THE

CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM (BLOOD)
Carina C. Batol
Associate Professor IV
Bataan Peninsula State University
- A division of the
circulatory system
which is made up of the
heart, blood vessels,
and blood.
BLOOD
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
• Transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and
transports waste products of cellular metabolism from the
body tissues to various organs; also transports nutrients,
hormones, and enzymes
• Regulates
Blood clotting
Body temperature
Acid-base balance (pH); amount of electrolytes in body fluids
• Protects against harmful microorganisms and other
substances
PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
• 7-9% of total body weight (average adult) OR 79 mL/kg of
body weight
• Man: 5-6 L of blood
• Woman: 4-5 L of blood
• VISCOSITY – comparative resistance to flow; rangers
between 3.5 to 5.5 with a constant 1.00 for water
• HEMOGOBLIN – globular protein carried by RBCs
• SLIGHTLY ALKALINE – 7.35-7.45 pH level
• Temperature: Average of 38°C (100°F)
COMPONENTS
OF BLOOD
 Thrombocytes
(platelets)

Leukocytes
(white blood cells)

Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
PLASMA
• 95% water; provides the solvent for dissolving and
transporting nutrients
• DISSOLVED IN HERE ARE:
Gases (Eg. N, CO2, O2)
Ions (Eg. Sodium, chloride, calcium)
Nutrients (eg. Glucose and amino acids)
Hormones
Proteins
Various Wastes
Lipid Molecules
PLASMA PROTEINS
• Most abundant of all dissolved substances in the plasma
• Contribute to osmotic pressure, which regulates the flow of
materials in and out of the capillaries
• THREE TYPES OF BLOOD PROTEINS
 Albumins – bind to hormones, ions, and fatty acids, and transport these
molecules to the bloodsteam
 Globulins – particular type serve the same function as albumins, but a certain
type of globulins known as GAMMA GLOBULINS, are antibodies. They
neutralize viruses and bacteria
 Fibrinogen – converted into fibrin, which forms blood clots in the walls of
injured blood vessels.
 RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC or Erythrocyte)
MOST ABUNDANT
CELL in human blood
5 billion RBCS in 1mL
(20drops) of blood
BICONCACE DISKS
that transport oxygen
RBCs bend and twist
(permits them to pass
through miles of tiny
capillaries)
Live about 120 days
 RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC or Erythrocyte)
RBCS are produced
by STEM CELLS,
undifferentiated
cells that trace them
to embryonic
development
STEM CELLS give
rise to 2million
RBCS/second
Hematocrit – volume
percentage or RBCS
in whole blood
 RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC or Erythrocyte)
• ERYTHROPOIETIN – • REDUCTION OF
hormone produce in the OXYGEN CARRYING
kidney; maintains CAPACITY OF BLOOD –
constant concentration ANEMIA
of RBC Decrease in the number
• HEMOGOBLIN – covers of circulating RBCs
almost the entire weight Reduction in the RBC
of an RBC hemoglobin content
OXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbO) – Present of abnormal
oxygenated hemoglobin; hemogoblin in RBCs
responsible for the red
color of arterial blood
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs or Leukocytes)
Nucleated cells that are part of the body’s
protective mechanism against harmful
microorganisms
Produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the
blood stream
Less than 1% of the blood volume
DIAPEDESIS – WBCS arrive at the “scene”, they
escape through the walls of the capillaries by
squeezing through the pores of its walls
 TWO BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS
• GRANULOCYTES - contains a
large number of granules in the • AGRANULOCYTES - Have a
cytoplasm outside their few nonspecific granules
multilobed nuclei Monocytes – largest blood
 Neutrophils – 60% of granulocytes; cells; mobile phagocytes
phagocytes that engulf and destroy Lymphocytes – small cells
microorganisms with round nucleus;
 Eosinophils – B shaped nuclei; sluggish, do not travel the
phagocytes; their granules contains same routes
enzymes and peroxidase that
destroyes phagocytied materials;  B Cells – originate in the bone
plasminogen marrow and colonize lymphoid
tissue
 Basophils – with elongated,
indistinctly lobed nuclei; least  T Cells – influenced by the
numerous; HEPARIN (anticoagulant)l thymus gland before they
HISTAMIN (dilates general body blood colonize the lymphoid tissue.
vessels and constricts blood vessels);
SRS-A(allergies)
PLATELETS
• Formed elements produced in the bone
marrow by MEGAKARYOCYTE.
• Lack nuclei and organelles
• Unable to divide
• Has a lifespan of 7 to 8 days
HEMOSTASIS
• Stoppage of blood flow; a specific type of
homeostasis that prevents blood loss
• THREE PHASES
• The constriction of blood vessels
• The clumping together (aggregation) of plateles
• Blood clotting
BLOOD CLOTTING
INHIBITION OF CLOTTING
• HEPARIN – polysaccharide produced by mast cells and
basophils
• PLASMIN – blood-borne enxyme that dissolved clots
• In some individuals, blood clotting is impaired because of
• An insufficient number of platelets
• Liver damage that hinders the production of clotting factors
• Mutations that reduce the production of clotting factors
• LEUKEMIA – reduced platelet count
• HEMOPHILIA – a diseas in whichliver fails to produce the
necessary clotting factor.
BLOOD TYPES
• Landsteiner (1900) – proved individual differences in
blood.
• Agglutinogens – A and B antigens
• Agglutination - clumping together of cells in general
• Hemmagglutination – clumping of red blood cells
• Agglutinogen A – Type A
• Agglutinogen B – Type B
• Both – AB
• Neither - O
 BLOOD GROUPING AND TRANSFUSIONS
• HEMMAGLUTINATION
• ISOHEMAGGLUTININS – anitbodies in the plasma
ABO BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM – blood matching system
for blood types A, B, AB, O.
BLOOD TYPE Agglutinogens on Isohemagglutinins Can donate blood Can receive blood
Erythrocytes in blood plasma to* from*

A A Anti – B A, AB A, O
B B Anti – A B, AB B, O
AB A, B None AB A, B, AB, O
O None Anti – A, anti B A, B, AB, O O
RH FACTOR
• Discovered Rhesus monkey
• Causes RH diseases, or HEMOLYTIC DISEASES OF THE
NEWBORN (Erythroblastosis fetails)
• A person with Rh factor, is Rh positive
• A person without Rh factor, is Rh negative
• Blood (Rh positive) TRANFUSED into the blood (Rh
negative), the Rh negative person will form antibodies, but
if he receives additional Rh positive blood, the antibodies
will agglutinate the Rh positive red blood cells