Well Control, Planning, Construction & Cost Control PDF

Well Control, Planning, Budgeting,
Construction and Cost Control
Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Subsurface & Integrity Op. Dept. Head
https:\\www.linkedin.com/in/mahmoud-farag-radwan-a9266626
Presenter Name:
Mahmoud Farag Radwan
Mahmoud Radwan is a Subsurface & Integrity Operations Dept. Head at AMAL

Petroleum Company (AMAPETCO) with more than 13 years of experience in oil & gas
industry. Mahmoud worked in Well Engineering, Intervention, Integrity & Work-over at
Short several companies, including Badr El-Din Pet. Co. (BAPETCO), Qarun Pet. Co. (QPC) and
Biography Wadi El-Sahel Petroleum Co. (WASPETCO).
Also, a freelance instructor at upstream Oil & Gas in Egypt & UAE since 2008.
Mahmoud received a BSc degree in Petroleum Engineering from Al-Azhar University in
2007.
 Evaluating Sustainable Annulus Pressure (SAP) in Sour Wells and the Possible
Causes to Avoid Recurrence to the Well Integrity Annual Middle East Conference in
Abu Dhabi; UAE in Apr 2015
 Implementing NDT methods for maintenance and inspection to the Asset Integrity
Management North Africa Conference in Cairo; Egypt in Nov 2015
 Feasibility Evaluation of Using Downhole Gas-water Separation Technology in gas
Reservoirs with Bottom Water; paper number: SPE-183739-MS to the 20th Middle East
Publications Oil & Gas Show and Conference in Mar 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/183739-MS
 Managing the Operational Challenges in Corroded Wells through Well Integrity
Management System to the Improving Brownfield Performance Technical
Convention, in Cairo; Egypt in Dec 2019
 Safe and Economic Attractive Rigless Operations Using a Digital Slickline in
Unmanned Platform with Low Structure Loads and Spacing; paper number: SPE--
202857-MS to the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference
(ADIPEC) in Nov 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/183739-MS
Rig Components or Systems
All rotary rigs have the same

basic drilling equipment,
with the following major
surface components or
systems
 Power System
 Hoisting System
 Fluid Circulating
System
 Rotary System
 Well Control System
By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Tertiary Well Control – Stopping a Blowout
Once secondary control is lost, the situation
is dangerous and difficult to resolve. If the
drillstring is on bottom and if the well is
flowing from bottom, AND if it is possible to
pump down the string, then a barite plug
might work
Options;
1. Barite plug - heavy slug that settles out
on the bottom to stop flow. Well might
be saved.
2. Cement plug - keep mixing and pumping
cement into the well until flow stops.
Well lost.
3. Relief well. Takes months, costs
million$.
Well Control
Blowout Preventer (BOP) System Functions
The blowout preventer system includes

the BOP unit, the control system, the
monitoring system and the high
pressure piping systems for moving
fluid in to and out from the well.
They can either:
Seal the annulus around the drill pipe
Or
Isolate the whole drill pipe (annulus and
bore)

Blowout Preventer (BOP) System Functions
b a
Two Functions:
Annular sealing around the drill pipe (a)
Cut the drillstring using shear rams and seal-off the well (b)
Blowout Preventer (BOP) System
Functions
1. Quickly and reliably seal the well against
wellbore fluids at high pressures and
temperatures.
2. Allow fluids to be pumped into the well.
3. Allow fluids to be released & controlled from
the well.
4. Allow pipe to be moved into the well under
pressure.
5. Suspend the drillstring in the well and seal it.
6. Cut the drillstring and seal off the well.
All BOP systems must allow the first three functions,

some allow some or all of the last three
Offshore Jack-up Rig – BOP’s
BOPs allow
the top of the
well to be
sealed
against very
high
pressures and
allow fluid to
be pumped in.
Views of a blowout preventer underneath a jackup cantilever

Blow-Out Preventers Configuration
Bell nipple
Flow line
Fill line
Annular
preventer
Pipe ram
Shear/blind ram
Kill line Choke
Pipe ram Drilling spool
BOP riser
Emergency kill line Emergency choke
Casing head
Marine Rigs – Specialist Equipment – Subsea BOP
 Subsea BOP is
positioned on the
wellhead at the
seabed.
 Remote controls from
the surface.
 Accumulator bottles
on the stack allow
operation even if
disconnected by sonic
signals

BOP System Unit and Accumulator/Control Unit
BOP with three ram units and
one annular preventer. Hoses
are for the hydraulic fluid.
Accumulator
BOP System Unit
1. This is a surface blowout
preventer. Bolted on a riser
above the wellhead, it has
three ram units and one
annular preventer.
2. The hoses attached to it
carry hydraulic control fluid
from the accumulator/control
unit.

Accumulator/Control Unit
The accumulator/control unit
stores hydraulic pressure inside
the bottles at the back of the unit.
These bottles contain a rubber
bag, outside of which is
pressurized nitrogen. By pumping
fluid inside the bag, the N2 is
further compressed, like a spring.
Hydraulic fluid is therefore stored in a way that it can be released under high
pressure (between 3000 psi when the bottles are fully charged and 1200 psi
at the end) to move the BOP functions. Even if all rig power is lost, the BOP
can be functioned using the energy stored in the bottles. So the bottles give
fast reaction time and redundancy.
Choke Manifold and Remote Choke Panel
Fluid flowing out of the BOP under high pressure while circulating out a kick is
controlled by the choke manifold. This is a set of valves, pipes and pressure
gauges plus manual and remote chokes. The valves allow fluid to be directed to
different places but they should not be used to control the flow rate. If this was
done under high pressure, the high pressure mud could cut out the working parts
of the valves. Instead, a choke is used.
Remote Choke
Panel  There are 2 remote chokes on the
manifold.
 These are controlled by the remote choke
panel.
 This panel can switch between either
choke.
 The gauges show how far open or closed
the choke is and the pressure just
upstream of the choke.
 The panel also gives the operator other
information needed to manipulate the
chokes during a kick, such as the number
of pump strokes pumped and drill pipe
circulating pressure.
Adjustable Choke (Manual)
This shows a section through a
choke. The main working parts,
the Needle and the Bean, are
the same whether the choke is
manual or remotely operated.
Fluid flows in through the inlet at
the bottom. The needle moves
in or out to adjust the cross
sectional area available for flow
through the choke, between the
If flow needs to be stopped completely, the choke needle and the bean. The
is closed right up and then one or more valves are needle and bean are made from
closed. Most chokes are only designed to control tungsten carbide, which is
moving fluid, not to shut in and hold pressure extremely resistant to wear.
without leakage.
Annular Closing Times
• API RP53 state that surface annular preventers closing times
should not exceed 30 seconds for smaller than 18 3/4” and 45
seconds for 18 3/4” and larger.
• Subsea annular preventersBy Mahmoud
should not exceed 60 seconds.
Farag Radwan
Closing Times
• API RP53 requirements state that surface rams must close within
30 seconds.
• Subsea rams must close within 45 seconds.
Surface Stack Component Codes
Subsea Stack Component Codes
Drilling Tools

