Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • History of Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Clarence Rivero
    63 views102 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    63 views102 pages

    History of Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Clarence Rivero

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 102
    e JPT REVIEW CENTER, INC. &36 Galicia Street, Sampaloc Manita 407-9465 or 744-4096 www .jptreviewcenter.com e-mail: arki@jptreviewcenter.com we) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Founding Member Review Center Association of the Philippines (RECAP) za Ss FR eRe Ee mR me eee eee em TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 1. Collage of Pictures from Pre-Historic Structures to Modern 2010 Skyscrapers 2. Pre-Historic Structures 3. Egyptian Architecture. 4, Mesopotamian Architecture. a.Persian Architecture b.Assyrian Architecture . Greek Architecture... . Roman Architecture. . Early Christian Architecture. . Byzantine Architecture... . Saracenic or Muslim Architecture 10, Romanesque Architecture...... 14. English Medieval Architecture. 12. Gothic Architecture... 13. Renaissance Architectur a. Italian Renaissance b, French Renaissance c. German Renaissance d. Belgium , Dutch Renaissance @. English Renaissance f. Russian Renaissance 14. Australian Architecture . 15, American Architecture 16. Age of the Revivals ( Continent 17, Famous works of Architects of the 18 and 19% Century 18, 200 World’s Tallest Bldgs. With Respective Archts. (As of 2010). 19. South East Asian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Countries ) a. Chinese Architecture —_e. Japanese Architecture b. Indian Architecture f. Thailand Architecture c. Korean Architecture g. Indonesian Architecture d, Cambodian Architecture 20. Philippine Architecture ... a. Pre- Spanish Period b. Spanish Period c. American Period 21. Filipino Architects. of the 60’s to 80's. 22. Philippine Tallest Bldgs.with respective Archts .( As of 2010 OON DA ere. Cemury ‘ay ROMANESQUE (2™ Cent, eoeermge es =r ASSYRIAN (4000 B.C,- 4™Cent.A.D.) (CHINESE ~ JAPANESE Theory of Developinent of Architecture BPO m be AO Byte" STS MEMORY RON OR Rey. # BEB ad — = — = ee INFLUENCES. OF ‘THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECUTECTURE 1 cm ¢. Cimatic Geographical, Be Geological &.. Socialpoiitical f, listorical “PRES ce STRUCTURES : 3: Classifica 5 Early. known Types: uf Architoonurs ‘ F Ones pk oe ts Monies - 3 Burial Mounds “DWELLINGS STRUCTURES : ee ‘& Plant. HUTS :— uaualy mode up of reeds, rhs ad ate! ious. MONUMENTS: ‘ ctassiricarions RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES power pesca Kolated single upright atone also known oe Meat raise “Of, Victor ane: tribe. “| Prototypes of Egyptian: pyramids By MEGALITHIC’ Several number of stones © ti; Dolmen -2 of more upright stones supporting a hotizontal slab. 2, Sromlech —3 or more upright stones capped 7. by, art unchain flat Stone, Indicates place of * (+ Goes 6d Found af LANYON Cornwall Stone Circle or Stone Row— ‘Made-Up Of 3,000. Stones Sf & on Salisbury Plain ‘Battows'- earthen motinds use for burials Pouple huncred: of ordinary. persons, Eaypl qieer bry Riera coo ue CLASSICAL ORDERS ORDERS ~ it includes the column ( capital, shaft, bas 2 certain rule with regards to systems FROM GREECE ©) with an enlablature, which is folowing Of designing ~the simplest earliest and the most perfact among the orders made up 2: IONIC ORDER ~ the most sophisticated, less heavy than the Dorie order. *. CORINTHIAN ORDER ~ the slendorest, elegant, and the mest elaborated order. FROM ROME £ COMPOSITE ORDER — roman elaboration of the Corinthian order 5 TUSCAN ORDER — the simplified version of the Roman Doric order and has no shaft ites. “IONIC CAPITAL SUPERIMPOSITION ot SUPERCOLUMNATION ’ the placing of one order