AHIS YR 12 (WRITE DOWN):

Links: (map) Wiki, mosaics, destruction of P, PompeiiPoemAnalysisBlocked,

https://prezi.com/sg5biaq4beps/pompeii-and-herculaneum-social-structure-economy-and-politics/,
https://staff.mq.edu.au/teach/teaching-macquarie/ancient-history-for-schools/pompeii/
investigating-the-sources/cities-of-vesuvius-religion#:~:text=The%20residents%20of%20Pompeii
%20and,cults%20of%20Isis%20and%20Bacchus,

Pompeii and Herculaneum:

 Two roman cities (during the time of their destruction in 79 AD) in the Campania region of
Italy with mt Vesuvius in between Pompeii and Herculaneum at the south and west and
Naples at the northwest; 3000-5000 deaths, thousands left homeless.
 Pliny the Younger has a surviving account of his eye-witness investigation of the destruction.
 8th century BC Campania ruled by Italian Oscan tribe originally at Sarnus River among the
fertile slopes of the Campanian peninsula in Naples and the volcanic plateau of mt Vesuvius
 Wine, fig, olives, lemon, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, pears, cabbages, onions
 Once ruled by the Greeks and gained some sort of independent status due to outbursts and
revolt. Greeks established Naples and influenced architecture as well as Italian tribes.
 The towns/villages closer to the mountain (which emitted poisonous gas alongside hot rock
and lava) were subject to deeper preservation – as well as excavation – as a result of the
volcanic ash that covered towns in the map below with 6-10 metres of volcanic ash and rock.
 The deep culture, politics, history, and state of Pompeii and Herculaneum have been near
perfectly preserved after the eruption. During the reign of emperor Titus (from 79-81 AD) he
administered a relief project for Pompeii and Herculaneum that went rather unsuccessful.
 Naples a vital seaport for the romans because of great geopolitical and geographical
advantage; Gulf of Naples in Tyrrhenian sea
 Weather: hot dry summers, mildly wet winters, sometimes overcast


 Population: (Herculaneum 4-5000, Pompeii 10-15000) at the current time
 Giuseppe Fiorelli –
 Domenico Fontana -
 Map of the modern geopolitical makeup of countries alongside Mediterranean:


SOURCE ^

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Worksheet – antiquity1: w/videos

Timeline of excavation history of Pompeii and Herculaneum - explaining importance:

 Cities buried for over a thousand years; forgotten. People in nearby village, Resina, caught a
glimpse of ruins. 1709 – first investigated and theatre at Herculaneum found. During this
period all finds given to Austrian king who ruled the area. Rocque Joaquin Alcubierre
assigned to dig tunnels – exploring theatre, villa of papyri, palaestra, shops and houses
 March 1748 – formal excavation at Pompeii, site known as La Civita
 1869 – Guiseppe Fiorelli appointed professor of archaeology at Naples. Began scientific and
systematic excavation of city. Written records, methodical exploration. Created plaster
victims by pouring into ditches filling up hole shallowed by a decomposed body; in position
of people and animals’ deaths.
 Late 1800s – excavations extended, famous features discovered, e.g., central baths, house of
vettii, several temples and the villa of the mysteries
 Early 1900s – conservation of site, Vittorio Spinazzola focusing on southern region of city
including amphitheatre and via dell’abbodanza. He wanted implicit facts not just explicit
found in the stratum, e.g., found commercial shops and inns
 1920s-60s – Amedeo Maiuri in charge, most scientific approach to excavation and revealed
much of its history known today
 Since 60s – preservation and restoration. Few excavations of houses
 Artists have produced accounts and predictions of what life was like during the time of the
destruction.

Political, social, economic systems:

Amphitheatre, Pompeii
Built in 70 BC holding up to 20000 spectators from Pompeii and neighbouring towns.

https://staff.mq.edu.au/teach/teaching-macquarie/ancient-history-for-schools/pompeii/
investigating-and-interpreting-sources#:~:text=Social%20Structure,-Freeborn&text=Like%20the
%20majority%20of%20Roman,and%2010%2C000%2D20%2C000%20in%20Pompeii.

The Familia was the basic unit of Pompeiian and Herculaneum society, households also could have
contained slaves led by the paterfamilias (oldest male - head of household).

https://prezi.com/sg5biaq4beps/pompeii-and-herculaneum-social-structure-economy-and-politics/
 programmata

In addition to the public temples, most houses had a small shrine or lararium,
where daily ceremonials and rituals were performed to appease
the lares and penates who guarded the house. The lares (household gods) are
usually depicted on these shrines dressed in short tunics and carrying drinking
horns and wine buckets.
https://museum.wa.gov.au/pompeii2010/daily-life/religion-%2526-burials/
index.html

 Wall painting (Fresco) of Dionysus in Villa of Mysteries

Wall painting of Dionysus in Villa of Mysteries - Discovery and Archaeologists - Pompeii Interactive
https://www.wellsandassociates.com/blog/3-things-ancient-pompeii-mixed-use-have-in-
common/
Gates around the city walls of Pompeii -
https://www.pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/Plans/plan%20gates.htm