Drillstring: Drill Pipe and Bottom Hole
Assembly
Drill pipe
Heavy Wall Drill Pipe
(Crossover, Jar)
Stabilizer
Drill Collars
Bottom Hole Stabilizer

Assembly (BHA)
Drill bit

Drill Pipe
3 component parts;
 Pipe body
 Tool joint box (female)
 Tool joint pin (male)
 The tool

Drill Collars
Thick walled pipe, able to withstand high buckling forces. DCs make
up most of the BHA
Used to;
1. Put weight on the drill bit while
keeping the drill pipe in
tension.
2. Control directional
performance.
3. Typically, drilling in a 12-1/4”
hole, 5” drill pipe would be
used and 8-1/4” OD DCs with
an ID of less than 3” would be
made up above the bit. The
wall thickness of nearly 3”
gives a lot of weight and a lot
of mechanical strength.
Drillstring: Drill Pipe and Bottom Hole
Assembly
Drill Pipes
Tension
Bottom Hole Drill Collars

Assembly (BHA) Compression

Crossovers
Within the drillstring, different tools have different diameters

and different connection sizes and types. To allow these to be
made up, a short piece of pipe is used which has different
connections at each end. These are called “Crossovers”.
Drill pipe; connections
NC50
Crossover; NC50 box on

top, 65/8” R pin on bottom
Drill collar; 65/8” R box on

top

Jar

Stabilizers
Run within the BHA to;
1. Control directional
performance.
2. Minimize dynamic
buckling & fatigue
damage to DCs
3. Some stabilizers
have a blade OD the
same as the bit
diameter, others are
“under gauged”
being smaller than
the bit size

Drill Bits
Different
types;
 Roller cone, mill
tooth; teeth
machined out of
the same block f
steel
 Roller cone, TCI
 Fixed cutter, PDC
 Fixed cutter,
natural diamond
Thin wafer
of diamond
Well Planning

Introduction
• A well designed and drilled safely, efficiently and
economically which achieves its objectives.
• A well which assists you / your company to climb
learning curve such that its drilling campaigns are
100% successful.

THE NECESSITY FOR
TOTAL TEAMWORK
EVERY TEAM MEMBER IS IMPORTANT!

6 GOLDEN RULES FOR
EFFECTIVE TEAMWORK
• Balanced reasoning and emotion

• Be understanding
• Be a good communicator
• Be reliable
• Be persuasive, it is more helpful than coercion
• Be accepting

THE KEY IS TEAMWORK

WHAT IS TEAMWORK?
Having clear goals & deadlines.
Understanding the strengths & weaknesses of other people & helping the
less inexperienced.
Acting for the benefit of the team & not just for yourself.
Having goods lines of communication between team members.
Don’t be afraid to ask questions & listen to others very carefully.
It is important to try & be sensitive to others.
Teamwork is about enjoying what your doing.

WHO FORMS PART OF THE TEAM?
Drilling Engineer
Company Man Toolpushers
Drillers
Directional Drillers
Mud Engineers
Cementers
Mud Loggers
Floormen
Derrickman
Assist Derrickman Shakerman
Geologist
ESSENTIALS OF GOOD TEAMWORK
 WHO IS IN YOUR TEAM ?
 WHO ON THE TEAM HAS NOT DONE ANY WELL ENGINEERING TRAINING ?
 HOW WILL YOU COMMUNICATE TO THE TEAM ANY CHANGES TO THE PROGRAMME ETC ?
 WHEN SHOULD TEAM TALKS TAKE PLACE ?
 IS THERE ANYTHING THAT CAN BE DONE TO MAKE THE TEAM BETTER ?

PREVENTION OF DOWNHOLE
PROBLEMS IS VERY IMPORTANT
THE COST OF DOWNHOLE PROBLEMS TO THE
INDUSTRY IS IN EXCESS OF $BILLIONS EVERY
YEAR!
THESE COSTS CAN BE THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN PROFIT AND LOSS FOR THE
$ OPERATOR.
FOR THE CONTRACTOR IT CAN MEAN
 LOSS OF CONTRACT
 LOSS OF PERFORMANCE PAY
 LOSS OF FURTHER BUSINESS
IT ALSO INDICATES A
BREAKDOWN IN TEAMWORK

OH! WHY DIDN’T I THINK OF
THAT? I ORDERED 9-5/8”
IT LOOKS LIKE YOU’RE CASING SINCE IT WAS
GOING TO HAVE CASING CHEAPER.
WEAR AT 8,000 ft UNLESS
YOU RUN 9-7/8” CASING.
PLANNING AHEAD DOES NOT MEAN LOOKING INTO A

CRYSTAL BALL
ASK YOURSELF
What mechanism on the
next hole section could
cause PROBLEMS?????
Are there any plans & procedures in
place if a problem arises.
What indicators may
give off warning signs.
Is there anything that
can be done to avoid a
potential problem.
Where will I best see
possible indicators.
Am I the only one

thinking about this stuff?
IF THE ANSWER TO NO. 6 IS YES THEN

START COMMUNICATING
WHY WELLS FAIL

WHY WELLS FAIL – AND WHY COST OVER-RUNS ARE
ALWAYS SEVERAL MILLIONS OF DOLLARS AND
PRODUCTION IS LOWER THAN PROGNOSED
• Poor company philosophies
• Poor / inadequate management systems
• Poor / inadequate design standards
• Poor / inadequate operating philosophies,
procedure & practices
• Trying to do things on the cheap
• Inadequate lead time to plan properly
• Inadequate team knowledge
• Poor supervision
The Well Design Process

OVERVIEW
5 PARTS TO DRILLING ANY WELL

1. Preliminary Well Design (High Level)
2. Detailed Well Design
3. Prepare the Drilling Program
4. Drill the Well
5. Analyze and Improve Performance
BUT BEFORE WE CAN DO THIS WE NEED
A Statement of Requirements – SOR
This is the minimum basic information the Drilling Engineer needs

from the Subsurface Team to commence provisional well planning
1.Well objectives
2. Formation tops
3. Pore pressure/pore fracture plot
4. Surface location
5. Target location, depth and size
6. Formation evaluation requirement, Data acquisition
7. Well testing or completion information
8. Offset well data
9. Temperature profile
10. Potential hazards

