5 Chapter PDF

Islamia 12th Mathematics UNIT-05
Unit 05
INTEGRATION
Integration as accumulator:
The velocity gives the rate of change of displacement of a body,
which is the change in displacement per unit time. If we need to find out
the total distance covered by a body, we need to add the distance covered at
every instance thus distance can be obtained by accumulating velocities.
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation as stated above.
The velocity is the rate of change in displacement i.e.
dx
v  (i)
dt
Thus to obtain the expression for the distance x at any time t, we
have to perform the inverse process of derivative on (i) i.e.
dx
x(t)   vdt   dt
dt
This inverse process is called integration. Thus if f/(x) is the
derivative of a function f(x), then f(x) is the anti-derivative or integration of
f/(x). i.e.
d
 f(x)  f / (x)
dx
/
 f (x)dx  f(x)
Example:
For f(x)=xn+c c=constant
/ n1
f (x)=nx
Therefore f(x)   f / (x)dx   nx n 1dx  x n  c
The anti-derivative of a function is not unique and may differ by a
constant such as;
2
 2xdx  x  1, x 2  2, x 2  3 etc
Thus, if the anti-derivative of a function are F1(x) and F2(x) on an
interval [a,b]. Then the difference between them is a constant.
280
Standard integrals through standard differentiation formulas:

The following are the standard derivative / integration pairs.
Integrations formula Derivatives formula
n x n 1 d  x n 1 
1.  x dx   C,n  1   C   xn
n 1 dx  n  1 
1 d 1
2.  x dx  ln x  C  ln x  C  
dx x
sinkx d  sinkx 
3.  coskxdx   C,   C   coskx
k dx  k 
coskx d  coskx 
4.  sinkxdx   C,   C   sinkx
k dx  k 
1 2 d 1
5.  cos x dx   sec xdx  tan x  C,
2  tan x  C   sec2 x  2
dx cos x
1 2 d 1
6.  sin x dx   cosec
2
xdx  cotx  C,  cotx  C  cosec2 x  2
dx sin x
sinx d
7.  tan dx   cosx dx   ln cosx  C, dx
  ln  cosx   C   tan x
cosx d
8.  cotxdx   sinx dx  ln sinx  C, dx
 ln sinx   C   cotx
mx emx d  emx 
9.  e dx   C,   C   emx
m dx  m 
x ax d  ax 
10.  a dx   C,   C   ax
ln a dx  ln a 
dx d 1
11.  1 x 2
 tan 1 x  C,
dx
 tan 1  C  
1  x2
dx 1 x d 1 1 x  1
12. a 2 2
 tan 1  C,  tan  C  2 2
x a a dx  a a  a x
281
dx 1 ax d  1 ax  1
13. a 2 2
 ln  C,  ln  C  2 2
x 2a ax dx  2a ax  a x
dx 1 x a d  1 x a  1
14. x 2 2
 ln  C,  ln  C  2 2
a 2a xa dx  2a x a  x a
dx d 1
15.  2
 sin 1x  C,
dx
 sin 1x  C  
1 x 1  x2
dx x d  1 x  1
16.   sin 1  C,  sin  C 
a x2 2 a dx  a  a  x2
2
dx d 1
17.  x a2 2
 ln x  x 2  a2  C
dx  
ln  
x 2  a2  C 
x  a2
2
The rules of integrations

1. Constant rule  kdx  kx  C
2. Constant multiple rule  kf(x)dx  k  f(x)dx  C
3. Sum rule  f(x)  g(x) dx   f(x)dx   g(x)dx
n x n 1
4. Power rule  x dx  C n  1
n 1
n 1
n / f(x)
5.  f(x) f (x)dx 
n 1
C
EXERCISE 5.1
Q.1 Evaluate the following f  x     x 4  3x 3  7  dx
indefinite integrals and
check the result through f  x    x 4dx  3 x 3dx  7  1dx
differentiation.
x 4 1 x 3 1
f x  3  7x  c
 x + 3x 3  7  dx
4
a) 41 31
Solution: Let the integral of given x 5 3x 4

f x = +  7x + c
function be f(x) then 5 4
282
Taking derivative of f(x) to check d 1

f  x     2  x 3  0
if it is equal to the given function dx 2
i.e.
d
5 4 f  x   x 3
d d x 3x  dx
f x     7x  c 
dx dx  5 4  d 1
f x = 3
1 d 5 3 d 4 d d dx x
 (x )  (x )  7 (x)  (c)
5 dx 4 dx dx dx Which is the given function.
1 3
  5x 4   4x 3  7  1  0
c)   2x
4
+x
2
3
x
5
3
 dx
5 4
Solution: Let the integral of given
4 3
= x + 3x  7 function be f(x) then
Which is the given function.
1

f(x)   2x 4  x
2
3
x
5
3
 dx
b) x 3
dx 2 5
f(x)  2  x 4 dx   x 3
dx   x 3
dx
Solution: Let the integral of given 2 1 5 1
function be f(x) then, x 4 1 x 3 x 3
f x  2   c
1 4  1 2  1 5  1
f x   dx =  x 3 dx 3 3
3
x
2x 5 1 3 2
3 1 f x = + 3x 3 + x 3 + c
x 5 2
f x  c
3  1
Taking derivative of f(x) to check
1 if it is gives the given function i.e.
f  x  =  x 2 +c
2
d d  2x 5 1 3 2 
Taking derivative of f(x) to check f x    3x 3  x 3  c 
dx dx  5 2 
if it is equal to the given function
d 2 5  d d 3 d
i.e.   x 
dx  5  dx
1
  2
3x 3   x 3   c 
dx  2  dx
d d  1 2  2 1 1 3 2
f x   x  c
1
  5x 4  3  x 3  ( )x 3  0
2 1
dx dx  2  5 3 2 3
d d  1 2  d 2 5
f x   x   (c) = 2x 4 + x 3
x 3
dx dx  2  dx
283
d) 3 Expand by formula
(1+ 3t)t dt
 (a  b)2 = a2 + b2  2ab
Solution: Let the integral of given
function be f(t) then f(t)   (t 4  2t2  1)dt
f(t)   (1  3t)t3 dt
f(t)   t 4dt  2  t2dt   1dt
f(t)   (t3  3t4 )dt t 4 1 t 2 1
f(t)   2. tc
f(t)   t3dt  3 t4dt 4 1 2 1
t5 2 3
t3 1
3t 4 1 f(t)=  t +t + c
f(t)   c 5 3
31 4 1
Taking derivative of f(t) to check
4
t 3 if it gives the given function i.e.
f(t)= + t 5 +c
4 5
d d  t5 2 3 
Taking derivative of f(t) to check f t    t  t  c 
dt dt  5 3 
if it gives the given function i.e.
d  t5  d  2 3  d d
d d  t4 3       t   t  c
f(t)    t5  c  dt  5  dt  3  dt dt
dx dt  4 5 
1 4 2 2
d  t4  d  3  d 
5
 5t   3  3t   1  0
     t5    c 
dt  4  dt  5  dt
 t 4  2t2  1
1 3 2
  4t3    5t4   0 =  t 2  1
4 5
 t3  3t4
x 3 +1
= t 3  1+t  f)  x 3 dx
Which is the given function. Solution: Let the integral of given
e) 2 2 function be f(x) then
(t  1) dt
x3  1
Solution: Let the integral of given f(x)   dx
function be f(t) then, x3
 x3 1 
f(t)   (t2  1)2 dt f(x)    3  3 dx
x x 
284
5
f(x)   1  x 3 dx z 2 1
f(z)  c
5 1
f(x)   1dx   x 3dx 2
7
x 31 z2
f(x)  x  c f(z)  c
3  1 7
2
x 2 2 72
f(x)= x  +c f(z)= z +c
2 7
Take derivative of f(x) to check if Take derivative of f(z) to check if
it is gives the given function i.e. it gives the given function i.e.
d d  x 2  d d  2 72 
f x  x   c f z   z  c
 dz dz  7 
dx dx  2 
d  2 7 1 2  d
d d  x 2  d   z   c 
  
x    c  dz  7  dz
dx dx  2  dx
2  7 52 
1   z 0
 1  2x 3   0 72 
2 5
3 z 2
1 x
We can write
1
1 Taking LCM 1
x3  z2 .z 2
x 3 +1 = z2 z
=
x3 Which is the given function.
2
g) z z dz Q.2 Evaluate the following
indefinite integral by
Solution: Let the integral of given method of substitution.
function be f(z) then 8
f(z)   z 2
z dz
a)   3x +4  dx
8
2
f(z)   z  z dz
1
2
Solution:   3x  4  dx
Integration by substitution
5
f(z)   z 2 dz Let t=3x+4
285
Diff w.r.t x Substituting these in given

dt integral becomes.
3
dx t11
dt
 t  dt = 1 1
c
 dx
3 t2
= c
8
2
  3x  4  dx
Putting value of t
Substituting these in given
2 3
integral becomes.  3x (x  4)dx
8 dt 1 8 2
t =
3 3
t dt
=
x 3
 4
+c
8 1
2
1 t
=  c 8
  3x +7  x 3 +7x  dx
2
3 8 1 c)
1 9 8
= t  c =   x 3  7x   3x 2  7x  dx
27
Putting value of t = (3x+4) Solution:
Integration by substitution method
1
= .(3x +4)9 +c Let t=x3+7x
27
Diff w.r.t x
 3x  x  4  dx
2 3
b)
dt d 3 d
 (x )  (7x)
Solution: dx dx dx
Integration by substitution method dt
 3x 2  7
dx
Let t=x34
dt   3x 2  7  dx
Diff w.r.t x
Substituting t and dt the given
dt integral becomes.
 3x 2
dx 8
 x  7x   3x 2  7  dx
3
dt  3x 2dx
8 t81
  x  4  3x dx
3 2
 t dt = 81
c
286
t9 1 3
= c = (x  7x)3 + c
9 3
Putting value of t = (x3 + 7x) x + 3x 2
8
e)  x dx
x  7x   3x2  7x  dx
3
9
Solution:
=
x 3
+7x 
+c Method-1
9
x  3x 2
 3x  7  dx
2
 x dx
d)  4
 x  7x 
3
Solution: Suppose x  t than x  t2
Integration by substitution method Diff w.r.t x
3
Let t=x 7x d d
(x)  (t2 )
Diff w.r.t x dx dt
dt
dt d d 1 = 2t.
 (x)3  7(x) dx
dx dx dx
dx = 2t.dt
dt
 3x 2  7
dx x  3x 2
 dx
and dt   3x 2  7  dx x
 t2  3t4 
Putting t and dt the given integral    2 t .dt
becomes.  t 
 3x  7  dx
2
 2  t2dt  6  t 4dt
 x  7x 4
 3
 
2t3 6t5
  c put x  t
3 5
dt 4 t 41 t 3
=
 t4  t dt =  c = c 2 3
6 5
4  1 3 = (x) + (x)2 + c
2
3 5
Putting value of t = (x3  7x)
Method-2
 3x  7  dx
2
 x  7x 4  x 3x 2 
 3
     dx
 x x 
287
 x 3x 2  1 1
   1  1  dx   t 1  c    c
2 2t
x 2 x 2 
Substituting value of t
 1 1 1
2 
   x 2  3x 2  dx x 1
   2
x 2
 2x  2 
 x  1
2
 3x
3
2
 dx =
1
2
+c
1 3
2(x +2x +2)
  x 2 dx  3 x 2 dx
1 3
1 1 Q.3 Evaluate the following
x 3x
2 2
  c integral by method of
1 3
1 1 substitution.
2 2
6t
3 5 a)  6e dt = e6t 6dt
x 2
3x 2
  c
3 5 Solution: Given integral is
2 2
6t
2 32 6 52
= x + x +c
 6e dt
3 5 Integration by substitution method
x +1
f)  2
dx Let u=6t (i)
x 2
+ 2x + 2 
Diff w.r.t t
Solution: du
2
6
Let t=x +2x+2 (i) dt
dt du=6dt(ii)
 2x  2  2(x  1)
dx
Substituting (i) and (ii) in the
dt given integral becomes
  x  1 dx  (ii)
2 6t
 6e dt   eu du =eu+c
given integral becomes. Substituting the value of u from (i)
1 dt 1 2 1 t 2 1 e
6t
6dt =e6t+c
 t2  2  2  t dt  2  2  1  c
288
 5x +1
2
t dt 1 t 1
b)  xe dx e   e dt  e t  c
3 3 3
Solution: Given integral is Substituting the value of t from (i)
5x 1
2
5x 1
2
1 3
 xe dx =  e xdx
e
(x 3  6x+4)
(x 2  2)dx = e(x 6x+4) +c
3
(7  3x 2 )
Let u=5x2+1 (i) d) 8 (6x)dx
Diff w.r.t t Solution: Given integral is

du du (7  3x 2 )
dx
 10x 
10
 xdx  (ii) 8 (6x)dx
Let t=73x2 (i)

given integral becomes Diff w.r.t x
du 1 1 u dt
  eu   eu du  e c  6x
10 10 10 dx
Substituting the value of u from (i) dt   6x  dx  (ii)
2
(5x +1) ) 1 (5x +1) 2
Substituting (i) and (ii) is given
e xdx=
10
e +c
integral
3
 x  2  e(x
2  6x+4)
c) dx t8t
  8 dt  c
ln 8
Solution: Given integral is
3
Substituting back the value of t
  x  2 e
2 (x 6x  4)
dx from (i)
2
Integration by substitution method (7  3x 2 ) 8(7 3x )

