3/2/2023

Week 2
Lawan.abdulhamid@wits.ac.za

Content

 Introduction to geometry
 Angles

 Properties of angles

 Triangles and Quadrilaterals

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Introduction to
Geometry
Lawan.abdulhamid@wits.ac.za

Geometry
 The word geometry comes from Greek words
Geometrein
 Geo – means earth and
 metrein - measure
Meaning “to measure the Earth”
 Basically, Geometry is the study of shapes and is one of
the oldest branches of mathematics

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The Greeks and Euclid

 Our modern understanding of geometry began with
the Greeks over 2000 years ago.
 The Greeks felt the need to go beyond merely
knowing certain facts to being able to prove why
they were true.
 Around 350 B.C., Euclid of Alexandria wrote The
Elements, in which he recorded systematically all that
was known about Geometry at that time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkvVR-sKJT8

Undefined terms
• What are the undefined terms in geometry?
• What concepts present the foundations of
geometry?

 The terms points, lines, and planes are the

foundations of geometry, but…

 point, line, and plane are all what we call

undefined terms.

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Point
• Has no dimension

• Usually represented by a small dot

C
A D
B

Line
 A straight path extending in both directions with no
endpoints

 Line is denoted by small letter, l

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Line Segment
 A line with definite beginning and end point
 Think of a number line
A B

Basic comparison between Line and

Line Segment
BASIS FOR
LINE LINE SEGMENT
COMPARISON
Meaning Line can be described A line segment
as, a one dimensional implies a straight
figure in geometry, line which passes
that goes on through two points.
endlessly.
Symbol
End points No end points. It has two end
points.
Measurement Indefinite Can be measured

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Rays

Let’s look at a ray:

A is called the initial
point The initial point is
always the first
A B letter in naming a
ray. Notice the
difference in
Ray AB extends in symbols from both
one direction a line and segment.
without end.

 Symbolized by AB

PARALLEL LINES
 Definition: Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not
intersect.

 Illustration: Use arrows to indicate lines are parallel.

B
l
m A D

C
 Notation: || means “is parallel to.”

l || m AB || CD

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PERPENDICULAR LINES
 Definition: Perpendicular lines are lines that form
right angles.
m
 Illustration:
n

 Notation: m  n

 Key Fact: 4 right angles are formed.

Angles
Lawan.abdulhamid@wits.ac.za

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Angles

 An angle is NOT
A shape formed by two lines
A point where two lines meet
A space between two lines

So, what is an angle?

An angle is formed by two rays with the same

endpoint

side

vertex side

• An angle is measured in degrees. The

angle formed by a circle has a measure of
360 degrees.

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Static view of angle

 So, angle is a measurement of the difference in
direction between two rays having the same vertex
 You get smaller angle when the two rays point to
nearly the same direction
 You get bigger angle when two rays point to
different directions

 There are two ways we can think

of an angle
Dynamic view of an angle, and
Static view of an angle

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Dynamic view of angle

 Measurement of size of rotation when you point
along one line and then turn to point about the
other
 Practical experience

More practical examples

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Angles in daily life

Measuring angles

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Measuring Angles

 You measure angles with a protractor.

Notice there are two scales. Be careful which 0 you start at.

900

This
point is 0
This
point is 0.
This point goes at the vertex of the angle

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Types of Angles
 Acute angle: An angle whose measure is greater
than zero degrees and less than 90 degrees

Which angles are not acute?

4
1

3
2 5

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Types of Angles
 Right angle: Angle that measures 90 degrees

Which angle is a right angle?

4
1

3
2 5

Types of Angles
 Obtuse angle: One angle measures greater than
90 degrees and less than 180 degrees

Which angle is an obtuse angle?

4
1

3
2 5

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Straight Angle
 Straight angle: A line that goes infinitely in both
directions and measures 180 degrees

Which is not a straight angle?

2
1

This is a ray. It only

goes in one direction.

Basic properties of
Angles
Lawan.abdulhamid@wits.ac.za

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1. Sum of two angles on a straight line

makes 1800
When one line meets another, two angles are formed,
and together they make 1800

P + q = 1800
p
q P = 1800 - q

q = 1800 - p

Find the missing angle

77 153
?
?

Find the value of a

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(28 + 5a) + (140 – 3a) = 180

2a + 168 = 180

2a = 180-168 = 12

a = 6

Supplementary angles

Two angles that sum to 1800 are

called supplementary angles

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2. Opposite vertical angles are equal

When two lines intersects each other, four angles are

formed. Opposite vertical angles are equal
P = r; s = q
p P + q = 180 and p = 1800 - q
s q
q + r = 180 and r = 1800 - q
r

r + q = 180 and q = 1800 - r

s + r = 180 and s = 1800 - r

Find missing angles

p Find the value of

s 950
p, r and s
r

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Find the value of x

x
73
730

73 + 90 + x = 180
X = 17

Find the value of x

800
600

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x
70

70
700

70 + x + 90 = 180
X = 20

Find a and b

Calculate the values of all the

four angles?

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3. Angle at a point sum to 3600

y x + y + z = 3600
x z

Note: this is true for any

number of lines and angles
meeting at a point

Angle formed by parallel lines and

transversal
Corresponding angles
are equal
b a
a b

b a
a b

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290
1210 x x

Triangles

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Types of Triangles
 Equilateral triangle: A triangle with three
congruent (equal) sides and three equal angles

These marks indicate equality.

Types of Triangles
 Isosceles triangle: A triangle with at least two
congruent (equal) sides

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Types of Triangles
 Right triangle: Has only one right angle (90
degrees)

This box indicates a right

angle or a 90-degree angle.

Types of Triangles
 Scalene triangle: A triangle that has no congruent
(equal) sides

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Types of Triangles
 Name each type of triangle

4
2

1
3

Sum of angles of a triangle

Opposite Corresponding
vertical angles angles

z y x
x z
y

x z

x + y + z = 1800

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Sum of angles of a triangle

z y x
x z
y

x z

x + y + z = 1800

Find the missing angle?

80
7 7

53
x
x
97 9

39
3,3

x
33
x
114 3,3

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Find the value of x

640

500 x 310

66
62
x

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Exterior angle is equal to the sum of

the two opposite angles

z y

Z=x+y

Find the missing angle

65
x 32

117 40

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Quadrilaterals

Trapezium

Parallelogram
Square

Rhombus
Rectangle

Examples of Quadrilaterals

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Opposite
angles are
equal.

Parallelogram

Angles
Rhombus

Opposite All angles are

angles are right angles
equal. All angles are (90o)
right angles
(90o)
Rectangle
Square

Sum of angles in quadrilaterals

q r

P s

P + q + r + s = 3600

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