CHAPTER 1

The Effectiveness of Ipil-ipil and Coconut husk as a Charcoal

This chapter shows the background of the research, the formulations of research problem,

objectives, significance of the study and the scope and limitations that represent the study of

the research.

Charcoal is a porous black solid, consisting of an amorphous form of carbon, obtained as a residue

when wood, bone, or other organic matter is heated in the absence of air. Charcoal is a solid fuel

used for heating and cooking that is created through the process of carbonization, which is a process

where complex carbon substances—such as wood or other biomass—are broken down through a

slow heating process into carbon and other chemical compounds. Generally, the discussion about

charcoal is more about the solid fuel used in developing economies rather than the material used in a

barbeque in a developed country. Although the use of charcoal can be detrimental to the

environment, and people's health, charcoal is generally a better fuel for cooking than wood.  

Charcoal stoves tend to burn more efficiently and cleanly than wood stoves. This improvement is nice

—but access to better fuels would be healthier. However, the production of charcoal is important as it

provides some level of income for local people who may not be able to find work in other places.

Charcoal is the principle energy source in many poor areas. Since these families don't have a lot of

income, charcoal is often one of the largest parts of a family's budget. 

The leucaena leucocephala, also known as ipil ipil is one of the products used to make charcoal.

Leucaena leucocephala can be used as a source of wood, animal feed, and fertilizer. It was also used

in reforestation and erosion control. As for ipil-ipil, its wood is considered a high-grade construction

material, according to a 1997 manual by the Forest Products Research and Development Institute. It

has a higher energy density, and it is easier to transport, handle, and store. Many people favor

charcoal because it is considered a more modern fuel than wood.

This plant native to southern Mexico and northern Central America. Actually, it is not the only name

for the plant. Numerous names are awarded to it; such as, white lead tree, jumbay, river tamarind,

Subabul and white popinac. Almost all parts of this plants are beneficial and useful. However, the

most useful part in medical world are the leaves. 

In terms of ordinance and directives, tree ordinance is used by community as tools to protect trees

and prevent their loss in urban community. Ordinances and directives seek to establish legal means

of conservational public interest. 

Another is the Cocos Nucifera, also known as coconut husk is used in products such as floor mats,

doormats, brushes, mattresses, coarse filling material, and upholstery because of its stiffness.

Coconut husk is a natural fiber extracted from the outer husk of coconut. It is the fibrous material

found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. Coconut husk products allow

oxygen to flow freely around plant roots, which help maintain the health of your plants, ultimately

allowing them to grow larger, faster.  

This study will be conducted at Pililla Integrated National High School under the supervision of Mrs.

Nova H. Ariston. The goal is to produce a charcoal that uses both ipil-ipil and coconut husk as its

primary components. This will provide a cost-effective method for increasing the availability of

alternate sources of charcoal.  

As specified by M. Abdollahi on the article was published in (2014), Charcoal has been used since the

earliest times for a range of purposes, including art, medicine and fuel. It is a gastrointestinal

decontaminant and is used to treat people who have ingested dangerous subtances. Charcoal is

neither absorbed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract nor metabolized. 

As stated by Kongprasert, Wangphanich, and Jutilarptavorn(2019), Charcoal briquettes was

characterized and analyzed for their physical-chemical properties including moisture content, volatile

matter content, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value, bulk density, burning rate and heat utilization

efficiency. The results revealed that charcoal briquettes made from Madan wood (100%) had the

highest calorific value

  

•As specified by M.N.V on the article was published in (2016), The whole process from "bhatti"

formation to the end product take 1-2 week depending upon the quantity of the wood to be converted

into charcoal and control of burning process. Charcoal and coke are also used in industries for

specialized purposes like activated charcoal. Charcoal production generate employment and revenue

besides are tangible benefits. 

•As stated by K.J and M.J (2013), Charcoal sampled in archaeological sites largely results from the

charring of wood used as fuel, building material, or material for the manufacture of domestic
implements. This material provides additional information about the precise use of wood by distinct

human populations or societies. Charcoal is lighter than wood but with the same calorific benefit, so

the production of charcoal saved both energy and effort because the transportation of wood from

forest to town was avoided. 

