—. aust ps : ‘ : 1 MILA SANTOS __ PLUMBING & SANITARY ENGINEERING WATER SOURCE, STORAGE, SUPPLY a Water Sourcos Water for domestic use is usuelly obtained from: 1. Wells ~dug, bored, driven, or drilled (ground wates) : Dug wol~ thefts excavled and irstaled wih a casing: callow consiucion Bored wells ~ a hole is bored with hand or machine-ériven auger Free wale a pipe ic drven oqupped wih a wel pointby means of amaul or ple diver Driled wells - 2 holes made by a dling machine instaling 2 casing and a screen 2. Springs — ten term natural source (surface water: ake oF ver) 3. City mains —(wator main; stret mein) ~ from main walersouroe (tae. » 172 To gue prin souroo) ~ protected welldevelopad sing woul eu wo deibuin stor: ‘adaplable fox rural areas, sorves an average of 1S households 2. Level (communal feucet system or stand pos!) — a system composed of & source, & rover piped cisbuton network, and communal faucets. One faucet saves 4~6 households; fo rural and un fringed areas Level {waterworks systam or indvidvel house connections) ~ system with a source, @ rosenoi, 2 piped dstibuion network and housshald taps; for densely popaed areas ran 2) r Love's of Service ‘The House Water Supply 5 1. Water Main ~ a main pipe or conduit through which a public a community water syster conveys weler to all service connections 2. Corporation Stop ~ a valve controling the flow of water or gas from a main loa service pipe 3° Curb Cack —conttl vale fr shuiting of the water supply to a bulding in case of =n emergency, insaledin a walerseroe pipe anc opereted by means of along key inserted through a curb box ‘4. Senice Pipe - a pipe connecting a building to a water or gas main, usually installed by or under the jurisdiction of a public uty (Weer Serie); 2 Shutoff Vave~ any valve for shuting off the flow of water or gas from a supply pipe &._ Water Meter —a device for measuring and recording the quantiy of water hal passes through ape 7. Water-Distibuing Pipe ~@ pipe which conveys potable water from the building su to se sinbig izes ander water ols” Se ee | 8, Faucet ~ a davie for controling the i ow as Ra cn ng the flow ofa liquid from a pipe by opening or losing en ofce Reference(s): 196-7 A Visval Dictionary for Acitectre (ct: .56 National Pimbig Code o he Philipines) : Chapter 2, Natonal Plumbing Code ofthe Phippmee . 172 Quoation® Answer for Punbing Examination [NEDA Board Resaluton No. 12, Series of 1995 apostaa?PLUMBING & SANITARY ENGINEERING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Cold Water Distribution System ‘Domestic Cold Water: part of tne piping of a plumbing inition which supplies the plumbing fixtures wil adequate ow of wat (CWL — Cold Weter Line) Two (2) Unis 1. Basement Supply Mains - portion of he piping ofthe water system suspended from the basement caling and where brenches are connected io serve the fixture risers 2. Fixture Suoply Risa ~ portion ofthe pining ofthe water system furnishing the fixtures installed on various floors with a fow of cold waler Things to consid inthe careful instalation of the weter distribution systen: 1. Adequate size Sutficent grade Proper alignment Careflly installed comectons Resistance offered by theintrior walls ofthe pipe as the water flows through ther creales {nction (short oss, long runs of pve, use of umecessary fiings) ‘Algnment and Grade of Wate Pipe + Allconnectons tothe branch should be made alright angles to the min + Those teen from the main employ 45°ftingst = Supports & Hangers: * Concrete ~ iron inserts placed on rough floor sheathing and slushed into concrete slab, Hangers (expanding shield & lag bot) + _ Wood ~ serewedipiked to wcod jistsleye lag bolt ‘+ Fixture Supply Riser - pipe rest or clamp !Velves.on Weter Systems aie 1. Gate Valve ~ suited to main supriy pipesipump tines Two types of cis: 2 Wedge shapoditapeted cise ~ recommended whore he stem mus! be installed downward . Double cise valve - used ciety in cold liquidtsewage disposal installations 2. Globe Valves — trotting Three types Plug ype disc valve —long, tapered disc and matching seat; wide boating sutaces ves good resistance to the cuting effect of scale, ct, foreign matters 5. Convertional cise valve ~ pannils @ pressure-ight bearing tobe obtained between the cise and the seat; recommended for cold and temperature services © Composition disc valve ~ ais es a cap, consists of a metal cis holder, composition disc, and retainer rut 3. Angle Valves — used in making 90° turn 4, Check Valves ~ prevent reversal of fow of water Two Basic Types: Swing Check Valve ~ suitable for use in iow to-maderate pressures o liquids and gases b. Li. Check Valve —racomniendes for gas, waer, steam ai, and general vapour services Location of Dip Cocks* Pumps & Lifts PUMP ~ simple mecharism that produces a varuum wii tse and pormie tho lting of wale om te S0UrCe of supply by atmospheric pressureTwo Types of Pumps: 1 isten pump - smallar water dstbution systems 1 2. Centifugsl aump~ aseiaed with cistibutonsystoms of al buldngs but than impeiieiwater wheel Three Types of Piston Pumps: 4. Single-acion pump 2. Double-action pump 3. Duplex or twin piston pump i Chamber nininize the pulsating shag fom the punplpislion eeu in an uneven flow of Water) RURAL WATER SYSTEMS + Air Power: windmi * Pressure and Graity Systems: consist of alarge storage tark elevated suffcenty, woler to be stored is drawn from the welrby a pump ack pumps are suitable for small farm and operated by windmillmotoe Ceniniygaicry pump turbines forage statins * _Sutbmeible Pumes: pump and moter ar inslaledin fo wel below he wala utlzed Primary in deep welts in shalow wal where exa age voume of wales dennd Gold Water Distribution Systems in Tall Buildings ‘Two Types of Water Distribution Systems: 1. AirPressure Sysiem . 2. Overhead Feed System AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM: tho ar (pneumatic) pressure system is an assembly of mechanical devices which rise water, using compressed ai as the dover agent depts to smal rua residence {__ Buldings of exteme height, system serves zones of about en foers 1 Bound of ar pressure elovatee 231 fel under atmospheric conetons of about 14.72 pounds ‘+ Assombly of mechanical devices: 41. large storage tenk 2. single or duplex centtugel pump 3. air compressor 4. automate pressure contol switch OVERHEAD FEED SYSTEM distbstes water o umbing ures by grty + Mechanical devices: Sera tank equipped with oveiow pipe and condensation pan 2. twin st of centfugal or piston pump float and electric contra such Domestic Hot-Water Suppiy STORAGE TANK AND WATER HEATING DEVICES Two Types of Tenis: 2 £inde Bll - smal hot-water tank; 12 24016 long 2 Storage Tank large hotwvale: tank 24 S4'9/19) long $ things to consder in sizing the Hot Water Tank 1. Desigr ofthe buiding a 2. Number of soaupants 3. Heating cepscity cf the supply device "ot wale consumption per person: enge ~2to 10 gph asamoral iessessstniteion Water Heating Device 1 Weter back - installed ina range; provided with waterways or channos forthe creulation of water 2. Fuméce cil ~ coi is placed inthe fr box directly above the ive oi fre 3. Coal heater - proves a large heating sriace an Pernis a great volume of water to bo fae healr~ heats supped by means ofa gas buner laced below the col Instantaneous wate heater - operat by meme che 988 and wales valves which open and ‘lose by tun as the water is drawn & Aulometi storage water heater - operated by gos or electricity; thermostatic conto: ‘magnesium rod to contra rust and corosion 2. gas-operated type ~ uses LPG 7. Steam heater 8. Underwater heater —the inet and outlet ofthe co ‘ate connected othe boiler ofthe heating plant below ts water ine 8 Elecic heater eds iyo laments one below and one above ~ both being connected 0 controled bya thermostat) 19. Solar heater Hot-Water Cistibution Systems Fonssts ofthe ipo inetalaions whch convey the aso wae om he sorag unt toh puting fixtures Three Types of installations: | 1 pleut nd grat retin — usod in sme resionta ‘and industial inslalions; permit a soxelanl sulaton of hot water vlun te piping jfangement. Craton alows the tuldng rete ae Se a i mediate suppiy ct head wate a any plumbing ature. A oxculaing Oyama 2onomy of weterin hat waste of weer cs eliminated. 