PRELIMINARY WELL
DESIGN

PRELIMINARY WELL DESIGN
(HIGH LEVEL)
Issue Challenge and List options
preliminary review
design
Preferred option
identified
Decide to Start Place Well

Proceed Purchasing on schedule
Move to
DETAILED Well
Design

PRELIMINARY WELL DESIGN
(HIGH LEVEL)
Issue Challenge and List options
preliminary review
design THIS PHASE INCLUDES
Preferred option
identified
1. Select the Target / Type
Decide to Start Place Well
Proceed Purchasing on schedule
2. Review Offset Data
Move to
DETAILED Well 3. Get budget - AFE
Design
4. Add Well to Drilling Schedule
5. Check Long Lead items
6. Rig Availability
7. Identify Hazards

DETAILED WELL
DESIGN

DETAILED WELL DESIGN


The Geomechanical Model
The geomechanical model for a reservoir

involves detailed knowledge of:
Sv • In situ stress orientations

Pp
• In situ stress magnitudes
• Pore pressure
• Effective rock strength
SHmax
Shmin
“Rock”
Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS)
Pore Pressure Prediction Along Planned Wells Different Calibrations
Predicts large
overpressure at
shallow depths
Muda-Z seismic velocity
Muda-X predicted pore pressure
Muda-X seismic velocity Muda-Y predicted pore pressure
Muda-Y seismic velocity

Muda-Z predicted pore pressure

Pore Pressure Prediction Using Wireline Data
Pore pressure prediction using Normal Good MDT data

Compaction Trends fitted to sonic, coverage in
resistivity and density data upper 1800
metres shows
extent of
normally
pressured
region
Mismatch in prediction when

using sonic and resistivity
compared to density
suggests a thermally induced
component to the
overpressure

Wellbore Stability Analysis
Casing #1
SAFE Operating Mud

Window (green rectangle)
Casing #2
GMI Suggested Operating

Mud Weights (dashed line)
Casing #3
Casing #4
By Mahmoud Farag Radwan TD of well



PREPARE THE DETAILED
DRILLING PROGRAMME

DRILLING PROGRAM OBJECTIVE:
Maximize Return on Investment (ROI)
The Four Priorities for the Drilling Program to maximize ROI are;
1. Maximize Progress
2. Minimize Problems
3. Minimize Reservoir Damage
4. Select technical solutions leading to the lowest well cost, not

the lowest solution cost.

Maximizing Return On Investment (ROI)
 Maximizing progress – aim to drill fast, trip
efficiently, carry out “flat time” operations such
as nippling the BOP quickly by good planning.
 Minimize problems – use offset data and Drilling
knowledge to anticipate and avoid problems
which cost time.
 Minimize reservoir damage – the reservoir can be
damaged as it is drilled through, which reduces
the rate at which the well can produce.

Maximizing Return On Investment (ROI)
 Selecting technical solutions – often, the cost of the
solution is focused on, rather than the impact on the total
well cost. A good example is the drilling fluid. Sometimes a
fluid that has a high cost per barrel will avoid very
expensive problems such as wellbore instability or stuck
pipe.
 A cheaper mud is used to save a few thousand dollars, but
the well cost increases by half a million dollars as a result of
the problems. Another good example is using less
competent offshore supervisors at a cheaper day rate,
sometimes leading to less than optimal decisions being
made costing hundreds of thousands, even millions of
dollars.

1- Drilling Fluids – a Key Factor in
Maximum ROI
A complex fluid of specific physical and chemical
characteristics. Seven functions of drilling fluid
1. Pumped down the string, returns up the annulus.
2. Cleans and cools the bit, lifts cuttings to the surface.
3. Density provides primary well control without fracturing
formations.
4. Suspends weighting materials and cuttings when static.
5. Provides for in-gauge holes.
6. Avoids reservoir damage.
7. Maximizes bit performance.
The drilling and completion fluids used in the well consume a significant proportion of the
overall well cost. However the temptation to use a cheaper than optimum mud must be
resisted because the cost of problems relating to drilling fluids will easily exceed the mud
cost itself if avoidable problems do occur. By Mahmoud Farag Radwan
Components of Drilling Fluids
Fluid (liquid & gas) component; may be one or more

fluids
– Air
– Water
– Oil
Dissolved chemicals
– Salts to reduce shale hydration or allow drilling salts
– Caustic Soda, Calcium Hydroxide
– Polymers
Suspended or dispersed solids
– Bentonite
– Barite (Barium Sulfate, BaSO4)
– Lost circulation materials
Common Muds – Water Based, KCl
polymer
Liquid phase = water
Potassium Chloride added for shale stability (ionic
substitution)
Polymers wrap around cuttings, keeping them stable
Polymers contribute viscosity and gel strength
Polymers give filtration control (affect filter cake,
also filtrate viscosity)
Barite for density
Common Muds – IOEM (Inverted Oil
Emulsion Mud)
Liquid phase = emulsion of
water in oil (“invert” oil
emulsion)
OWR varies 95/5 to 60/40
(OWR affects almost all mud
properties)
The water acts in some ways like a
CaCl2 added to the water phase solid, because it imparts viscosity
(shale stability) to the mud as well as reducing the
Bentonite adds viscosity bulk cost of the mud. It also
reduces the amount of oil left on
Emulsifiers to maintain the
emulsion the cuttings, reducing pollution.
Barite for density

Drilling Damage to the Reservoir
Definition of Reservoir Damage
“The existence of a barrier to flow in the near-

wellbore region of the reservoir rock that results
in reduced production and/or abnormal decline
in productivity.”
(Shell Exploration & Production Company)

