SENIOR HIGH ACADEMIC REVIEWERS FOR EXAMINATIONS

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Grade 11 || MIDTERM EXAMINATION || FEBRUARY 2022
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 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

TAXONOMY & SYSTEMATICS EARLIEST CLASSIFICATION

● Aristotle was the first to attempt to classify all
● Taxonomy-is the describing,naming, and kinds of animals(History Animalium). He
classifying of organisms in biology.
grouped them according to their similarities.
● Systematics-refers to the study and
classification of organisms to determine
LINNAEAN TAXONOMY
evolutionary relationships.
● Carolus Linnaeus, the father of
taxonomy,created the classification of
hierarchy that taxonomists are using today.
● Linnaeus introduced the binomial
nomenclature where each species receives
a unique
two part
Latin name.
TAXA
● Taxon(pl.taxa)-term is used to refer to a
group of organisms with shared traits.
● Classification-arrangement of organisms
based on their similarities.

CLASSIFYING AND NAMING ORGANISMS

REASONS FOR USING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
● Groups are ranked from largest to smallest.
● To avoid confusion in identification.
● Organisms with more similarities are more
● Composed of two Latin words:Genus and
likely to be related.
Specific epithet(Should be italicized).
● Large groups have few similarities
● Linnaeus and other scientist used Latin
● Small groups have more similarities
because it is a dead language.
● Genus-is a classification category that can
have many species.
● Specific Epithet- pertains to one species
within a genus. It sometimes give a
description about the organisms.

CHARACTERISTICS SHARED BY ALL SPECIES

● All living things are made up of cells.
● Some microorganisms are made of only one
cell or also called unicellular.
● Many other organisms that include plants
and animals are multicellular.

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 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

RULES IN WRITING SCIENTIFIC NAMES

● The rules for naming animals (vertebrates & Donut King Paczki Came Over For Green
invertebrates) are made by the International Sprinkles
Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature(ICZN). TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
● The rules for naming plants are published in ● Ernst Haeckel proposed adding a third
the International Code of Botanical kingdom, the Kingdom Protista(protists) which
Nomenclature. include unicellular microscopic organisms.
● Binomial system of classification is the way of ● Robert H. Whittaker widened the classification
naming organisms. system to the five kingdom system:
● Genus + specific epithet = Scientific name. Monera,Protista,Fungi,Plantae and Animalia.
● Italicized in print.
● Underlined when hand written. DOMAIN
● The first letter of the genus is always ● is the broadest,most inclusive taxon
CAPITALIZED , but never the first letter of ● Three Domains- archaea,bacteria, and
the species name. eukarya.
● The genus may be abbreviated with the first ● Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular
letter, and the species is written out. prokaryotes.
● The genus and species of an organism is ● Eukarya is more complex and has a nucleus
always either underlined or italicized.(Ex. and membrane- bound organelles.
E.coli or E. coli are both acceptable).
● Sometimes,the species is not indicated,sp.or
spp. is written after the genus name.
● The abbreviation sp. Is used when the actual
specific name cannot be specified.(Canis
sp).
● The abbreviation spp.(plural) indicates
several species (ex.Canis spp.)
● These abbreviations are not italicized or
underlined.
● Some scientific names followed by an initial
or abbreviation, this would denote the MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
person who discovered/named the species. SIX KINGDOMS based on cell structure and
nutritional requirements.
HIERARCHY-TAXONOMIC GROUPS
1.Domain-collection of similar kingdoms.
2.Kingdom-collection of similar phyla/divisions.
3.Phylum/Division-collection of similar classes.
4.Class-collection of similar orders.
5.Order-collection of similar families.
6.Family-collection of similar genera.
7.Genus-collection of related species.
8.Species-group of related organisms/strains.
MNEMONICS: Dumb King Philip Came Over For
Good Spaghetti