2 Qvothead feed and gaiy rm eter” {Sed i buings of extema height in the closed malar ores Wao rises when heated. tr ithaoroneveg the highpoint ofthe system, > sine crcl system ~ctculation of hl wate we Plumbing fixtures by means oi mechani! 0: conned to lergar ype of sudings svenPLUMBING & SANITARY ENGINEERING MODULE 4: PLUMBING ROUGHING —!N AND FIXTURES PLUMBING APES APPROVED MATERIALS ~ marked fr entcaton 1 EmoossedStamped~brasslcepper tings 2. Molded - plaste fitings 3 Inclte Marin eseredstiefndite ters ED STRIPE ~ ype Copper (igo) BLUE STRIPE — typo Copper (lxtloRgd) GREEN STRIPE type K Copper YELLOW STRIPE ~ Dra, West & Vt (OWV}Copper NOTE: Pipe and fing fo Poabo Water = Iead conto fra mor than 96 Solder fon puetitings) me nt conta 0.9 lead WATER SERVICE IPE tenpazaaer WATERSERVICE MATERIALS 1, ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiane Styrene) ~ fav prevsure-rated potable water vse 2. ASBESTOS CEMENT PPE ~ wate mains 3) BRASS PPE mete recede (isd fer ot Water Serie and Water Dstt) 4 CAST IRON PPE ~ not ute onda water suppes “dia peo wata mane 5. COPPER PIPE ~ copper tibig; coneer Bo with x wioul brady cob sods wale seve % COPPERTUBING- —_sercoppectols (ete-savee) tig (nat: dtroutin) arvees ‘ype wt thonest Type val thickness idle water sonice Typek thekeat 2. Gavsseattes aun! Chr) - witticam cored pc peter waer dsbten (wt wake ay) &., GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE ~wth treaded tings for water dsthbuton: problem: set 8." PB (Petyoutylne)~ led eod/staight lengths Wate serve water datibuton pips {he cor ~ water save use ray col water servicatnetordtbuton 10. PE :Pujetndene}~ Waclbish for wale sar 11. PAC (oipenl Chon) - eanvent poe white = CWL (Cold Water Line) only WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE Mam working pressure o 100 psiterip. 180¢F Prateecucng vate at the water cerca oroduse the pressure to no mor then BO psi ‘BRASS PIPE — once popular COPPER PIPEITUBING (more common choice) GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE ~ sunjact to rst elated protons EOLYBUTYLENE (PB) ~ ease of staate/esstanc ce to piting due tc Heezng contensiow cost DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE Range trom 1° ~4" dametor BBS tary col Schedule 40 (used above r below roudfcined y soventned cement; Glial rable can tke hara abuse without treakegivackng 2 ALUMINA TUBING — above-ground use ond by mechralinkeased to Prevent corrosive action &, BOROSLICATE GLASS ~ uot above or bem gcundunergound ean sted f 4. BRASS PIPE ~ rarely used 5. CAST RON PIPE (CIP). ub andspiga! ye eine oahu kat hubles (oinied with mechanical ons ~ ber coushng) ‘feredtoas SOIL PPE sarvice weight pipe ers heavy pipe Ay(COPPER PIPE —thivnatadtth yetow GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE rot be insted oser then LEAD PIPE - iid io above grade stafatens POLYVINYL CHLORIDE ~ Wi rating of Sehodie 40 sven wel int eco nite in old weather for BUILDING SEWER + 1S a \itites Cay me Concrere ASBESTOS CEMENT STORM DRAINAGE MATERIALS: ntenortnir ound (er INGICE STORMORANASE + ans DWN’ Cope vse Copper Asbestea amert est en Viste Say Base Govanze: PUL (x sd) Type M Copper lope K Soper Brumaed Fier Concrete ‘Ar Load Back Stet SUBSOIL URAINS ~colecvtran + Ashesies Cenert 4 Visited Clay (oeler) ast hon SBurinzed Fier Pre 8 7. 8 9 ater entenng the so + PE OTHER TYPES OF MATERIALS ‘ FITTINGS. cast iron copper Pastis Stool same material as the pipe ‘yass'siea! VB to 12m demmeter — oset flanges (pis) ~ 1 thick (brass tance) ~ 18" ti (fo cauthing) — thick screwibots - brass (CLEANOUT PLUGS: (raised square heads) ~ plastertrass y brase-metai fitinas SDINTING PIPES: Cauking Throaeing Flangin Soidenng Wesing VALYES NIEPLES FLANGES. METHOD OF 1 | smarkingtve-consuning to instalueed ebovelbeew ground | Gin tothe wert stom Sener)* ‘COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS 1, PIPE NIPPLE - piece of pipe lesser than 17" lengthtreaded on bah ends: more than 12" = Cut Pipe ‘2 Close ~when figs or valves are tobe joined very close to eech other Short ~ smal amount of pipa existe (ehoulder 8. Long ~larger amount of bare pipe exits 2. PIPE COUPLING - raters: wrought ron, cast mela, brass Extension Pioce~ malo troaded et one end” 3, RETURN BENDS: a. Back B.S 4. TEES —aranch of Soright anges Run Fun tist 3 ovtets (same swe) ~ size of the run fest ex 1x % toe 5. FLUG-"cexing end of pipe or fiting having foals tread square head = foursided covnier-sunk heat - (smal ste) hhevagon-heud = (larger sizes) we =z Ground pit inion 8 BUSH.NGS connect the male end ofa pipe toa iting ofa larger size ‘reducingfentarging fttng : A 7. ELBOWS ~ to change the direction of a pipe 43°50" - gas, water, steam, 224"160~ special angio ~ + Cl dranage fttng ebcws: 558° 2" OF 11M “ass gor £., CAPS closing the ond of a pipe or fing male threaded ‘a. plain and fat band b. beaded caps 9. FLANGE ~ for closing flanged ftingstne pips Ines 10. WE VALVES 1. GATE VALVE ~ full open vales/stop vave 1.1, Wediged Shaped or Tapered Dise 1.2. Double Dse Vane . 2, GLOBE VALVE 21 Fiug Type Disc Valve 22 Comentcnal Disc Valve 23 Composition Dise Valve 3. CHECK VALVES 31. Siing Check Valve 32 HoroitalWertcal 3.3 Lil Check Vahe ANGLE VALVES FOOT VALVE ‘SAFETY VALVE BALL VALVE. CUT-GFF. VALVES (PRESSURE 4, = Pressure Reducing Vales 2, _ Temperature and Pressure Reli! Valves VALVES (ORAINAGE SYSTEM) 1. Balance Vale 2. Unalanced Vaive oni” PLUMBING & SANITARY ENGINEERING VENTILATION ‘Ventilation ~ portion ofthe drainage installation designed to maint ‘almospheric pressure within st and Provent 3 major cffcutes: = ~~ A> Trap seal toss -~ = 2. Retardation oi fw 3. Matetial detoncration ‘The Almosphere: Harker, ocean, of atmosphere Contains © 21% oxygen, 78% ritrogan, 94% argon, 003% carbon denide © neon krypton, ozone, other gases © depth: gpprox. 60 miles ‘weight ofa asphaceis below 18,000 (mosphere is propertly denser its lower ns) 7 desir ptr 0x. 1.28 grams per itr (1000 cc} under .T.P. (Sid. Temp. & Pressure} lum of atmosphere exerts a pressure cn eats surlace of 1472 be por square inch Common Properties: i S _pamoressiily: cir can be compressed and develons pressure greater than abmosgheric © fame zemical compounds of acd nature (fects he piping materi o the plumbing © Minus Preesure(- pressure) ~pressire less than 1 lmosphare (14 72 poundel Fis Fiessie ( pessue) ~ pressures than | absphee {14.2 pounds) TRAP SEAL | OS: alto to inadequate vetlar of the tapiaasequont and (+) pres ‘Swoys in which atrap seal may be loi: g 1. Siphonage a]. Direct Settsiphonage ) Indirect ov momentum siponage Back pressure Evaporation Capilay atrecton Wind eect ‘SIPHONAGE: minus pressure in the crainage system © Seal conten of the rapis forced int he was piping ofthe drlnaae system through sxerton fas mshi ressure on the Fixture side othe top seal overy enim of waler $95 {27.72}\in heighthas a pressure” ats base of 1 1b. Pressure — force required to move a substance quid or gas 1 © Ratsichonacs ot rect sphanace —foundin unentated taps sorargovabttomeo fatures {rvaly. Sop sk result of unequal troshonecondtions caused ty nero fe op water ven at ang rand! oval bot dschar goss contort ably and does oe fet the all ancunt ol tehlng waste ded ores! ne rap > Sphovege ty Monientum =the result of e minus pressure the wes Piping caused by tener Yr Hom a ture insiated on aline which snes a tuto posed alco, elevation stern) Nocasencon ena| BACK-PRESSURE: caused cf e plus prassure: practically blows the water out ofthe Fixture in the oom; ooe:s mest commonly al those located at the base of sol stacks, or where soi pipe changes is direction abrupt, EVAPORATION: @ phenomencn of nature; the use of deep seal rap is recommended to prolong the interval of ota loss of