3
e (6x)dx =
ln8
+c
Let t=x 6x+4 (i)
Diff w.r.t x
Q.4 Find the equation of the
dt
 3x 2  6  3(x 2  2) particular curve that has a
dx slope 4x3+6x2 at a point
dt P(1,0).
  x 2  2  dx  (ii)
3 Solution: Let the required curve is
Substituting (i) and (ii) the given y=f(x)
integral becomes
289
dy dy
Then, slope=  4x 3  6x 2  x(2x 2  1)2
dx dx
dy   4x 3  6x 2  dx dy  x(2x 2  1)2 dx
Taking integral on both sides Taking integral on both sides

2
3 2
 dy   x(2x  1)2dx  (A)
 dy   (4x  6x )dx
3
y   4x dx   6x dx2 By substitution method
3 2
Let t=(2x21)(i)
y  4  x dx  6  x dx
Diff w.r.t x
x4 x3 dt d
y4 6 c  (2x 2  1)
4 3 dx dx
y = x 4 + 2x 3 + c  (i) dt
 4x
Since point P(1,0) lies on the dx
curve, substitute it in equation of
dt
the curve  xdx  (ii)
4
0=(1)4+2(1)3+c
Substituting (i) and (ii) in (A)
0=3+c
2 dt
c=3  dy   (2x  1)2 xdx  t2
4
Putting in eq. of curve (i)
1 t3
4 3 y  c
y = x + 2x  3 4 3
t3
y c
Q.5 A certain curve has a slope 12
of x(2x21)2 that passes Substituting the value of t from (i)
through the point P(3,3). 3
What is the equation of the
y=
 2x 2
 1
+ c  (B)
specific curve? 12
Solution: Let the curve is y=f(x) Since the curve passes through
Then, slope of curve is given by P(3,3), it will satisfy the equation
dy of curve.
,
dx Put x = 3, y = 3
290
3
dt
3
 2(3) 2
 1
c
 xdx  (ii)
4
12
3 Substituting (i) and (ii) in (A)
17 
3 c 1 dt 1 12
12  dy   t 2
 t dt
4 4
c  406.42
3
3 1 t2
 2x 2
 1 y  c
And y =  406.42 4 3
12 2
1 32
y t c
Q.6 A certain curve has a slope 6
of x 2x 2  1 that passes Substituting the value of t from (i)
through the point P(3,3).
1 3
What is the equation of the y=
6
 2x 2  1  2 + c  (B)
specific curve?
Solution: Let the curve is y=f(x), Since the curve passes through
then the slope of curve is given by P(3,3), it will satisfy the equation
dy i.e.
so,
dx 1 3
3
6
 2(3)2  1 2  c
dy
 x 2x 2  1
dx 1 3
3 17  2
6
dy  x 2x 2  1 dx
1
3=11.89+c
dy   2x  1 xdx
2 2
c = 8.89
Taking integral on both sides Putting in equation of curve i.e. (B)
2
1 1 3
 dy   (2x  1) 2 xdx  (A) y=
6
 2x 2  1  2  8.89
Let t=2x21(i)
Diff w.r.t x
Q.7 For an average person, the
dt rate of change of weight w
 4x
dx (in pounds) with respect to
291
height h (in inches) is h=512+10 inches

approximated by
h=70 inches
dW
= 0.0015h2 putting in (i)
dh
W(70)=0.0005 (70)3
a) Find W(h), if the weight is
W=108 points in response W(70)=171.5 pounds
of height h=60 inches.
dW
Solution: = 0.0015h 2 Q.8 The rate of growth of the
dh
population N(t) of a newly
dW=0.0015h2dh incorporated city t years
taking integration on both sides after incorporation is
estimated to be?
2
 dW =  0.0015h dh dN
= 400+600 t , 0  t  9
h3 dt
W = 0.0015 K
3 If the population was 5,000
W = 0.0005h 3  K (1) at the time of
incorporation, find the
To find K, put W=108 and h=60
population 9 years later.
108=0.0005(60)3+K
Solution: Here given that
108=108+K
dN
K=0 putting in (1) = 400+600 t  (i)
dt
W=0.0005h3 N(0)=5,000, N(9)=?
b) Find weight of a person dN
From (i) = 400+600 t
who is 5 feet 10 inches tall. dt
Solution: From part a, the dN 1
= 400 + 600t 2
weight W is given by. dt
W=0.0005h3(i)
Here h=5feet, 10 inches

dN = 400+600t
1
2
 dt
292
taking integral on both sides EXERCISE 5.2

 dN =  400 +600t
1
2
 dt Q.1 Evaluate
indefinite
the following
integrals by
3 method of substitution.
t2
N(t)= 400t+600  c 4
3 a)  sin x cosxdx
2
3 Solution: Given integral is
N(t)= 400t + 400 t 2 + c  (ii)
4
To find c put N(t)=5000 at t=0

 sin x cosxdx (A)
By substitution method
5,000=400(0)+400(0)3/2+c
Let t=sinx(i)
c=5,000
Diff w.r.t x
Thus eq.(i) becomes
dt d
3/2  (sin x)
N(t)=400t+400t +5,000 dx dx
Now, N(9)=400(9)+400(9)3/2+5,000 dt
= cosx
dx
N(9)=19400
dt=cos dx (ii)
Substituting (i) and (ii) then (A)
becomes
4
 sin x cosxdx
4 t5
 t dt  5
c
Putting the value of t from (i)

sin5 x
= +c
5
cosx .ln(sinx)
b)  dx
sinx
293
cosx  ln(sinx) dt
 dx (A) = ex
sinx dx
By substitution method dt = ex dx  (ii)
Let t=ln(sinx)(i) Substituting (i) and (ii) in (A)
Diff w.r.t x becomes
x
dt d  sine .ex dx
 (ln sin x)
dx dx
dt 1
 sint  dt   cost  c
=  cosx Putting the value of t from (i)
dx sinx
cosx = cos e x + c
dt = dx  (ii)
sinx d) 2
(t + 3) cos(t + 3) dt
becomes
2
cosx  ln(sinx)
dx
 (t  3) cos(t  3) dt
 sinx =  cos(t  3)2 (t  3)dt  (A)
t2
 t  dt  2
c By substitution method
Let u=(t+3)2(i)
Putting the value of t from (i)
Diff w.r.t t
2
=
 ln(sinx) +c du d
2 = 2(t+3) (t  3)
dt dt
x
c) e sine x dx du
= 2(t+3)
dt
x du
e sine x dx (A) =(t+3)dt  (ii)
2
By substitution method Substituting (i) and (ii) in (A)
Let t=e (i) x becomes
2
Diff w.r.t x  cos(t  3) (t  3)dt
dt d x du 1
 e  cosu  cosu du
dx dx 2 2
294
1 Substituting the value of t from (i)

 sinu  c
2 1
= sec2x + c
Putting the value of u from (i) 2
1 b) 2
= sin(t + 3)2 +c  4sec 4x dx
2
Solution: The given integral is
2
Q.2 Evaluate the following  4sec 4x dx  (A)
indefinite integrals by By substitution method
method of substitution.
Let t=4x(i)
a)  tan2xsec 2x dx = sec2xtan2x dx
Diff w.r.t x
Solution: The given integral is dt
=4
dx
 sec 2x tan 2x dx  (A)
dt  4dx  (ii)
Let t=2x(i) becomes
Diff w.r.t x 2
dt
 sec 4x .4dx
=2 2
dx  sec tdt  tan t  c
dt Substituting the value of t from (i)
 dx  (ii)
2 = tan4x + c
Substituting (i) and (ii) then (A) 2
c)  tanx sec x dx
becomes
Solution: The given integral is
 tan2xsec2xdx 2
dt  tan x sec x dx  (A)

 sect tan t 2 By substitution method
1 Let t=tanx(i)
= sect tan tdt
2 Diff w.r.t x
1 dt
= sect  c = sec 2 x
2 dx
295
dt  sec2 x dx  (ii) du=+sint dt (iv)

Substituting (i) and (ii), in (A) Substitute (iii) and (iv) in (C)
becomes 1 du 1 1du 1
   ln u  c1
t 2 3 u 3 u 3
 t  dt  2  c Substituting the value of u from (iii)
Substituting the value of t from (i) 1 1
 tan tdt  ln(cost)  c1  (D)
tan2 x 3 3
= +c
2 1
sectdt
3
d)   tan3x +sec3x  dx Multiplying and dividing by
Solution: The given integral is Sect+tant
  tan 3x  sec3x  dx  (A) 1 sect  tan t

=  sect dt  (E)
3 sect  tan t
1 sec 2 t  sect tan t
= dt
3  sect  tan t
Let t=3x(i)
dt
=3 By substitution method
dx
Let r=sect+tant  (v)
dt
 dx  (ii) Diff w.r.t t
3
Substituting (i) and (ii) in (A) dr
 sect tan t  sec2 t
becomes dt
dt 1 1 dr=(sect tant+sec2t)dt (vi)
  tan t  sect  3 
3  tan dt   sectdt  (B)
3 Substituting (v) and (vi) in (E)
We will solve the two integrate becomes
separately.
1 dr 1
  ln(r)  c 2
1 1 s int
tan dt   dt  (C) 3 r 3
3  3 cost
Substituting the value of r from
Let u=cost  (iii) (v)
du 1 1
 s int  sectdt  ln|sect  tan t| c2  (F)
dt 3 3
Putting (D) and (F) in (B)
296
1 cot x
(sect  tan t)dt
3
f)  dx  ( A)
x
1 1
 ln|sect  tan t| ln|cost| c1  c2 Solution:
3 3
1 sect  tan t By substitution method
 ln c
3 cost
Let t  x (i)
Putting the value of t from (i) dt 1
=
1 sec3x+tan3x dx 2 x
  tan3x+sec3x dx= 3 ln cos3x
+c
1
cos2 x 2dt= dx (ii)
e)  cosecx dx x
Substituting (i) and (ii) then (A)
2 1 becomes
 cos x cosec x dx 
cost
2
 cos xsindx  (A)  cott(2dt)  2 cottdt  2 sint dt  (B)
Solution: Again substitution method
By substitution method Let u=sint (iii)
Let t=cosx(i) Diff w.r.t x
Diff w.r.t x du
 cost
dt
dt
= sinx
dx du=costdt (iv)
dt=sinxdx (ii) Substitute (iii) and (iv) in (B)

Substituting (i) and (ii) in (A) du
2  2 ln|u| c
becomes u
2 2  t3 Putting the value of u from (iv)

 t (dt)    t dt  3
c
 2 ln|s int| c
Substituting the value of t
Substituting the value of t from (i)
2 3
cos x cos x
 cosecx dx =  3
+c cot x
dx = 2ln|sin x |+c
 x
297
sinx  cosx sinx

g)  sinx + cosx dx  (A) h)  3+ 2cosx dx  (A)
Solution: Solution:
By substitution method By substitution method

Let t=3+2cosx(i)
Let t=sinx+cosx(i)
dt d
Diff w.r.t x =  3+2cosx 
dx dx
dt
= cosx  sinx  (sinx  cosx) dt
dx = 2sinx dx
dx
dt =  sinx  cosx  dx  (ii)
dt
= sinx dx  (ii)
Substituting (i) and (ii) then (A) 2
becomes
sin x  cosx
 sin x  cosxdx dt 1 1 1 1
 2 t   dt  ln t  c
2 t 2
dt 1
    dt   ln t  c Substituting the value of t from (i)
t t
sinx 1
Substituting the value of t from (i)  3  2cosx dx  2
ln|3+ 2cosx |+c
sin x  cosx
 sin x  cosxdx  ln|sinx + cosx |+c
Q.3 Use suitable substitutions and tables to evaluate the following

indefinite integrals.
dx
a) x 2
 (A)
+16
1
Solution: Since this is the form of
a + x2
2
Let x=4tan (i)

Diff w.r.t 
dx d
= 4 (tan)
d d
298
dx
= 4sec2 
d
dx = 4sec2 d  (ii)
Substitute (i) and (ii) then (A) becomes
dx 4sec2 d 4sec2 d 4sec2 d
  
 x2  16  16 tan2   16  16(tan2   1)  16sec2
1 1
=  1d =  +c  (B)
4 4
From (1) x=4 tan
x
= tan
4
x
=tan1
4
Substituting in (B)

 c  (B)
4
1 x
 tan 1    c
4 4
OR
dx 1 x
x 2
 tan1   +c
 16 4 4
sinx
b)  cos x+1 dx  (A)
2
Solution:
Let t=cosx(i)
Diff w.r.t x
299
dt d
= (cosx)
dx dx
dt
= sinx
dx
dt = sinx dx  (ii)
Substituting (i) and (ii) then (A) becomes
sinx dt 1
 cos x  1 dx   t
2 2
   2 dt   tan 1(t)  c
1 t 1
Substituting the value of t from (i)
sinx 1
 cos x +1 dx = tan
2
(cosx)+ c
dx
c)   (A)
5  2x 2
dx dx
 
5  2x2  2 
5  1  x2 
 5 
Now we can write
1
 dx .............. (1)
2
 2 
5 1  x
 5 

2
x = sin .............. (2)
5
Diff w.r.t 
2 dx 2
= cos  dx  cosd
5 d 5
5
dx  cosd .............. (3)
2
300
Substituting (2) and (3) and (1)
dx 5 1.cosd
  