Damage effect on Net
Present Value
This is a graph of the economics of a
field where the discounted Net Present
Value is plotted with time, over the first
part of a production project.
The NPV is negative initially and then

becomes positive when the company
starts to make a profit.
The initial effect of reservoir damage is

that reduced production rates delay the
time that the the company moves to a
Longer term, the total volume of
positive NPV. Once positive, it
hydrocarbons produced will be
increases much more slowly than if no
damage was present. less,
Skin Factor, S
1.The diagram represents a flowing
well, showing the P vs. r from the
center of the well. P decreases as
the well flows towards the wellbore If
there is no damage, then the
pressure profile will show a trend
similar to the solid red line.
2.If damage exists, then as the HCs
enter the damaged zone, P drops
much faster than it would in
undamaged rock. The pressure in
the well will be lower.
3.S is used to estimate the difference
in well pressure between
undamaged and damaged wells If
there is no damage, then s = 0 If
damage does exist, then s>0. If the
By Mahmoud Farag Radwan well has been stimulated s<0
Damage Occurrence - Considerations
1. Damage occurs due to interactions between the
drilling fluid and the reservoir.
2. The drilling and completion fluids must therefore
be tailored (custom-made) to the particular
reservoir.
3. More damage is created with more overbalance;
damage is avoided by drilling under-balanced.
4. Shallow damage can be perforated through.
Perforations in general will penetrate between
about 20” and 40” into the formation.
Damage Mechanisms Examined
1. Drilling solids invade the rock and block pore
throats.
2. Filtrate reacts with shale particles, which swell

and block pore throats.
3. Filtrate reacts with pore fluids, causing emulsions

or precipitates which block pore throats.

Solids Blocking
Contributing factors are:
 Drilled and added solids
in the mud
 Overbalance and
duration
 Filter cake disturbance
 Particle size < 1/3rd pore
throat.

Shale Swelling
Contributing factors
are:
 Water in the
filtrate
 Reactive clays in
Swelling shale the reservoir
 Overbalance and
duration
 Filter cake
disturbance.

Emulsion and Precipitate
Blocking
Contributing factors
are:
 Water and
chemicals or
polymers in the
filtrate
Emulsion/precipitate
 Reactive chemicals
in the reservoir
 Overbalance and
duration
 Filter cake
disturbance.

Drilling Problems
• When drilling problems occur, progress is halted until the
problem is resolved. The lost time plus the other costs of
solving the problem will quickly mount up to large sums of
money.
• The Drilling Engineer therefore needs to understand the
problems that can occur, in particular how to avoid the
problems in the first place and, if they occur; how to
determine and act against the root causes in order to solve the
problem.
• Three drilling problems are historically all common. These
problems still occur even though most are avoidable with good
planning and good supervision. These three problems are
1. Loss of drilling fluids downhole (loss circulation)
2. Stuck pipe.
3. Fishing.
Losses: Definition
Lost circulation can be said to occur when whole

mud (not filtrate) leaves the circulating annulus
downhole.
Losses do occur on the surface, over the shale shakers and

solids control equipment or if some daft person leaves a
dump valve open! These are different unpardonable
problems.

Conditions for Losses to Occur
Two conditions ARE BOTH NECESSARY;
1. The pressure in the wellbore exceeds pore
pressure. There must be more pressure in
the well than in the formation taking the
losses. Fluid only moves from areas of
higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
2. There is a pathway for fluid to flow out of
the wellbore. It might be fractures, faults,
large voids or high permeability

Pressure Conditions
Downhole pressure results from the following:
1. Mud hydrostatic
2. Circulating pressure losses. When circulating, extra pressure is required to

move the fluid up the annulus. These pressures are imposed on the open
hole formations and elevate the pressure above hydrostatic
3. Surge pressures – due to pipe movement.If gels and viscosities are

high, surge pressures can be large if there is a rapid pipe movement
into the well or if the pump speed is increased very fast
4. Kick. If the well kicks and is closed in, then extra pressure is imposed
on the well. If a kick is followed by losses, it’s a serious problem as
fluids are entering the well in one place and leaving in another place.
The well cannot be brought under control until the losses are stopped.

Pathways
Four distinct pathways can be identified for losses. The pathway determines
the rate of losses. The more permeable, the higher the level of losses
Natural fractures (including non-sealing faults)
Cavernous spaces or ‘vugs’
Very high permeability (unconsolidated coarse sands)
Induced fractures (from the Drilling operation)

Categories of Lost Circulation
Seepage losses; up to 10 bbls/hr lost while circulating.
Partial losses; 10 - 50 bbl/hr lost while circulating.
Severe losses; over 50 bbl/hr lost while circulating, some

returns, the hole is static and full when pumping stops.
Total losses; the mud level stays below the surface

whether or not the well is being circulated.
As the rate of losses indicates the type of pathway, it

also indicates what kind of treatment might be needed.
Calculating the Pressure in the Loss
Zone
It’s important to keep the well full
so that it can be monitored in case
of a flow. If a measured amount of
water is pumped into the well to
top it up and be static, then the
length of water and mud
respectively can be calculated.
Knowing the pressure gradients
and heights, the bottom hole
pressure is easily calculated.
If the depth of the total loss zone is

known, the pressure can be calculated.
2- Stuck Pipe and Fishing
Definition of “Stuck Pipe”
Stuck Pipe occurs when the tool or equipment in the hole
cannot be pulled out without exceeding the Design Strength
of the tool
Tool or equipment includes drillstring, casing and logging

tools.

Signs of Stuck Pipe
Using our definition, pipe may be stuck (unable to pull out)
but;
1. The drillstring or casing may or may not be free to rotate.
2. The drillstring or casing may or may not be plugged in the
annulus (unable or able to circulate).
3. It may or may not be possible to lower the drillstring,
casing or logging tool.
• These signs help to diagnose the root cause of the stuck

pipe. i.e. what movement and circulation is possible gives
important clues to the root cause of the problem.
Hole Geometry
 The profile of the well (hole sections
that are not straight or are not full
gauge) may cause stuck pipe.
Avoid by:
1. Careful directional design.
2. Maintain a stable wellbore.
3. Use keyseat wipers.
4. Trip carefully through problem
formations.
Geometry problems usually prevent
movement in one direction Stiff BHA
but allow circulation.
Solids Buildup
Poor hole cleaning – solids build up. Pump stops, solids drop back.
This is the worst stuck pipe situation to have – the hardest to get out of
– because no movement of any sort is possible and most of the time,
circulation is impossible. Jarring upwards will pack off the solids even
more. If flow can be re-established then there is a fighting chance of
getting free. Try to move the pipe down, keep some pressure on the
drill string, but be careful to not induce fluid losses below the packed
off point. Avoid by;
 Good hole cleaning
practices.
 Usually the pipe cannot
move at all and no
circulation is possible.
aka PACKED OFF!
Mechanical Sticking, Junk or Formation
Lumps
Junk or large fractured formation chunks fall into the well &
jams the drillstring.
Avoid by;
1. Good housekeeping.
2. Keep the rotary table covered.
3. Be careful when working on BOP etc.
Most often stuck while POH. First action, try to jar down.

