WAN NORDINI HASNOR WAN ISMAIL

Sem Feb 2019 – Jun 2019

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 At the end of this chapter, students should be able to :

 Define a hormone & state the functions of hormones.

 Describe the mode of action of the hormones.
 Name the major endocrine glands, their locations, their
hormones and their functions.

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 Hormones =
chemical substances, secreted by
_______________________ into the extracellular
fluids, & _______________________of other
glands or tissues.

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 • Hormones from
• proteins, glycoproteins &
lipids/cholesterol, adrenal
modified amino acids.
cortex & sex hormones

Classification of hormones

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 Hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs, referred as _______________________
 Target cells must have __________________________(so that hormone can attach)
 Hormone binding influences the working of the cells
 Effects cause by hormones:
i. changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
ii. synthesis of proteins/enzymes in the cell
iii. activation/inactivation of enzymes
iv. stimulation of mitosis

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1. Diffuse through the plasma membrane
of target cells

2. Enter the nucleus

3. Bind to a specific protein within the

nucleus

4. Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA

5. Activate genes that result in

synthesis of new proteins

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 1) Hormone binds to a membrane receptor
** Hormone does not enter the cell

2) The activated receptor sets off a series of

reactions that activates an enzyme

3) The enzymes catalyzes a reaction that

produces a second-messenger molecule
(cAMP)

4) Oversees additional intracellular changes

to promote a specific response

9 • Variety of possible second messengers – cGMP & calcium ions

 Endocrine gland stimuli

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  Endocrine glands are
activated
__________________________
__________________________

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 Nerve impulses stimulate
hormone release
 ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

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SNS: sympathetic nervous system
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 Pituitary Gland

 Size of a pea
 Hangs by a stalk from the
hypothalamus
 Protected by the sphenoid bone
 Has two functional lobes
 _________________________
 _________________________

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 Posterior Pituitary

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 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
(ADH)

• Stimulates • Can inhibit urine

contractions of the production; by
uterus during labor reabsorb more water
• Causes milk ejection in from the forming
nursing women urine – urine volume
decrease & blood
volume increase

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 Six anterior pituitary hormones:

Two affect non-endocrine targets (GH & prolactin)

Four stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic
hormones)

 Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones:

_____________________________________________
 _____________________________________________
 Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative
feedback
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 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

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  2 main functions:

 stimulates protein synthesis – in cartilage, bone & muscle.

 promotes fat metabolism (break down fat as a source of
energy).

 The amount of GH produced = affects the individual’s height.

 Most GH is secreted during childhood & adolescence:

 too little = a person can have pituitary dwarfism
 too much = a person can become a giant (giantism)

 Overproduced of GH in adult = acromegaly

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 Functions of Other Anterior Pituitary Hormones

 Prolactin (PRL)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Plays a role in carbohydrate & fat metabolism

 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex, to produce its hormones

 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid, to
produce thyroid hormones
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 Functions of other Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Stimulates follicle
development in
ovaries

Stimulates sperm
development in
testes
Gonadotropic
hormones

Triggers ovulation

Stimulates
testosterone
production in males

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 Thyroid Gland
 Found at the base of the throat
 Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus
 Produces two hormones:
_______________________________
_______________________________

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 Thyroid Hormone
 General function: Increase metabolic rate (stimulate
all cells to metabolize at a faster rate).

 Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones:

 Thyroxine (T4) – contains 4 iodine atoms
 Triiodothyronine (T3)
 contains 3 iodine atoms
 have the greatest effect on the body

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 thyroid gland is unable to produce the thyroid hormones
lead to “goiters” (enlargement of the thyroid gland due to
constant stimulation from anterior pituitary)

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 Calcitonin

 Decreases blood calcium

levels by causing its
deposition on bone

 Antagonistic to parathyroid
hormone

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 Parathyroid Glands
 Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid

 Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH):

 Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
 Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
 Raise calcium levels in the blood

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 Adrenal Glands
 Two glands
 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
 Sits on top of the kidneys

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 Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

• Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

– Regulate water & mineral content in blood (esp

conc. of Na+ & K+ ions)
– When blood levels of aldosterone rise, kidney
tubules reabsorb sodium ions and release potassium
ions into the urine
– Target organ is the kidney

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 Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

• Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

– Promote normal cell metabolism, by increasing blood glucose

levels
– “Hyperglycemic hormone” – fat and protein broken down to
glucose, which then release to the blood
– Control the unpleasant effect of inflammation
– Reduce pain by inhibit prostaglandins (pain-causing molecules)

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 Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

• Sex hormones

– Small amounts are made throughout life

– Mostly androgens (male sex hormones) are made
but some estrogens (female sex hormones) are
also formed

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 Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

• Produces two similar hormones

(catecholamines)
– Epinephrine (adrenaline)
– Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

• These hormones prepare the body to deal

with short-term stress (“fight or
flight”) by
– Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood
glucose levels
– Dilating small passageways of lungs
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 Pancreatic Islets (islets of Langerhans)

• The pancreas is a mixed gland and has both

endocrine and exocrine functions
• The pancreatic islets produce hormones
– Insulin — allows glucose to cross plasma
membranes into cells from beta cells
– Glucagon — allows glucose to enter the blood
from alpha cells
– These hormones are antagonists that maintain
blood sugar homeostasis

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 Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar

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 Pineal Gland / Pineal Body

• Found on the third ventricle

of the brain
• Secretes melatonin
– Helps establish the
body’s wake and sleep
cycles
– Peak levels occurs at
night, make us sleepy
– The lowest levels occur
during daylight

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 THYMUS GLAND

• Located in the upper

thorax, posterior to the
sternum
• Largest in infants and
children (decreases in size
throughout adulthood)
• Produces thymosin Thymus gland
– Matures some types of
white blood cells
– Important in
developing the immune
system

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 Hormones of the Ovaries

• Estrogens
– Stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics
– Mature female reproductive organs

• With progesterone, estrogens also

– Promote breast development
– Regulate menstrual cycle

• Progesterone
– Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
– Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
– Helps prepare breasts for lactation

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 Hormones of the Testes

• Produce several androgens

• Testosterone is the most important androgen
– Responsible for adult male secondary sex
characteristics
– Promotes growth and maturation of male
reproductive system
– Required for sperm cell production

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 Endocrine Function of the Placenta

• Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy

• Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the
baby
• Produce:
– Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)- prevent
uterus from sloughed off
– Human placental lactogen (hPL)- breast lactation
– Relaxin – pelvic ligament and pubic symphysis to
relax

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 Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due
to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones (congenital
hypothyroidism) due to maternal nutritional deficiency of iodine.

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