SHEARING DEFORMATION

MIRJAM NILSSON
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SHEARING DEFORMATION

SHEARING FORCES CAUSE SHEARING DEFORMATION. AN ELEMENT SUBJECT TO SHEAR DOES NOT CHANGE
IN LENGTH BUT UNDERGOES A CHANGE IN SHAPE.

The change in angle at the corner of an

original rectangular element is called the
shear strain and is expressed as

𝛿𝑠
𝛾=
𝐿
2
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SAMPLE PROBLEM

A 20-MM-WIDE BLOCK IS BONDED TO RIGID PLATES AT ITS TOP AND BOTTOM. WHEN THE FORCE P IS
APPLIED THE BLOCK DEFORMS INTO THE SHAPE SHOWN BY THE DASHED LINE. IF AND P IS RELEASED,
DETERMINE THE PERMANENT SHEAR STRAIN IN THE BLOCK. A = 3 MM

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MODULUS OF RIGIDITY
The ratio of the shear stress τ and the shear strain γ is called the modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus
of rigidity and is denoted as G, in MPa.

𝜏
𝐺=
𝛾

The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied shearing force is

𝐹𝐿 𝜏𝐿
𝛿𝑠 = =
𝐴𝑠 𝐺 𝐺
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where F is the shearing force acting over an area As.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 20-MM-WIDE BLOCK IS FIRMLY BONDED TO RIGID PLATES AT ITS TOP AND BOTTOM. WHEN THE FORCE P
IS APPLIED THE BLOCK DEFORMS INTO THE SHAPE SHOWN BY THE DASHED LINE. DETERMINE THE
MAGNITUDE OF P. THE BLOCK’S MATERIAL HAS A MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OF ASSUME THAT THE MATERIAL
DOES NOT YIELD AND USE SMALL ANGLE ANALYSIS. G = 26 GPA

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POISSON’S RATIO
The ratio of the sidewise deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation (or strain) is called the
Poisson's ratio and is denoted by ν. For most steel, it lies in the range of 0.25 to 0.3, and 0.20 for concrete.

𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑧
𝑣=− =−
𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑥
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BIAXIAL DEFORMATION
If an element is subjected simultaneously by ensile stresses, σx and σy, in the x and y directions, the strain in
the x-direction is σx / E and the strain in the y direction is σy / E.

𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜀𝑥 + 𝑣𝜀𝑦 𝐸
𝜀𝑥 =
𝐸
−𝑣
𝐸 or 𝜎𝑥 =
1 − 𝑣2

and

𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝜀𝑦 + 𝑣𝜀𝑥 𝐸
𝜀𝑦 = −𝑣 or 𝜎𝑦 =
𝐸 𝐸 1 − 𝑣2
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TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION
If an element is subjected simultaneously by three mutually perpendicular normal stresses σx, σy, and σz, which are
accompanied by strains εx, εy, and εz, respectively,

1
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )
𝐸
1
𝜀𝑦 = 𝜎 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 )
𝐸 𝑦
1
𝜀𝑧 = 𝜎 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )
𝐸 𝑧

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Tensile stresses and elongation are taken as positive. Compressive stresses and contraction are taken as negative.
 POISSON'S RATIO OF
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DIFFERENT MATERIALS

• CORK - 0.0

• CONCRETE - 0.2

• STEEL, COPPER - 0.3

• ALUMINUM - 0.35

• RUBBER - 0.5 - MAX

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN E, G, AND V

The relationship between modulus of elasticity E, shear modulus G and Poisson's ratio ν is

𝐸
𝐺=
2(1 + 𝑣)

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BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Modulus of Volume Expansion, K

The bulk modulus of elasticity K is a measure of a resistance of a material to change in volume without change
in shape or form. It is given as
𝐸 𝜎
𝐾= =
3(1 − 2𝑣) ∆𝑉
𝑉
where V is the volume and ΔV is change in volume. The ratio ΔV / V is called volumetric strain and can be
expressed as

∆𝑉 𝜎 3(1 − 2𝑣)
= =
12 𝑉 𝐾 𝐸
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PROBLEM 1
A SOLID CYLINDER OF DIAMETER D CARRIES AN AXIAL LOAD P. SHOW THAT ITS CHANGE IN
DIAMETER IS

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PROBLEM 2
A WELDED STEEL CYLINDRICAL DRUM MADE OF A 10-MM PLATE HAS AN INTERNAL DIAMETER OF 1.20 M.
COMPUTE THE CHANGE IN DIAMETER THAT WOULD BE CAUSED BY AN INTERNAL PRESSURE OF 1.5 MPA.
ASSUME THAT POISSON'S RATIO IS 0.30 AND E = 200 GPA.

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PROBLEM 3
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PROBLEM 4
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PROBLEM 5
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PROBLEM 7