Differential
Sticking 1. 20 years ago, differential sticking
probably accounted for a large
percentage of stuck pipe incidents.
Now, differential sticking as the primary
sticking mechanism only accounts for
about 5% of cases
2. However, if the pipe is unable to move
due to another mechanism, then the
pipe can become differentially stuck.
4 conditions must all be present
1. Overbalance.
2. Filter cake.
3. Stationary pipe.
4.Radwan
By Mahmoud Farag Wall Contact.
Stuck Pipe
Stuck pipe, casing or logging tools which cannot be

freed may have to be cut and fished. To severe a string,
either explosives or a chemical cutter is used or
mechanical milling tools. This leaves a “fish” in the hole
which has to be either retrieved or drilled around
 Backed off or severed drill pipe (DP)
 Logging tool weak link broken
Prevention: Don’t get stuck!

Avoiding Junk Downhole
Junk may originate below the rotary table due to equipment
failure or may drop through the rotary table due to carelessness
 Good rig housekeeping
 Use the hole cover
 Use the drill pipe (DP) wiper when tripping
 Close rams when OOH
 Be careful for dropped tools when working on BOP’s.

Fishing - Definition
Operations which are necessary to remove unwanted items
from the wellbore before normal operations can resume.
 An unwanted item in the well is called a Fish and the

operations to get it out are called Fishing.
 Fishing is often time consuming and expensive. It is often
not successful and then alternative actions become
necessary.
 Service companies exist which offer fishing equipment and
specialist personnel to companies that have a fishing
problem.
4 Main Causes of Fishing
 A break in the drillstring or

logging cable
 Stuck pipe
 Junk in hole
 Workover

Unintentional String Break
 A break in the drillstring or logging cable
may occur unintentionally, due for instance
to fatigue failure or overstressing a
component. Woo! – But can be prevented
 “String” includes drill pipe, casing, tubing or

anything attached to it.

Situation Diagram
When planning a fishing job, it’s
very important to consider all the
relevant details when selecting the
tools and techniques to use. This
is a great aid when deciding on
which tool to run & on the fishing
BHA behind it. Always make a
diagram of the situation!
 Helps visualize the situation

 Group discussion aid
 Avoid common mistakes
 All information available, nothing forgotten.
Surging & Swabbing Effect

WELL COSTS
Well costs are expensive in today’s industry
and rise further as hole angle increases.

WELL COSTS
If financial performance is to be
outstanding, then risks must be reduced
through knowledge.
This requires teamwork.
Risk
Knowledge By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

AFE - What is it?
• AFE - “Approval For Expenditure” or

Authorization for Expenditure
• This is generally a detailed cost estimate
which is submitted for management
approval to allocate money.
• Controlling costs, including estimating
future drilling costs, is a large part of the
Drilling Engineers’ responsibility.

Item £ Cost No days Length Total
basis
Rig cost
catering
£40,000
£1,000
day
day
60
60
£2,400,000
£60,000 Rig costs
Modifications £100,000 well £100,000
Conductor £200 foot 250 £50,000
13-3/8" casing £150 foot 2500 £375,000
9-5/8" casing
7" Liner
Conductor accessories
£50
£30
£2,000
foot
foot
well
8500
3500
£425,000
£105,000
£2,000
Drilling Hardware
13-3/8" casing accessories £4,000 well £4,000
9-5/8" casing accessories
7" Liner accessories
5" tubing
£4,000
£2,000
£50
well
well
foot 11500
£4,000
£2,000
£575,000
Tangible Costs
Tubing accessories £2,000 well £2,000
Downhole safety valve £50,000 well £50,000
Completion packers £30,000 well £30,000
Subsea Christmas trees
Nipples
£500,000
£10,000
well
well
£500,000
£10,000
Completion Hardware
Control line £5,000 well £5,000
Completion Crossovers etc £10,000 well £10,000
Mud Chemicals £50 foot 11500 £575,000
Cement and additives £30 foot 11500 £345,000
Electric Logging £30 foot 11500 £345,000
Perforating £100,000 well £100,000
Directional drilling and surveys £5,000 day 40 £200,000
Rock bits £80,000 well £80,000
PDC/Diamond bits £200,000 well £200,000
Drilling Consumables
Mud Engineers
Casing Crews
£1,000
£800
£2,000
day
day
day
40
60
20
£40,000
£48,000
£40,000
Intangible Costs
Cementers £800 day 60 £48,000
Mud Loggers £1,000 day 40 £40,000
MWD Engineers £5,000 day 20 £100,000
Fishing Services
Liner Hanger engineer
Filtration [completion phase]
£500
£1,000
£1,000
day
day
day
60
5
20
£30,000
£5,000
£20,000
Variable Costs; people and
Miscellaneous Drilling Rentals
Geology office services
Onshore office services
£2,000
£1,000
£5,000
day
day
day
60
60
60
£120,000
£60,000
£300,000
consumables…etc.
Drilling Supervision £1,000 day 60 £60,000
Wellhead serviceman £1,000 day 12 £12,000
Onshore materials man £300 day 60 £18,000
Cuttings ship to shore £5,000 day 60 £300,000
Packer crew personnel £1,000 day 6 £6,000
Completions Engineer £1,000 day 25 £25,000
Daily Transport Costs £5,000 day 60 £300,000
Standby Boat £3,000 day 60 £180,000
Total AFE Cost £8,306,000
Importance of Budgeting
Goal: deliver the Well to agreed technical and

financial specifications
Thus; must know the TRUE cost of each service
to effectively manage our business
Cost control = managing the well cost
Well Cost = verification of actual cost Vs
estimated cost, based on an agreed scope of
work
0
P10
Mean
P90
P5
1000
2000
3000
Measured depth
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Days
Example of an AFE
AUTHORITY FOR EXPENDITURE
Block B8/38 8 1/2" Sidetrack
Project Summary:
This AFE details the costs associated with planning and engineering 3 development 8 1/2" Sidetrack wells (BA-02-HST2,BA-03-HST2 and BA-04-HST2) running 4" expandable sand screens in the 6" horizontal sections. The 8 1/2" sidetrack and build to horizontaland with a 6"geosteered section, mobilizing / demobilizing the Jack-up drilling unit and
execution of the three well project.
Project Cost: $ 4,569,527 AFE Number TH/2010/102A
Justification
Following the peer review held on the 8th and 9th March at Bangkok office, the decision was made to run a 4" ESS (Expandable Sand Screen) with a 230µ Screen into a 6" horizontal hole.
Budget Status
This AFE is part of the 2010 Production & Development Budget totalling USD 16,800k, which was presented at the August 2009 OCM.
The AFE for the horizontal Producer is estimated at USD 4,598k versus 5,200k estimated in the 2010 P&D budget.
The total AFE for the drilling phase 4 is estimated at USD 16,895k
Cost Estimate by Major Category - USD