2
 2  2 5 1  sin2 
5 1  x
 5 
1 cosd 1 1
    1d  c
2 cos 2 2
2 2
c    c .............. (4)
2 2 2
Now from equation (2)
2
x = sin
5
2
 = sin 1 x
5
10
 = sin 1 x
5
dx 2 10x
 = sin1 +c
5  2x 2 2 5
dx
d)  e2x  4
Let t=ex(i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt d x
 e
dx dx
dt
 ex
dx
301
dt dt
x
 dx   dx  (ii)
e t
dx dt dt
  
2x 2
e 4 t t 4 t t  (2)2
2
1 1 x
As |x|  sec  1   c
x 2  a2 a a
dt 1 t
So, t  sec 1    c
2
t  (2) 2 2 2
Substituting the value of t from (i) t = ex

x
dx 1 1  e 
 t e2x  4 dx = sec   +c
2 2
2x+5
e) x 2
dx
+4x+5
2x +4+1
= 2
dx
x + 4x +1+4
2(x  2)  1 2(x  2) 1
 2
dx   2
dx   dx  (A)
(x  2)  1 (x  2)  1 (x  2)2  1
Let t=x+2(i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt
1
dx
dt=dx (ii) Substituting (i) and (ii) in (A)
2t 1
t 2
dt   2 dt  (B)
1 t 1
302
Evaluating the two integrals separately

2t
t 2
dt  (B)
1
Using substitution method
Let u=t2+1  (iii)

Diff w.r.t x
du
 2t  dx  2tdt  (iv)
dt
Substituting (iii) and (iv) in (B)
2t du
t2
dt   ln|u| c1 Putting the value of u from (iii)
1 u
2t
t 2
dt =ln|t2 +1|+c1 ............(1)
+1
1
t2
dt  tan1  t   c2 putting in (B)
1
2t 1
t2
dt   2 dt  ln(t2  1)  c1  tan1  t   c2
1 t 1
2t 1
t2
dt   2 dt  ln(t2  1)  tan1  t   c1  c2
1 t 1
2t 1
t2
dt   2 dt  ln(t2  1)  tan1  t   c
1 t 1
Substituting the value of t form (i)
2x  5
x 2
dx  ln|(x  2)2  1|  tan1  x  2  c
 4x  5
2x+5
x 2
dx =ln|x2 +4x+5|+tan1  x+2  +c
+4x+5
303
2+x
f)  dx
4  2x  x 2
 2  x  dx 
 x  1  1 dx 
 x  1  1 dx
 4  2x  x2 4   2x  x2  4  1   x2  2x  1

 x  1  1 dx   x  1 dx  1
dx  (i)
2  2  2
5   x  1 5   x  1 5   x  1
Let t=x+1
dt
1  dt=dx putting in(i)
dx
tdt dt
   (ii)
2
5t 5  t2
tdt
For   (iii)
5  t2
Let u=5t2
du du
 2t   tdt, Substituting in (iii)
dt 2
1
1 1
du 1 1 u 2
 2 u  2  u du  2  1  u  c1
2 2
Putting value of u
2
1
tdt
    5  t2  2  c1  (iv)
5  t2
dt dt  t 
For    sin1    c2  (v)
2 2
5t  5
  5 t2
Putting t=x+1 in (iv) and (v)

304
 x  1 dx 1
   5  (x  1)2  2  c1 and 
dx  x  1
 sin1 
   c2
5  (x  1)2 5  (x  1)2  5 
Putting in (i)
 2  x  dx 1
 x  1
   5  (x  1)2  2  c1  sin1 
   c2
4  2x  x2  5 
 2  x  dx  x  1 1
 sin1     c,
2 2
  5  (x  1) c1+c2=c
4  2x  x2  5 
dx
g) x 7x 2  5
1 dx
= 
7 x x2  5
7
1 dx
 
7 2
x x2   75
 
1 1 1  x 
 cosec c
7 5  5 
 
7  7
1  7 
 cosec1  x   c
5  5 
5  35 
= cosec1  x  +c
5  5 
305
Integration by part:
For the product to two functions, f(x) and g(x);
d d d
 f(x)  g(x)  f(x)  g(x)  g(x)  f(x)
dx dx dx
d
 f(x)  g(x)  f(x)g / (x)  g(x)f / (x)
dx
d
f(x)g / (x)   f(x)g(x)  g(x)  f / (x)
dx
Taking integral on both sides
/ d /
 f(x)g (x)dx   dx  f(x)g(x) dx   g(x)  f (x)dx
/ /
 f(x)g (x)dx  f(x)g(x)   g(x)f (x)dx  (i)
Let U=f(x) and V=g/(x) then
dU
 f / (x) and  Vdx  g(x)
dx
Substituting in (i) we get
 d 
 UVdx = U  Vdx    dx (U) Vdx  dx  (ii)
The integral form in equation (ii) is called integration by part

formula.
Integration by partial fractions:
P(x)
The expression of the form f(x)  is called a rational function. If
D(x)
order of P(x) is smaller than order of D(x), then it called a proper rational
function, otherwise it is called an improper rational function. To integrate a
306
rational function it is usually useful to decompose the rational into simpler

rational functions called the partial fractions. The partial fractions of
rational function.
2x
f(x)= 2
are;
x 4
1 1
and such that
x 2 x2
2x 1 1
2
= +
x  4 x  2 x+2
The partial fraction of a proper rational function can be obtained by

fractionizing the denominator and taking partial fraction for each factor in
denominator.
The rules for partial fraction decomposition are;
1. Convert the improper fraction to a proper fraction by division, such

as;
x 4  2x 3  4x 2  x  3 8x  1
2
  x 2  3x  1  2
x x 2 x x 2
2. Factorize the denominator of proper rational function of
8x  1 8x  1
2

x  x  2  x  2  x  1
3. Represent the function as a sum of partial fraction with numerator

polynomial one degree less than the denominator.
8x  1 A B
 
 x  2  x  1 x  2 x  1
307
EXERCISE 5.3
Q.1 Evaluate the indefinite integral after decomposing the following
rational functions into partial fractions.
1
a)  x(x  3) dx
1
Solution: The give rational function is it is a proper rational
x(x  3)
fraction, So
1 A B
= +  (i) Multiplying both sides by x(x3)
x(x  3) x x  3
1=A(x3)+B(x) (ii)
To find A, put x=0 in (ii)
1=A(03)+B(0)
1=3A
1
A= Now, to find B, put x3=0, i.e. x=3 in (ii)
3
1=A(33)+B(3)
1=3B
1
B= Put values of A and B in eq. (i)
3
1 1
1
 3 3 Taking integral on both sides
x(x  3) x x 3
1  1 1  1 1 1
 x(x  3)    3x  3(x  3)  dx   3
xdx  
3 x 3
dx
1 1 1
 ln x  ln|x  3|+c =  ln|x  3|  ln x 
3 3 3
1 x3
= ln +c
3 x
308
3x 2 + 2x  1
b)  x(x +1) dx
3x 2  2x  1
Solution: The given rational function is
x(x  1)
It is not proper rational fraction, so we make is proper RF.
3x 2  2x  1 3x 2  3x  x  1

x(x  1) x(x  1)
3x 2  2x  1 3x(x  1)  1(x  1) (3x  1)(x  1) 3x  1 1
   3
x(x  1) x(x  1) x(x  1) x x
Integrating both sides
3x 2  2x  1  1 1
 x(x  1) dx    3  x dx   3dx   xdx
= 3x  lnx + c
4x 3 +4x 2 + x  1
c)  x 2(x +1)2 dx
4x 3  4x 2  x  1
Solution: The given fraction is since this is a proper
x 2 (x  1)2
fraction, so we put
4x 3 +4x 2 + x  1 A B C D
2 2
= + 2+ +  (i)
x (x +1) x x (x +1) (x +1)2
Multiplying both sides by x2(x+1)2.
4x 3  4x 2  x  1  Ax(x  1)2  B(x  1)2  Cx 2 (x  1)  Dx 2  (ii)
Put x=0 in (ii)
4(0)3  4(0)2  0  1  A(0)(0  1)2  B(0  1)2  C(0)2 (0  1)  D(0)2
1  B
B=1
Putting x=1 in (ii)
309
4(1)3  4(1)2  (1)  1  A(1)(1  1)2  B(1  1)2  C(1)2 (1  1)  D(1)2
2=D
D=2
To find C and D, we have to expand (ii)
4x 3  4x 2  x  1  Ax(x 2  2x  1)  B(x 2  2x  1)  Cx 2 (x  1)  Dx 2
4x 3  4x 2  x  1  Ax 3  2Ax 2  Ax  Bx 2  2Bx  B  Cx 3  Cx 2  Dx 2
4x 3  4x 2  x  1  (A  C)x 3  (2A  B  C  D)x 2  (A  2B)x  B
Equating coefficients on both sides

A+2B=1 but B=1
A+2(1)=1
A=3
Similarly, A+C=4 but A=3
3+C=4
C=1
Putting values of A,B,C and D in (i)
4x 3  4x 2  x  1 3 1 1 2
2 2
  2  Taking integral on both sides
x (x  1) x x x  1 (x  1)2
4x 3  4x 2  x  1 3 2 1 2 
 x 2(x  1)2 dx    x  x  x  1  2(x  1)  dx
3 dx
  dx   x 2dx     2(x  1)1 dx
x x 1
x 1 (x  1)1
 3 ln x   ln(x  1)  2 c
1 1
1 2
= 3lnx + ln(x +1)+ + +c
x x +1
310
1
d) x 3
dx
1
1
Given fraction is 3
which is in proper form
x 1
1 1 A Bx + C
3
= 2
= + 2  (i)
x  1 (x  1)(x + x +1) (x  1) (x + x +1)
Multiplying by (x1) (x2+x+1)
1=A(x2+x+1)+(Bx+C)(x1) (ii)
Put x=1 in (ii) to find A,
1=A(12+1+1)+(B(1)+C) (11)
1=3A
1
A=
3
To find B and C, we will expand (ii)
1=Ax2+Ax+A+Bx2Bx+CxC
1=(A+B)x2+(AB+C)x+(AC)
Equating coefficients on both sides of x2
1
A+B=0 Put A=
3
1
+B=0
3
1
B= 
3
Equating coefficients of x
1 1
and AB+C=0 put A= and B= 
3 3
1 1
 C 0
3 3
311
2
C=
3
Putting values of A,B and C in (i)
1 1 x  2
1 3  3 3
3
 2
x 1 x 1 x  x 1
1 1  1 x 2 
x 3
dx     2 dx
1 3  x 1 x  x  1
1 1 x2
 ln(x  1)   2 dx
3 3 x  x 1
1 1 2x  4
 ln(x  1)   2 dx
3 6 x  x 1
1 1 2x  1  3
 ln(x  1)   2 dx
3 6 x  x 1
1 1  2x  1 3 
 ln(x  1)    2  2 dx
3 6  x  x  1 x  x  1
1 1 2x  1 3 1
 ln(x  1)   2 dx   2 dx
3 6 x  x 1 6 x  x 1
1 1 1 1
 ln(x  1)  ln(x 2  x  1)     dx
3 6  2  x2  x  1  3
4 4
1 1 1 1
 ln(x  1)  ln(x 2  x  1)     2
dx
3 6 2
 x  12 
2
  34 
x  1 
1 1 2 1 1 1  2
 ln(x  1)  ln(x  x  1)    tan
3 6 2 3  3 
4  4 
1 1 1  4 1 
= ln(x  1)  ln(x 2 + x +1)  tan 1   x +   + c
3 6 3  3 2 
312
x4  x2 + 2
e)  x 2  x  1 dx
x 4  x2  2
The given ration function is not a proper function so, we
x 2 (x  1)
first make it proper RF.
Division:
x 1
3 2
x x x  x2  2
4
x 4  x 3
x3  x2  2
x3  x2
2
x4  x2  2 2
Thus 2
 (x  1)  2  (i)
x  x  1 x (x  1)
2 A B C
Let 2
= + 2+ Multiply by x2(x1)
x (x  1) x x x 1
2=A(x)(x1)+B(x1)+Cx2  (ii)
To find B, put x=0 in (ii)
2=A(0)(01)+B(01)+C(0)2 B=2
B=2
To find C, put x1=0  x=1 in (ii)
2=A(1)(11)+B(11)+C(1)2  C=2
To find A, expand (ii) i.e.
2=Ax2Ax+BxB+Cx2
2=(A+C)x2+(BA)xB
Equating coefficient on both sides
A+C=0 put C=2
313
A+2=0  A=2
Putting value of A, B and C in (i)
2 A B C
 2
  2
x (x  1) x x x 1
x4  x2  2 2 2 2
2
 x  1  2 
x (x  1) x x x 1
Taking integral
x4  x2  2  2 2 2 
 x 2(x  1) dx    x  1  x  2x  x  1  dx
x4  x2  2 2 2 2
 x 2(x  1) dx   (x  1)dx   x dx   2x dx   x  1 dx
x4  x2  2 x2 x 1
 x 2 (x  1) dx   x  2 ln x  2  2 ln(x  1)  c
2 1
x4  x2  2 x2 2
 x 2(x  1) dx   x  2 ln x   2 ln(x  1)  c
2 x
x4  x2 + 2  x2 
 x 2(x  1) dx =  2 + x + 2ln(x  1)  2ln(x)
Q.2 Evaluate the following integrals through partial fractions

decompositions.
dx
a) x 2
1
1
Solution: Given the fraction is 2
which is in proper form.
x 1
1 1 A B
2
= = +  (i)
x  1  x  1  x +1  x  1 x +1
Multiplying (i) by (x1)(x+1)
314
1=A(x+1)+B(x1)  (ii)
To find A, put x1=0  x=1 in (ii)
1=A(1+1)+B(11)
1
2A=1  A=
2
To find B, put x+1=0  x=1 in (ii)
1=A(1+1)+B(11)
1
2B=1  B=
2
Putting values of A and B in (i)
1 1 1
 2  2
x2  1 x  1 x  1
Taking integration of both sides
1  1 1 
x 2
dx      dx
1  2  x  1 2  x  1 
1 1 1 1 1
x 2
dx   dx   dx
1 2 x 1 2 x 1
1 1 1
x 2
dx  ln x  1  ln x  1  c
1 2 2
1 1 x 1
x 2
dx = ln +c
1 2 x +1
3x +5
b) x 2
dx
+ 2x  3
3x  5
Solution: Given the fraction is 2
, which is in proper form.
x  2x  3
(By factorization method)
3x + 5 3x + 5 A B
2
= = +  (i)
x + 2x  3  x + 3  x  1 x + 3 x  1
315
Multiplying (i) by (x+3)(x1)