• As specified by Chidumayo on the article was published in (2012), Possible ways of enhancing

charcoal policies' legitimacy and therefore effective implementation are multi-stakeholder participation

and demonstration of coherence with globally recognized principles, goals and relevant international

regimes, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Emissions of greenhouse gases from

charcoal production in tropical ecosystems in 2009 are estimated at 71.2 million t for carbon dioxide

and 1.3 million for methane. Charcoal production can significantly contribute to poverty reduction and

environmental sustainability. 

This study is to be conducted in response due to the problem of families cannot afford the increasing

price of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Forming to create charcoal from the source of ipil-ipil and

coconut husk, can lessen the works of illegal logging and deforestation. The effectiveness of it is to

expose the useful and function of charcoal. Charcoal is more useful than wood. It help other to save

money, the families have a financial problem and to our environment.  

Today, people engage in illegal logging that drives deforestation, biodiversity loss and climate

change. Furthermore, experiencing high prices of gas that some people cannot afford. The

researchers are looking for an alternative source that can reduce tree cutting and to help some people

that cannot afford high prices of gas.  

The researcher main objective is to determine the reasons why most of the families in secluded areas

having difficulties to visit the town and buy LPG. Therefore, the researcher objective is to produce a

substitute to LPG's which is producing charcoal made of ipil ipil and coconut husk.  

This study aims to find an alternative source for charcoal. It will be beneficial to people who are

incapable of purchasing gas. Moreover, by developing a new way of crafting charcoal, the community

will benefit from introducing innovation in the market.

Theoretical Framework

This study aims to contribute to sustainable development by providing an eco-friendly and renewable

alternative to traditional charcoal production. The findings of this study will be relevant to

policymakers, industries, and households looking for sustainable fuel alternatives.

The research was based on the theory of Tassie, Misganaw, et al. which is the “Theory to

Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Charcoal Production Activities of Rural Households in

Mecha District, Ethiopia” (2021), that explain the charcoal should be ban. However, Arnold and

Persson assert that both rural and urban that less developed nations has a strong appetite to use

charcoal as their alternative source of gas. The production of charcoal will be mostly inefficient and it

has the ability to cause adverse health effect such as the respiratory illness of women and children

and indoor air pollution at a significant level. 

This Theory to impacts of charcoal production activities of rural and urban households is related about

the careful assessment of charcoal production through the traditional techniques revealed an average

loss of forest products. Production of charcoal have negative effects but by the traditional techniques

can lessen the impact of negativity of it, noted that health-related impacts associated with charcoal

production have focused on effects from their consumption known about the health and

socioeconomic impacts related to charcoal producers during extraction and production phases. The
theory provide the overview of the effects, impact, consumption, and the importance of charcoal from

the rural and urban nations less develop.

Conceptual Framework
Frame 1: Show the input of the study or the materials needed in making an alternative source of

charcoal such as Ipil-ipil wood and Coconut husk, Cornstarch, Measuring cups, container, mortar and

pestle, Water, Charcoal Stove, Match, Strainer, Ordinary Charcoal

Frame 2: Show the process in making an alternative source of charcoal. Gathering of materials,

Preparing materials for the making the ipil-ipil and coconut husk charcoal, Making of ipil-ipil and

coconut husk as charcoal, Gathering of data, Interpretation and analysing of data.

Frame 3: Shows the output which id The Effectiveness of Ipil-ipil and Coconut Husk as a Charcoal

Feedback: Shows the flow of Input, Process, Output of the Conceptual Framework.

INPUT PROCESS
• Gathering of materials
• Preparing materials for the
making the ipil-ipil and
coconut husk charcoal.
• Making of ipil-ipil and
coconut husk as charcoal
• Gathering of data
• Interpretation and
analysing of data

OUTPUT
• The Effectiveness of Ipil-
ipil (Leucaena
Leucocephala) and Coconut
husk (Cocos Nucifera) as
Charcoal

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem of the study was to determine the ability of ipil-ipil and Coconut husk as charcoal. This

study aims of how the charcoal as an alternative source of gas and be most consumable than the

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The following questions can be answered in the experimentation.

HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant difference in the level of effectiveness of Ipil-ipil and Coconut husk as a

charcoal in terms of its ability.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Generally, the discussion about charcoal is more about the solid fuel used in developing economies

rather than the material used in a barbeque in a developed country. Although the use of charcoal can

be detrimental to the environment, and people's health, charcoal is generally a better fuel for cooking

than wood.