Unit Cost
Qnty.
TANGIBLE COSTS
Downhole Completion Equipment 1 $ 1,232,297 $ 1,232,297
Other Tangibles 1 $ 77,321 $ 77,321
Casing 1 $ 119,460 $ 119,460
Tangible Sub Total $ 1,429,078
INTANGIBLE COSTS
Non- Tangible 1 $ 3,140,449 $ 3,140,449
Intangible Sub Total $ 3,140,449
TOTAL INTANGIBLE COSTS + TANGIBLE COSTS
$ 4,569,527
GRAND TOTAL $ 4,569,527
Approvals
……………………………………. …………………………………….
Project Leader: Regional Operations Director
……………………………………. …………………………………….
Finance Manager:
……………………………………. …………………………………….
General Manager: Authorised Partner
Drilling Completion Total Days
Timing (days) 138 10 148
Well Cost Tangible Fixed

$ day cost Intangible Cost Total
$239,213 32,863,136 2,540,442 35,403,578
Sub Rate Drilling Completion Total 38,008 28,767,388 1,011,042

Code DESCRIPTION Drive
110 Drilling Rig Contractor T $58,900 8,128,200 589,000 8,717,200 8,717,200 8,717,200
115 Helicopters T $5,000 690,028 50,002 740,030 740,030 740,030
115 Supply Vessels T $26,000 3,588,000 260,000 3,848,000 3,848,000 3,848,000
120 Downhole Tool Services T $8,007 1,104,973 1,104,973 1,104,973 1,104,973
121 LWD/MWD Services T $13,096 1,807,272 1,807,272 1,807,272 1,807,272
125 Wire Line Logging F $9,486 1,392,828 11,105 1,403,933 1,403,933 1,403,933
135 Mud Engineering T $5,068 699,402 50,681 750,084 750,084 750,084
140 Cement Services T $2,924 403,555 29,243 432,798 432,798 432,798
845,930
145 Other Drilling Services T $5,716 788,773 57,157 845,930 845,930
145 Office support and OH costs T $0 0 0 0
150 Core Services F $0 0 0 0
557,042
155 Diving and ROV services T $3,764 519,404 37,638 557,042 557,042
165 Insurance F $2,365 326,351 23,649 350,000 350,000 350,000
170 Mud Logging T $3,866 533,508 38,660 572,168 572,168 572,168
190 Casing Running T $3,037 419,059 419,059 419,059 419,059
210 30" Conductor D $0 43,380 43,380 43,380 43,380
210 22" D $0 241,560 241,560 241,560 241,560
210 18" Casing D $0 305,505 305,505 305,505 305,505

210 16" Casing D $0 424,125 424,125 424,125 424,125
210 13.7/8" Casing D $0 420,200 420,200 420,200 420,200
210 13.3/8" Casing D $0 508,200 508,200 508,200 508,200
210 11.3/4" Casing D $0 0 0 0 0
210 10.3/4" Production Casing D $0 217,800 217,800 217,800 217,800
210 9.7/8" Casing (10 & 7.3/8) D $0 733,500 733,500 733,500 733,500
210 7.3/8" Contingency Liner D $0 0 0 0 0
210 5.5" Liner 32.7lb/ft D $0 369,000 369,000 369,000 369,000
210 Casing Accessories F $0 220,000 220,000 220,000 220,000
210 LinerHanger F $0 782,998 782,998 782,998 782,998
230 Cuttings Disposal Rental / Services Costs T $11,755 1,765,126 117,545 1,882,672 1,882,672 1,882,672
230 Cuttings Disposal Boat T $12,000 1,776,000 1,776,000 1,776,000 1,776,000
230 Cuttings Disposal Remediation Costs F $0 104,000 104,000 104,000 104,000
235 Fuel, lubes & coolant T $2,940 405,720 29,400 435,120 435,120 435,120
240 Supply Base Operations T $3,200 441,600 32,000 473,600 473,600 473,600
250 Fishing T $1,454 200,617 14,537 215,154 215,154 215,154
255 Wellhead Equipment F $0 643,598 643,598 643,598 643,598
255 Wellhead Equipment Rental & Services T $2,395 354,463 354,463 354,463 354,463
260 Bits D $5,183 715,283 715,283 715,283 715,283
265 Cement and Additives F $0 450,753 450,753 450,753 450,753
270 Mud Chemicals D $0 2,490,353 0 2,490,353 2,490,353 2,490,353
280 Liner Hanger Services D $4,783 0 47,826 47,826 47,826 47,826
0
TOTALS 32,863,136 2,540,442 35,403,578 5,625,149 28,767,388 1,011,042 35,403,578

WELL Construction
Principles

Well Construction Principles
• Generally a well will consist of conductor, casing,
tubing, wellhead and Christmas tree.
• The conductor protects the casing from seabed to
platform surface, and provides a stable support for
the wellhead and Christmas tree.
• Three or four strings of casing will be run inside the
conductor, with diminishing I.D’s
• Typically 30” conductor.
• 20” Surface Casing
• 13.3/8” Intermediate Casing
• 9.5/8” Production Casing
• 7” Liner
Type of Casing
1. Conductor Pipe
2. Surface Casing
3. Intermediate Casing
4. Production Casing
5. Liner
1 CONDUCTOR PIPE
 Prevents unconsolidated formations
being eroded.
 Provides flow path for drilling fluids.
 Cemented in pre-drilled hole or pile
driven.
 Sizes ranging from 16” – 30” OD.
 Depth varies from surface to 40’ – 400’.
Surface Casing
 Protection in case of blowout & Acts

as wellhead foundation.
 Isolates shallow consolidated & fresh

water formations.
 Cemented along its whole length.
 Sizes ranging from 13 3/8” – 20” OD.
 Setting depth up to 1 500’ below

surface.
Intermediate Casing
 Seals off problem zones, loss
circulation zones, high pressure gas
pockets & soft formations
encountered.
 Protects production casing from
corrosive fluids.
 Cemented up to surface casing shoe.
 Sizes ranging from 7” – 13 3/8” OD.
 Depth depends on total well depth &
conditions encountered, shallow wells
not necessary to set this.
Production Casing
 Set above or through producing
formations.
 Isolates reservoir from other fluid

bearing formations.
 Cemented from intermediate casing

shoe to its bottom.
 Sizes ranging from 5” – 9 5/8” OD.