3x+5=A(x1)+B(x+3)  (ii)
To find A, put x+3=0  x=3 in (ii)
3(3)+5=A(31)+B(3+3)
4=4A  A=1
To find B, put x1=0  x=1 in (ii)
3(1)+5=A(11)+B(1+3)
4B=8  B=2
3x  5 3x  5 A B
2
  
x  2x  3  x  3  x  1 x  3 x  1
3x  5 1 2
2
 
x  2x  3 x  3 x  1
(3x  5)  1 2 
x 2
dx      dx
 2x  3  x  3 x 1
(3x  5) 1 1
x 2
dx   dx  2  dx
 2x  3 x3 x 1
(3x  5)
x 2
dx  ln x  3  2 ln x  1  c
 2x  3
(3x  5) 2
x 2
dx  ln x  3  ln x  1  c
 2x  3
(3x + 5)
x 2
dx = ln(x + 3)(x  1)2 + c
+ 2x  3
x  3
c)  2x 2
dx
x 1
Solution: Given the fraction is in proper form. (By factorization method)
316
x  3 x  3 x  3
2
 2 
2x  x  1 2x  2x  x  1 2x(x  1)  1(x  1)
x  3 x  3 A B
2
    (i)
2x  x  1  2x  1 x  1 2x  1 x  1
Multiplying (i) by (2x+1)(x1)

x3=A(x1)+B(2x+1)  (ii)
1
To find A, put 2x+1=0  x= in (ii)
2
 1   1    1  
    3  A   1  B  2    1
 2   2    2  
5 3 5
 A  A=
2 2 3
To find B, put x1=0  x=1 in (ii)
13=A(11)+B(2(1)+1)
4
4  3B  B =
3
x  3 5 4
 3  3
2
2x  x  1 2x  1 x  1
x  3  5 4 
 2x 2  x  1 dx    2x  1 x 31  dx
 3 
 
x  3 5 1 4 1
 2x2
dx   dx   dx
 x 1 3 2x  1 3 x 1
x  3 5 1 4
 2x2
dx   ln 2x  1  ln x  1  c
 x 1 3 2 3
317
x  3 5 4
 2x 2
dx  ln 2x  1  ln x  1  c
 x 1 6 3
5 4
x  3
 2x 2  x  1 dx  ln 2x  1 6  ln x  1 3  c
5
x  3 (2x +1)6
 2x 2  x  1 dx = ln 4
+c
(x  1)3
x2  1
d)  x 2  2x  15 dx
x2  1
Solution: Given the fraction is not a proper rational function,
x 2  2x  15
so by division.
1
2
x  2 x 15 x2  1
 x 2  15  2x
2x  14
x2  1 2x  14
2
 1 2  (i) (By factorization method)
x  2x  15 x  2x  15
2x  14 2x +14 A B
Now, 2
 = +  (ii)
x  2x  15  x  5  x + 3  x  5 x + 3
Multiplying (i) by (x5)(x+3)
2x+14=A(x+3)+B(x5)  (iii)
To find A, put x5=0  x=5 in (iii)
2(5)+14=A(5+3)+B(55)
24=8A  A=3
To find B, put x+3=0  x=3 in (iii)
2(3)+14=A(3+3)+B(35)
8=8B  B=1
318
Putting value of A and B in (ii)

2x  14 3 1
2
  putting in (i)
x  2x  15 x  5 x  3
2x  14  3 1 
x 2
dx    1    dx
 2x  15  x 5 x 3
2x  14 3 1
x 2
dx   1dx   dx   dx
 2x  15 x 5 x3
2x  14
x 2
dx  x  3ln x  5  ln x  3  c
 2x  15
2x  14 3
x 2
dx  x  ln x  5  ln x  3  c
 2x  15
2x  14 (x  5)3
 x2  2x  15 dx  x  ln c
(x  3)
x2
e)   x + 1 3
dx
x2
Solution: Given the fraction is , which is in proper form.
(x  1)3
x2 A B C
3
= + +  (i)
(x +1) x +1 (x +1) (x +1)3
2
Multiplying (i) by (x+1)3

x2=A(x+1)2+B(x+1)+C
x2=Ax2+2Ax+A+Bx+B+C
x2=Ax2+(2A+B)x+(A+B+C)
Comparing coefficients on both sides of x2, x, xo
For x2: A=1
For x: 2A+B=0 put A=1
319
For xo: 2(1)+B=0 B=2

A+B+C=0 put A=1, B=2
12+C=0  C=1
Putting values of A,B and C in (i)
x2 1 2 1
3
    (i)
(x  1) x  1 (x  1) (x  1)3
2

x2  1 2 1  dx 2dx dx
 (x  1)3 dx    x  1  (x  1)2  (x  1)3  dx   x  1   (x  1)2   (x  1)3
2 1 3 1
x2  x  1  x  1
 (x  1)3 dx  ln x  1  2  c
2  1 3  1
x2 2 1
 (x +1)3 dx = ln x +1 + x +1  2(x +1)2 + c
x
f)   x +1  x dx
2
+1 
x
Solution: Given the fraction is , which is in proper form.
(x  1) x 2  1
x A Bx + C
= + 2  (i)
(x +1) x +1  x +1 x +1
2
Multiplying (i) by (x+1)(x2+1)

x=A(x2+1)+(Bx+C)(x+1)  (ii)
To find A, put x+1=0  x=1 in (ii)
1=A((1)2+1)+(B(1)+C) (1+1)
1
1=2A  A=
2
Expanding (ii)
x=Ax2+A+Bx2+Bx+Cx+C
320
x=(A+B) x2+(B+C)x+(A+C) Comparing coefficient on both sides

For x2:
1
A+B=0 put A 
2
1 1
B0  B=
2 2
Compare coefficient of x:
1
BC 1  B
2
1 1
C1  C=
2 2
Put values of A,B and C in (i) and take integration both sides
x  1 1 x1 
 (x  1) x 2  1 dx    x  1 x  1 2 dx
 2  22
 
x 1 1 1 x 1 1
 (x  1) x dx    dx   2 dx   2 dx
2
 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
x 1 1 1 1
 (x  1) x dx   ln x  1   ln x 2  1  tan 1 x  c
2
 1 2 2 2 2
x 1 1 1
 (x  1) x dx   ln x  1  ln x 2  1  tan 1 x  c
2
 1 2 4 2
1 1
x 1 1 2
 (x  1) x 2  1 dx  2 tan x  ln(x  1)  ln(x  1)  c
4 2
1
 2 
x 1 1   x +1  4

 (x  1) x 2  1 dx  2 tan x + ln  1 
+c
  x +1  
2
 
x2 + 2
g)  2
dx
x 2
+ 1
Solution: Hence it is proper, irreducible and repeated form
321
x2 + 2 Ax +B Cx + D
2
= + 2  (i)
x 2
+1  (x +1) (x +1)2
2
Multiplying (i) by (x2+1)2

x2+2=(Ax+B)(x2+1)+Cx+D
x2+2=Ax3+Ax+Bx2+B+Cx+D
x2+2=Ax3+ Bx2+(A+C)x + (B+D)
Comparing coefficient on both sides
For x3:
A=0
For x2:
B=1
For x:
A+C=0 put A=0
0+C=0  C=0
B+D=2  1+D=2  D=1
Putting values of A,B,C and D in (i)
x2  2 Ax  B Cx  D
 2
dx  
x 2
 1 (x 2  1) (x 2  1)2
 0 x 1
x2  2     0  x  1 
 x 2  1 2 dx    x 2  1  x 2  1 2 dx
     
x2  2 1 1
 2
dx   2
dx   2
dx
x 2
 1 x 1  x  1
2
x2  2 1
 2
dx  tan 1 x   2
dx  (ii)
x 2
 1 x 2
 1
322
1
 2
dx  (iii)
x 2
 1
Now integration by substitution methods

Let x=tan
Diff w.r.t x
dx
 sec2 
d
dx  sec 2 d
Substituting in (iii)
sec2 d sec 2  1
 2
 2
 d
1  tan  2
sec 
2 sec2 
 1  cos2 
  cos2 d     d
 2 
1 sin2 
      c substituting   tan 1 x
2 2 
1 1
sin  2 tan 1 x  
 tan x  c
2 2 

Putting in (ii)
x2  2 1 1
sin  2 tan 1 x  
1
 x 2  1 2 dx  tan x  2 tan x  2
c
   
x2  2 3 1
 2
dx  tan1 x + sin  2tan1 x  +c
x 2
 1 2 4
x 4 +1
h)  x 4  1 dx
x4  1
Solution: Given function 4 is improper, so we make it proper by division.
x 1
323
1
4
x 1 x4  1
x 4  1
2
x4  1 2
Thus; 4 1 4  (i)
x 1 x 1
Now to find the partial fractions
2 2 A B Cx + D
= = + + 2  (ii)
x  1  x  1  x +1   x +1  x  1 x +1 x +1
4 2
Multiplying (i) by (x1)(x+1)(x2+1)

2=A(x+1)(x2+1)+B(x1)(x2+1)+(Cx+D)(x1)(x+1)  (iii)
To find A, put x1=0  x=1 in (iii)
2=A(1+1)((1)2+1)+B(11)((1)2+1)+(Cx+D)(11)(1+1)
1
2=4A  A=
2
To find B, put x+1=0  x=1 in (iii)
2=A(1+1)((1)2+1)+B(11)((1)2+1)+(C(1)+D)(11)(1+1)
1
2=4B  B=
2
Expanding (iii)
2=Ax3+Ax+Ax2+A+Bx3+BxBx2B+Cx3Cx+Dx2D
2=(A+B+C)x3+(AB+D)x2+(A+BC)x+(ABD)
Comparing coefficients
1 1
A  B  C  0, putting A  , B 
2 2
1  1 
    C  0,  C=0
2  2 
324
1 1
A  B  D  0, Putting A  and B 
2 2
1  1 
 D  0  D = 1
2  2 
Putting values of A,B,C and D in (ii)
 1 1
x4  1  2 2 0x  1 
 x 4  1 dx    1  x  1  x  1  x 2  1 dx
 
x4  1 1 1 1 1 1
 x 4  1 dx   1dx  2  x  1 dx  2  x  1dx   1  x 2 dx
x4  1 1 1 1
 x 4  1 dx  x + 2 ln x  1  2 ln x +1  tan x + c
Q.3 Use integral by part to evaluate the following integrals.

x
a)  xe dx
Solution: For two function u and v of x by part integral is given by:
 d 
 uvdx  u  vdx     vdx  dx (u) dx
x
Here for;  xe dx, u  x, v  ex
x ex x  d x 
So,  I II dx  x   e dx    dx (x) e dx dx
 x  ex   1  ex dx
= xe x  e x + c
b)  xsinxdx
Solution: Using integration by parts method
 d 
 uvdx  u   vdx     dx u   vdx  dx
325
Here for;  xsinxdx, u  x, v  sinx

x sinx  d 
Then, I dx  x   sinxdx    (x) sinxdx dx
II  dx 
 x(cosx)   1  ( cos x)dx
  xcosx   cos xdx  c
=  xcosx +sinx +c
1
c)  tan xdx
Solution: Taking 1 in product

Here for  tan x 1dx   tan x 1  1dx
u  tan 1 x, v  1
tan 1 x 1  d 
 I  II dx  tan x   1dx    dx  tan x    1dx  dx
1 1
1
 tan 1 x.  x     xdx
1  x2
Multiplying and Dividing by 2
1 2x
 x tan 1 x  dx
2  x2  1
1
= xtan 1 x  ln(x 2 +1)+ c
2
1
d)  sin xdx
Solution: Taking 1 in product

Here for,  sin 1x  dx   sin 1x  1dx
u  sin 1x, v  1,So

sin 1 1  d 
 I x  II dx  si n x   1dx    dx si n x    1dx  dx
1 1
326
1
 xsin 1x   .xdx
1  x2
x
 xsin 1x   dx
1  x2
1
 xsin x   1  x
1 2
 2 .xdx
Multiplying and Dividing by 2

1
1
 xsin 1x 
2
 1  x 
2 2
.(2x)dx
According to rule
n f(x)n 1
 f(x) f '(x) dx  n 1
1
1
1 (1  x 2 ) 2
 xsin 1x  c
2 1  1
2
1
2
 1  (1  x )2
 xsin 1x    . c
2 1
 