after another or above another, INTERCOLUMNATION ~ the clear space between 2 adjacent columns usually ‘Measured at the lower parts of the shafts. ENTASIS~a@ swelting or curving long the outline of a colunin shaft. twas designed + {0 counteract the * Optical ilusion which gives a shaft bounded by straight tine appearance of curving inwards ARCADE ~ a ling of counterthrusting arches, raised on columns of piers. g EGYPTIAN ARCHITI ECTURE 5000 B.C. — 4° CENTURY ALD. 2 TYPES OF STRUCTURES - ( TOMBS & TEMPLES ) 3 TYPES OF TOMBS 1. Mastaba 2. Pyramid 3. Rock Hewn Tomb 1. Mastaba — are Tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full length , flat °9 MASTABA OF THI (THI—is aroyal architocr top or tapéred solid temple STELE is the . Superindentent of pyramids in Egypt ) pit stone slab coniaining the name of the dead fours sr the mastaba High and (750 sq. ft.) 0 eats. high } & (705 sq.) in plan, 3.) Pyramid of Mykertnas or “Menkaura “(109.0 nts high) & (218 sq.ft. high). Pyramids were bui & for the preservation of the dead body. Pharaoh is not oni when he dies he becomes “ositis’, god of dead. They're ‘monothe! oa ows causeway 2. Offering Mortuary 4. Valley bldg. 1. Elevated 2 chapel 3. Mortuary 4, DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN GODS: 2) AMUN—RA : chief god L)HORUS -: sky god, son of osits, b) RAH Symbol of the sun, _g.) SET 2 dread god of evil, brother of pleasure also reineamation of “Ra” himeelf b.) THOT ibis headed god of wisdom for etemal life, sun god fr. Heliopolis J)ANUBIS —: jackal headed god of deaths ©) ATUM, 2 Worid creator k)PTAR god of craftsmen 4.) OSIRIS # god of the dead L)SERAPIS : bull god e) ISIS 2 wife of osiris Developed of two types of tomie &) Masiaba b.) Pyramig 2 a nem RONSDOM (11"* Te pen aere vs 3) MENTURETEP. TT developed the 3" type of tomb “Rock-cut Tomb” b) SENUSRETS | rectod the catliest known “Obelisk” @ (ew MENEMHAT 1 — founded "Groce Temple of Ar ‘of govemment RZIER— King's most powerful oficial PHARAOH King, ruler, highoet piestin Egypt SON OF PHARAON” ‘sucnessor to the throne CHANCELOR- He ‘contiols the royal ecasuries, granaries 8 supervises. the census. 4) SiMPLICY SYSTEMS OK CONSTRUCTION: in charge of the King’s personel estate & household. TALITY ‘$) SOLIDNY OR MASSIVENESS POST & LINTEL; COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED, FEATURES OF 1. BATTERWALL. in, EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE: from base to top of the facade. TER Ste feature of Egyptian external wea ‘omaments, pi 2 HIEROGLYPHICS ust 10 PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE | 7) Pylon ~massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks es penn ‘88 gateways in Egypt . 3, ypacthral Court ~ large outer court open tothe sky netuary 7) Hypostyle Hail - a pitared hall in which the ron rest on column, 9) Sanctuary — usually surrounded Passages & chambers style Ha used mn connedtion i bee ‘ample anton pepaetie fia 8) Avenue of Sphinx — whore mystical monster were placed, MM Hypsethral Court I Pylon EXAMPLE OF TEMPLES 2) Great Tompie of Abu - Simbel — tis one of the Fock: hewn temples at this place Feade Ged by the indefatigable Rameses Il. An entronos forevourt leads to the imposing fagade, 36 m (119 ft.) wide wyibich are four rock-cut sea cree 5.) Temple of Isis, Philae Bg ,, MENOPHIS 111 erected “Colossi of B Memnon.one of the wonders of the vast IRAMESES I began the construction of the "Great Hyposiyle Hall @ Kharvek RATSHEPSUT — queen of Egypt, famous BY (or her funerary temple @ Mer Eye Bahar, SENUSRETS - erected the earliest known “Obelisk” @ Heliopotis. THOTMES 1V ~the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand f. the "Sphin PYLON. gateways in Egypt AMENHOTEP ~ responsible for the god of war Diana. + goddess of chastity Minerva - gaddess of learning & wisdom £ Cores - goddess of earth & agriculture Dionyssus 