the trap seal CAPILLARY ACTION: caused by a suspension of a foreign objec (rag, string, ni into the rap seal extending over the cutot arm ofthe trap WIND EFFECTS: wind of high veloty passing over the top ofthe sil pipe roo terminal; a downdraft tends 1 ripple the quid cortert ofthe trap and spill a quantly oft over ts outlet leg eae dance RETARDED FLOW IN DRAINAGE SYSTEM: resul of improper atmospheric conditions, because of insudfsient ventilation, orincorrea instllaton of fitings | * Flow of water ina sol pipe tends to compress the volume of air against which it flows ! ‘pressures greater than atmospheric ara bound ts proval) * Increased pressure causes retarded ow inthe vertical stack and aso affects the discharge capaciy ofits branches. MATERIAL DETERIORATION ANO REMOVAL OF OBJECTIONABLE GASES: the wastes o' the Plumbing system contain chemical elements creating compounds of acid nature detrimental othe piping malenals and should be elated by adequate ventiaton Man soil ard waste vents ~usad to venilae the sol en waste pipes 2. Main vertlther rete! vents referred to asl? and yoke” vents serve the fixture trap only 'indrsst way: primer y purposeis io mai-tain atmospheric pruscue in the was pie system1. Individual Vent: back vent portion of the ver 2 Seca a Se, $03 Matera, PCP) 28 (Ciao 9 ec. Bu, vealFive Sra-es & Counetons: Ven! pie must be graded slighty su ther vate mae accunwiatyin i (Chapter 9 Sse. 995 Vent Fon Grades anu Connections, HF Spot 1. concealed in buldingpartions 2 2x4 stuss 3. eng nso 'pored horizontal wots pipes ~ suspend fom ‘an ig hangers WAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT © potion al the sci stack abow. roof 2 Suro through which aris adritted othe plumbing syetam » Meats of eaiminatiiy objectionable odours the terminal for he many ran vers the cuinbing inal size 2-5 MAIN VENT ighest notated fviure ‘neh eatiding trou the lagen “oguieas lhe vent pe system winch serves asa teminal fer he smaller, play fora of indivdual anc group fixture rep venalcn constusd as acoliagting vant hr Hogs athe bare othe si pigs ses, where ws pupose sta have any bac pressure © emninates in lhe soiLpipe stack, al least above he highest insaed fits branch F © 82-50 i pipe system which sarves a sings rap Unit Ven: porécn ofthe vent pip system which ventas no lature rape tea age nto a Sanitary crosz with aeflectors Preultor Loop Ventiation: orton ofthe cainage ssiom whch ventas 2er more fire traps ‘Ret dscharge inte a horizontal or waste tranch extended at sight grade_ 4 5 6 a Relief Ventilation: porton ofthe vent pips installation which primary eliminates minus and pus pressures in Ue drainage system; on lang vertical pipes aren vent often referred fo as yoke or by-pass ven: naybe installed af 3~ 5 for intervals ‘Wet Ventilacion: porfon ofthe vet pipe system through wheh liquid wastes flow 5 Looped Vent: used on fitures which ar located inthe room away from partons that might be tiled to conceal the waste and vent ‘Local Vent: e concit or pipe shaft used to convey the foul edours for kate or room, used to some extant in connection with waler closets, conrected tothe fixture ata point aeiow the seat terminates a the root Utility Vent: used for underground public restrooms EA 9 Tsar| sow teeta Reterence(s) B. 159 Vento; How To Design 8 instal Puting by Mathes (Chapter 9, Natonal Plumbing Code ofthe Palippines 081607PLUMBING & SANITARY ENGINEERING ‘SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES Principle 1: Minimum requrement for 2 waste and vent pipe instalation: Installation consisting of @ WS, LAV, SINK, @ 87 on irs oor, and LT in basement witha dren, soil west, enc vant pipe exrangerion? House drain: 3°= 4° Cleanuuts extended atleast 1" above floor ine : Basements/pubic washrooms: provide floor drain; should bo vented (but rot required i ‘not more then 5 away) Waste pipe nol less than 1 for Bathroom, BT 7 LAV Weste stack serving the LT and Sink iswth a 1 4° @ pine Bran of he drains extended 4° above faor keel 4Z tapped cross lar laundry tub connection Sink wast cischergod to a 4x2 reducer in the top opening the tee Vent lj Sink: 1° @; conracted to main soil pipe Principle 2: Maximum requrements: Layout ofa dain, eal waste, and vant piye insalaion, All txtres are trapped Each rap is vented except the oor drain (supplied with wate rom the laundry tub 4ineinsialed tem the floor drain intersesion tothe wall to aacommadale 4° C.0. Pipe size is reduced above 4° Y sil ina extended upto the Sink 41 venl caters inough te root Laundry vent intersects at point 3 8 above sink lloor ne WC, LAV and Bath served with 4” soi pipe: 2 sollte roe KKK RAK KAS 7 f i si i Ban wk teach Principle 3: Individual Ventiaton: Layout consisting f @ WC, LAV, & Sink on frst foor, WC, LAV & BT on 2% foo, LT lodated in basament House dran/so pipe same as Principles 1 & 2 1 LAV(18 Fin). 1 4 waste pipe ino the closet bend 7 WO individually vented wih 2-ripe extended to a point in the sol pipe 3 ebove the coset connection LAV 8B! fature raps are indivdvally vantiated with 1 1° and 1 Y- Li and Sink woste end veat (same es Princile 1)~~ ; : Puncple 4: Plumbing instalation for a duplex residence: WC, LAV, (2) LT in basemeni,toetronms on ‘and 2% Fr, nwhich 2 WC, LAW and BT are stalled. Sink is provided in each ktchon Soil Pe isd @: has toletroom branch connections on 3 levels insaledin the pation dirty inback of WC v Jollet with 2° wet vent into which the basin is wasted v i: extended from basement iolletroom verbeally to a pornt 3 above the 2" tr toizzcom branch ¥ BT wasle(1Firtoilevoom) sith 1 pipe increaced al LAV Lien to 2 pps than diana get to closet bend +7” Batnvoom groups wel vented through LAV waste increased to 2” ipo, resaanacted into the main vent ¥_28Firbathvoom identical withthe except that a 1" LAV wasle is ample ¥LTscone:ted io unt waste of 29, vented by the uni method wih 1 pips comacter to tho waste vent of sink stack ¥_Bolh sinks discharge nto a common wast pipe increased to Z at 1" Fr sink sonrwcton, each individual verted L =e mange are Pinciple 5: Typical installation of a sol and waste stack in a3 storey apartment building: wet ventilation. ofthe bathroom groupsiis employed Mir vent of he sci-ppe-instalaton increased lo 2 the sot pipe to relieve back-pressure Sink waste stack increased to accommodate number of lize urs serves Each ature is individually vented wih # % pipe, reconnected to a main vent, extended through the root ¥ Root terminal nas b2en increased to 4° b Principe 6 Fixtures dichaaginginto sanitary crosses wasted and vented tnstlltion consists sail pine serving 4 confpiete bathrooms and a sink waste on which 4 sinks are insted fr two-sorey apariment buldings Soil pipe is 4 © pipe provided with (2) sanitary crosses for WC connections YT Frbalh waste noreased to 2° & (ventilation of WC essenlid) 18 ' toitrorms vit wel vant method through LAV wast. als 7 Man vari mereased 102 1 D as per number of fixture units serves! treslpee é! ©, reconnected full size into the base ofRE. EE YP oe RRR a te ¥__ Sinks discharged into a unit waste pipe and veniited poo Senn, Principle 7: Unit waste ana vent applied to bathroom fixture groups on opposite sides of a partion ‘ypical of hotel end apartment house layouts ¥_Soibpie stack accommodates 4 completa bathrooms (WC, LAV, BT} ¥ _WCs connected to 4" sanilary or0ss, lop opening serving as wii ureston WCs traps ventilated with 2" unit vent LAY ard BT wastes discharged to 2" © common waste pipe Both croups are connected into the wests by 90° drainage cross, top epwnng serving a wt vent, LAV and 87 tzps ventlated with 1 % 0 pipe Vents liom 1 Fir extended wilh 2" pipe to apoint 3 above topmoe! br ich cco Inain vent is increased to 2 ® accommodating 2° Flr bathroom Sinks are with ndepentant Z'@ vertical waste pipe, fixtures ae unl vented Parent S68 pe, why, Principle 8: Istattion common to mul-steray apertment and hole! buildings ¥ Bathroom waste and vet pipe connections '/siealo smal eiconce ¥ Main vant with pipe based