2
= xsin 1 x + 1  x 2 + c
2 11
e)  x (x  3) dx
Solution: Here for, u  x 2 , v  (x  3)11 ,so

 d 
2
 x (x  3)
11
 x 2  (x  3)11 dx     x 2    (x  3)11 dx  dx
 dx 
(x  3)12 (x  3)12
 x2   2x  dx
12 12
x2 1 x (x  3)12
 (x  3)12   dx
12 6 I II
327
Again using by parts formula

x 2 (x  3)12 1   d  
   x  (x  3)12 dx    (x) (x  3)12 dx  dx 
12 6  dx  
x 2 (x  3)12 1 (x  3)13 1 (x  3)13
  x   dx
12 6 13 6 13
1 2 12 1 13 1 (x  3)14
 x (x  3)  x(x  3)   c
12 78 78 14
x 2(x  3)12 x(x  3)13 (x  3)14
=  + +c
12 78 1092
f) I =  e x cosx dx
Solution: Here for, u=ex , v=cosx

I   ex cosdx
 d 
I  ex  cosx dx    (ex )  cosx dx  dx
 dx 
x ex sinx
I  e sinx   dx
I II
Again using by parts formula
 d 
I  ex sinx  ex  sinx dx   (ex ) sinx dx  dx
 dx 
I  ex sinx  ex (cosx)   ex (c os x)dx   ex sinx  ex c os x   ex c os xdx
I  ex sinx  ex cosx  I  c
2I  exsinx  ex cosx  c
1 x c
I
2
 e sinx  ex cosx  
2
ex c
I  sinx  cosx  
2 2
ex
I =  sinx + cosx  + c
2
328
2
g)   x +sinx  dx =  (x 2 +sin 2 x + 2xsinx)dx
Solution:
x sinx
  x 2dx  2  dx   sin 2 xdx
I II
Using integral by parts
x3   d   1  cos2x
  2  x  sinxdx    (x) sinx dx dx    dx
3   dx   2
x3 1
  2  x(cosx)   1(cosx)dx    (1  cos2x)dx
3 2
x3 1 1 sin2x
  2xcosx  2sinx  x   c
3 2 2 2
x3 x 1
=  2xcosx + 2sinx +  sin2x + c
3 2 4
2x
h) e 1  e x dx  (A)
Solution:
First using integration by substitution
Let t=1ex (i)
ex=1t (ii)
Diff w.r.t x
d x d d
e  (i)  (t)
dx dx dx
dt
 ex
dx
dt
 (1  t)
dx
dt
 dx (iii)
(1  t)
329
Substituting (i)(ii) and (iii) in (A)
2  dt 
 (1  t) t.  
 (1  t) 
1
   (1  t) t dt    (1  t)t dt 2
1 3
1 1
1 t2 3 t2
   t 2dt   t 2dt   
1 3
1 1
2 2
1 3
 t3 2 t5 2 
   (t 2
 t )dt   
2
 c
3 5 
 2 2
2 3 2 5
=  t 2 + t 2 +c
3 5
Put t=1ex
2 3 2 5
  (1  ex ) 2  (1  ex ) 2  c
3 5
3  2 2 
 (1  ex ) 2    (1  ex )  c
 3 5 
x
3  10  6  6e 
 (1  ex ) 2  c
 15 
2 3
= (1  e x ) 2  3e x + 2  + c
15
i)  xsinx cosx dx
Solution:
1 1 x sin2x
 x(2sinx cosx)dx    dx
2 2 I II
As we know that; 2sinxcosx=sin2x
330
1  d  
  x   sin2x dx    (x) sin2x dx  dx 
2  dx  
1   cos2x   cos2x  
  x    1   dx 
2  2   2  
 xcos2x 1
   cos2x dx
4 4
x 1
= cos2x + sin2x + c
4 8
2 lnx x 2
j)  x lnx dx= I II dx
Solution:
 d 
 ln x   x 2 dx     ln x    x 2 dx dx
 dx 
x3 1 x3
 ln x    dx
3 x 3
x3 1
 ln x   x 2dx
3 3
x3 1 x3
 ln x    c
3 3 3
x3 x3
= lnx  + c
3 9
Q.4 Integrate the following integrals by part integration through

appropriate substitution.
lnx.sin(lnx)
a)  dx
x
Solution:
331
First we use integration by substitution

Let t=lnx (i)
dt 1
  dt  1 dx  (ii)
dx x x
ln x  sin(ln x)
Substitute (i) and (ii) is given integral  dx
x
 t.sint dt
Using by part integration
t s int d 
I dt  t  s int dt    (t) s int dt dt
II  dt 
 t(cost)   1  (cost)dt
 tcost  s int  c
Substitute value of t from (i)
ln x sin(ln x)
 dt  lnx.cos(lnx)+sin(lnx)+ c
x
b)  sin2x ln(cosx)dx
Solution:  2sinx cosx ln(cosx)dx (A)  sin2x  2sinx cosx
Let t=cosx (i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt
 sinx
dx
dt  sinxdx  (ii)
t ln t
 2t ln t(dt)  2 II I
dt
332
Using integration by parts

ln t t  d  
2   dt  2 ln t   tdt    (ln t)   tdt  dt 
I II   dt  
 t2 1 t2 
 2  ln t     dt 
 2 t 2 
2
 t2 ln t  tdt
2
t2
 t2 ln t  1  c
2
t2
 1  2 ln t   c
2
Substituting value of t from (i)
cos 2 x
=  1  2ln(cosx) + c
2
2x
c) e sine x dx =  e x  sine x  e x dx  (A)
Solution:
Let t=ex (i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt
 ex
dx
dt = e x dx (ii)
 t sint.dt
Using integration by parts
t s int d 
I dt  t  sin tdt    (t) s int dt dt
II  dt 
333
 t  cost    1(cost)dt
 tcost   costdt
 t cost  s int  c
Substituting value of t from (i) t = ex
2x
e sine x dx = e x cose x +sine x + c
Q.5 The rate at which the body eliminates a drug (in millimeters per
hour) is given by.
R(t) 60t
=
dt (t +1)2(t + 2)
Where t is the number of hours since the drug was administered. If
R(0)=0 is the current drug elimination, how much of the drug is eliminated
during the first hour after it was administered?
The fourth hour, after it was administered?
R(t) 60t
Solution: Given  and R(0)  0
dt (t  1)2 (t  2)
dR(t)
First we find R(t) from given
dt
dR(t) 60t

dt (t  1)2 (t  2)
60t
dR(t)  dt
(t  1)2 (t  2)
60t
 dR(t)   (t  1) (t  2)dt
2
60t
R(t)   dt  (A)
(t  1)2 (t  2)
334
We will use partial fraction method for integration

60t A B C
2
= + 2
+  (i)
(t +1) (t + 2) (t +1) (t +1) (t + 2)
Multiplying both sides by (t+1)2(t+2)
60t  A(t  1)(t  2)  B(t  2)  C(t  1)2  (ii)
To find C, put t+2=0
t=2 in (ii)
60(2)  A(2  1)(2  2)  B(2  2)  C(2  1)2
120  0  0  C
C = 120
To find B, put t+1=0
t=1 in (ii)
60(1)  A(1  1)(1  2)  B(1  2)  C(1  1)2
60  0  B  0
B = 60
To find A we expand eq(ii)
60t  A(t2  3t  2)  Bt  2B  C(t2  2t  1)
60t  At2  3At  2A  Bt  2B  Ct2  2Ct  C

60t  (A  C)t2  (3A  B  2C)t  (2A  2B  C)
A C 0
C=120
A+(120)=0
A=120
Putting values of A, B, and C in (1)
335
120 60 120

R(t)   dt   2
dt   dt
t1 (t  1) t2
1 1
R(t)  120  dt  60  (t  1)2 dt  120  dt
t 1 t2
60(t  1)1
R(t)  120 ln(t  1)   120 ln(t  2)  c
1
60
R(t)  120  ln(t  1)  ln(t  2)  c
(t  1)
 t  1  60
R(t)  120 ln    c  (iii)
t 2 t 1
To find c, put R(0)=0
 0  1  60
0  120 ln   c
02 0 1
1
0  120 ln    60  c
2
0  120(0.69347)  60  c
c = 23.18
Putting in (iii)
 t  1  60
R(t)  120 ln    23.18
t2 t1
Now
 1  1  60
R(1)  120 ln    23.18
1 2  11
2
R(1)  120 ln    30  23.18
3
R(1)  120(0.40546)  30  23.18
R(1)  48.6558  30  23.17766
R(1)= 4.52ml  first hour
336
 4  1  60
R(4)  120 ln    23.18
42 4 1
R(4)= 13.30443
 3  1  60
R(3)  120 ln    23.18
3 2  3 1
R(3)= 11.4031
R(4)  R(3)  13.30443  11.4031
R(4)  R(3)= 1.89ml  fourth hour
Q.6 The rate of change of the voting population of a city with respect to
time t (in years) is estimated to be,
dN 100t

dt  1+ t 2 2
Where N(t) is in thousands. If N(0) is the current voting population,

then how much will this population increase during the next 3 years.
dN 100t
Solution: Given that 
dt 1  t2 2
100t
dN  dt
2 2
1  t 
100t 2t
 dN   2 2
dt  50 
2 2
dt  (A)
1  t  1  t 
Let u=1+t2(i)
du
 2t  du  2tdt  (ii)
dt
337
du
 dN  50 u 2
 50  u 2 du
u 1 50
N  50 c c Substituting the values of u from (i)
1 u
50
N(t)= c  (B)
 1  t2 
To find c, put N=N(0) and t=0
50
N(0)= c
 1  02 
N(0)= 50+c  c=N(0)+50 Putting in (B)
50
N t   N(0)  50  (C)
1  t2 
Now at t=3
50
N  3   N(0)  50
 1  32 
N  3   5  N(0)  50  N(0)  45
Increase in population, N=N(3)N(0)
N=N(0) + 45N(0)
N=45 thousand
Q.7 An oil tanker aground on a reef is losing oil and producing an oil
stick that is radiating onward at a rate approximated by
dr 100t
= t0
dt t2 + 9
Where r is radius (feet) of the circular slick after t minutes. Find the
radius of the slick after 4 minutes if the radius r=0. When t=0
dr 100
Solution: Given that 
dt t2  9
338
100
dr  dt Taking integration of both sides
t2  9
100
 dr   dt  (A) Let t=3tan (i)
t2  9
dt
 3sec2   dt  3sec 2 d  (ii) Substituting (i) and (ii) in (A)
d
100  3sec2d  300 sec2 d
 dr   9 tan 2   9
 9  tan 2   1
300 sec2 d sec2 

r  100  sec d
3  sec2 
sec  sec  tan  
r  100  secd  100  d
sec  tan 
r  100 
sec   sec tan  d
2
sec  tan 
r  100 ln sec  tan   c
r  100 ln tan 2   1  tan   c
Substituting value of tan from (i)

t
tan =
3
t2 t
r(t)  100 ln  1   c (B) To find c, put t=0 and r=0
9 3
02 0
0  100 ln 1 c  c  0, put in (B)
9 3
t2 t
r(t)  100 ln  1   (C) Now radius r after 4 minutes will be
9 3
339
42 4 4 5
r(4)  100 ln  1   100 ln 
9 3 3 3
r(4)= 109.86 feet
Q.8 After a person takes a pill, the drug contained in the pill in
assimilated into the blood stream. The rate of assimilation t minutes
after taking the pill is,
dr
= te0.2t , r(0)= 0
dt
Find the total amount of the drug that is assimilated into the
bloodstream during the first 10 minutes after the pill is taken.
dr
Solution: Given that  te0.2t
dt
dr  te0.2t dt Taking integration of both sides
0.2t
 dr   te dt Taking integration by parts
d
r  t  e0.2t dt  
dt
t e 0.2t

dt dt
e0.2t  e0.2t 
r  t    1   dt
0.2   0.2  
0.2t e0.2t
r  5te 5 c
 0.2 
r  5te0.2t  25e0.2t  c  (A) Putting r=0 and t=0
=5(0) e0.2(0) 25e0.2(0)+c
=25+c  c=25 Putting in (A)
0.2t 0.2t
r(t)=5te  25e + 25  Now for r(10), put t=10, in B
r(10)=5(10)e0.2(10)  25e0.2(10) + 25
r(10)=50e0.2(10)  25e0.2(10) + 25
r(10)=6.773.375+25
r(10)=14.86
340
DEFINITE INTEGRAL:
Area under a curve:
The area under a curve f(x) between x=a to x=b (shown in figure)
can be obtained by dividing the interval (a,b) into subintervals and
approximating the area by the sum of rectangles shown, below;
ba
For n subintervals x =
n
Area=Af(x1)x+f(x2)x+……….+f(xn)x  (i)
The limiting value of (i) when x0 becomes the actual area under
f(x), under the limiting condition x0 (n), the value on right side of (i)
becomes;
b
limt x  f(x 1 )+ f(x 2 )+........+ f(x n ) =  f(x)dx  (ii)
x  0
a
The right hand side of (ii) is called the definite integral of f(x) from a
to b and gives the area under curve f(x) from a to b.
EXERCISE 5.4
Q.1 In each case, determine the approximate area of the region bounded
by f(x)=2x+1, x=a and x=b for n subintervals.
a) n=2, a=0, b=2
Solution: Here a=0, b=2 and n=2, f(x)=2x+1
ba 20
So, the width of subinterval x=  1
n 2
341
The right hand sides of the two subintervals are