2 | Bacchus - god of wine & feasting Hephaestus + Vulean god of Zire, flame & forgery Hera * Juno: -- wife of Zeus, goddess cf marriage Heracles + Hercules - son of Zeus, mythical half god & man Hermes : Mercury - messenger of the gods Hostia : Vesta - goddess of hearth & home Nike e Victoria - goddess of victory Pan 2 Pan = god of flock Poseidon : Neptune god of the sea Zeus :/ Jupiter - supreme god, ruler of the sky, chief god E. SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE Chief diversion were music, dancing, wrestling, boxing, gymnastic,and bullfighting often w/ ‘Women took part in, tin hunting ehd more strenuous games, as well Gresk Architecture. 20. 3.Coliohade surrounds the tompie. e 4.Coillng wore omitted! & treated »/ timber panelled coffers * lacunaria” S.Walls were made up of stones. 6.Marble sculptures completed the buildings. 7.Mural paintings on the wolis of temples were highly developed. 8.Opticai tlusions were corrected from horizontal ines not to anpear dropping or sagging jrom the ceriter, a slight covex outlines were formed for stylobates , comices & architraves fr. the temple ” Parthenon *, the same w/ the vertical lines for columns. EXAMPLES OF ARCHITECHTURAL STRUCTURES A. AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE or EARLY PERIOD 1). Gate of Lions, Myceriae - most ancient stone sctrpture in Europe. 2). Palaces used by kings or local chieftain. 9. Palace of King Minos, Knossos The Palace, Tyrins The Palace, Mycerroa.. nag he Lion. Gate, Mycanaé (¢. 1250 Greek Architecture 24 Section ee FLOOR Phan 2 Types of Aegean Tomb: 9). Tholos - a stone. vaulted construciion, shaped like an old fashion beehive . #t consist of a fong passage known as“Dromos “leading to domed chamber. 4). Rock— cut or chamber tomb — rectangular chamber, cut w/ In the slope hill -side approach by Dromos. B. GREEK ARCHITECTURE OR KELLENIC PERIOD 1). “ Temenos “or sacred enclosure, also known as “ citade! “ or “ acropolis ” or uppor city. IMPORTANT STRUCTURES FOUND IN ACROPOLIS 2). Principal Temple 6). Pinacotheca (picture gallery) ¢). Glypthotheca (sculpture gallery) d). Statue of Athena €). The Erecthelon 9. Old Temple of Athena 9). The Parthenon 1). Theater of Dionysos 9). Stoa of Sumenes 2D. Odeion of Herodes Atticus 4). Temple of Nike Apteros 2). Civic Square “ square city or market place, the greek's political business & economic life Greek : Agora Malian : Piazza English : Market Roman: Forum French: Place eg — Clvic Square @Mitetus Civic Square @ Ephesus Civie Square @ Priene 9). Temples — were the chief buiiding. Usually the plan is rectangular in shape. PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE 8). Naos - principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess, w/ porticoes & collonades. +}. Pronaes — the inner portico in front of naos, or * cella” of the naos ©). Epinacs or “ Opisthodomus “— posticum which serves as the treasury chamber. 2 ie ieiin a | PARTHENON , GREECE Greek Architecture 22 . Greek Architecture 23 rising "TEMPLES: ( (rectangular 2 rls ‘fo the ee ee cue o on 88, entrance front, By the. th: farre) in rejation to naos as below: . Octastyle - vight Enmoastyie -nine columns 4B. Decastyle - ten columns 1). Dodocastyie twelve columns Orders of the Greek Architecture z pediment cornice { mutule guttae frieze { tiglyphs entablature metope ™ taenia architraye \ regulae guttae { — abacus capital echinus ‘De Davie Or x — oy reversa i +~——— yma recta —————_ dentils —~_—_—_ ovolo <—_______ ovolo with egg & dart enrichments volutes or scroll L ienic capital J ~ Modillion or console cornice [ ae entablature. friexe{ architrave { corinthian cat G See on nm ovolo with egg & jart enrichments fleuron — dimunitive volutes or helix acanthus leaves 24 DORIC ORDER (Ist Order of STYLopatt STERE: CREPIDON| FORMS OF GREEK TEMPLE PARTS OF DORIC ORDER: A). DORIC PARTS: 1. Pediment 2. Entablature 3. Crepidoma 8). PEDIMENT PARTS: 1. Antefixae 2. Tymphanum 3. Acroterion ©). ENTABLATURE PARTS 1. Comice 2. Frieze 3. Architrave oj. SHAFT PARTS: 7. Annulets 2. Trachsleum/ Trachelion the Greek Architecture ) Tho simpliest & the eeiliast among the 8 orden “Parthenon Temple”, D). CORNICE PART: 1. Mutule 2. Guttae &). FRIEZE PARTS: 1. Triglyphs 2 Metope °), ARCHITRAVE PARTS: 1. Taenia 2. Reguias 3. Guttae K). CREPIDOMA PARTS; 1. Stylobate 2. Stereohate 3. Hypotracheleum or Hypotrachelion 25 Greek Architecture 25 where G). TRIGLYPH 3. 