on numberof units servaa ¥ Proviged with a3" yoke or by-pass vent betiean 2 and 5° FirPiinciple 9: Waste and vent pipe inslallation for small toiletroom on each floor of a storey industaad tuilding: lower lor men's taletroom (5 WCs 2 LAVs, 2 URs located on comenon partibon: upgeer fon ~ Jacies'toileroom (5 WCs, 4 LAVSs) located on one parton ¥ WCs (1 Fr) with 4” branch, circuit-ventad with 3° © pipe extended to. @ paint in th soil pipe } above the highost fixture branch, increased to 4° URS arid LAVs connected to 2 '" common waste line «AN a nit wend URS wth caouit vent 21 toietoun typical of fist h 4 UAVs); LAV branch vntited by a cal vent Pancple 10: Common a buildings of larger design: Women's tetroom (2° Fi, Ma's toiotcomn 1" Fi) fatteslealed cn appt patitions ¥ Totty vata by arcu vert and retot vont Branch fer the LAVS and URs (1# Fie) is taken fram the soil branch between 1 and 2 WO, exleadod wth +" pipe to serve UR group . URS ventilated with 1 pipe, increased to 2"joining the vent pips of We LAV group | LAVs ate Givcuil vented ‘Upper flocr branch serving the LAVs in woften iciletroom is of 2° pipe LAVs ara divided into 3, reconnected into the mai soil and waste ven‘ ess SAR 6tet ' aoe WATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL. SYSTEM - CESSPOOL - hole vn ihe Found curbed ty] stome, brick, or olker- material > allewi Acorbaruiatid Selege.do leach vito te soil por ih? at Neue. PIT —2__PRINY.= Me: ‘tole es tie. Collection. of raw seu “3_pumetca-non OF DISCHARGED EPFUIEMT =. Second. stage |seemclary dreatmeat ~--W0..corred the eflucnt eee Bee —-—-PURIBICATION UNIT OF A SEPTIC.SUSTEM - & tne screen © small porcles. of suspend mat 'l P reduad OP cecal Compounds solateei | anaccobe tcteuin ————Paleaducl.... ©.wat er nbe. Qube 6 vido a naturel clraumage.termunad. 4. TYPES OF FILTRATION. UNITS ne : fe a) dey well ~ — by. filter trench QD dstributiin Geld PRY WELL seepage pid./ hale curbed. ste , 0 other nonabsorbend makertl Sa ~ Mew lequicl efftucit fy leach vito dhe seit ~ dischawe terminal. for a sephe tanka — mas cbemnel dug ut the gourd ich - borg mawrw deh dag. on dhe gourd FILTER TRENCH ~ bast adepd fir hu disposal. [dreaded ~ efficuent: puurtticedien wat i * prelimenary Areatment agency Vi conntchen y/ dy well OISTRIByT OW FIELD ~ SIPHON COMPARTMENT CR DOSING TAKE DISTRIBUTION BOX. to distrebut. dh effluent 50 aS Hat all branches cf Me sul fy Puce dispesal eldHOUSE DRAIN -receues dischage of so1l/waske stacks win the Wea, ~ colle chin lon ~ lower harivantes! ppg wwe ceggerd [suspundad from ceiling Materials - vel] clsP- i _ Classificahens of Orouns de Combunachen , Drawr.~ Somatary ».£toom wok, wesle a. Somutary Drain ~ somdacy. [deme ute 3. Industrial Drown - industrial. equal. a4 Storm Pro =strm, chor.watec. [sui (oce water moe Situng of frouse Drawn -—— for. ©... root aren. epepeersee = fr ® hvture dscharge iss RE: a Aw /50%b of be = 44 tae a se gen eh AA Gee) (erin) eee eee sshibWL & TYPES OF WT rarayr L-e! — PP NEE Boe * 12" 8& beth Aur STORAGE TAN - 24-59" pL: 1s’ = wronkung pasoaunes SNe OF HUT Bee sand? wot dhs. Cuppy hd ae on Q-I0 et GW conesemyotoon per peidoe WwitiEe ConsomeTicn eal woody y Sei. oLDeS,, Ce “OFF. bovis, 8 HoTexs 5 Eoeh -FACTIRIES 4-6 9mm “RESIDENCES ‘egph ones CREAMEMES )-—. © wal of ond ~© tated pat wnclev, Vey areapenibe -DETERMIN'S WERCING LOAD. BUDS: SEH Oo. OFFICE § AS Te of dhe pode —... Iwoosteint. J max. coneumphan ps velar APB. ieee is Oe 5 3% Ss does. Sk ee hotel=100 Looms. 2 pusesue /noo. aie 2x 100 X to. = 20 gabe 1S Jo. HW v7, as% epee we S00 gels. of wale, Kes of cola ees say a warren pepnue Ae +3 Coal Heats hy Fait ei i >) Ko" be dm dhe far foe © oe 4 mi sig aaaece © aller «we Wh haalens pet ca tox ike wr tne ond — gece keevley _ tuna/sppepven MATERIALS = marked Sor ilewh/icafren 2 uslded = plashe fuluavis os eee ie a . ee as Seanesesiasket into Mette sts an eee Pips ee ee WATER- SERVICE PIPE ~ loa pi 3.90 F 2 | bee Seale Maree Eos e-adbgor Nenegaetre see Eee + teste drain ale Fe aways | nga, aescnnd P| zi MB ccrrcne coment 1 = ile mac a Us FUpIC Conplrtinnge 13. Brass PIPE = metalic threaclid pig cup cee PUPP fi a 4. Cast (pol) CPE pet ued fer us nduiduvil waker aygnlés Ou. = dude gue" fir war ms | & Wy PeER Pure - coppar duis — Oe i ew hl fee — for woler sevice us ee [6 ConpeR TRIN. = salt tpt erckanay —— rolls Lagecl tuzalis duate bust 3 Tipe Type 01 ___thinawe } 5 erent pp ll idly fet nate Ty KI ‘Siebel le a i pee na leita ueAte ot se cucu celia pasha pe ee _ wat dushrebuteer oe suet 3) sireught ng. ea Woy aewine [ ware, ~asyrce wk oliahututien pyre Hace wre Ot jay cola — Wad ei: / Buda: clechadwchiny (4 Pio COVE THEN. Cie) tus, ete lush iat Cithen ee eee | ra WATE e =D U TION PIE ee ttle pcs ct that Plait! ae pt seadciny cade lw, git betta He pic be 0 ase Lhais Sst. 1. Grace PIPE = ve popula iScccbiaeereraieesseoe gj L 2. LA {TUB IWs { Ly manu commun cece Tugh acidic cones] — cbwtzten pokal. Ueks 9 gauche sinvtie ( theca ti dL cepnis) Types DL K = cfoye fda pot > an eee fan 4 POLYBYTYLENE ~ Las. wolellatin ae fo pling dang Posey Cones eon DDIM, WASTE ENT PIPE Bie eh eee ego : [tend aber sa oY Fr (etsis ener oeeietareincaceeeeeeteoa cicero cele joliud by eee a comer! BEGG ap | d Arte me ly, fall [ean tevie feud bee “fo brvkvig, [ete a. ALUMI UI TUBING afew ic papal te only, Koh | pacer Arcus, when 3. ic Gi iz i s paiaiiel lundergreund - hay achdul bpp 4 Brass PIPE = ansly wad. a s__ CAST -1RoN) nets hut 6 | pein by Cakusn Janel 4 files) Gunel af nyhoncil pot albany) sefuc se rat _¢ copree Pipe -Hhun walled » . uj yetiow amtikiny Ton caccmans A rata Ge above delew goetrel—2_LEAD PE td desl ute sll seeeeiee eo eeyeeeereceemeree eng Aor yt Ciuoesor = hb, Aaling of shudlule de becin bul ait Cl stack = SEWEL : VC As: CabcaTE. eee of + ASECTS CEMEMS STEM = DeeWALE MATELIALS abn i 4 shrum atuitee FIT = cet saan : a f Prenton tee wach Enschede Cpt) Me hp Cuan fleage )— Te" 2 screws) beth = by CAadead “ees Te bam ~ watellee or ——METHONS of JOINTING PIPES 3 mA Selalesuniy S Wield i aase FITTINGS Common 1. PIPE NIPPLE - piece of > fk Fieeodd i beth ande marge le | Ganupd - yout ura «> a —& BusHIMes- Gey male. Oe. tre. oa ty ae 7 ELeews ° a aye te duc & pani 4s?/qo’ —ga, weil, Ras fl aaifa foo" © sera igen) 65" Gi ing leg elas = 38 IE CARS - wlorsng, th ‘ fed of & pee an pelo 2) ial fled bowed 7 fe by eee fete" 4: FUNGE «far clacing Hany cl bo ye brie to. WHETRAPS gt. traps. c ersseneck rem, 1 Common SeAt 2"/scm. | a. DEEP SEAL 1S tom © PERMISSIBLE TRAPS. nee eos cee meee we 1, .P- Trap ened. Dawn. Tryp ~ F tenes? gas a : 3 Others 31 Stumel rap OE a4 Lew. ut hap J 52 Bas hap * 3s Exha davy hap 33 hgh Hub frp..5¢.Stnl. or Lavedery Type _* OBJECTILNARLE = TALS i 1. Sull sye S| 2/4 S as GB Uy mee ow TRON = negative Ta net slesreaty ——--2.GENEBAL CLASSES 7 1. DYNAMIC B. ee over its sui the Tormof | a slechie-eurrent = fF _2_srane.e_(_STane/escresmme)_| a ia a ~ capacity fF a ‘wire Sol ELECTRIC CURRENT ~ electne flow in! ‘Sxpressed in eer able on gn electric circuit, ‘expressed in Cwo undue 2 heahag) i | PES OF CIRCUTS l PARALLEL Corutigsie)= When two or mere electrical are _ ee Ee le at electrical system’ w/o is intended —---|CHRCUIT, DIZ@RAM = diagram thet aes dy-serry but. not consume represenis an colic circuit on Slecinichl energy POPES on -€x. SWITCH . | JELECTROMOTIVE FORCE - the foros 2. SERIES (Simple S.C.)