CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

TEST 1

COURSE : FLUID MECHANICS

COURSE CODE : ECW 422
EXAMINATION : MAC - AUGUST 2022
TIME : 2 HOURS

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NAME : UiTM NO. : GROUP :

LECTURER :

TEST/ EXAM
SPECIFICATION TABLE
(TST/ EST)
Level of ALLOCATION MARKS MARKED
CO PO QUESTION
Difficulty MARKS EARNED BY
CO1 PO1 C2 1 15
CO1 PO1 C4 2 10
CO1 PO1 C3 3 10

CO1 PO1 C4 4 15

TOTAL MARKS 50
SETTER/ COURSE COORDINATOR RESOURCE PERSON

Signature and Stamp Signature and Stamp

Date : 24/3/2022 Date : 25/3/2022

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

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QUESTION 1

a) Explain how does capillary action happen and with the addition of diagram explain two
(2) types of capillary effect of liquid in tube. (CO1: PO1, C2)
(5 marks)

b) A tire having a volume of 0.085 m 3 contains air at a gage pressure of 180 kPa and a
temperature of 25 C ֯. Determine the density of the air and the weight of the air
contained in the tire. (Given: gas constant, R = 286.9 J/kg.K) (CO1: PO1,C2)
(5 marks)

c) Determine the force required on the plunger if the velocity distribution for the flow of
medicine fluid in the 5 mm diameter syringe as shown in Figure Q1 (c) exhibits a
parabolic velocity profile given by the following equation: (Given: ρair = 997 kg/m3,
maximum velocity, V = 1.2 cm/s, absolute viscosity, µ = 0.89 x 10 -3 N.s/m2 and y is
the height of maximum velocity) (CO1: PO1, C2)

(5 marks)

Length = 5 cm

y
h F

Figure Q1 (c)
ANSWER Q1:

a) Capillary action is a process during which a liquid, like water, moves up something solid,
like a tube, or into a material with a lot of small holes. This happens when three forces
called cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension work together

(A) (B)

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Condition 1: if the cohesive forces are bigger than the adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass
tube will take shape as in B.
Condition 2: if the cohesive force are smaller than the adhesive forces, the meniscus in a
glass tube will take shape as in A.

b) Use the ideal gas law;

P
ρ=
RT

3
180 x 10 Pa
ρ=
( 286.9 ) (25+ 273 K )

3
ρ=2.1053 kg/m

The weight of the air;

W =ρ g x volume

W =2.1053(9.81)(0.085)
W =1.755 N

c)

τ =μ ( dVdy )
F
τ=
A

F= A μ ( dVdy )
A=2 π (
5 x 10−3
2 ) −4 2
0.05=7.85 x 10 m

−4 −3
F=7.85 x 10 x 0.86 x 10 x
3(1.2)
2 (
1−
2.5 x 10−32
5 x 10−3 )( )
F=1.256 x 10−6 N

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CONFIDENTIAL CE/MAY 2022/ECW422

QUESTION 2

Figure Q2 shows the inclined differential manometer which contains carbon tetrachloride
(SG = 1.594). Initially, the pressure differential between pipes A and B, which contain a
brine (SG= 1.1), is zero as illustrated in the figure. It is desired that the manometer gives a
differential reading of 0.3 m (measured along the inclined tube) for a pressure differential of
0.7 kPa. Determine the required angle of inclination, θ. (CO1:PO1,C4).
(10 marks)

X’

Figure Q2
ANSWER Q2
P A =PB + ρ b g ( x−x ' ) + ρct g ( 3 sin θ )− ρb g ( x + x ' )

P A −PB =ρct g ( 3 sin θ )

3
0.7 x 10 =1594(9.81)¿
θ=8.58 °

QUESTION 3

A triangular plane surface (A-B-C) 0.70 m wide and 0.70 m deep is immersed at 0.90 m from
free surface of water as shown in Figure Q3. Determine the magnitude and location of the
resultant force. (CO1:PO1, C3)
(10 marks)

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Figure Q3

ANSWER Q3

β cos β=0.9/1
1
0.9 m m
β=25.84 °

1. Immersed area, A = ½ x 0.7 x 0.7

= 0.245 m 2

0.7 m
0.7
2. Centre of gravity for triangular
m
x 0.7 m
2/3 x x=2/3 x 0.7
¿ 0.467 m

0.7 m

3. Find Hg

0.3 m cos 25.84 ° =hg /(0.3+0.467)

hg
0.467 m hg=0.6903 m

4. Resultant force, FR

FR = pghgA
= 1000 x 9.81 x 0.6903 x 0.245
= 1659 N

5. Ig = bh3 / 36 = 0.7 (0.7)3 / 36 = 6.67 x 10-3 m4

6. hp = Ig sin2 θ / Ahg + hg

= (6.67 x 10-3) sin2 (90°+25.84°) / 0.245 (0.6903) + 0.6903

= 0.722 m

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QUESTION 4

a) An oil tanker in Figure Q4 (a) can carry 500 x 106 kg of oil in one trip. This ship can be
considered as approximately rectangular in shape, with length 380 m and width 55 m.
The mass of the ship without cargo is 190 x 106 kg. Take density of seawater as 1025
kg/m3.(CO1:PO1,C4)

i. Calculate the depth to which the fully loaded ship is immersed in seawater.
ii. When the ship is unloaded, it is necessary to carry seawater ballast in order to
keep the propeller submerged. A minimum immersed depth of 20 m must be
maintained. What is the volume of seawater required to meet this
requirement?

(7 marks)

380 m

55 m

Figure Q4 (a)

b) Early warning issued by government agencies such as the police, Fire and Rescue
Department and the Civil Defence Force helped reduce the impact of flash floods to
residents in the capital, as reported in The Straits Times on March 8, 2022. Figure Q4 (b)
shows an old boat with dimensions 5 m length, 2 m width and 0.5 m height from the bottom
of the boat. When it carries victims at the affected area, the total weigh including the boat is
6.50 kN. Assume the boat is approximately rectangular in shape and h is the depth of
immersion. Check the stability of the boat under static condition. (CO1:PO1,C4)

(8 marks)

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2m
5m

0.5 m

Figure Q4 (b)

ANSWER Q4
Q4A
i) W= mg
= [(190 x 106) + (0.5 x 109)] x 9.81
= 6768900000 N

Fb = W
PgVd = 6768900000 N
1025 x 9.81 x (55 x 380 x x) = 6768900000

x = 32.21 m

ii) Wship = (190 x 106) x 9.81

= 1863900000 N
Fb = Wship + Wseawater
1025 x 9.81 x (55 x 380 x 20) = 1863900000 + (1025 x 9.81 x V T)
4203094500 = 1863900000 + 10055.25 VT
2339194500 = 10055.25 VT
VT = 2.326 x 105 m3

Q4B

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1. Fb = W
PgVd = W
1000 x 9.81 x (5 x 2 x h) = 6.50 x 10 3
h = 0.0663 m

2. ycg = 0.5/2 = 0.25 m

3. ycb = h/2 = 0.0663/2 = 0.03315 m

4. Vd = 5 x 2 x 0.0663
= 0.663 m3

5. I = bh3/12 = 5(2)2/12 = 3.33 m4

6. MB = I/Vd = 3.33/0.663 = 5.02 m

7. ymc = MB + ycb
= 5.02 + 0.03315
= 5.05315 m

8. Compare
ymc (5.05 m) > ycg (0.25 m)
Therefore, the boat is stable for rescue work.

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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