2whole & 2% Channels 2. Shank 4). COLUMN PARTS: 1. Capital 2 Shaft 3. Base Y). CAPITAL PARTS: 1. Abacus 2. Echinus 1). SHAFT’s PLAN 1. Flutes (20) 2. Aris (20) Greek Architecture 26 I FORMS OF GREEK TEMPLES 1. “INANTIS 4~ les that have 1 to.4 columns bet, antae at the front. 2 Is the usual no. | “2 AMPH TIS.“ ~ tomples that have 1 to 4 cols. bet. antae at the front & rear. 2is the usual no. lic ANI 3. SPROSTYLE “temples that.have # portico of columns at front. 4. tha Sp fomples that have fanked of cols.Attached {0 the feos wall. hat have a'double-tine of columns surrounding the nave tempies are like the last, buf the inti@F range of columnssis omitted! onthe flanks of the naos. ee rr » Greek Architecture 27 2" CAPITAL introduced by GREEK ARCHITECTURE IONIC ORDER ~ More Sophisticated order. Less heavy than the Doric, less eleborated than the Corinthian Order. It was used in “ Erechtheion, Athens, also of Artemis, Ephesus. enererl 3" CAPITAL CORINTHIAN ORDER ~ Most elaborated & most elegant of ai! the 3 capitals introduced by the Greeks. It looks like an “ Inverted Beil 4+—- — cma RECA ST: ConsoLe ~ OVOLO( equ and dart j Fireone /oorn Oc ae -ASTRAGAL beads and reels ————ommesescrsovest ‘oensnis ENTABLATURE REUION DwUNAVE vourEs OF HEUCES ACANTIUS eaves 27 BALIEGS F HO CENTRAL FloweR FLEORON IF Vat CENTRAL FlomER -— OmUNIVE VoLUTES Of HEUCES = —— ACANTHUS LEAVES 2 Rows HELD: OR NHEUCES CAPITAL PLAN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES ( TEMPLES ) 2). The Parthenon, Athens (Dorie, Peripterai, Octastyte) dedicated to the goddess Athena, largest Greek Temple, Architect: Ietinus & Callicrates ©). Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassae (Doric, ionic, Corinthian, Peripteral, Hexastyia), ss gg & 9. The Temple of Arthemis, Ephesus (Hellenestic temple, tonic, Dipteral, Octastyle), One of ths seven Wonders of the worid, Center of Pan — tonic festival of the Asiatic Colonies. Architect: Deinocrates, Under the time of. ‘Alexander the Great. Master Sculptor: Scopas 9). The Choragic Monum: Builder: Antiochus Epiphanes 9. Tower of the Winds, Athens Andronikas Cy J. The theater of Dionysos, Athons . 19 the Panathenaic festivals Men rc ae cee a GREEK MOULDINGS & ORNAMENTS HADRIAN VILLAS ROMAN FORUMS HADRIAN tu WRN Te Awrec SarRos9 * ntl wma A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Rome has a commanding: position in the Mediterranean sea wic enabled to act as an intermediary in spreading od Cae pation over Europe Wester Asia & North Afica.Thero is marked goographicl dforehone bot oro kx and the Romans w/ regards ta national character, Romans ware very clos. 2"? CENTURY-4™ CENTURY A. D. . GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Chief ‘bldg. maleriel was concrete wie rendleréd finest example of Roman Architecture . They also have ampla supply: of marbles, "gravel & limber: Concrete was: made up cf stone or brick ;ubble & a mo CLIMATIC. Rote was divided irito 3 Regions , Itely Béeause of this variety of climatic conditions there was a diversity of arch’! features & treatment in the peninsula itso” D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Rofijon became @ pert af the constitution of tha stale. They venerated more ‘heir emporors than their goc!s and bocause of this attiucte , thers were’ jess temples for worship E. SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE Important Emperors’ who patronizes architecture in Rone ; 1. NERO 4. HADRIAN 7. DIOCLETIAN 2. VESPASIAN 5. SEPTIMUS SEVERUS 3. TROJAN 6. CARACALLA F. HISTORICAL INFLUENCE Periods of development: 1 ETRUSCAN - notable. for the uso of the, tiie & “radiating arch”, they wore the earhist cWilzalion & groat builders. invented: the * tuscan capital’, their temple were oriented of the south 2 ROMAN — adopted the columnar & traheated stylo of the Greeks ard developed the Arch-, vauit, & dome of the Etruscans ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 1. VASTNESS & MAGNIFICENCE. 2. OSTENTATION & ORNATENESS. Romans use arch in structural innovation. DIFFERENT TYPES OF VAUI.TS DEVELOPMENT 8Y THE ROMANS: 1. Semietroular / wagon headed / Barrel vault 2. Cross vault 3. Hemispherical Dome ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS: Opus Quadratum —made up of reciangular blocks of stone with or w/ mortor joints but 7. Opus, Quadratum frequently secured with dowels & cr: nS. ar PAE TAL CRANE 2. Opus incertum made up of smal stones laid in 3. Opus Recticulatum fine joints wore in a boose pattem roughly assembling the polygonal work. disgonal lites like the ineshes of a not 4. Opus Testaceum - tnangular bricks ( pian) specially made for facing wre walls ELEVATION 5. Opus iMiixturn ~ consisted of bands of “iufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with smal! squared stone blocks. TWO COLUMN CAPITALS DEVELOPED 1.COMPOSITE— combination of lonic & corinthian 2. TUSCAN - counterpart of Dorie capitat <<" LUO ACN THIUS, Leaves XICOLT FLOWERS ROMAN ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLE : A. FORUM - open space used as a moeting place , market or rondesvouz for political demonstrations @.9. Forum Romanum, Rome oldest & :nast imp't., used as Hippodrome. Forum of Trojan, Rome —lorgest B. RECTANGULAR TEMPLES ~ used Pseudo — Peripteral (half col. Attached to the naos wall, raised in © octun’, event! forparie Pre, sou Temple of Jupiter, Spateto 9. Temple of Fortuna Viriis, Rome Temple of Saturn, Rone Temple of Mars Uttor, Rome Temple of Diana, Nanos Temple of Venus’ & Rome ; Carree, Nines Teraple of Vespasien, Rome Mesa 3 €. CIRCULAR & POLYGONAL TEMPLES — derived from the temples of the Greeks & the Elruscans wie became the prototype of the Chistian baptistery. 2.9. Temple of Vesta, Rome — the most sacred shrine & source of Roman fife & power Temple of Venus, Baalbek The Pantheon, Rome - most famous & perfect preservation of all anciont bldgs It was now converted into a Christian church named Sia, Marie Rolonda. D. BASILICAS — halls of justice or Assembly hall. ©.9. Trajan’s Basilica, Rome — built by Apollodurus of Damascus Basilica of Constantine, Rome -also known as Basilica of Maxenlitis or Basilica Nova. E. THERMAE -a pelatial public bath with three main parts RS. 1. Main bldg. Central Structure w/ chief epariments ge 8) Tepidarium -. warm room 4) Calidarium — hot room, or with hot water bath ©) Frigidarium ~ cooling room «) Sudarium— dry “sweating room ¢) Apodyteria— dressing room f) Paleestra- ior physical exercise 9) Unctuaria or untoria— place for oils & perfumes 1h} Spaeresterium- game room 2. XYSTUS OR PUBLIC PARK W/ AVENUES OF TREES~a jarge open space with trees, slalues 2 fountams, part of it was used as a stadium for foot- racing & where athlatic sports took place. 3. OUTER RING OF APARTMENTS @ Lecture rooms. Exedrae —_¢ Collenade —, Large Reservoir ©. Thermae Caracalla, Rome—with a capacity of 1,600 bathars Thermae of DiocietianRome ~ largest w/ capacity of 3,000 bathers Thormae of Titus , Rome, Thermae of Gnppa, Rone F.BAL.NEUM private bath in Roman palaces & houses containing the ff 1. Tepidarium 2. Calitariuray 3. Feigidariuin e.g Hadrian Villa summer bath G. THEATERS OR ODEION —Roman theaters were built up by moans of concrete vaulting, supporting tiers of seats, it was restricted fo a semi- circle. 