-all parts | Wie causes Cor tends fo couse) Fo a Srouit aes eleically _{..the. movement. of electricity. ih. __....connected end to.end ©, conductor } SLosED cagcurr ¢ Scgpicie) — —-—-|. — nected to. form. ponies, from the source 3 oF cures if back coef —to-the some. point oo._.4W0.or_more branches, each branch. ‘rargrating part, ofthe current. Te es es COMPARISON cr: RELATION Ci? GI, CURAIENT, acre Le Eecer oon same) ali SURRENT flaws in-coly ste 6 -oppasstligy oy tes pa fine). a. eae eae Supplied by —> CBRE pe ees ne Catan aya fskey.coll ARSE Ty ra tak eine )-SOATOUS. Dt, = renmcufss Stenely _____ RESISTANCE Coppssition) eee e) ae OF the Conhiians current ee a SS tig tt em RATE tem, ERM Cresistoren of si The conductor - SLAW Cea Siiion 7 Bb) PULSATING / FLUCTUATING pc. Formua: I =V | ‘Strength Varies Gf different times Rg 2. ALTERNATING CURRENT > Conhinually ~ ~E™ “Glrrent flow Cin amperes) -————__tiverses jin chitechion of flowy __.V2_emé Cin volts) Current theé changes in both shrengih R= ieaeteres Cote i Ores = alternates <0 times /second a —— Hie ee? OF 60 cycles /second_... TO FIND: 2 ELECIROAL PRESSURE hes E je eeeeeecereeeeraroc nominate pA Jet]: : CURRENT: Tm R onan nnne RESISTANCE. Rev T ounce (vss 2 = unitof emf | measure oF ‘the pressure or force w/e keeps ebcincity A_maticn.. VOLTINZTIER - ‘device fo measure the OF the. circuit / an insieument for mgosur- Jing the vollag® dep beh any hwo poinks = Jn anelecinc circuit. y ‘ex, generaicr /cell/battery exeris a. FORE ee Ws Gouna. _the_current to few ins. conductor~-——-Ww/e_couses..1_AMPERE to Flow (mover Cony mo eri @ Wire Ww] a RESISTANCE of a. peg WATE = ate. Of. power: used / represent... 1... WIRINGS)- includes. conpUCTORS how much is the equivalent & RACEWAYS, of all types ~————heal-vo lis~and-empere: prodacect—— > if on Sppliance ene r ing © current Ss copper, lumii vrs INSULATOR - @ mafenal that slops i fransfir of cas Flow of includes transformers, Swilchboards, iB 7 -—-—~panel board, lorge Switches , s ROT & of 4c ‘Sircult breajeers =a device for grrerattg an aerating BQUIFMENS~ general term includ -- ---- EME. a ckviees, genie, | fidtures, alc ings, ---GENERAICE = 2 machine that converts Part oF or in hn caertin ™. on MescHANicAL. prerey (Fore) inks leer Fi geet ‘Squinerd / Bed crear orabie 2 - MBIOE 2a. machite that converls ELECTR: ex. healing cooking & small CAL ENERGY TO MECHANICAL ENERSY motor operated equipment “ RRSBy = ex. ieenat bushi oo wiring sysiem eons inked te perform @ Mectanical rather ~then-elecincal function 3 UTIUZATION EQUIPMENT -actual Stag ag Te a Stiver clectrtly ~URlizaiion of equipment such om oe Se i 7——lightieg motors, Controls, wiring. tha bhWIRES 2 CASLES lL ——L_Eee! CABLE (BX). 3 Se Om estes Reer reds sa) = Bepvisss: Recess; ~~ P)-Sellor metel floor recewcs {MC) = Services, feeders, corre! Siletcied © glider i @___.2_ CEILING RéCEWAXS | _ = as @) Header ducis ( wireways) coor Came) — Ninynome ae by” Distribution duds (/alerals) seyret ———--@.——... ss 8, CONDUCTORS FOR. GEN. WIRING: AESISI/WCE = property of a. conductor treet eneut an Lana wire” We tends to oppose or limit the flow See. | of eleciné curent Celeciricity ) a TW wire _Cthermoplashs./BC)..__ 2wunit OF. resistence ENTRANCE CABLE ra =e sr S_UNDERGROUND FEEDER 8 BRANCH pened burial inthe ground ~-B. ROWER... CONTROL.TRAY CABLE (TC), -eenhinous open “8, FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLES Cre) A oO ee eee a ~assembly of powerful parallel conduchrs 10. PLAT CONDUCTOR CABLE, (1 . fgeremal. purpone, appliance, Branch Circuits2, STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER ISUING Fau RRS = 0. dain. fer_shonging eee eos Se aay, ‘the voltage of an alternating ci lisv RSET ROR ANSON o> ~~ H= FRAME._TRANSECRMEH BANK. ewer case») vie ania ~ Capacity os high as 10 kvo.. ~high V2 equipment above eco V 7 SINGLE ——~ freestanding assembles of swittises— 4 son US get pres we Protection fo a number of cirouits UNIT SUBSTATIONS (Trans iemer Load ; Centers) 0 Fated" eos 'V ei less oP anya = an “Gasembly oF pninary incom * Switth te Rice & broader, crepe b) refed 112th kvo or less & Gol down transformer, meters, controls, ao ID BB OV, buswork and secondary Switchgear ©) rofed more than 1212 kya orci Cunit'subslalion or load“ cenler G01 fe 35,00.V w/ class A insulation Subsieiion) 1 supply power from ager Sotlage like fe any loage Abd: Pare) @ os Tus Switch , except on &. smaller won Sale faccepls-arrelatively | 3 TRaANSPoRmeRS block of & distributes if in cegermgs, se li 2a) over 12 Yo = ises, main fo wis ove, a 5) rot over Gov “connected ‘circuit’ prolechive denicas ©) chet furnace, Chreakers / fuses) ‘wie feed Smaller 7 IF ansFormers of g: fale! ~~ Sireuitls oo ae rating rot excocdir is tc ; © containing oe eo JHANSECRINEH VAUET =. Are rated the eketrico! utilization rolUseS, enclosure “3 and devices (light, nolors. ck) pe ne enn OES 8 UGHTING. PANSLSOARDS ex. 8} disinbulin panslboard #1 —__-_1L._STER =p. TAY on the_ Sad. Fleor MOE Crain Lisiribuke: Pores. ~May serve os & service entrance ae sal F equij . i —gxiprent-f squippedt w].c or less Teurment_i§ produced in the second sea by Induchon a ee ill Howth the primary” Poa mp Tood af the”fe disconnect all the eleciri- Gol Service th the bidlg. except emerge oy equiph. f 3 dlisopnnecting apporaiys = locofed gta, 2 readily Spot neor the point oF UTILIZATION EquemenT © INCANDESCENT LAMP 1. FILAMENT = tungsten SAS ~ UCR Breend eroparaton Cnirange of the service conductors into 3, LEAD-IN- WIRES - Fron base the bldg. ‘ 4o stom press [nickel from = service disconnecting moxns,- me sisem press to filoument comprise I~ G ly raded! Swi ‘Gircuiy peomeetive DEvcES © 1.. to protect insulation, wari & Glher apparalus ‘from Sverlead, _2. from, Fault or short cifcuit currents: 1. FUSIE.~ simple cevios. consishig of an..6. of_Wite.of relatively low a ‘femperature wk when enchssd 7. Th an insulating Fiber tube 1S called. a CARTRIOGE FUSE & Ino. lan Sup is o PLUS FUSE PLUG FUSE (dwelling) capacities of 5- 3 AMPS CARTRIDGE FUSE - w/ ferrule cantocts SES OPPOX. 5- GO w/ knife blade contacts ~ G1~ coo ing, bus, switches 4. STEM PRESS ~ comb. of a nickel - thon obey core m0 Copper Ske 1B, EXHAUST TUBE - aur exhausted / inert gases infrocluced shio the bulb BASE ~ typ. screw base FUSE - profecs the lamp & cirout by blowing iF the Filament arcs 8, Mina Dist - Used in higher waltage general Service lamps ee 9. BUTIQN BoD - Gloss rod. supporis 10. BUTTON - support wires stuck thio it TI, SUPPORT WIRES - Molybder n s ROPES = Molybdenum wares ons smnmais sin runs ~=© 12, SOFT GLASS - ghss envelope HARD GLASS ~ higher bulb temp. CN eee INSIDE FROSTED - elched by tte insiie/ SE CA oanT ‘coaled lside w/ whife silfoa. TIME DELAY FERRULE CARTRIOGE FUSES _ 1D. NONRENEWASLE, HIGH INTERRUPTING. HiLAOKESCLiTD ~ @ CAPACITY CURRENT UMITINS FUSE _..Cslual efement) ci 1. CYLINDRICAL GLASS TUBE - sealed . NON RENSWABLE MINIATURE FUSE ‘at both ends containing a mixture " of inert gas, Cargen)’® low pressure mercury’ 2. GROUT BREAKERS - cleclromecha- nical device we perferms the some _ protechye funchon os o fuse, and, tn addihon ocis as < f con. be used ip lew Swiich~ and: Fuse combination 42 beth protect ‘and. disconnect... circuit PUNCTIONING = fi @) THERMAL ACTION ~ heat b) maoneTic ~ load ©) COMBINATION 2. CATHODE - built ite each end /suppiés electrons fo stort 8 maintain the ®) Bi Pin ©) Recessed double contact |. BALLAST~ mace of coil / limit the current tf the cirouit 3. 4. STARTER - switch | self comfeuned in @ smoll tubular jacket Kf ¥+L PREHEAT. STARTING (Hob Cathode). > requires starter ‘Start (Slimliiey ~~ ee inte balck caret ay - CONDUITS. ~ > peal es Pipes or, fubegs ~, CLASSIFICATION Cas to type of rnaierials) BIBS TRIG Mis PLS TOBIN CT) th hezordous areas or Wir! “" “sieve Goo V 1a", 3/4" — 2" FLEXIBLE Merve, Coyourr - where vibrates #8 encountered /inferieck curmer resewDy ey TGHT im ~ covered w/ & guia ir NCNMISTMGLES eT z fiber, cy gastos cement, 12, Figid PE UNILE?S Gr CONDULETS conduit Fittings)” yal eindd of box: hese. Care eens ee oe Wh Stina 9) STRAIGHT & ANGLE COURING — “hy Sigow Fmxes _. ©). TEE Be CROSS CONNECTION. ~ -BLECIRICAL, BOxES. .@® a OUTLET. BOX ~ Small metal.oc nonmetulfio._. box info w/t a raceway ondjor cobke ends. : UTILITY BOx- outleis, switches, Fitums ii) = neF wee lng Operediriy _~ DEVICES + classified by. grade Je cused in______9) TYPE_OF BLOG. Industrial & sped commercial b) COCURANCY OF THE BIOS _—tenstruchén - Be RORTeN Oe SHE INGIRILATION qd) REQUIREMENTS OF THE Local ‘as ee ave ORDINANCES. educahenal @ good residential ~ bidgs.. T a cat the aa the, connection of hidden from view { a. singe plug | DEVICE. PLATES. ( Ser PLATES)-¢ ies monly used on laster or Fini a ease saeco i SINGLE Gane pLaTe: (22/4"x4 aE Sepa QUILEE(S.