PHYSICAL WORLD

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 PHYSICAL WORLD
WHAT IS PHYSICS?
SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT
DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
PHYSICS:
SCOPE OF PHYSICS
EXCITING PHYSICS:
PROGRESS IN PHYSICS:
PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE

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 I WHAT IS PHYSICS?
SCIENCE:
In Latin it means ‘to know’

PHYSICS:
study of energy

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 II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT
•OBSERATION
•DEFINITION: collection of data
•TYPES: objective observation and subjective
observation

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 II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT
•Subjective observation: observation that
vary from individual to individual
•Taste or smell

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 II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT
•Objective observation: observation that
don’t vary from individual to individual
Length of the body

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 II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT
2. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Steps involved in scientific method of measurement
are

•Systematic observation of relevant facts

•Proposal of hypothesis or theory based on

observation involving quantitative and qualitative
reasoning, mathematical modeling, and
prediction

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 II SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT
2. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Steps involved in scientific method of measurement
are

•Testing the proposed theory to see its

consequence are actually observed in practice
using controlled experiment and for verification or
falsification of theory

•Modification of theory

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:

•The interplay between the theory

and observation is the basic to
the progress of science

•That is science is ever dynamic

•That is there is no ‘final’ theory in science

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
•Case I observation leads to theory
Example:
Ptolemy –
Geo centric
theory

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
•Case I observation leads to theory
Example:

Nicolas
Copernicus ---- put
forward Heileo
centric theory

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
•Case I observation leads to theory
Example:
Tycho Brahe ----
observed the sky and
collected data

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
•Case I observation leads to theory
Example:
Johannes Kepler---
laws of planetary
motion

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
•Case I observation leads to theory
Example:

Newton---- law of
gravitation

" I don't know what I may seem to the world, but, as to

myself, I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the
sea shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a
smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst
the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me "

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
•Case I observation leads to theory
Example:
Einstein— general
theory of relativity

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
•Case ii theory leads to experiment
Example:
Maxwell prediction of electro magnetic wave ----
production EMW by Hertz

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 III DYNAMIC NATURE OF SCIENCE:
•Case ii theory leads to experiment
Example:
•Paul Dirac’s prediction of
anti particle --- discovery
of positron by Carl
Anderson

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 IVPHYSICS:
•Physics is the basic science

•In physics we try to explain the complex

phenomena with few laws and principles

•Therefore Physics has two thrusts and they are

Unification and reduction
•For which we use the approach of
reductionism— more complex phenomena in
terms of simpler concepts

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
MACROSCOPIC PHYSICS MICROSCOPIC

CLASSSICAL QUANTUM
PHYSICS PHYSICS

LABORATORY MOLECULAR
TERRESTRIAL ATOMIC
ASTRONOMICAL NUCLEAR

MECHANICS MOLECULAR
ELECTRODYNAMICS STRUCTURE
OPTICS ATOMIC STRUCTURE
THERMODYNAMICS NUCLEAR STRUCTURE

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
1. MECHANICS:
FOUNED BY: Newton’s laws of motion
Newton’s laws on gravitation

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
1. MECHANICS:
DEALS WITH: motion
Equilibrium of General system
particles, of particles

rigid and
deformable
bodies

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
1. MECHANICS:
EXAMPLE:
propulsion of rocket by ejecting
gases
Propagation of water waves
sound waves in water
Equilibrium of bent rod under load

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
2. ELECTRODYNAMICS:

FOUNED BY:
coulomb’s law
Ampere’s circuital law
Faraday’s law
Maxwell’s equation
encapsulated by
Maxwell

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
2. ELECTRODYNAMICS:
DEALS WITH:
Electric and magnetic fields associated with
charged and magnetic bodies

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
2. ELECTRODYNAMICS:

EXAMPLE:
motion of current
carrying conductor in MF
Alternating current
circuits
Working of antenna
Propagation of radio
waves in the ionosphere

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
3. OPTICS
FOUNED BY: Huygens, Newton, Foucault, Galileo

Galileo
Newton,
Foucault,
Huygens,

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
3. OPTICS
DEALS WITH : phenomena involving light

DISPERSION
SCATTERING
REFLECTION

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
3. OPTICS
EXAMPLE:

Microscope
telescope
Colors exhibited by thin films

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
4. THERMODYNAMICS
FOUNED BY : Maxwell. Stefan, Wein, Rayleigh

Rayleigh
Maxwell.
Stefan,
Wein,

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
4. THERMODYNAMICS

DEALS WITH : System of

macroscopic particle
Changes in Internal
energy, temperature and
entropy through external
work and transfer of heat

entropy
temperature
Internal energy

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 V SCOPE OF PHYSICS
4. THERMODYNAMICS
EXAMPLE:
efficiency of heat
engine
Refrigerator
Direction of physical
and chemical process

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 VI EXCITING PHYSICS:

Universality of physical laws

Challenge in taking new experiments

Application and exploitation of

physical laws to make useful devices

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 VII PROGRESS IN PHYSICS:
•Quantitative measurement is required for growth of
science especially in physics as laws in physics
are expressed in mathematical form
•Basic laws are universal
•Strategy of approximation is turned out to be more
useful and corrections are introduced latter
•Ex : While studying gravity air resistance is
neglected

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 VIII PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

•PHYSICS GENERATES NEW TECHNOLOGY:

Nuclear physics 🡪 nuclear fission🡪 nuclear energy

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 VIII PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

•PHYSICS GENERATES NEW TECHNOLOGY:

Semiconductors🡪electronics🡪computer revolution

SILICON DIODE

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 VIII PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

•PHYSICS GENERATES NEW TECHNOLOGY:

Thermodynamics🡪 stream engine 🡪industrial
revolution

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 VIII PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY:

•NEW TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPS PHYSICAL CONCEPTS

Electromagnetic waves🡪 wireless communication🡪
communication revolution

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 IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN
NATURE
(i) GRAVIATIONAL FORCE
🡪 Force of attraction
due to their masses
• Universal
• Explains the formation
of stars, galaxies and
galactic clusters

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 IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN
NATURE
(ii) ELECTROMAGNTIC FORCE:
• Force between the charges
• Coulomb’s law – force between the static charges
• Biot’s Savart’s law – force between the moving
charges
• EMF = 1036GF

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 IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN
NATURE
(ii) ELECTROMAGNTIC FORCE:
• INVOLVES in structure of atoms and molecules,
explaining the dynamics of chemical reactions,
thermal and mechanical properties like
tension, friction, normal forces and spring forces

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 IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN
NATURE
(iii) STRONG NUCLEAR FORCES:
• Force between the
protons and neutrons
• Strongest force

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 IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN
NATURE
(iv)WEAK FORCES:
• Forces associated with
beta decay and
emission of neutrino
• EMF = 10-16WF
GF<WF<EMF<NF

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 IX FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN
NATURE
(V) UNIFICATION OF FORCES:
🡪Newton’s laws terrestrial and celestial
phenomena
Oersted and Faraday electricity and
magnetism
🡪Maxwell Electromagnetism and
optics
🡪Einstein gravity and
electromagnetism
Now electro weak forces

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 X NATURE OF PHYSICAL LAWS:

CONSERVATION LAWS

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

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