x1=a+x=0+1=1 f(x) = 2x + 1
x2=a+2x=0+2(1)=2 f(x1) = f(1) = 2(1) + 1 = 3
Thus, the approximate area is f(x1) = 3
A=f(x1)x + f(x2)x putting values f(x) = 2x + 1
A=3+5 f(x2) = f(2) = 2(2) + 1 = 5
A=8 units f(x2) = 5
b) n=4, a=0, b=2
Solution: Here a=0, b=2 and n=4, and f(x)=2x+1
ba 20
So, the width of subinterval x =   0.5
n 4
The right hand sides of four subintervals are f(x) = 2x + 1
x1=a+x=0+0.5=0.5 f(x1) = 2(0.5) + 1 = 2
x2=a+2x=0+2(0.5)=1 f(x2) = 2(1) + 1 = 3
x3=a+3x=0+3(0.5)=1.5 f(x3) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
x4=a+4x=0+4(0.5)=2 f(x4) = 2(2) + 1 = 5
The approximate area is thus
A=f(x1)x + f(x2)x + f(x3)x + f(x4)x putting the values
A = x[f(x1) + f(x2) + f(x3) + f(x4)]
1
A=  2  3  4  5
2
A=7
c) n=8, a=0, b=2
ba 20
n 8
The right hand sides of four subintervals are f(x)=2x+1
342
x1=a+x=0+0.25=0.25 f(x1) = 2(0.25)+1 = 1.5

x2=a+2x=0+2(0.25)=0.5 f(x2) = 2(0.50)+1 = 2
x3=a+3x=0+3(0.25)=0.75 f(x3) = 2(0.75)+1 = 2.5
x4=a+4x=0+4(0.25)=1 f(x4) = 2(1.0)+1 = 3
x5=a+5x=0+5(0.25)=1.25 f(x5) = 2(1.25)+1 = 3.5
x6=a+6x=0+6(0.25)=1.5 f(x6) = 2(1.50)+1 = 4
x7=a+7x=0+7(0.25)=1.75 f(x7) = 2(1.75)+1 = 4.5
x8=a+8x=0+8(0.25)=2 f(x8) = 2(2)+1 = 5
A = x[f(x1) + f(x2) + f(x3) + f(x4) + f(x5) + f(x6) + f(x7) + f(x8)]
A = 0.25[1.5 + 2 + 2.5 + 3 + 3.5 + 4 + 4.5 + 5]
A = 0.25[26]
A=6.5 units
d) n=2, a=1, b=5
b a 51
So, the width of subinterval x =  2
n 5
The right hand sides of two subintervals are
x1=a+x=1+2=3 f(x1)= 2(3) + 1 = 7
x2=a+2x=1+2(2)=5 f(x2)= 2(5) + 1 = 10 + 1 = 11
The approximate are is thus
A=f(x1)x + f(x2)x
A = x[f(x1)+f(x2)]
A = 2[7 + 11] = 2  18
A=36
343
Q.2 In each case, find the approximate area of the region bounded by
f(x)=x2+1, x=a and x=b for n subintervals.
a) n=2, a=0, b=2
Solution: Here a=0, b=2 and n=2, f(x)=x2+1
ba 20
So, the width of subinterval, x=  1
n 2
The right hand sides of each subinterval are
x1=a+x=0+1=1 f(x1)= f(1) = (1)2 + 1 = 2
x2=a+2x=0+2(1)=2 f(x2)= f(2) = (2)2 + 1 = 5
A=f(x1)x + f(x2)x, putting values
A = x[f(x1)+f(x2)]
A=1[2+5]
A=2+5
A=7
b) n=4, a=0, b=2
Solution: Here a=0, b=2 and n=4 and f(x)=x2+1
ba 20
So, the width of subinterval, x=   0.5
n 4
The right hand sides of 4 subintervals are
x1=a+x=0+0.5=0.5 f(x1)= f(0.5) = (0.5)2 + 1= 1.25
x2=a+2x=0+2(0.5)=1 f(x2)= f(1) = (1)2 + 1 = 2
x3=a+3x=0+3(0.5)=1.5 f(x3)= f(1.5) = (1.5)2 + 1= 3.25
x4=a+4x=0+4(0.5)=2 f(x4)= f(2) = (2)2 + 1 = 5
A=f(x1)x + f(x2)x+ f(x3)x + f(x4)x
A = x[f(x1) + f(x2) + f(x3) + f(x4)]
344
A = 0.5[1.25+2+3.25+5]
A=5.75
c) n=8, a=0, b=2
ba 20
n 8
The right hand sides of four subintervals are
x1=a+x=0+0.25=0.25 f(x1)= f(0.25) = (0.25)2 + 1= 1.0625
x2=a+2x=0+2(0.25)=0.5 f(x2)= f(0.5) = (0.5)2 + 1= 1.25
x3=a+3x=0+3(0.25)=0.75 f(x3)= f(0.75) = (0.75)2 + 1= 1.5625
x4=a+4x=0+4(0.25)=1 f(x4)= f(1) = (1)2 + 1= 2
x5=a+5x=0+5(0.25)=1.25 f(x5)= f(1.25) = (1.25)2 + 1= 2.5625
x6=a+6x=0+6(0.25)=1.5 f(x6)= f(1.5) = (1.5)2 + 1= 3.25
x7=a+7x=0+7(0.25)=1.75 f(x7)= f(1.75) = (1.75)2 + 1= 4.0625
x8=a+8x=0+8(0.25)=2 f(x8)= f(2) = (2)2 + 1= 5
A = x[f(x1) + f(x2) + f(x3) + f(x4) + f(x5) + f(x6) + f(x7) + f(x8)]
A = 0.25[1.0625 + 1.25 + 1.5625 + 2 + 2.5625 + 3.25 + 4.0625 + 5]
A=5.1875
d) n=2, a=1, b=5
Solution: Here a=1, b=5 and n=2, f(x)=x2+1
b a 5 1
So, the width of subinterval x =  2
n 2
The right hand sides of two subintervals are
x1=a+x=1+2=3
x2=a+2x=1+2(2)=5
345
A=f(x1)x + f(x2)x
A = (3)2 +1 (2)  (5)2  1 (2)
A=20+52
A=72
Q.3 In each case, determine the actual value of the integral using
definition 5.6.1
x=3
a)  3xdx
x=0
Solution: Here a=0, b=3, f(x)=3x

For n subintervals, the width of each subinterval, x will be
ba 30 3
x   
n n n
The right hands of n subintervals are
3 3
x1=a+x=0+ =
n n
3 6
x2=a+2x=0+2( )=
n n
3 9
x3=a+3x=0+3( )=
n n
3
xn=a + nx = 0 + n( )=3
n
A=f(x1)x + f(x2)x + f(x3)x+……………….+ f(xn)x
Putting values
 3  3   6  3   9  3  3
A= 3      3      3      ..................  3(3) 
 n  n   n  n   n  n  n
346
The actual area is equal to the limit

b
A =  f(x)dx = lim  f(x 1 )x + f(x 2 )x +...................+ f(x n )x 
n 
a
= lim x[f(x 1 )+ f(x 2 )+.......+f(x n )]

n 
 3   3  6 
A  lim   3    3    ......  3  3  
n  n
  n  n 
 3  9 
A  lim     [1  2  3  ..............n]
n  n
  n 
27 n(n  1)
A  lim 
n  n2 2
A  lim

27n n 1  1
n 
n  2n 2
27  1
A lim  1  
2 n 
 n
27  1
A 1  
2  
A = 13.5
x=3
b)   2x  4  dx
x=0
Solution: Here a=0, b=3, f(x)=2x

For 4 subintervals, the width of each subinterval, will be
ba 30 3
x   
n n n
3 3
x1=a+x=0+ =
n n
3 6
x2=a+2x=0+2 ( )=
n n
347
3 9
x3=a+3x=0+3( )=
n n
| | |
| | |
3 3n
xn=a + nx = 0 + n( )=
n n
The area is given by the limit
x=3
A=  (2x  4)dx = lim x f(x )+ f(x )+ f(x )+.......f(x )
x=0
n 
1 2 3 n
3  3   6   9   3n 
A  lim   2( )  4    2( )  4    2( )  4   .....  2( )  4  
n  n  n   n   n   n 
3 6 12 18 6n 
A  lim  4 4  4.......  4
n  n n 4 n n 
3  6 12 18 6n 
A  lim     .......   4n 
n  n n n n n 
3 6
A  lim  1  2  .......n   4n 
n  n n 
3  6 n(n  1) 
A  lim   4n 
n  n n 2 
3 3
A  lim 3(n  1)  4n   lim 3n  3  4n 
n  n n  n
3 9 
A  lim 3  n   lim   3
n  n n  n
 
A = 3
x=2
c)  x 2 dx
x=0
Solution: Here a=0, b=3, f(x)=x2
348
For n subintervals, the width of each subinterval, will be

ba 20 2
x   
n n n
2 2
x1=a+x=0+ =
n n
2 4
x2=a+2x=0+2 ( )=
n n
2 6
x3=a+3x=0+3( )=
n n
| | |
| | |
2 2n
xn = a + nx = 0 + n( )=
n n
x=2
A=  x 2 dx = lim x  f(x 1 )+f(x 2 )+ f(x 3 )+.......f(x n )
n 
x=0
2 2 2 2
2  2   4   6   2n  
A  lim          .......    
n  n
 n   n   n   n  
2  2 2
A  lim 2  42  62  .......  2n  
n  nn 2  
2.22 2
A  lim 1  22  32  42.......n 2 
n  nn 2 
8 n(n  1)(2n  1)
A  lim
n  n3 6
4 2 1  1
A  lim 2
n 1    2  
n  3n  n  n
349
4 1  1
A  lim 1    2  
n  3 n  n
4
A  lim 1  0  2  0 
n  3
8
A=
3
x=3
 x  4  dx
2
d)
x=2
Solution: Here a=2, b=3, f(x)=x24

So, for n subintervals, the width of each subinterval, will be
ba 32 1
x   
n n n
1
x1=a+x=2+
n
1 2
x2=a+2x=2+2 ( )=2+
n n
1 3
x3=a+3x=2+3( )=2+
n n
| | |
| | |
1 n
xn = a + nx = 2 + n   =2+
n n

x=3
2
A=  (x  4)dx = lim x  f(x 1 )+ f(x 2 )+f(x 3 )+.......f(x n )
n 
x=2
350
1  1   2   3   n 
A  lim  (2  )2  4   (2  )2  4   (2  )2  4   ...  (2  )2  4 
n n n n n n
       
2 2
1 1 4 4 8 3 12 n 
A  lim 4  2   4  4  2   4  4  2   4  ....4  2  4  4
n  n n n n n n n n
 
1  12 22 32 n 2 4 8 12 4n 
A  lim  2  2
 2
 ..... 2
   ...... 
n  n n n n n n n n n 
1 1 1 4 
A  lim   2 12  22  32  ....n 2    1  2  3  ....n  
n  n n n n
 
 1 n(n  1)(2n  1) 4 n(n  1) 

A  lim  3   2 
n  n 6 n 2

 1 1 1 
 n  n  n(1  n )(2  n ) 4  n(1  n ) 
A  lim  3
 
n 
 6n 2n 
 
 1 1 
(1  n )(2  n )  1 
A  lim   2  1  
n 
 6  n 
 
(1  0)(2  0)
A  2 1  0 
6
1
A 2
3
7
A=
3
351
Fundamental theorem of definite integral:

I a function f(x) is continuous on an interval [a,b], then the definite
integral of f(x) in the interval [a,b] is given by;
xb xb
 f(x)dx  F(x)  F(b)  F(a)

x a x a
Where F/(x)=f(x) for all x is in [a,b]

Properties of definite integral:
Linearity: If f(x) and g(x) are integrable on interval [a,b], then for any
constants r and s;
b b b
 rf(x)  sg  x dx  r  f(x)dx  s  g(x)dx

a a a
Equating rule: If
b b
 f(x)dx   g(y)dy
a a
Then f(x)=g(y)
Subdivision rule:
For any number c such that a<c<b;
b c b
 f(x)dx   f(x)dx   f(x)dx

a a c
Point rule:
If the two limits of definite integral are same i.e. a=b or b=a, then
the interval [a,b] becomes a single point and definite integral;
a
 f(x)dx  0
a
Opposite rule:
Inter changing the limits of integration charges the sign of the
definite integral i.e.
b a
 f(x)dx   f(x)dx
a b
352
EXERCISE 5.5
Q.1 Evaluate the following definite integrals:
4
a)  5dx
3
4 4
4
Solution:  5dx  5 1dx |5x| 3
3 3
4
 5dx  5(4)  5(3)  20  15  5

3
=5
20
b)  dx
12
20 20
Solution:  dx |x|  20  12  8
12
12
=8
2
2
c) (2x  3)dx
1
2 2 2
2 x 1 2
Solution:  (2x  3)dx  2  3x   3x
1
1 1
x 1
2 2
  3(2)   3(1)
2 1
 1  6  2  3  2
= 2
4
d) 3 x dx
1
4 4
4 4 1 1 3
4
3x 2
1 3x 2 3
Solution: 1 3 xdx  1 3x 2
dx    2x 2
1 1 3 1
2 1 2 1
353
4 4 3
3 3 3 3
 3 xdx  2x 2
 2(4) 2  2(1) 2  2(2 2 ) 2
 2(1) 2
1 1
 16  2  14
= 14
3
2
e)  12(x  4)5 x dx
2
3
2
Solution:  12(x  4)5 x dx  ?
2