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 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Prokaryotes:
● Unicellular/single cell
● DNA material in chromosomes is not
enclosed in a membrane.
● Tiny/small in size.
● They are all referred to as microorganisms.
● Bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic:
● Multicellular/many cell.
● Some unicellular,like some protist and
fungi(yeasts)
● DNA material in chromosomes is enclosed in
a membrane.
● Larger in size.
● Animals,plants,protist and fungi
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
● Kingdom Archaebacteria
● Contains some prokaryotic cells
● Live in conditions that are too extreme
● Lack nuclear envelope and
membrane-bound organelles.
● Cell walls lack peptidoglycan
● Thermophiles-thrive at temperatures as hot as
90oC, are found in deep-sea volcanic vents
and hot springs.
● Extreme halophiles-withstand highly saline
conditions such as,Great Salt Lake and the
Dead Sea.
● Acidophiles- grows at optimum pH below
3-4,extremely acidophiles belong
archaea.
● Psychrophiles-loves the cold,have an optimal
temperature for growth at about 15oC or
lower.
● Methanogens -found in many diverse niches
including swamps,termite and cow guts, and
deep-sea hydrothermal vents and are strict
anaerobes that cannot tolerate oxygen.
DOMAIN BACTERIA
● Kingdom eubacteria
● Some may cause diseases.
● Prokaryotic,unicellular and microscopic.
● Cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.
● Reproduce through binary fission.
● Includes the prokaryotes people encounter
on an everyday basis.
● Most bacterial species are heterotrophic,
they acquire their food from organic matter.
● Some are autotrophic(cyanobacteria)
capable of photosynthesis.
● The largest number of bacteria are
saprobic,meaning that they feed on dead or
decaying organic matter.
● Few bacteria species are parasitic,these
bacteria live within host organisms and cause
disease(pathogenic).
● Come in varied shapes or morphology.
● Cocci(Spherical)
● Bacilli(Rod-shaped)
● Spiral
● Cyanobacteria(Photosynthetic)
BACTERIA AND DISEASES
● When your oil glands swell and result in
pimples,they are infected with bacterium
Propionibacterium acnes.
● Tuberculosis-one of the common diseases in
the Philippines,is caused by bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
● Leptospirosis-A bacterial infection due to
exposure to the bacterium,Leptospira
interrogans.
to
BACTERIA AND HUMANS
● Can be found in almost all kinds of places, in
soil,water and air.
● Some are present in raw or spoiled food.
● Other live in or on other organisms including
your body-normal microbiota.
● Vast majority of cells in the human body are
not human at all!
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 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

● They are absorptive heterotrophs,which

THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES digest food outside their body and then
● Yogurt absorb it.
● Probiotic Supplements ● Primary decomposers of organic matter in
● Probiotic Beverages terrestrial ecosystems.
● Fleshy Fungi(Multicellular)
DOMAIN EUKARYA -Mushroom
● Consist of organisms that have true nucleus -Toadstools
● Structures called organelles that are -Puffballs
surrounded by membranes. -Bracket fungi
● Complex organisms are eukaryotic ● Edible Mushroom
● Reproduce by mitosis or meiosis -Black Wood ear
● Kingdoms associated with -Shitake
Plantae,Animalia,Fungi and Protista. -Enoki
● Deadliest Mushroom
-Death Cap Mushroom

THE GOOD YEAST(SACCHAROMYCES)

● Saccharomyces(baker’s yeast)-used in
winemaking where it converts the sugars in
KINGDOM PROTISTA grape juice into alcohol through the process
● Group of all the eukaryotes that are not of fermentation.
fungi,animals,or plants. ● Also used in baked products like bread as a
● Very diverse group of organisms. leavening agent.
● Protists can look very different from each
other.
● Some are tiny and unicellular,Ex.Amoeba MOLDS
● Some are large and multicellular,Ex.Seaweed ● Multicellular
● Live in almost any environment that contains
liquid water(aquatic).
● Many protist are photosynthetic and are vital
primary producers in ecosystems.
● Other protists are responsible for a range of
serious human diseases,like malaria and
sleeping sickness.
● Four Groups of
Protists:protozoan(animal-like),,algae(plant-lik
e),slime molds(fungi-like) and
lichen(combination of algae fungi).

● Delicious mold-mold species of Penicillium is

KINGDOM FUNGI
● Most fungi are multicellular
● Some exist as single cells,known as yeasts.
● They are unique for having cell walls made of
chitin.
used in making blue cheese,it is spotted with
blue or blue green mold,giving a distinct smell
and flavor.

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 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

KINGDOM PLANTAE
● Multicellular Eukaryotic Organisms
● Cell walls made of cellulose.
● Plant cells have chloroplasts.
● Plant have specialized reproductive organs.
● Male reproductive organs produce sperm
● Female reproductive organs produce eggs.