Charcoal stoves tend to burn more efficiently and cleanly than wood stoves. This improvement is nice

—but access to better fuels would be healthier. However, the production of charcoal is important as it

provides some level of income for local people who may not be able to find work in other places.

Charcoal is the principle energy source in many poor areas. Since these families don't have a lot of

income, charcoal is often one of the largest parts of a family's budget.

The leucaena leucocephala, also known as ipil-ipil is one of the products used to make charcoal.

Leucaena leucocephala can be used as a source of wood, animal feed, and fertilizer. It was also used

in reforestation and erosion control. As for ipil-ipil, its wood is considered a high-grade construction
material, according to a 1997 manual by the Forest Products Research and Development Institute.

This plant native to southern Mexico and northern Central America. Actually, it is not the only name

for the plant. Numerous names are awarded to it; such as, white lead tree, jumbay, river tamarind,

Subabul and white popinac. Almost all parts of this plants are beneficial and useful. However, the

most useful part in medical world are the leaves.

Another is the Cocos Nucifera, also known as coconut husk is used in products such as floor mats,

doormats, brushes, mattresses, coarse filling material, and upholstery because of its stiffness.

Coconut husk is a natural fibre extracted from the outer husk of coconut. It is the fibrous material

found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. Coconut husk products allow

oxygen to flow freely around plant roots, which help maintain the health of your plants, ultimately

allowing them to grow larger, faster.

The study will be conducted on S.Y. 2022-2023

This study will use format in the process of measurements of the charcoal to be more useable than

the ordinary charcoal. Developing the effectiveness will help the researchers to make a new product

like charcoal for the increasing price of Liquefied Petroleum Gas.

This research employs the quantitative research, experimental and non-experimental research.

Development of the materials will be shown and how it develop using experimental research.

The study used an experimental design for the Science investigatory Project (SIP) as the instrument

of the research study. The researchers study was approved for the study of effectiveness of ipil-ipil

and coconut husk as a charcoal. The experimentation show by conducting format of how the charcoal

create, measurements and the charcoal as a unique or different charcoal between the ordinary

charcoal.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study aims to measure the Effectiveness of Ipil-ipil and Coconut Husk as Charcoal and provide

significant contributions to the following:

Entrepreneur – It will give them an idea of a new product to sell and it also helps in promoting the

use of other materials in producing charcoals.

Environment – It helps in promoting such materials and helps off to give an idea what this specific

material can be used for and also promotes the up cycling of the materials.

Industries – It helps in lowering the cost to gather such materials since all the materials used in

making the charcoal can be locally found and the labor to produce the product lessens.

Future Researchers – It gives aid to future researchers to give them an in – depth and prior

knowledge about the specific study and to help them produce a better outcome.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Bhatti -oven countable noun. An oven is a cooker or part of a cooker that is like a box with a door.

Millennium Development Goals set time bound targets, by which progress in reducing income

poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter and exclusion while promoting gender equality,

health, education and environmental sustainability can be measured.

Gastrointestinal tract -is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to

the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other

animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Detrimental -causing detriment, as loss or injury; damaging; harmful.

Charring –partially burn (an object) so as to blacken its surface. Forest Products Research and

Development Institute (FPRDI) – was created in 1954 as the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) under

the then Bureau of Forestry. It was located, as it is now, in the campus of the University of the

Philippines Los Baños-College of Forestry and Natural Resources (UPLBCFNR).

Amorphous –without a clearly defined shape or form. Lacking a clear structure or focus.

Charcoal -is a solid fuel used for heating and cooking that is created through the process of

carbonisation, which is a process where complex carbon substances such as wood or other biomass

are broken down through a slow heating process into carbon and other chemical compound.

Carbonization -is the complex process of concentrating and purifying carbon by denaturing organic

matter with heat in the presence of little to no oxygen. In the context of coal, carbonization consists of

four coincident and partly competing steps.

Archeological -comes from the word archaeology, is the study of the human past using material

remain. These remains can be any objects that people created, modified, or used. Portable remains

are usually called artifact. Artifact include tools, clothing, and decorations.
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