2.9. Theater of Marcellus, Rome Theater Orange 36 H. AMPH! THEATERS OR COLOSSEUM — uso for gladiatorial combats, elliptical in plan. e.g. The Colosseum, Rome — known as “Flavian Amphitheater’, commenced by Vespasian & completed by Domitian. lect 2 OLOSSEUM SR, mHmReeaeeEeHReE EEE ee em lemme oe ROMAN PANTHEON K. TRIUMPHAL ARCHES arected to commomorate Victonuus campaign of emperors end Genorals. 2.9. Arch of Tiberius, Orange Arch of Titus , Rome Arch of Sepiiriis Sevovus, Rome Arch of Constantine, Rome M. TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS (3) Main Types a) As 2 protective wall & commemorative monument. b) Asa omamental portals (0 forum or market places. ©) Arch built @ main st. intersection wve were collanaded. e.g. Porte S Andre, & the Porte d' Arroux, Autun Porte De Mars, Rheims Portico of Octavia, Rome by Augustus 37 L. PILLARS OF VICTORY or MONUMENTAL COLUMNS — were erecied to record triumphs of victorious Generals { conquerea by tend). 2-0. Tenian's Column Rome Wt is @ Roman Doric Column, entirely of marble, w/a total htof 115 ft7 inches & a shalt 12 in. diamelor w/a spiral slaircass. Rostrat_ Colurans, Rome Frequently erected in the time of the Emperors to colebrate naval vietories, and took their name from the rostra or rows of captured ships. SemeiEEBE_Ee BSBA SE SB BES ER aS Em Hm OY 38 N. PALACES ~ use fo house the Emperors. eg. Palaces of the Emperors, Rome Golden House of Nero, Rome Place of Dioclstian, Spatato largest paiace & often called “2 city ina house” covered @ ‘ois! of 8 acres, almost the size of Escorial, Spain. ©. ROMAN HOUSES @) Types of Roman Dwellings : @) The Domus or private house—conter of family epartinents. Typical Parts of a Domus : 1) Prothyum or Entrance passage 5) Cubicuta or bedroom 2) Atrium or Entrance court, open to the sky & 6) Geeus or reception room at the center is a “Impluvium” a waler eistem collector 7.) Alae or recesses for converse: 3.) Tablinum or open iiving room 8) Kitchen & Pantry 4.) Peristyls ~ an inner collonated court w garden 28.9. House of Livia, Rome, House of Surgeon, Pompeii b,j Villa or Country House~a Iuxurious country house with surrounding terraces ai? gardens, colonnades, patasestas, thoulors, & Mirman 9. Hadrian's Ville, Tivoli ¢.) insula or Apartment Bleck — many storeyed tenement callad * Werkmen's: Dwelling P. AQUEDUCTS use for vistor supply, w/ smooth channels or “specus” lined w/ hard coment & carried 0 arches, in several tiers. e.g. Agua Marcia, Rome Agua Claudia, Rome built w/ Emperors Caliguia & Claudio. Q. BRIDGES OR * PONS"~ simple,solié & practice! construction designed (0 resist ine rash of water 2.9. Pons Sublicius, Rome, Pons Mulvius, Rome , Bridgo of Augustus, Rimini RR. FOUNTAINS - striking features of ancient & modem Rome is” or Locus ~ designed similar io @ large basin of water 2.) "Saliontes"— similar to a large basin of water w/ spouting jets. AN AQUEDUCT ROW) TUSCAN BASE Smug coun KEYSTONE eouRsotis oR CONGE SennioneL A PLINTH no if = Re SCOTIA, c— Co 3 | $f sien Le DOUSLE PLINTH | —j—— arcineur i ~ABUTMENT | a ak {nnn TUSCAN “NPE OF BASE BLEVaTION OF AN ARAT™ Crode, of filet #0. torus) BEeBEBEBESBE A SE KS SE SB CB SBE BSE ES Hf LY Early Christian Architecture 4th Century A.D.. A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE, Christinn'ty trad #8 birth in Judea, Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. Early Christian Architecture. ‘was influenced by the extsting Roman art, : 8. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE fice ‘The ruins of the Roma buildings provided quarry where materiais wera obtained . Thin into ot the sivle for constriction, decoration for columns, & other architectural features 2s well as fine soulptura and mosaic frora older building w/c were turn into basiican churches of the new teith C. CLIMACTIC INFLUENCE The cllesictic condition of Romen provinces whern ‘Christianity was established naturally moditied the style. The tiercér the sun & hotter climate necessitated smail windows & other Eastern ears 1D, RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Christianity spread oilt rapicly & ‘was an important factor in tho development of early Chelatian rohitecturo 4 inspired the bidg.of some of the greatest archi. monuments. Constantine & Licinus Issued their celebrated es edict of Milan giving Christianity: equal rights w/ other religions & Constantine made it the official religion. E. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE cone was. the primo character but was not proclaimed Emporer; ha cemoved his empire trom Bydiantium and developed a new style of Architecturn. F. HIST SAL NEL LUENCE The fal Acchitoture th. 4 to 8 Century, primarily tn eburch bid ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Eary Coigtian Arehinecture is basleally Rortan in character but executed i dough: ICITY IN DESIGN © 2 COARSENESS IN EXECUTION i ‘uvonsatt EeATunes OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Thay modeled from Roman Halls of Justice > evolved from Roman dwelling houses erected over the hurial place of a Saint to whom the church v deciicstect. 2.9. The Basilican Church of St. Peter, - dedicated tc the martyrdom cf St. Petar. St. Paolo Fouri Le Mura, Rone —iargest & most imoressive among all tasiicen churches. Church of nativity, Bethlehem founded by Constantine, bunt over the tracitional birth of Chvist Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem - founded by’ Constantine, built over the reputed tomb of © FOR BAPTISTERIES 2.9 The Baptistery of Constantine, Rome — by Sivtus Il, dedicated to Constantine, oldest among th italian Baptisteries FOR TOMBS e.g. Tomb of Galle Piscida, Ravenna - easiest bldg. of TERMINOLOGIES: "AMBULATORY - a passageway around the apse of church. ANTEPODIUM ~ a Seat behind the choir reserved for the cleray. BEMA~ a stage reserved for the clergy. CHEVET— the apso, ambulatory, & radiating terminal of a church CLERESTOREY —an upper stage in the church w/ wdos. above the adjacent roof CLERGY- priest with the religious elders. DAIS~ 2 raised flatform reserved for the sealing of speakers or uignitariss. ORATORY- a small private chapel furnished w/ an alter and a crucifix. REREDOS- an ornamental screen or wall at the back of an alter. TRANSEPT— portion of a church crossing the main axis at tne right angle & forming a cruciform play TRIBUNE a slightly efevated flatform or Dais for the speaker. TRIFORIUM— roof over the aisles below the clerestorey SEPULCHER - a fomb or a receptacles for ralics especially in a Christian altar. crucitarm® plan. MARANMMSAOVS OBeeMANLA * j - : 48 Byzantine Architecture 4° century—o” Century A. GEOGRAPHICAL IN FLUENCE From Byzantine, Constantine ronamed it to Constantinople now as“ fstanbul ” & also called “New Rome". itwas the Architecture of the Easter Roman Empire w/e wes dev. from Early Christin & Late Roman antecedent in the 4” century. B, GEOOGICAL INFLUENCE : No good huliding stones , & Jocal inaterials such as clay for bricks & rubble for concrete were vse Marble. was also used. but mostly imported materials. C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE ‘ Seml- tropical, thie fet roots was uséd & combined w/dames, to counter- act the New Empiro. D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Political Division between East and West, followed by the division of Churches, due to” ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT” (decree to ban the use of statues as means of representations eithe! of human or animal forms), & this made painting figures in decoration a substitute. Early Christian Basilica was mergad w/the domical system of the Byzantine. E, SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE Ways of lite and corrupt conditions contributed greatly to the fall of Roman Empire. Prominent Figures considered movers of this Architecture: 1. 