= pout on the sing system... _— Sah Ss $e gi it Consuming, equipment LET = an outlet inttencleal Tamphoider, 6 igh, Fifure or 0 fant cord Ferminchiig ih CULE equi wy i 9 ec gee SERW Shel Type. Brovaciel W ceepencsegist = __bokelite, metal. dassified os pen- ~ cent ranging seckels)30 ide ~ 90'/, BRL atm, BSN! Tee Ho foe MAJOR PARTS (COMPONENTS) a Ramps -.Slopes 15 te / 10% + FRUIS =. welded. skel frame ‘Suppor i to fo" I the ents ai “0. 90M SPROCKET _ ASSEMBLES Cop & botiem Pocmurtant ool oF bo hes) Seoiet |e) —PRIVING MACHINE. = provkles the motve, 110 meter > more SPOR 4. ouLATe ASSEALy eo = persons: : Rise. not less than .25 max. safety of ot. . 5S. HANDRAILS: -—BLEVATORS. = @ hoishng mechanism 6. .BNOLESS REL wie moves in guide 11 a verical eae or other Ports TWO TYRES : 1. Hydroulid 2 Daa Brake in 16 2 | 2. Blecne 3. Conte . A... Stop Button —EIBEIRIG HEVaTORS 5. Key Opertfed Control Switches tall bidgs. / operated. by d.c. motors eee Te o& worm & amare TE pe deging Woke ards ting sheave Cae, ~ de) — BYORAULIC ELEVATORS arsed, eee simply by cara CPLUNG Billy Fret ___ he Folie of the eleimioe ar! _.. ELECTRIC E, MAJOR PARTS HYDRAULIC EB. MAJOR PARTS eae ——2 Bevaix Machine —____. 8 Spi Bier wee Gute. Rails Shot or Hos: Serpe fie Moshine Room }..Contrel ee Other Porky: Floor Stop & Liniik Switeh --Crespage, & Levelling Cor switch ae pee" swihh @enns i i aaes deplete Be “AiR CoNDHICN'S “eee Froese trent Sparthy. mokon ie = eonirpl of the temperature, huni > moton of the cur if an enclosed spc es HEAT TRANSMISSION ie 1. CONDUCTION - transfer of heat from a. Hl of higher femperature f 9, place only when Poe enti) transfer of Heat by : fit ft Fed itu _——3.-RADIATION. Peas ee tonsa Taye oF heat by passing fru car SOTA HEAT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM egbumers | Boilers = source of headuig... ICDS OF BSTRIBUTING HEAT ec eo fered circulahon of warm oir. by het woder — at Behl ee en ee LATENT HEAT hent due te shang Slalesof tha? substance a 1a Fee liquid gosmus Shae _ fen i BE ROSES the ar woler vapor mi LATENT: HEAT OF VAPORIZATION ~ hate a. SOOLIKS GOL, = _ the. oan CDP) = the temp. of the cur” vapor mixture. wil’ become Sek eiee be crops of “HUMIDITY Rao Sc the ofthe pound oF dry air annus RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)-4he robs of the porkél pressure, of tte actu! weder vapor in a mixture 49 the preseute of a saturated mixture ot the same ENTHALPY- the tote! heat 1 the mictire.. measured above oF __A.C..BRUIPMENT._ JER ee Serre ig oF Spaces bef. ‘ihe plodes @ ek . Replaceable © Ae ge files Ceanable / Renew ob files i $ Tewlity ies 80 that the cooling consists. bank of of onthe insicle of the ‘i the surface of of thes cooly ‘cal is. ‘ SYSTEM OF AIRCONDITIONING at ak oe o cock arcade panos 2 coins 8 acer preset. Reing off ttose drow conneciwws eee f tg — pee ee Soil. eed __ AIR masTuRE |® HEAT-AIR_8& WATER 4. FAN >fan eS neh ee tale are the mecha, by wit cur -Con- * ake reese Hig oh systems. cperate unrt.& diStribules. it 40 the rhonsel _—_DRY-BULB TEMP. (om) be tthe temp. of the 5... HUMIDIFIER. ~_a. device . for ure, Mectsuree Hh mer fo a clsired cages _ the. normod_woy_W]- WEE aule Temp, Cwe)= i index.of low SJow, evaporation relative humidity . ing cur |- Pee mat PACKAGED “NPE AG. SYSTEM MOST_COMMCA. SiSTEMS 1..Needs fiom 3-tons fe 100 tons Tar AIR_TO. REFRIGERANT To Ali cients a Lee TO. = IR, = room __ rege ta en * . cui cxoled by contact w] cool Lecation 2 Where there & runnirg os gerant e.then | Worm. = woler : Wari 48 then cooled by contact wf outside ou "8 ___ CENTRALIZED. AIR CONDITIONING SYS. ex, Window Unit /packnge tye 1. Have @. machina) aurooielitionuig ee room 2. AIR TO REFRIGERANT To WATER TO AIR” 2, Bigger space to be air-conditioned — if eut-cooled condensers are. rot 3. Needs oduct wall __-3._AIR_TO_ WATER JO REFRIGERAKT. < : WATER - ‘Samples heed onsfer | mest HOOPER - an inverted funnel feacling esmromical B IMPT, COMPONENTS OF Ala CONDITION: COLD PoadeTs ~ dreughis /drofis ING.” 1, COOLING UNIT a oir mn 2, COMPRESSOR DAMPER- « metel plate aedross 5 CONDENSER FAN _____.__o-flug fect Picckicg or 5, CONTROL ] MoroR FUE. Spprodiict combustion, RECIPROCATING furnaces , burners, aircons 2. CENTRIFUGAL VAPOR LOCK, - conelrkon if aircon- ~—- B. ABSORPTION -- dittoning whereii gure is 4 SCREW 7 trappecin the lind becouse of _____ ELECTRIC moTeRS > requires. Sfariing ——wreng-appheater of freon gos - —— HINT riee [et PEKACED erant as ther ol TYPE-clepends __ erasesArmored Cable Today: Safe, Reliable, and Economical by George W. Flach, Electrical Consultant, New Orleans, LA Prevailing misconceptions about the present-day armored cable most likely stem from imperfections inherent in the original BX. Improvements made in the product are readily apparent when today's armored cable (right) is shown side-by-side with the old BX. Today's armored cable, historically known as BX and more correctly as Type AC, has proved to be a safe, reliable, and economical wiring method. However, there continue to be restrictions, and sometimes prohibitions, on its use in many areas. What is behind such restrictions and are they warranted? These restrictions on the use of armored cable, for the most part, are the result of years of misconceptions. Today, many electrical inspectors are reconsidering their position on armored cable because of its long safety record, NEC recognition, and improvements made since its introduction:- Wire ELECTRICIAN'S WIRE UF-B Underground Feeder & Branch Circuit Cable, 600 Volt, Copper Conductors. ec Soulhwire NM -B indoor, Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable, 600 Volt, Copper Conductors. eae — ee Southwire THHIN Stranded or Solid Copper Building Wire, 600 Volt. Copper Conductors, GE = QuinVarious matorials aro utilized for outer covorings as wire and cable, Lead provides, moisture protection. Neoprene gives moisture, corrosion and abrasion protection. Metal wire or Tape coverings of bronze or steal protect against rodent attack or physical damage. 10.” COPPER AND ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS ‘the use of aluminum wiring has‘increased because of its inherent weight advantages over copper, with concomitant lower installation cast, However, it is not so much re- Sommended because it forms an oxide, which is an adhesive and poorly conductive film, within minutes on any exposed aluminum surface. It ever aluminum conductor is sed. it should be restricted to sizes not smaller than #AWG. Copper conductors are preferred in all references, 4, FLEXIBLE METAL CLAD CABLE (BX) ‘Among the most common types of cable run without raceways—is the NEC type AC anal clad cable, commonly known by the trade name "BX". Itis an assembly of wires, normally plastic insulated, bound together with a tepe or braid and then wrapped with 2 Splral-wound interlocking strip of steel tapg, Such ceble must have an internal metallic ponding strip in contact with the armor for its entire length. The assembly is installed as a unit, usually by simple U-clamps or staples holding it againts beams. walls, ceilings and columns. This type of installation is frequently used in residences and in the rewit- ing of existing buildings. Such armored cable can be pulled into place through existing spaces in back of plastered surfaces, under floor joists or between studding in the Walls, Special couplings, box connectors, and other fittings are made for BX and to in- terconnect BX with rigid conduit systems. cotoR coved, RUBSER of THERMOPLASTIC. INSULATION COPPER GROUPING STRIP * LeEADLE SIBEL Arm Min wtin curate (IO PROTECT THE WIRES FROM THE SHAR® METAL Ehets Oe me cut ARMOR) TYPE AC FLEXIBLE ARMORED CABLE (BX) AT12, NON-METALLIC SHEATHED CABLE (ROMEX) In application, the NEC types NM and NMC, also known by the trade Name “"Romex”” are similar to type AC (BX). However, not having the physical protection of inetallic ar- mor, use is restricted to small buildings, that is, residential and other structures not ex- ceeding three floors above grade. This cable type comprises an assembly of two or more plastic-insulated conductoss and a ground wire, all coyered with a flame- retardant, moisture-resistant plastic jacket. In the case of type NMC, the jacket is also corrosion resistant. The plestic jacket, in lou of the armor on type AC, makes type NM easier to handle but more vulnérable to physical damage. COLOR cooED MOISTURE RESISTANT PLASTIC INSULATION: / FLAWE- RETARDANT PLASTIC JACKET!) ] a 19/2 WITH GROUND 6OOVOLTS, a QBTAIED 1 CABLE IDENTIRCATION ; wNcosren copren, | | rN u CONDUCTOR: 2 CONDUCTOR NOIOAWS —— ge CONDUCTOR FLAT, OVAL, ROUND. Wie, 13. CONDUCTORS FOR GENERAL WIRING ‘The most common “building wire"’ types are listed in the Table under Sec. 9 and 10. ‘These type of wires consist of a copper conductor covered with insulation, and in some instances with a jacket. Thus type TW wire concise simply of the metal conductor with a thermoplastic (pvc) insulating covering. UNJACKETED BUILDING. WIRE Slt; Hea Nato.nate cruauies) TYPES T and TW (and larger) JCONDUCTOR INSULATION ‘STRANDED ity NYLON JAGKETED CABLE suchas THWN or THN 4NYION THWN ~|MoisTure AND HEAT: RESISTANT THERMOPLASTIC THEN - “Lay won | HEAT ESsTANT 4 DHERMOPLASTIC. 48SERVICE DROP + 22401 ange pasos Figure 8-3 Overhead Service DropFen ww METER ONS MALY piscomecr surat NOTE: INOWING SBWICE MuCT NE ROUTED “TROUGH "nae DISCWECT Sut EFC PATERING THE HETER sumence-mnuireD incon conpuctons wot Geb losoct npen ec Se a CaS SnCABLE BUSSOURCE: littp: //uww eroselevators.com/eltype htm Glossary For Elevator And Escalator AC Alternating Current (a tyne of power for an elevator machine) Acceleration - ji period which thc elevator maves at an ever increasing vate of speed, usually referring to that period from standstill to full speed. AC System - 1 control system for un AC motor which has a single synchronous speed or bien different synclronous speeds. ‘ADA (Americans with Disabilities lct)-The Americans with Disabilities cof 1990 was signed into law Gy President Bush on July 26, 1990. The ADA is fesigned to give civil rights protection to people with disabidvies, similar to hose granted By the Civil Rights Act Babbitt - A soft metul used to fill scratching of a plunger surface. 11 is also used to secure hoist ropes to shackles. , Baked Enamel. An enamel paint that must be baked to adler to the surface. Balustrade - The side of an escalator extending above the steps. 1 includes skirt panel, interior panels, decks and handrails Bobster- The bottom member ofa sling for a fyhaulicefevator: GBrace Rod- Supports forthe outer comers of the platform, cach of which tie to upper portions of the stile. Brackets (Guide Rail)- The device used to attach the rails firmly to the hoistway. Brake - An clectro-mechanical device used to prevent the elevator from moving wlien te car is at rest and no power is applied to the fioist motor. On some types of control, it also stops te elevator wien power is removed from the hoist motor with a spring-loaded clamping device that folds the elevator car when te machine is turned off Drum -A round, machined surface.on the moter sliafi, which the brake clan ups. Brake shoe - Moving member(s) ofa brake, lined with friction material which, when in contact with the brake drum, folds the elevator at floor level. On some types of control, it will stop the elevator ‘wien power is removed from the ist motor. Brush -A device, usually of carbon or graphite composition, used to connect a circuit with the rotating orsnoving portion of a DC motor, generator or other electrical device. 11 carries current to and _from the non-moving parts of connections,Buffer -A device desigued to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal fimit of trxvel by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the Rinetic energy of the car or counterweight. Cab - The decorative room in which people ride in a passenger elevator. Cable (Rope)- Usually 4 to 6 in number; it is used to support tlie car and (passing over te dive sheave to the counterweight) pull tie car. Cable Wrap - Tiat amount of the drive sheave actually ix contact CallBack,- In contract elevator service, a customer request which requires a check of an elevator over than the regularfy scheduled maintenance. Call Cancellation - Tie circuitry that clears a registered call using selector switching, hoistway switches, or moveable brushes or contacts. Capacity - Indicates the amount of weight 2 given elevator is able to support safely Car (elevator) - The load-carrying unit, including its platform, frame, enclosure, and car door of gate. Car Counterweight - A set of weights roped directly to the elevator car of a winding-drum type installation. In practice, this weight is equal to approximately, 70 percent of the car weight Car Operating Panel- A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating controls, such as calf register 6uttons, door open anu close, alirm, emergency stop and whatever otfer buttons or Rey switches are required for operating. Car Operating Station - A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating control, such as call register buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency stop and whatever other Buttons or Key switches are required for operation. Car Riding Lantern A fixture mounted in either the entry column, soffit or back wall which sows the direction of car travel Car Top Inspection Station - A contro panel on top of an elevator car which, wien activated, removes the car from normal service and allows the car to run at inspection speed from the car top station onl. f Center Opening Doors - A door type, which consists of two horizontal sliding panels, which move in opposite directions. Clutch A device used in elevator power door operation to engage the car door to the landing door by a grasping and folding movement. Code - A system of regulations pertaining to che design, manufacture, installation and maintenance of elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators and moving walks. The most widely recognized and used is ANST A-17.1 sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards, The American Institute of flrchitects, The ‘American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and publisted Gy ASME. It as Geen adopted by many states, Some states and cities ave written their own codes, most of which are based on the ANSI A-17.1. In California, he governing code is Title 8 and 24, Compensating Chain - welded-link chain used for hoist rope weight compensation. One end of the chain is attached tothe underside of the elevator car, and the otf end is fastened to the counterweight or stationary fastening in the hoistway. Compounding Sheave-A pulley located or the car, and on the counterweight, under which the ‘cist cables run to double the capacity and reduce tte speed of an elevator. Control Valve - Tie device, which, on hydraulic elevators, controls the oil flow to and from the jack, Controller A device, or group of devices, which serves to control, in a predetermined manner, the apparatus to which itis connected. An electrical panel, which uses electro mechanical relays or a computer to control the operation of an elevator. Conventional Car Station -A car-operating panel with a faceplate that is mounted ina fixed (non-swing) panel or sidewall Comer Post - A metliod of mounting rails in opposite corners of tie livistway, usually to accommodate doors in adjacent hoistway walls Counterweight 1 weight which counterbalanees the weight.of an efevuter car plus approximately 40% of the capacity load. Crosshead- (1) The upper member of the car frame. (2) The traveling tember of a selector. Cylinder - The outermost lining of a Rydraulic jack, DC- Direct Current (a source of power for an elevator machine) Deceleration -A period during which the elevator moves at an ever decreasing rate of speed, usually referring to that period from full speed to leveling speed. Deflector Sheave -A pulley, aligned with tie drive sheave, which provides a path for the cables to drop straight tothe counterweight Direct Current (DC)- An electric curvent flowing in one direction onfy and substantially constant in-valve Dispatch Control System - A system that controls two or more elevators By governing assignments in response to hall calls. Also controls zoning, pea traffic demands and parking. Door Gibis- Devices at the bottom of horizontal hiding door panels, which stick into sift grooves and. eliminate door panels swinging in or out. Door Hanger - A rolling assembly fastened to the top of a door panel whitch supports and allows forizontal sliding movement of the door panel The door track.on wich tle hanger roll is part of the oor hanger assembly. Door Lock.