
• Historian Job – to seek for the meaning
of recovering the past to let the people
see the continuing relevance of
provenance, memory, remembering and
historical understanding for both the
present and the future events.
School of Thought in History
• Positivism
✓ 18th and 19th century.
✓this school of thought requires empirical
and observable evidence before one can
claim that a particular knowledge is true.
✓Discipline in History “No document- No
History”.
• Post Colonialism
✓emerged in early 20th century when formerly
colonized nations grappled with the of
creating identities and understand their
societies against the shadows of their
colonial past
✓it tells the history of their nation that will
highlight their identity free from that of
colonial discourse and knowledge.
✓Is to criticize the methods, effects and idea
of colonialism.
• Annales School of History
✓is a school of history born in France that
challenge the canons of history.
✓This School of thought did a way with
common historical subjects that were
almost always related to the conduct of
states and monarchs.
The Philippine Setting
is an Example of
Primary Sources
Learning Objectives
1. The learners will be able to identify and
discuss the origins of the Philippine
Archipelago and its possible creation.
2. The learners will be able to distinguished
the present map and the old map.
3. The learners will be able to familiarize the
Philippine weather pattern and its
climates.
The Philippine Island
• An archipelago consisting of the following
numbers of Islands.
o Pre- Colonial – 7,100 islands and islets.
o Before – 7,107 islands and islets.
o Present – 7, 641 islands and islets.
• Categorized under the three geographical
division; Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
• Manila City is the capital of the Philippines.
Temperature
• Based on the average of all weather
stations in the Philippines, except Baguio, is
26.6 Degree Celsius (79.9 Degree
Fahrenheit )
• The coolest months fall in January with
temperature of 25.5 Degree Celsius (77.9
Degree Fahrenheit)
• While the warmest month occurs in the
month of May 28.3 Degree Celsius (82.9
Degree Fahrenheit).
• In Baguio with an elevation of 1,500 meters
(4,900 ft) above sea level, the main average
is 18.3 Degree Celsius (64.9 Degree
Fahrenheit) or cooler by about 4.3 Degree
Celsius (8 Degree Fahrenheit).
• Baguio Temperature: 17 Degree Celsius
Humidity
• Humidity indicates a high amount of
moisture or vapor in the air which directly
affects the temperature.
• The Philippines is considered as highly
humid which can be attributed to the
significant level of evaporation from the
seas flanking the country to the various
prevailing winds during the different
seasons, and lastly, due to the pressure of
abundant rains in a tropical country such as
ours.
• Example Humidity of Baguio – 90%
• Precipitation 10%.
• Wind: 3 km/h
Climate and Weather
• Weather – what is happening in the
atmosphere on a given day, in a specific
place. Local forecasts include temperature,
humidity, winds, cloudiness, and prospects
for storms or other changes over the next
few days.
• Climate – is the average of these weather
ingredients over many years.
Climate in the Philippines
• Tropical climate
• Two seasons: Wet season and Dry season.
• Types of Climate:
◦ Type I
◦ Type 2
◦ Type 3
◦ Type 4
Seasons
• Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the
climate of the country can be divided into two
major seasons:
1. the rainy season, from June to November;
and
2. the dry season, from December to May.

• The dry season may be subdivided further into:

1. the cool dry season, from December to
February; and
2. the hot dry season, from March to May
Typhoons
• An average of 20-23 tropical cyclones enter
the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
• Category of Typhoons:
◦ Tropical depression < 61km/h
◦ Tropical Storm 62-88km/h
◦ Severe Tropical Storm 89-117km/h
◦ Typhoon 118-220km/h
◦ Super typhoon 220+km/h
General Resources
• The soil and its products
• Classification of soils
✓Alluvial - soil which produces agricultural products
such as abaka, coconut, corn, and tobacco.
✓Shale and Sandstone- good for products like
sugarcane, tobacco, corn, rice and coconut,
however, the harvest is of lower amounts compared
to products from alluvial soils.
✓Limestone- which is conducive for agricultural
products such as corn, citrus, cassava, and banana
and is also best for grazing of animals due to its
abundance of grass.
✓Volcanic soil- which is found in areas where past
volcanic eruptions occurred and is used for citrus
and other upland crops in Cavite, Batangas, and
Laguna, while in Bicol, the soil is suited for Abaka
and in Negros, the soiled is suited for sugarcane.
✓Andesite and Basalt- soil is generally found in
Negros Occidental and is used for sugarcane
plantations
✓Mountain soil- kind of soil where trees are found,
such as ipil, dao, molave, yakal and narra, which
are used for industrial, commercial and residential
purposes.