● Some Monocots
-Coconut
-Corn
-Pineapple
-Banana
● Some Dicots
-Sunflower
-Tomato
-Broccoli

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

● Multicellular eukaryotes
● Heterotrophs
● Lack cell wall
● Have tissues and organs.
● Can detect environmental stimuli such as
light,sound,and touch.
● All animals can move,at least during some
stage of their life cycle.
● Have internal digestion of food.
● Most reproduce sexually
● Some can reproduce asexually.

ASEXUAL REPRODCUTION
● Budding-Formation of an bud capable of
developing into a new individual.(Ex.Hydra).
● Regeneration-Part of the body of an
organism is capable of
regenerating.(Ex.Starfish)/
● Fragmentation-Parent organism breaking into
fragments,each fragment is capable of
developing into a new organism.(Ex.Planaria)

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 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

● Parthenogenesis-Female produces eggs that EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

develop unfertilized into female
organisms.(Ex.Kamado Dragon).
● Phylogeny- study of evolutionary
relationships among organisms.
● Phylogenetic Tree or Evolutionary Tree- a
branching diagram or “tree” that shows
evolutionary relationships with various
biological species based on similarities
and differences in their physical or
genetic characteristics.

ANIMAL PHYLA
● Phylum Porifera(Sponges
● Phylum Cnidaria
● Phylum Platyhelminthes(Flatworms)
● Phylum Nematoda(Round Worms)
● Phylum Annelida(Segmented Worms)
CLADISTICS
● Phylum Mollusca(Gastropods,Bivalves
● Method of hypothesis relationships
and Cephalopods)
among organisms
● Phylum
● And it is developed by Willi Hennig.
Arthropoda(Ex.Butterflies,Beetles,Moths).
● Cladistic analysis is based on the shared
● Phylum Echinodermata
derived characters.
● Phylum Chordata
*Classes
CLADOGRAM
-Amphibia
● A graphical representation of
-Reptilia
hypothetical relationships between
-Aves
different groups of organisms.
-Chondrichthyes
● Only show the relative statements of
-Osteichthyes
relationship
-Mammalia
● and do not indicate ancestors or
descendants.

PARTS OF A CLADOGRAM
● Root-Starting point
● Nodes-Exist in each point where a group
of organisms divides or separates into
further different groups.
● Branches-Connects all the other parts of
the cladogram.
● Clades-Group of organisms that
included the most recent ancestor.
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GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
● Ingroup-group of taxa that is
investigated for determining
evolutionary relationships.
Outgroup-Most distantly related group
of animals that isn’t necessarily a
clade.Also serves as a point of reference
or comparison for the rest of the
cladogram.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CLADOGRAM &
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
● Both are diagrammatic representations
of phylogenetic analysis.
● Both provide a relationship between
different groups of organisms.
● Both used the same characters and
involved a similar process of
construction.
● However, the cladogram has an initial
step towards the construction of a
phylogenetic tree.
____________________________________________
A reminder from the Senior High School
Student Council:
Should you have questions/concerns/in
need of help in understanding a topic,
please do not hesitate to send us a
message through the SHS ICOR Form. We
are more than willing to extend a helping
hand to every Angelenean. Goodluck
and May the Good Lord reward us
always.
ICOR Form Link: https://bit.ly/ICORforSHS
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P.S. Non-academic related questions will
also be entertained.
____________________________________________
QUESTIONS
1. What is the starting point of the cladogram?
2. What is the broadest,most inclusive taxon?
3. What archaeans can thrive at temperatures
as hot as 90oC, are found in deep-sea
volcanic vents and hot springs?
4. What is the study of evolutionary
relationships among organisms?
5. What do animal cells lack?
6. What archaeans can withstand highly saline
conditions such as, Great Salt Lake and the
Dead Sea?
7. What type of asexual reproduction which
involves the formation of a bud that
develops into a new individual (example
Hydra)?
8. Who is the father of taxonomy that created
the classification of hierarchy that
taxonomists are using today?
9. What is the name of the yeast used in
baking and fermentation?
10. Who was the first to attempt to classify all
kinds of animals?
11. What part of the cladogram that connects
all of its other parts?
ANSWERS
1. Root
2. Domain
3. Thermophiles
4. Phylogeny
5. Cell wall
6. Extreme halophiles
7. Budding
8. Carolus Linnaeus
9. Saccharomyces
10. Aristotle
11. Branches
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

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