2.4.1 Types of Failure ‘The bolted connections made using bolts of product grades A, B & C may fail in the following ways. 2.4.1.1 Shear Failure of Bolt (Figure 2.12) may take place at one section (known as single ‘A bolt may fail due to shearing. The shearing 'o sections (known as double shear) depending on the type of connection, shear) or tw42 i DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES. - 1 Pe coo tb} Double shear ot. te. _as a on {a) Single shear Figure 2.12 Shear failure of a bolt 24.1.2 Bearing Failure of Bolt/Plate (Figure 2.13) The force in the connecting parts is transferred through the bolts by bearing action, Duc t thiy action, a portion of the plate in contact with the bolt may get crushed and/or a portion ef the bolt in contact with the hole edge may get crushed depending on the relative strengths of plate mate- rial and belt material. 2.4.1.3 Rupture of Plate (Figure 2.14) This type of failure takes place along the weakest section of the plate due to the presence of holes. In may be prevented by having fewer holes at a section or the holes may be staggered. The tensile strength of a connection depends on the net sectional area of the plate. 24.1.4 Tension Failure of Bolt (Figure 2.15) In some connections, the bolts may be subjected to tension. Fracture may takes place at the root of the thread since it is the weakest section. Bot crushed Bott infact —T- Crushing \ wi ot plate if Hole intact Hote enlargad () Faire of bor (b) Failuro of plate Fisure 2.13 Bearing failure QO t Tearing Frac Fisure 2.14 Rupture of plate ij re OF DOW Figure 2.18 Tension fo2 | STRUCTURAL STEEL Fasteners = 43 Figure 2.16 Block failure Sheared Hole plate piece Bolt Figure 2.17 Shear failure of plate end 2.4.1.5 Block Failure of Plate (Figure 2.16) A portion of the plate may fail by shearing and rupture known as block failure. The shearing of the block takes place in the direction of the force (along ~2~3 and 4—5—6) whereas the rupture of the block takes place perpendicular to the direction of force (along 3—4). 2.4.1.6 Shear Failure at Plate End (Figure 2.17) ‘This type of failure occurs when there is an insufficient end distance, i.e. the distance from the end of the plate to the centre of the nearest hole measured in the direction of the force. This type of failure may be avoided by providing enough end distance. 2.4.2. Design Specifications for Bolted Connections as per TS 800:2007 2.4.2.1 Shear Capacity of a Bolt The design strength of « bolt in shear Vjy, i8 given by Van = Vas 1 Pmt 3)