• Water Resources
✓The Country has many seas, rivers, lakes, bays
and straits, resulting to an active fishing industry
that has been a source of livelihood for many
Filipinos.
• Two kinds of Fishing industry in the country
1. Genetic Industry- covers fish reproduction, fish
culture, and fishpond.
2. Extractive industry-covers direct fishing in
shallow, high seas and in coral areas.
• Mineral Resources
1. Rich in metallic, non metallic and fuel
minerals
2. Metallic- gold, iron, manganese, lead,
mercury, nickel, silver and chromite.
3. Non-metallic- clay, cement for
construction, pyrite, rock phosphate,
limestone, marble, silica, asbestos,
gypsum, and Sulphur
4. Mineral Fuels- carbon and petroleum
Origins of the Philippine
Archipelago
• Theories that explain how the Philippine
archipelago was created.
1. Volcanism- the eruption of the volcanoes caused
the formation of some islands in the country
2. Diastrophism- the process of movement of the
earth’s crust that resulted in the formation of
mountains and mountain ranges, such as Sierra
Madre, and Cordillera mountain ranges
3. Gradation- it is the formation of mountains and
volcanoes after which, erosion took place leading to
the creation of rivers, lakes, delta, and other
landforms found all over the country
4. Land Bridge- explains that the Philippines was once
connected to the mainland Asia through bridges of
land formed during the Pleistocene or Ice Age,
2,500,000 years ago.
Regions of the Philippines
• Divided in 17 regions
1. Ilocos Region(Region I)
2. Cagayan Valley (Region II)
3. Central Luzon (Region III)
4. CALABARZON (Region VI-A)
5. MIMAROPA (Region VI-B)
6. Bicol Region (Region V)
7. Western Visayas (Region VI)
8. Central Visayas (Region VII)
9. Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
10. Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
11. Northern Mindanao (Region X)
12. Davao Region (Region XI)
13. SOCCSKARGEN (Region XII)
14. Caraga (Region XIII)
15. NCR (National Capital Region
16. CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)
17. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao
Filipino Character
• Hardworking and Industrious
• Brave, nationalistic and freedom loving
• Pakikipag-kapwa tao- sense of hospitality
• Family orientation- putting high value and
importance of family
• Joy and Humor- ability to be happy even in
adversity
• Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity
• Faith and Religiosity-sense of believing in the
power of the almighty creator
• Ability to Survive- ability to cope up with every
challenge
• Friendly- sense of oneness and connection to
others
• Cleanliness- sense of self-actualization to hygiene
• Loyalty to friend- act of being grateful to someone
who has been dear and helpful
• Fatalistic- belief on fate and destiny
• Respect for Elders- high regard for people older
than you
• Regionalistic
• Sensitivity to personal affront- considerate towards
the feelings of others.
 The Dawn of the
Philippines and the early
Relations to the World
before Spanish
Colonization
Learning Objectives
1. The learners will be able to identify the
different influences introduced in the
Philippines before Spanish Colonization.
2. The learners will be able to understand that
before Spain Colonized the Philippines,
Filipinos enjoy their total freedom.
• Philippines had been living as an isolated
territory gifted with abundance of original
inhabitants or natives who yielded
productive raw materials.
• The agricultural gifts of the settlers
prompted the natives to exchange their local
goods.
• The discovery of Philippine Island was due
to the wind patterns encountered by the
traders while navigating the seas.
The following reasons for the influx of
foreign ships on the open seas
1. To look for potential colonies and
expansion of their territory
2. To search for spices and other raw
materials
3. To look for potential market of their native
products
4. To gain territorial hegemony.
Chinese in the Philippines
• It was during the 9th and 10th Century A.D
when the economic ties of Chinese traders
begun in the Philippine territory.
• It was during the Sung dynasty when Chinese
goods started to spread through the use of
Chinese Vessel
• Archeological Sites in Batangas, Laguna,
Mindoro, Ilo-Ilo, Masbate, Palawan, Cebu and
Davao, where different types of jars and
porcelain were unearthed, have been the living
testaments of the existence of the Chinese
traders in the country.
• The strategic location of Tondo, Manila as well
as Pasig and Laguna Lake, inevitably made it
major beneficiaries of foreign trading.