Liner
 Shortened casing hangs from
bottom of previous casing through
producing formations.
 Used when geological & pressure

conditions make it hazardous to
penetrate the producing formation
without the hole being protected by
casing.
 Cemented along its length.
 Cost effective
How a Well is Drilled on Land
Step 1: Digging a Cellar
On land, a majority of wells

begin with digging a cellar
from three to fifteen feet in
depth. The purpose of a
cellar is to align the
production Christmas tree at
ground level, providing easier
access to the valves,
chokes, and other equipment.

Step 2: Running a Conductor

Pipe
The first string of pipe used

in a well is called the
conductor pipe, or drive pipe.
The pipe is usually 30-36
inches in diameter. A large
diameter hole is drilled to
a specified depth, usually
one or two hundred feet, and
the pipe is driven into the
ground..

Step 3: Connecting the BOP
An adapter flange, or drilling

flange, is welded to the
conductor pipe to connect a
diverter system or a blowout
preventer system to control
wellhead pressure.

Step 4: Running the Surface

Pipe
A hole is drilled for the well’s
first string of pipe, the
surface pipe, and the pipe is
run in the hole. There may be
several strings of pipe in a
well, each run to a different
depth. The number of strings
is determined by the number
of zones being drilled
through. These can include
fresh water, salt water, and
potential production zones.
Each zone is isolated, or
cased off, until it is to be
produced. . By Mahmoud Farag Radwan
Step 5: Connecting the

Surface Pipe
The surface pipe is

cemented in place back to
the surface. This holds the
pipe in place and seals off
the zone. A cement plug is
left in the pipe so that the
BOP system may be
disconnected safely. The
BOP is then removed from
the adapter flange.

Step 6: Cutting the Conductor

Pipe and Surface Casing
The surface pipe is drained,

the adapter flange (or drilling
flange) is cut off, and both the
conductor pipe and the
surface casing are cut to the
proper height to allow the top
of the completed wellhead
to be at ground level.

Step 7: Installing the Casing

Head Housing and Base
Plate
The casing head housing is

welded in place on the
inside diameter and the
outside diameter of the
surface casing. The
housing is then tested to
assure there are no leak
paths in the welds.

Step 8: Installing the BOP

System
The BOP system is installed

above the casing head
housing and then tested. To
test the BOP system, the test
plug is made up on the drill
string and lowered through
the BOP system onto the
casing head bowl. Pressure
is applied from above the
plug to test the BOP system.


Head Wear Bushing
A wear bushing is installed to

protect the interior of the
casing head from damage
by drilling equipment.

Step 10: Installing the

Intermediate String
A hole is drilled for the

intermediate string and the
casing is run in the hole
and cemented in place. A
cement plug is left in the
intermediate casing, just as it
was in the surface casing. .


Hanger and Casing Spool
The intermediate casing is

suspended from the block
above the rig floor, the BOP
is picked up, and the casing
hanger is installed on top of
the casing head. Holes are
cut in the casing to allow the
drilling fluids to drain out of
the casing riser. When the
fluid has drained, the casing
is cut off to the appropriate
height and the casing spool
is installed.
Step 12: Installing the BOP

System
The BOP system is installed

above the casing spool and
then tested. To test the BOP
system, the test plug is made
up on the drill string and
lowered through the BOP
system onto the casing head
bowl. Pressure is applied
from above the plug to test
the BOP system.

Step 13: Installing the Wear

Bushing
The wear bushing running

tool is made up on the drill
string and the wear bushing
installed on the running tool.
The wear bushing is then
lowered through the BOP
system, until it rests in the
casing spool bowl, then is
locked into place. The
running tool is removed and
drilling resumes.

Step 14: Running the

Production Casing String
The production casing string

is usually run to the total
depth of the well. A hole is
drilled for the production
casing and the casing is run
in the hole and cemented
into place. A cement plug is
left in the production casing,
as in the previous steps.


Hanger and Tubing Spool
The production casing is

suspended from the
elevators at the rig floor, the
BOP is picked up, and the
production casing hanger is
installed in the same way as
the previous casing hanger.
The tubing spool is installed
in the same way as the
casing spool. After the spool
has been installed, the seals
and connections are tested,
and the BOP system is
reinstalled.. By Mahmoud Farag Radwan
Step 16: Running the

Production Tubing
The production tubing is

installed inside the
production casing. Unlike
casing, the production tubing
is not cemented in the well
so it may be removed later, if
necessary.

Step 17: Installing the Down

hole Packer Assembly
A down hole packer

assembly (a type of seal
assembly) is run and
installed in the
production casing to seal the
reservoir from all strings of
pipe, except the production
tubing.

Step 18: Installing the Tubing

Hanger
The tubing hanger is installed

on the tubing at the rig floor,
then lowered into
the bowl of the tubing spool.
The packer seals are tested,
and a backpressure valve is
installed in the tubing hanger
so that the BOP can be
removed safely. After the
valve has been installed the
BOP is removed. .

Step 19: Installing the Christmas Tree
The production Christmas tree, sometimes
called the flow assembly, controls the flow
of the well. It is made up of a seal flange, or
tubing head adapter, a series of valves, and a
choke. The valves are stacked vertically and
horizontally to provide backup should a
valve fail. Each Christmas tree has at least
one actuated surface safety valve to shut
down the well in an emergency and prevent
damage to equipment downstream. The
Christmas tree is connected to a flowline,
which transports the well’s fluid or gas.
The Christmas tree is oriented properly,

