Colligative Properties: Boiling Point Elevation

OBJECTIVES
In this experiment, you will be creating 3 salt/water solutions of varying molalities. You
will use a hot plate to heat up your solutions to the boiling point and measure this
temperature using a thermometer. Using this data, you will determine the boiling point
constant.
APPARATUS
 (3) 600 mL beaker
 (1) Thermometer
 (1) Alcohol lamp
 (1) Wire gauze
 (3) Stirring rod
 (1) Tripod
MATERIALS
 Water (H2O)
 Salt (NaCl)
 Measuring spoons
 Induction stove
 Paper towels
PROCEDURE
Part A: Determining the Boiling Point of Water and Salt Solutions
1. Fill 3 600ml glass beakers with 400ml of deionized water.
2. Pick 3 different salt masses in the range of 20-80g. These 3 masses should be
spread over the range to provide a nice spread of data points (one ~20g, one
~80g and one between). Calculate and record the molality of each salt solution
based on the salt mass.
3. Add the chosen amount of salt to each beaker to create the 3 different solutions.
4. Insert 1 magnetic stirrer into each beaker.
5. Place one beaker on a hot plate and heat the solution until boiling (until
temperature is stabilized for 2-3 minutes).
6. Record temperature value (boiling point temperature).
7. Take the solution off the hot plate carefully using folded paper towels.
8. Repeat Steps 5-7 for each of the 2 other solutions and record boiling
temperature.
9. Repeat the experiment one time for each solution, recording boiling point
temperatures.
10.Once cooled, dump solutions down the drain, clean beakers and return to the
cabinet. Turn off the hot plate and return to the cabinet.
Part B: Plotting and Calculating Van’t Hoff Factor
1. Use Excel to draw (and label) 1 graph.
2. Calculate the average boiling point of each solution over your 3 trial runs.
3. Calculate the change of boiling point temperature (DT) of each solution from
pure water (BP = 100ºC).
4. Plot DT (Y-axis) vs. Solution Molality (X-Axis).
5. Add an extra point at (0, 0) (See Prelab).
6. Draw a line of best fit (trend line) connecting the 4 points.
7. Using the best fit line and the van’t Hoff equation, calculate KB.
DATA AND RESULTS

Solution A (20g NaCl) Solution B (50g NaCl) Solution C (80g NaCl)

Time (min) Temp (℃) Time (min) Temp (℃) Time (min) Temp (℃)
1 96℃ 1 97℃ 1 97℃
2 97℃ 2 98℃ 2 100℃
3 100℃ 3 103℃ 3 106℃
4 100℃ 4 105℃ 4 110℃
5 103℃ 5 105℃ 5 110℃
6 105℃ 6 107℃ 6 110℃
7 107℃ 7 110℃ 7 113℃
8 110℃ 8 113℃ 8 115℃
Table 1. Data Collection Table Table 2. Data Collection Table Table 3. Data Collection Table
for Solution A for Solution B for Solution C

Graph 1. Boiling Point Determination of Solution A, B, C

Boiling Point Determination of Solution A, B, C

120
115
110
Temperature (℃)

105 Solution A
Solution B
100
Solution C
95
90
85
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (minutes)

Interpretation: The graph features the increasing temperature of solution A (2g

NaCl), solution B (50g NaCl), and solution C (80g NaCl) when boiled which
demonstrates the boiling point elevation. The graph shows that within the first 1 minute
of the experiment, the starting temperature of solution A, B, and C are 96.00 ℃,
97.00℃, and 97.00℃, respectively. Every 1 minute, the temperature of the three salt
solutions increase overtime as exhibited in the upward trend of the slopes of the three
salt solutions.
Graph 2. Boiling Point Temperature Elevation and Molality of Solution A, B, C
 Boiling Point Elevation and Molality of Solution A, B, C
120
f(x) = 24.7042876336823 x + 36.719945112061 102.198 103.516
100.879
100

80
∆Tb (℃)

60

40

20
0
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Solution Molality (m)

COMPUTATIONS
Pre-lab Questions:
1. The boiling point elevation constant of carbon tetrachloride is 4.95 ºC/m. The
density of carbon tetrachloride is 1.584 g/cm3. The normal boiling point of carbon
tetrachloride is 76.8ºC.

a) Calculate the boiling point of a solution made by mixing 25.56 grams of solid
iodine with 250 ml carbon tetrachloride. (Show all work)
b) Calculate the boiling point of a solution made by mixing 25.56 grams of solid
naphthalene (C10H8) with 250 ml carbon tetrachloride. (Show all work)

Table 4. Data Table for Computations

i (Van’t Hoff Kb (Boiling m (molality ∆Tb (Boiling
Solutions factor) point constant of solution) point elevation)
of the solvent)
Solution A (20g NaCl) 2 0.51 ºC/m 0.8625 m 100.879 ºC
Solution B (50g NaCl) 2 0.51 ºC/m 2.155 m 102.198 ºC
Solution C (80g NaCl) 2 0.51 ºC/m 3.4475 m 103.516 ºC
OBSERVATIONS
The following are observed during, and after the experiment:
 As the salt solution boiled, the salt particles separated from the water and
accumulated at the edge of the beaker.
 The time taken for each solution to dissolve and boil was directly proportional to
the amount of salt concentration.
 Each solution displayed a distinct boiling point elevation, which was proportional
to the amount of salt concentration.
  Solution A exhibited the lowest boiling point elevation, while Solution B had a
higher boiling point elevation than Solution A, and Solution C had the highest
boiling point elevation.
 The boiling points of all three salt solutions were higher than that of pure water.

CONCLUSIONS
The amount of solute in a solution affects the boiling point of the solution. For
instance, the concentration of salt in a solution increases its boiling point. The greater
the concentration of salt in the solution, the higher its boiling point will be.

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