Method I: Let t=x24  (i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt
 2x
dx
dt
 xdx  (ii)
2
Substituting (i) and (ii) in given integral
3
2 5 5 dt t6
 12(x  4) x dx   12t  6  t6
2
2 6
Substituting t from (i)
3
6 3
 12  x  4  xdx   x  4 
2 5 2
2
2
6 6
 (3)2  4   (2)2  4   56  0
=125  125
=15625
3
2
Method II:  12(x  4)5 xdx
2
354
Let t=x24  (i)

Diff w.r.t x
dt
 2x
dx
dt
 xdx  (ii)
2
Limits: When x=2 t=(2)24=0
When x=3 t=(3)24=5
Substituting (i) and (ii) and corresponding limits
3 5 5 5
2 5 dt 5 5 6t6
2 12(x  4) xdx  0 12t  6 0 t dt 
2 6 0
5
 t6  (5)6  (0)6
0
 (5)6  15625
0
f)  4  2x dx
6
0
Solution:  4  2x dx
6

Let t=42x  (i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt
 2
dx
dt
 dx  (ii)
2
t = 4  2x
Limits: When x=6 t=42(6)=16
When x=0 t=40(0)=4
355
4
0 4 4 3
 dt  1 12 1 t 2 1 3 2 4
 4  2xdx   t    t dt   t
6 16  2  2 16 2 3 3 16
2 16
1 3 2 1 3 1 1
  4   16  2   8    64 
3 3 3 3
8  64

3
56
  18.667
3
7
x
g)  dx
1 x+2
7
x
Solution:  dx
1 x 2
Let t = x 2  (i)
x = t 2 (ii)
Diff w.r.t x
dt
1
dx
dt = dx  (iii)
x+2=t
Limits: When x=1 t=2=1
When x=7 t=7+2=9
Substituting (i)(ii) and (iii) and corresponding limits
7 9 9 9
x (t  2)  t 2 

1 x2
dx  
1 t
dt   
1  t

t  1
1

1
 dt   t  2t dt
2 2

9
3 1 9
t 2 2t 2 2 3 1
   t 2  4t 2
3 1 3 1
2 2 1
356
2 32 1 2 3 1
 (9)  4(9) 2  (1) 2  4(1) 2
3 3
2 54  36  2  12
 18  12  4
3 3
28
  9.33
3
1
2x
h) (e  2x)2(e 2x  1)dx
0
1
2x
Solution:  (e  2x)2 (e2x  1)dx
0

Let t=e2x2x  (i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt
 e2x (2)  2  2(e2x  1)
dx
dt
 (e2x  1)dx  (ii)
2
Limits: When x=0  t=e2(0)2(0)=1
When x=1  t= e2(1)2(1)=e22
Substituting (i) and (ii) and the limits
(e2  2) (e2  2) (e2  2)
dt 1
2 2 1 t3
 t   t dt  
1
2 2 1
2 3 1
1 2
 (e  2)3  (1)3 
6
1 1
 (7.38905  2)3  (1)3   [155.508]
6 6
 25.918
357

3
a) x 2x 2  3dx
2
3 3
2 2
Solution:  x 2x  3 dx   2x  3  xdx
2 2

Let t=2x23 (i)
dt
 4x
dx
dt
 xdx (ii)
4
t = 2x2  3
Limits: When x=2  t=2(2)23=5
When x=3  t= 2(3)23=15
15
3 15 15 3
dt 1 1 1t 2
 2x 2  3 xdx   t    t 2 dt 
2 5
4 45 43
25
15
1 32 1 3 1 3
 t  (15) 2   5  2
6 5 6 6
=7.819
1
b) x 3x 2  2dx
0
1 1
Solution: x 3x  2 dx   3x 2  2xdx
2
0 0

Let t=3x2+2  (i)
358
Diff w.r.t x
dt
 6x
dx
dt
 xdx (ii)
6
Limits: When x=0  t=3(0)2+2 =2
When x=1  t= 3(1)2+2=5
5 5
1 5 5 1 1 3
dt 1 1 t2 1t 2
x 3x 2  2 dx   t    t 2 dt  
0 2
6 62 1 1 63
2 2 22
5
1 3 1 3 1 3
 t 2  (5) 2   2  2
9 2 9 9
1 1
 (11.1803  2.82842)  (8.35188)
9 9
=0.93
1
x 1
c) x 2
dx
0
 2x + 3
1
x 1
Solution: x 2
dx
0
 2x  3
Let t=x22x3 (i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt d 2
 (x  2x  3)
dx dx
dt
 2x  2  2(x  1)
dx
359
dt
 (x  1)dx (ii)
2
t = x2  2x + 3
Limits: When x=0  t=(0)22(0)+3=3
When x=1  t= (1)22(1)+3=2
1 2 2
(x  1)dx 1 dt 1 1 1 2
 2
   dt  ln t 3
0
x  2x  3 3 t 2 2 3 t 2
1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2
 
ln 2  ln 3   ln 2  ln 3  ln 2
3
=.203
1
e x  ex
d)  (e x +ex )2 dx
1
Solution: Integration by substitution method

t=ex ex (i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt d x
 (e  ex )
dx dx
dt
 e x  ex  1(e x  ex )
dx
dt
 (e x  ex )dx (ii)
1
1 e 2 +1
Limits: When x=1  t=e(1)e1=ee1=e+ =
e e
1 1+ e2
When x=1  t=e1+e1= + e =
e e
360
1 e2 1 e2 1 e2
1 x x e e 1
(e e ) dt t e
 (e x x 2
dx   2    t 2dt 
1
e ) e2  1
t e2 1
1 e2 1
e
e e
1 e2
1 e 1 1 e e
   2
 =0
2 2
t e2 1  1  e   e  1  1+e 1+e 2
e    
 e   e 


x 
a)

 cos  2    dx
2

x
Let t=    (i)
2
Diff w.r.t x
dt d x
 (  )
dx dx 2
dt 1

dx 2
2dt = dx (ii)
π (π ) 5π
Limits: When x=  t= 2 + π 
2 2 4
π 3π
When x=  t= +π=
2 2
 3
2
x  3
2
cos  
  2  5
  dx  cost  2dt  2s int 5
4
2 4
361
 3   5  1 2
 2sin    2sin    2(1)  2( )  2 
 2   4  2 2
=2+ 2
2.5
b)  xcosx 2 dx
0.75

Let t=x2 (i)
Diff w.r.t x
dt dt
 2x   xdx (ii)
dx 2
t = x2
2
3 3 9
Limits: When x=0.75=  t=   =
4 4 16
2
5 5 25
When x=2.5 =  t=   =
2 2 4
Substituting (i) and (ii) and limits
25 25 25
2.5 4
2 dt 1 4 1 4
 xcosx dx   cost    cos tdt  s int

0.75 9 2 29 2 9
16 16 16
1  25  1  9 
 sin    sin  
2  4  2  16 
=.28
π
4
2
c)  sec d
0
/4
2
 
Solution:  sec d  tan  0
4
 tan  tan 0
0
4
=10
=1
362
 
4 4
sin2πx
d)  tan2 xdx 
0
 cos2πx dx
0

Let t=cos2x
dt dt
 sin2x  2   sin2xdx
dx 2
Limits: When x=0 t=cos2(0)=1
π π
When x=  t= cos2π   = 0.22
4 4
Substituting (i) and (ii) and limits
 
4 4 0.22
sin2x 1 dt
 tan 2xdx  
0 0
cos2x
dx   t  2 
1
0.22
1 1 1
 ln(t)  ln(0.222)  ln(1)
2 1 2 2
=.241
1
1
e) x 2
dx s
0
+1
1
1 1 1
Solution: 0 1  x 2
dx  tan x  tan 1 1  tan 1 0
0
 π
0 
4 4
2
1 2
f) x dx = sec 1 x
2
2 x2  1
2
1 2
Solution: x dx  sec 1x = sec 1 2  sec 1 2
2 2
2 x 1
363
 
= 
3 4
π
=
12

2
5t 2  3t + 18
a) 1 t(9  t 2 ) dt
Solution: By partial fraction
5t 2  3t +18 A B C
Let 2
= + +  (i)
t(9  t ) t 3  t 3+t
Multiplying by t(3t)(3+t)
5t23t+18=A(3t)(3+t)+B(t)(3+t)+c(t)(3t)  (ii)
To find A, put t=0 in (ii)
5(0)23(0)+18=A(30)(3+0)+B(0)(3+0)+c(0)(30)
18
18=9A  A  A=2
9
To find B, put 3t=0  t=3 in (ii)
5(3)23(3)+18=A(33)(3+3)+B(3)(3+3)+c(3)(33)
54=18B  3
To find A, put 3+t=0  t=3, in (ii)
2
5(3) 3(3)+18=A(3(3))(3+(3))+B(3) (3+(3))+c(3) (3(3))
72=18C  C=4
Putting value of A, B and C in (i)
5t2  3t +18 2 3 4
2
  
t(9  t ) t 3t 3t
2 2
5t2  3t +18 2 3 4 
1 t(9  t2 ) dt  1  t  3  t  3  t  dt
364
2
 2 ln t  3ln|t  3| 4 ln|t  3|
1
2 2 2
 2 ln t  3 ln(t  3)  4 ln(t  3)
1 1 1
 2  ln 2  ln1  3  ln(3  2)  ln(3  1)  4  4 ln(2  3)  ln(1  3)
 1.386  2.079  0.892

=4.357
3
4x 5  3x 4  6x 3 + 4x 2 + 6x  1
b) 2 (x  1)(x 2  1)
Solution:
The given function is not in proper form so, first to convert it into
proper form by usual division;
4x 5  3x 4  6x 3 + 4x 2 + 6x  1 4x 5  3x 4  6x 3  4x 2  6x  1

(x  1) x 2  1 x3  x2  x  1
4x 2  x  1
x 3  x 2  x  1 4x 5  3x 4  6x 3  4x 2  6x  1
4x 5  4x 4  4x 3  4x 2
x 4  2x 3  0  6x  1
x 4  x 3  x2  x
x 3  x 2  5x  1
x3  x2  x  1
4x  2
4x 5  3x 4  6x 3 + 4x 2 + 6x  1 4x  2
So,  4x 2  x  1   (i)
(x  1) x  1
2
 x  1  x 2  1
Now using partial fractions
4x + 2 4x + 2 4x  2
  2
(x  1) x  1 (x  1)(x  1) x  1  x  1  x  1
2
365
4x + 2 A B C
2
   (ii)
(x  1) x  1 (x  1) (x  1) (x  1)2
Multiplying by (x+1)(x1)2
4x+2=A(x1)2+B(x+1)(x1)+C(x+1)(iii)
To find A, put x+1=0  x=1 in (iii)
4(1)+2=A(11)2+B(1+1)(11)+C(1+1)
1
2  4A  A=
2
To find C, put x1=0  x=1 in (iii)
4(1)+2=A(11)2+B(1+1)( 11)+C(1+1)
6=2C  C=3
To find B, expand equation (iii)
4x+2=Ax22Ax+A+Bx2 B +Cx +c
4x+2= (A+B)x22(AC) x + A  B + C
Comparing coefficients on both sides of x2, x and xo.
1
A  B  0,  put A 
2
1 1
 B  0,  B=
2 2
Putting values of A, B and C in (ii)
1 1
4x  2 2  2  3
2
 Putting in (i)
 x  1  x  1 x  1 x  1  x  12
3 3
4x5  3x4  6x3 +4x2 +6x  1 1 1 3
2 dx   4x2  x  1    dx
(x  1) x  1
2
2
2  x  1 2(x  1) (x  1)
3
1
4x3
x 2
1 1  x  1
   x  ln x  1  ln x  1  3
3 2 2 2 1
2
366
3
3 2
4x x 1 x 1 3
   x  ln 
3 2 2 x  1  x  1
2
2
 4(3)3 (3)2 1 3 1 3   4(2)3  2 1 2 1 3 
   3  ln       2  ln  
 3 2 2 3  1  3  1    3 2 2 2  1  2  1 
9 1  1  3 32 1 1
 36   3  ln      2  2  ln    3
2 2 2 2 3 2 3
=28.5
5
x2  2
c) 3 (x  2)2 dx
Solution:
The given function is not in proper form so, first to convert it into
proper form by usual division;
x2  2 x2  2

(x  2)2 x 2  4x  4
1
2 2
x  4x  4 x  2
 x 2  4  4x
4x  6
x2  2 4x  6
So, 2
1 2
 (i)
(x  2) x  2
Now by partial fraction
4x  6 A B
2
= +  (ii)
(x  2) x  2 (x  2)2
Multiplying by (x2)2
4x6=A(x2)+B (iii)
367
To find B, put x2=0  x=2 in (iii)

4(2)6=A(22)+B  B=2
To find A, expanding (ii)
4x6=Ax2A+B
A=4
Putting values of A and B in (ii)
4x  6 4 2
 