1HEODOSIUS Il -built several military gates and towers { defense against the Gotis & Huns) Du cannot avoid the Moslem or the Islamic people. - 2.JUSTINIAN responsible for rebuilding of St. Sophia “ Divine Wisdom “ w/c now tumed to 8 Mostem Mosque. F. HISTORIGAL INFLUENCE : From §'" to 11° Century was on of the fluctuating 4 gradually declining fortunes.The Spirit of th Byzontine Empire persisted even after the Empire had fallen, Constantine had continued up | the present day 10 the seat of Patriarch of the Orthoox Church, ARGHITECTURAL CHARACTER 1.Simplicity — in external design w/c resulted in the use of olay & rubble. 2.Richness ~ in internat treatment importing “ marble “, CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES 1. Characterized by large pendentives supporied domes to cover polygonal & square 2. Pians for churches & baptisteries; rounded arches, elaborated cols. & colors. 3. Features the grouping of small domes or semni-domes arcund a large contrai dome. 4. Extensive use of “mosaic decoration”. & Thay don't use campanile and atrium in their churches. SXAMPLES OF BLDGS. ©. S. Sophia ,Constantinopte ( Istanbul) also xnown as “Hagia Sophia ” Divine Wisdom) this is the most impt. mosquie in Constantinople with 107 stulli -cotored cofumns Arch’t. : Anthemius of Tralles & Isodorus of Milietus. CRAG S: Vitole, Ravenna ~ founded by Justinian & for tho commemoration of the recavery ot Raven . Mark, Venice~Greek ‘crass In plac, with” Ogee Arch”, by Archt. Cantoll ) The, Little: Metropole » Athens ~"smaliost. phe re work! ealled ‘cathedral”. ea PLAN OF A BYZANTINE MOSQUE . fro . 44 (3) Three types of Dome developed in this Architecture : 1, SIMPLE DOME dome & pendentives were part of the seme sphere. 2. COMPOUND DOME dome is not a part but rises independently above them. ‘3. MELON- SHAPED DOME ~ consist of curved flutings w/c avoid tha necessity of pendentive DOMES AND CAPITALS ILLUSTRATIONS : EXAMPLE OF COLUMNS i = (Dnsisor iin EXAMPLE OF ORNAMENTS Their ornaments were religious in character. The most popular forms of ornaments uscd are the ff Symbolic Figures Groups of Saints Peacock ~ symbol of eternal life Enaless Knot — symbol of eternity SacredMonograms of * Christ ” Most popular mosaic patterns for pavements a Obus Sectil2 b. Opus Alexandiia DOMES ON PENDENTIVES pawns A Dome on Rendentives., ABCD is the square area over which = dome is co be ecccuod, If the diamerer of the dome is equal tn one side of he square, tbe arca will not be covered; if ic is equal co the diagonel of the square, the dome will project beyond the sides (2). ‘The Latter diameter was sometimes used and the Sides of the dome cur off vertically x0 chat the square was exactly covered; but the resalt was an imperfect dome (x). To secure a perfect dome the Byzancine builders conceived the idea of slicing this imperfect-dome aif horizoncally just above the arches made by the vertical cucting, thus escuving a circular hase upon which £0 gfset a true dome GD. The triangular segmnents of che Original dome are the peas TAS MAHAL, AG , INDIA DOME OF THE ROCK MINARET ARABESQUE COL. MAQSURA SCREEN MUMTAZ MAHAL SHAH JEHAN HAHAHA AN.RRAANAL’ Saracenic Architecture 7 century . 46 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER “Seber and Grotesque ” Distinguishing Features : 1. The use of “Horseshoe Arch” 2. Tunnel of stones & bricks 3. Rich surface of decoration in carved stone, mosaic & painting Buland Darwaza TAJ MAHAL TOMB , AGRA , INDIA Dikka Fawwara ———~ Mihrap TAS MAHAL PLAN Sahn = foie Liwanit Typical Floor Plain of a Muslin Mosque Terminclogies 5. MIMBER -5 raised ‘announcement 1. CHATRI— kiosk: 6, MINARET ~

    You might also like