A Report

On
Traffic Volume Study
Course Code :- CE5473
Course Title: Foundation Engineering
Submitted by
Sarvesh N. Kalaskar
Student ID: 20CE528
Term:6/Even Section: B

Department of Civil Engineering

Government Polytechnic, Amravati
Practical No 1 :- Prepare a report by collecting the information about
shallow foundation using internet.
Report on Shallow Foundation

 What is foundation :-
Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a
building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
 Types of foundation :-
1. Shallow foundation
2. Deep foundation

 What is shallow Foundation :-

A shallow foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth
very near the surface, rather than to deeper soil or rock layers. Shallow foundations are
typically used for small, simple structures such as houses, garages, and sheds. They are
also used for some larger structures such as bridges and towers. The soil below shallow
foundations is usually not excavated or reinforced in any way.

Shallow foundations are usually less expensive to construct than deep foundations
because they require less excavation and less material. However, shallow foundations are
not always appropriate. The soil must be able to support loads of the structure without
settlement or failure. In some cases, the soil may be too weak or too compressible to
support a shallow foundation, and a deep foundation may be necessary.

 Different Types of Shallow Foundations :-

Shallow foundations are of various types depending upon their load-bearing capacity,
size of the foundation, soil conditions, and construction procedure. Some of the common
types of shallow foundations are as follows:
1. Individual Footing or Isolated Footing
2. Wall Footing or Strip footing or Continuous Footing
3. Combined Footing:
4. Cantilever or Strap Footing
5. Raft or Mat Foundation

 Individual footing or Isolated Footing :-

It is the most commonly used type of foundation. An isolated footing is a type of
foundation that is used to support a single column or pier. It is also known as column
footing, pier footing or pedestal footing.
 It is typically rectangular in shape and is placed under the base of the column or pier.
The footing is usually made of concrete and is reinforced with steel rebar to provide
additional strength.
Isolated footings are often used in areas where the soil is not strong enough to support
the weight of the structure. They are also used when the structure is not attached to
another structure, such as a building. This type of footing is typically used for small
structures, such as sheds or decks.

 Wall Footing or Strip Footing or Continues footing :-

When a row of columns or wall is to be provided, then strip footing is provided. It is
also known as wall footing or trench footing. Strip footing is usually provided for the
load-bearing walls.

This type of footing is typically used when the soil is not strong enough to support the
weight of the structure. By spreading the load over a larger area, the strip footing or
continuous footing can help to prevent the foundation from sinking into the ground.
 Combined Footing :-
When the soil is weak and the distance between the two columns is large, then it is
more economical to provide a combined footing. The combined footing is generally
rectangular or trapezoidal in shape.

The combined footing is generally constructed of concrete. The concrete is poured

into the forms that have been placed around the columns or walls. The forms are then
removed and the footing is left to cure.

 Cantilever or strap Footing :-

A strap footing is a type of combined footing that is used when the edge of the
footing cannot be extended beyond the property line. The foundation under the
columns is built individually and connected by a strap beam.

 Mat or Raft Foundation :-

A mat foundation is a type of foundation that is typically used in areas where the soil
is not stable enough to support a traditional foundation. A mat foundation is a thick
slab of concrete that is typically reinforced with steel rebar. The mat foundation is
then placed over the entire area of the building, which distributes the weight of the
building evenly over the soil.