picked up, lowered over the neck of the
tubing hanger, and connected to the tubing
spool. The connections and seals are tested,
and the well is now ready for production
testing. By Mahmoud Farag Radwan
Casing Design : Basic Construction
1 1. 30” conductor
2 2. Conductor setting depth
3
4 3. 20” surface casing
4. 20” shoe
5
5. Cement
6
7 6. Formation open to C annulus
8 7. 13 3/8” casing
9 8. Formation open to B annulus
10
9. 9 5/8” production casing
10. Liner hanger
11
11. 7” Liner
12 12. TD – Total Depth
Well Montage
–Mud,
–Depth, m –Casing –Casing / P Type/ –Cement –Risks/
–LOT/FIT –Directional –Bits
–Formations design Test Weigh Tops, m Hazards
,SG
–TVD –MD SG
–Air Gap –43
–12
8 –30” conductor,
–Soil Units WT 1.5” Merlin –Deviated
D (driven)
–N/A –1.23 –N/A Conductors –N/A –Unstable zone
–(Reactive –Landing ring – (+/- 3 deg)
317.5 mBRT
clays) –370 –370
–24” 156 ppf –Ultradril –22” x 28
–SU1-SU8
–Apsheron –To Top of –+/- 10 deg Rock –Unstable zone
–1.38
–482 –482 X-56, XLF WBM 1.19
SG
Liner @ the shoe Bit/UR
–(Calcareous –20” 147 ppf –Ultradril –22” x 26
clay) X-56, BOSS/ WBM –1.52 –To Mud line –PDM Rock –Unstable zone
–70 –70 1200psi 1.33SG Bit/UR
–Surakhany 2 4 –16” 84 ppf
–Potential HP gas, oil or
L-80 Dino
–(Mudstone VAM / –SOBM/ –1.8 – 50m below –17 ½ x 20” water flows w 1.4SG
with 3000psi 1.44 SG previous shoe –RSS UR/PDC from thin sandstone
Bit stringers w 1.40 SG
Sandstones
stringers) –1470 –1790
–Sabunchi –Potential HP brine
–13 3/8”
–(Mudstones –SOBM/ flows. WB instability
72ppf L80 –14 ¾” x
interbeded with thin 1.54 SG –100m inside issues (hole pack offs,
–1.61
–RSS
Hydril 521/ 17”
sand stringers) previous shoe mud losses,excessive
4000psi UR/PDC drags in high angle Wells
–Balakhany –2215–3030 Bit
–WB instability issues. Risk
–(V-X Sandstones) –9 5/8” 53.5ppf –12 ¼ x 13 of diff.sticking across Bal
–SOBM/ –150m inside ½ UR/PDC
T-95 Vam Top/
1.45 SG – N/A –RSS VIII/X sands.Potential
–Pereriv –3073–4675 4500psi previous shoe Bit hydrocarbons influx at

virgin pressure
––Fine to B
A –8 ½” OH for ESS or –SOBM/ –8 ½” x 9
–Differential
–RSS
–sands
moderate –N/A –N/A sticking in
C OHGP Completion 1.38 SG ¼” UR/ PDC
high angle
–– DE–3152 –5257 Bit
Wellbore
Best Practices in Drilling Operation
Don’t exceed Don’t exceed make-up
maximum weight torque of the drill
Don’t exceed the on the bit
string
maximum RPM of
the bit Drill efficiently
Drill faster
Stay on target
Clean the hole
Drill this section
Avoid lateral without tripping;
vibrations i.e. with one bit
Don’t stall the top
drive Time is money
Don’t exceed the
maximum RPM of
the top drive
Safety first
Avoid stick-slip Condition
Go back to bottom
vibrations the hole
fast and safely
Don’t buckle the Connect a new
Don’t stall the pipe joint
143 fast
Source: Mark pipe
downhole motor and safely
Anderson, Shell
Cost Types
Five different cost types were
described;
1. Fixed
2. Depth dependent
3. Time dependent
4. Overhead (or Support)
5. Contingency

Types of Cost - Fixed
• Costs in an estimate are generally divided into 5

major types.
• FIXED costs do not change with well depth or
duration.
• Examples;
 Surveying the rig location
 Mobilizing the rig to the wellsite

Types of Cost - Depth Dependent
• DEPTH DEPENDENT costs change with well

depth. The deeper the well, the greater these
costs become
• Examples;
 Casing and accessories
 Drill bits
 Drilling fluid

Types of Cost - Time Dependent
• TIME DEPENDENT costs

change with well duration.
• Examples;
 Drilling rig day rate
 Supply boats and
helicopters
 Salaries and consultant
fees
 Fuel

Cost of Drilling Rigs
Offshore Onshore
Daily Rig Cost
1998 $90,000
1999 $40,000
2006 $95,000 Daily Rig Cost
2018 $65,000 1998 $60,000
(Single year contract) 1999 $30,000
2006 $30,000
2018 $25,000
(Single year contract)
Ultra Deep
Daily Rig Cost
1998 $180,000
1999 $180,000
2006 $200,000
2018 $160,000
(Single year contract)
JMA By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Types of Cost - Overheads
– OVERHEAD costs are not incurred at the wellsite.

They may be shared among several operations and a
portion of the cost is allocated to each well. Tend to
be time dependent.
– Examples;
• Office costs including secretaries, stationary etc.
• Logistic bases and supply depots.

Types of Cost - Contingency
Contingency costs provide for problems.
– The contingency cost = cost of problem x

probability of occurrence.
– Examples;
• Stuck pipe
• Fishing

References
 API Standard 53 Fifth Edition, December 2018
“Well Control Equipment Systems for Drilling
Wells”.
 Basic Drilling & Well Completion Course Rev. 3
by M. F. Radwan in Jan.-2021.
 Optimized Drilling Practices Course, Aberdeen
Drilling School in 2013.
 Practical Well Planning and Drilling Manual by
Steve Devereux, PennWell Corporation in 1999,
ISBN 0-87814-696-2.

Thank You

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Well Control, Planning, Budgeting,

Construction and Cost Control

Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Mahmoud Radwan is a Subsurface & Integrity Operations Dept. Head at AMAL

All rotary rigs have the same

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

The blowout preventer system includes

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

All BOP systems must allow the first three functions,

Views of a blowout preventer underneath a jackup cantilever

Pipe ram Drilling spool

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Bottom Hole Stabilizer

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Bottom Hole Drill Collars

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Within the drillstring, different tools have different diameters

Crossover; NC50 box on

Drill collar; 65/8” R box on

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

• Balanced reasoning and emotion

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Having clear goals & deadlines.

Having goods lines of communication between team members.

Don’t be afraid to ask questions & listen to others very carefully.

It is important to try & be sensitive to others.

Teamwork is about enjoying what your doing.

Company Man Toolpushers

 WHEN SHOULD TEAM TALKS TAKE PLACE ?

 IS THERE ANYTHING THAT CAN BE DONE TO MAKE THE TEAM BETTER ?

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

PLANNING AHEAD DOES NOT MEAN LOOKING INTO A

Am I the only one

IF THE ANSWER TO NO. 6 IS YES THEN

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

5 PARTS TO DRILLING ANY WELL

This is the minimum basic information the Drilling Engineer needs

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

Decide to Start Place Well

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

4. Add Well to Drilling Schedule

5. Check Long Lead items

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan

The geomechanical model for a reservoir

Sv • In situ stress orientations

Muda-X seismic velocity Muda-Y predicted pore pressure

Muda-Y seismic velocity

By Mahmoud Farag Radwan