(x  2) (x  2) (x  2)2
2
Putting in (i)
5 5
x2  2  4 2 
3 (x  2)2 dx  3 1  x  2  (x  2)2  dx
5
5
x2  2 (x  2)1
3 (x  2)2 dx  x  4 ln|x  2| 2
1
3
5
5 2
x 2 2
 (x  2) dx  x  4 ln|x  2|  x  2
3
2
5
x2  2  2   2 
3 (x  2)2 dx  5  4 ln|5  2|  5  2   3  4 ln 3  2  3  2 
5
x2  2
3 (x  2)2 dx  7.73
2
4
d) t 3
dt
1
+4t
Solution:
Using partial fraction expression
368
4 4 A Bt +C
3
= 2
= + 2  (i)
t + 4t t(t +4) t t +4
Multiplying by t(t2+4)
4=A(t2+4)+(Bt+C)(t)(ii)
To find A, put t=0 in (ii)
4=A(02+4)+(B(0)+c)(0)
4=4A
A=1
To find B and C, expanding (ii)
4=At2+4A+Bt2+Ct
4=(A+B)t2+Ct+4A
Comparing coefficients on both sides of x2
A+B=0 putting A=1
1+B=0
B=1 and C=0
Putting values of A, B and C in (i)
4 1 1t  0
3
  2
t +4t t t  4
4 1 t
3
  2
t +4t t t  4
2 2 
4 1 2t
1 t3  4t 1  t 2  t2  4  dt
dt   
 
2 2
4 1 2
1 t3  4t dt  ln t  2 ln t  4 1
 1   1 
= ln 2  ln  2  4    ln 1  ln 1  4  
2 2
 2   2 
369
1 1
 ln  2   ln  8   ln 1  ln  5 
2 2
1 1
 0.693   2.08   0  1.61
2 2
=0.458
3
e)  ln(2x +1)dx
1
Solution:
Using integration by parts method,
ln  2x  1 1dx  d
 = ln(2x  1)  1dx     2x  1  1dx  dx
I II  dx 
2
= ln(2x  1)x   x dx
2x  1
2x
 x ln(2x  1)   dx
2x  1
 2x  1 1 
 x ln(2x  1)      dx
 2x  1 2x  1 
 1 
 x ln(2x  1)    1   dx
 2x  1 
1
 x ln(2x  1)  x  ln  2x  1
2
Applying limits
3 3
1
1 ln  2x  1 dx  x ln  2x  1  x  2 ln  2x  1 1
 1   1 
 3 ln  2  3   1  3  ln  2  3   1   1ln  2 1  1  1  ln  2  1  1 
 2   2 
370
1 1
 3 ln  7   3  ln  7   ln  3   1  ln  3 
2 2
=3.16
4
lnx
f)  dx
1
x3
Solution:
1
ln x ln x  3 dx
 x 3 dx   x
I II
1  d 1
= ln x  3
dx     ln x   3 dx  dx
x  dx x 
x 2 1 x 2
 ln x    dx
2 x 2
1 1
 2
ln x   x 3dx
2x 2
1 1 x 2 1 1
 2
ln x   2
ln x  2
2x 2  2  2x 4x
Applying limits
4 4
ln x 1 1
1 x 3 dx   2x 2 ln x  4x 2 1
  ln 4 1    ln 1 1 
  2 
 
 2(4)
2
4(4)   2(1)2
4(1)2 
ln 4 1 ln 1 1
   
32 64 2 4
=0.19
371
2
6
g)  x  x  1
1
dx
Solution:
Let t=x1 (i)
x=t+1 (ii)
Diff w.r.t x
dt
1
dx
dt  dx
Limits: When x=1, t=11=0
When x=2, t=21=1
Substituting these values is given integral
2 1 1
6
 x  x  1 dx    t  1 t dt    t7  t6  dt
6
1 0 0
1
t8 t 7
 
8 7 0
 18 17    0 8  0 7 
    
 8 7   8 7 
1 1 7  8 15
   
8 7 56 56
1
x
h) (x  3)e dx
0
Solution:
 x  3  ex dx  (x  3) x  d x 
 I II  e dx    dx  x  3  e dx  dx
372
  x  3  ex   1ex dx
  x  3  ex  ex
Applying limits
1
x x 1
  x  3  e dx   x  3 e  ex
0
0
 1  3  e1  e1    0  3  e0  e0 
=2ee+3+1
=3e+4
=4.155
Q.5 Use the definite integral to find out the area between the curve f(x)
and the x-axis over the indicated interval [a, b].
a) f(x)=4x2,[0,3]
Solution: To find, if the function changes sign in the given interval, we
check if the functions cross x-axis in given interval putting,
f(x)=0
4x2=0
4=x2
x=2
x=2 and x=2
Thus the functions crosses x-axis at x=2 and x=2. To find the area,
we divide the interval into two subinterval [0,2] and [2,3]
Thus the area is
2 3
A   f(x)dx   f(x)dx
0 2
373
2 3
A   (4  x 2 )dx   (4  x 2 )dx
0 2
2 3
x3 x3
A  4x   4x 
3 0 3 2
(2)3 (0)3 (3)3 (2)3

A  4(2)   4(0)   4(3)   4(2) 
3 3 3 3
8 8
A  8  12  9  8 
3 3
16 7
A 
3 3
16 7
A 
3 3
23
A=
3
b) f(x)=x25x+6, [0,3]
Solution: To find the point where the given function crosses x-axis, put
f(x)=0.
x25x+6=0
x23x2x+6=0
(x3)(x2)=0
x=3, x=2
As f(x) crosses x-axis at x=2 and x=3, the given interval is divided
into two subintervals [0,2] and [2,3]
Thus the area is
2 3
A   f(x)dx   f(x)dx
0 2
374
2 3
A   (x 2  5x  6)dx   (x 2  5c  6)dx
0 2
2 3
x 3 5x 2 x 3 5x 2
A   6x    6x
3 2 0
3 2 2
(2)3 5(2)2 (0)3 5(0)2 (3)3 5(3)2 (2)3 5(2)2

A   6(2)    6(0)    6(3)    6(2)
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
14 1 14 1
A  = 
3 6 3 6
29
A=
6
c) f(x)=x2x+8, [0,4]
f(x)=0.
x2x+8=0
x24x2x+8=0
(x4)(x2)=0
x=2, x=4
As f(x) crosses x-axis at x=2 and x=4, the given interval is divided
into two subintervals [0,2] and [2,4]
Thus the area is
2 4
A   f(x)dx   f(x)dx
0 2
2 4
A   (x 2  6x  8)dx   (x 2  6x  8)dx
0 2
2 4
x 3 6x 2 x 3 6x 2
A   8x    8x
3 2 0
3 2 2
375
(2)3 (0)3 (4)3 (2)3

A  3(2)2  8(2)   3(0)2  8(0)   3(4)2  8(4)   3(2)2  8(2)
3 3 3 3
8 64 8
A  12  16   48  32   12  16
3 3 3
20 4 20 4
A   
3 3 3 3
24
A=
3
A=8
d) f(x)=5xx2, [1,3]
f(x)=0.
5xx2=0
x(5x) =0
x=0, x=5
Since the function does not cross x-axis in the given interval [1,3] the area
will be
3 3
2 5x 2 x 3
A   (5x  x )dx  
1
2 3 1
5(3)3 (3)2 5(1)2 (1)3

A   
2 3 2 3
45 5 1 135  54  15  2
A 9  
2 2 3 6
68
A=
6
376
Q.6 Setup definite integrals in problems a to d that represent the

indicated shaded area.
a) The area is;
Solution: 3
2 3
A   (2  0.5x )dx   (2  0.5x 2 )dx
2
0 2
2 3
0.5x 3 0.5x 3
A  2x   2x 
3 0 3 2
0.5(2)3 0.5(0)3 0.5(3)3 0.5(2)3

A  2(2)   2(0)   2(3)   2(2) 
3 3 3 3
4 13.5 4
A  4  6 4
3 3 3
8 18  13.5  12  4
A 
3 3
8 3.5 8 3.5
A   
3 3 3 3
11.5
A= = 3.83 square units
3
b) The area is;
Solution:
0 2
2 2
A  (x  2x)dx   (x  2x)dx
1 0
3 2 0 3 2
x 2x x 2x 2
A   
3 2 1
3 2 0
0 2
x3 x3
A  x2   x2
3 1
3 0
377
(0)3 (1)3 (2)3 (0)3

A  (0)2   (1)2   (2)2   (0)2
3 3 3 3
1 8 4 4 4 4
A 1  4    
3 3 3 3 3 3
8
A = square units
3
c) The area is;
Solution:
2 3
 e2  e x   e2  e x 
A    dx  2  2  dx
1 2  
2 3
e2 x  e x e2 x  e x
A 
2 1
2 2
e2 (2)  e2 e2 (1)  e1 e2 (3)  e3 e2 (2)  e2

A   
2 2 2 2
e2 e2  e 3e2  e3 e2
A   
2 2 2 2
e 2e2  e3 e e3  2e2
A   
2 2 2 2
e  e3  2e2 2.71828  20.08549  14.778 8.02577
A  
2 2 2
A=4.01 square units
d) y=exe
The area is;
Solution:
1 2
 e  e  dx   e  e  dx
x x
A
0 1
1 2
A   ex  ex  ex  ex
0 1
A   e1  e(1)  e0  e(0)  e2  e(2)  e1  e(1)
378
A   1  e2  2e  1  e2  2e
A = 1 + 7.3890  5.43656
A=2.953 square units
Q.7 An oil tanker is leaking oil at a rate given in barrels per hour by.
dL 80ln(t +1)
=
dt t +1
Where t is the time in hours after the tanker hits a hidden rock
(when t=0)
a) Find the total number of barrels that the ship will leak on the first
day.
Solution:
dL 80 ln(t  1)

dt t 1
80 ln(t  1)
dL  dt
t1
The number of barrels leaking during first day (24 hours)
24
80 ln(t  1)
L 1day   dt
0
t 1
24
80 ln(t  1)
L 1day   dt
0
t1
Let u=ln(t+1)(i)
du 1
 1
dt t  1
dt
du   (ii)
t1
Limits: When t=0 u=ln(0+1)=0
When t=24  u=ln(25+1)=ln25
379
Substituting (i) and (ii), we get

ln 25 ln 25 ln 25
u2
L 1day   80u  du  80  udu  80
0 0
2 0
L 1day  40 (ln 25)2  (0)2 
L 1day= 414.44 barrels
b) Find the total number of barrels that the ship will leak on the second
day.
dL 80 ln(t  1) 80 ln(t  1)
Solution: As  dL= dt
dt t 1 t 1
Leakage for second day is given by
48
80 ln(t  1)
L 2day   dt
24
t1
Let u=ln(t+1)(i)
du 1 1
 du= dt  (ii)
dt t  1 t 1
Limits: When t=24, u=ln (24+1)=ln25
When t=48, u=ln (48+1)=ln49
Substituting (i)and (ii) we get
ln 49 ln 49
u2
L 2day   80udu  80  40 (ln 49)2  (ln 25)2 
ln 25
2 ln 25
L 2day= 191.6 barrels
c) What is happening over long run to the amount of oil leakage per
day?
Solution:
As is apparent from the amount of oil leaked on 1st and 2nd day, the
number of barrel of oil leakage per day decreases with the passage of time.
380

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Islamia 12th Mathematics UNIT-05

Standard integrals through standard differentiation formulas:

The rules of integrations

Solution: Let the integral of given x 5 3x 4

Taking derivative of f(x) to check d 1

Diff w.r.t x Substituting these in given

Diff w.r.t t Solution: Given integral is

Let t=73x2 (i)

Integration by substitution method (7  3x 2 ) 8(7 3x )

Taking integral on both sides Taking integral on both sides

height h (in inches) is h=512+10 inches

taking integral on both sides EXERCISE 5.2

To find c put N(t)=5000 at t=0

Putting the value of t from (i)

1 Substituting the value of t from (i)

dt  tan x sec x dx  (A)

dt  sec2 x dx  (ii) du=+sint dt (iv)

  tan 3x  sec3x  dx  (A) 1 sect  tan t

By substitution method Let u=sint (iii)

Let t=cosx(i) Diff w.r.t x

dt=sinxdx (ii) Substitute (iii) and (iv) in (B)

2 2  t3 Putting the value of u from (iv)

sinx  cosx sinx

By substitution method By substitution method

Q.3 Use suitable substitutions and tables to evaluate the following

Let x=4tan (i)

Integration by substitution method

Substituting (2) and (3) and (1)

Substituting the value of t from (i) t = ex

Evaluating the two integrals separately

Let u=t2+1  (iii)

Putting t=x+1 in (iv) and (v)

For the product to two functions, f(x) and g(x);

Taking integral on both sides

Let U=f(x) and V=g/(x) then

Substituting in (i) we get

The integral form in equation (ii) is called integration by part

Integration by partial fractions:

rational function it is usually useful to decompose the rational into simpler

The partial fraction of a proper rational function can be obtained by

The rules for partial fraction decomposition are;

1. Convert the improper fraction to a proper fraction by division, such

2. Factorize the denominator of proper rational function of

3. Represent the function as a sum of partial fraction with numerator

Equating coefficients on both sides

Q.2 Evaluate the following integrals through partial fractions

Multiplying (i) by (x+3)(x1)

Multiplying (i) by (2x+1)(x1)

Putting value of A and B in (ii)

Multiplying (i) by (x+1)3

For xo: 2(1)+B=0 B=2

Taking integration of both sides

Multiplying (i) by (x+1)(x2+1)

x=(A+B) x2+(B+C)x+(A+C) Comparing coefficient on both sides

Multiplying (i) by (x2+1)2

Now integration by substitution methods

Multiplying (i) by (x1)(x+1)(x2+1)