• Mirrors, scales, coins and Jades were evidently
exchanged and marketed by the Chinese and
Arab traders
Chinese Influences in the
Philippines
• Manufacturing of gunpowder
• Method of gold mining
• Art of metallurgy
• Use of porcelain, gong, silver, tin and
other metals
• Blacksmithing, goldsmithing
• Kite Flying
• Various forms of gambling,
e.g. Jueteng
• Manner and mode of dressing through the use
of silk
• The use of fan and umbrella
• Culinary diet
a. Brewing of tea, cooking of lumpia, pansit,mami,
chopseuy and ukoy
b. The use of appetizer
• The use of slippers such as bakya, a wooden
shoes
• Social customs
a. Filial respect of children to an older
brother or sister, parent and elders
b. The use of firecrackers during New
Year and other festivals to scare away
evils spirits and bad luck
c. Collection of tongs, a percentage fee
d. The use of gongs in celebrations and
festivals
Indian presence in the Philippines
• The expansion of Indian Culture overseas
actually started during the Srivajaya and
Majapahit empires from 9th – 10th Century.
• Their culture influenced other parts of Asia
through the “Indianized” immigrants and
traders from Indochina, Siam, Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and other islands
of Indonesia.
• Artifacts unearthed from Various
Excavation Sites in the Philippines
✓Pottery adorned with decorations in various forms
✓Iron weapons such as knives, dagger, spear, axes
✓Glass beads and bangles, in green and blue colors
✓Beads made of semi-precious stones
✓Copper image of Ganesha (Indian god of
elephants) was found in Mactan in 1843
✓A garuda-designed pendant was discovered in
1961 in Palawan.
✓This symbolized the mythical bird of Vishu (Indian
god of Preservation)
Indian Influence to Filipino Culture
• Languages
• Literature
• Religious Beliefs
• Writings
• Customs
• Material Culture
Japanese presence in the
Philippines
• Contacts with Philippine Islands begun when
Japanese traders and merchants, during the
12th Century A.D., decided to go on an
economic-driven journey to the Philippines,
particularly the region of Luzon which they
called Rusun.
• Their travels to the Philippines mostly
compromised of barter trade of minerals such
as gold and pearls.
• Influences of Japanese Culture
1. Manufacturing of weapon for warfare
2. Goldsmithing and jewelry making in
Pagsanjan, Laguna
3. Breeding of ducks particularly the Balut
industry in Laguna de Bay towns.
4. Breeding of Fishes like Bangus industry in
Bulacan and other provinces.
Arabian presence in the
Philippines
• Arab traders brought Islam to South East Asia,
including the
• Philippines
• They intermarried with the daughters of native
chiefs to gain trading advantage, thereby
raising small families of Islam believers.
• Islam first gained its foothold in the Philippines,
particularly in Sulu, around 1310 A.D.
Islam in Mindanao
• Islamic growth in Mindanao:
✓Last quarter of the 13th century- there was
already an existence of Muslim
communities in Sulu
✓Second half of the 14th century- stage of
Makhdum where missionaries arrived in
Sulu and accelerated the conversion of the
Muslim in the area.
✓Beginning of the 15th century- Raja
Baguinda from Sumatra arrived in Sulu and
believed to have married a Pamisuli-
respected title of a chieftain’s daughter. With
him believed to be scholars of the Islamic
religion that strengthened the work of former
Muslim missionaries.
✓Middle of the 15th century- this is the
foundation of political institution such as the
Sultanate in the leadership of Sharif-ul-
Hashim, who took power in 1450.
• The progress of Islam in Sulu moved further
northward in Mindanao covering Maranao
and Zamboanga areas.
✓Middle of the 15th Century- Muslim
missionaries settled in Pulangi basin, namely
Sharif Awliya and Sharif Maraja and
intermarries with the daughters of local
chieftains.
✓In 1511, Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan
arrived from Jahore and hastened the Islamic
conversion process through political alliances
and intermarriages to the daughters of local
chiefs. Based from the Mindanao tarsilas,
Kabungsuan was the first sultan and the last
was Sultan Manggigin, who began his reign in
the year 1896 and ended in 1906.
✓Muslim wrote their leaders’ history and their
respective reign and genealogy in what the
called Tarsilas and Khutabs.
Sources
• Books:
• Torres, J.V, (2018). BATIS: Sources in Philippine
History. C & E Publishing, INC.
• Nestor M. Asuncion, Geoffrey Rhoel C. Cruz &
Bernardino C. Ofalia (2019). Readings in
Philippine History. C & E Publishing, Inc.
• John Lee P. Candelaria & Veronica Alporha.
(2018). Readings in Philippine History. Rex
Bookstore.
• Teodoro Agoncillio. 8th Ed. (1990). History of the
Filipino People. Garotech Publishing.
• Website: Google: Philippine History.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines
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-SOAR HIGH EMILIANS-