- Any type of mechanical lock designed to prevent the opening of a fioistway door from the landing side Door Open Time - Length of time doors stand open after reaching full open position, until doors start to close provided no signal is received to shorten door time. Door Operator A motor-driven device mounted on the car which opens and closes the car doors.Door Panel 11 portion of te door or gate, whic covers tie opening and moves to uncover the opening, Door Protective Device - Any type of devive used with automatic power operated doors ttt detects obstructions to the normal closing of the elevator doors and eitfer causes the doors to reopen or {go into some other mode of operation, such as nudging. A safe edge, a safety astragal, a photoelectric device (safe ray) and electrostatic fel device are examples of dor protective devices. Door Sill threstolt of soon opening with grooves to guide te Bottom af the cur door Door Track = rail which accepts te roffing assembly of the door hanger and allows che horizontal movement requited to open anut close Ue doors, Vie door tucks a part of the dior hanger asseeb Drip Ring «A flanye on the guide used to collect oil from the plunger so it can dain into a container, Drive - Tie pulley or wheel, grooved for each hoist cable, which drives the elevator up or down. Drive Machine - The power unit which apples the energy necessary to raise and fower an elevator, material lift, or dumb waiter car or to drive an escalator, an inclined fift or a moving walk, Drive Sheave - The grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting machine over which the hoist ropes pis, and Gy which motion is imparted to the car and counterweight by the hoist ropes. Electric Eye - A ight bear (or beams), which spans 4 door opening and, when interrupted, causes the door to reopen. Emergency Stop Switch -A hand-operated switch in the car pusl Gutton station which, when thrown to the off position, stops the elecator and profibits its running, Enclosure - The ruggedTy Guilt room ona freight elevator in which the material being carried is located. Encoder - A device used to convert an analog signal into digital information. End Post -A metliod of mounting the two stacks of rails on a common wall at the end of the foistway. Escalator-A power-driven, inclined, continuous stairway used for raising or lowering passengers Faceplate - Tie decorative cover which houses control devices such as position indicators, puslibuttons, Rey switches, etc. Feedback - The transmission of current or voltage from the output of a circuit or device Gack, to tle input, where it interacts with the input signal to modify the operation of the cirewit or device. Firefighter's Service -A device or group of devices which provide (1)a signal for immediate recall to a designated landing in order to remove cars from normal use, and (2) to permit special operation for firefighters or otfier authorized emergency personnel nls in a stack meet Fishplate -A steel plate, which spans the joint where two lengths of guide Floor Selector-A mechanical, electrical, o microprocessor driven device wfc initiates andor controls some or all of these fonctions: establish ulrection of travel, acceleration, deceleration, leveling, stopping, call cancelation, door operation, postion indicators, and hall fani-rns foran individual elevator. FEM - Feet per minuteFreight Elevator - An elevator used to carry materia rather than people and provided with vertical Gi-parting doors Full Speed - ie contract speed at which the elevator should run. Gates (Double Blade Gate)- A vertical sliding, counterweighted device used to provide entrance protection on freight elevators. It consists of two panels usually made of expanded metal. The blades telescope to reduce overhead space requirements, Gear- A toothed wheel designed to mesh or engage with another wheel or part for transmitting or changing motion. Geared Traction Machine - A traction machine in which the power from tle motor is transmitted to the drive sherve through reduction gears. Goarless Traction Machine A type of elevator sting machine on which the fost ropes pass dber a traction drive sheave, which isan integral part ofthe armature. Called gearless Because no geared reduction unit is utilized. Generator fin elecromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrcat energy (usually rect current) Governor- (1) A mechanical speed control mechanism. For elevator, it isa wire rope ditven centrifugal device used to stop and fold the movement ofits driving rope. This initiates the activation of the car safety device, It opens a switch, which cuts off power tothe drive motor and Grake ifthe car travels at a preset overspeed in the down direction. Some types of governors will alto open the _governor switch and cut off power to the drive motor and brake if te car overspeeds inthe up direction. (2)On escalators, a direct-driven centrifugal device which, when activated by overspeed, cts off power to the drive rotor and service brake. Governor Rope - A wire rope attached to an elevater car frame that drives the governor and, wien stopped by the governor, initiates setting of the car safety. Groove "Vee"- A groove inthe drive sheave which produces a pinching or wedging effect on the cable, used on gearless machines. "U"- A groove in the drive sheave, which relies on friction between groove and cable, used on gearless machines. : Group Supervisory Control System -A system that controls two or more elevators by governing assignments in response to fal calle. Ao controls zoning, peak traffic demands and parking. Guide - fn assembly, bolted to the upper end ofthe cylinder, wich centers te plmger in the oylinder ‘ Guide Rails - Steel, round, or formed sections with guiding surfaces installed vertically in a foistway to guide and direc the course of travel of an elevator car and elevator counterweiglts. Guide Shoes - (1) Devices used mainly to guide the car and counterweight along tie path ofthe Guide rails. They also assure that the lateral motion ofthe car and counterweight is Rept at 4 minimum as they travel slong the guide rile. (2) Guiding projections mounted on the Bottom edge of forizontally sliding doors or gates, or on the sides of vertically sliding doors or gates to guide tiem. Hall Call- A call registered at a landing bution or fixtureHall Lantern - A corridor mounted signal fight indicating that an elerator car is approaching that landing and te direction in which the cars to travel Hall Station - Device located in hall usually near the elevator to be used when calling the elevator to at floor. Handrail -(1) The moving handTold provided for escalator passengers, which moves over the top of the balustrade and newels. (2)A railing serving as a support Handrail Guard- A guard, usually made of rubber, that fits over the outside of the handrail at a point where the handrail enters or eaves tle Balustrade. It is designed to Keep a person's fingers out of the handrail opening Hanger Rollers - Rollers (two per panel) frm which horiconwal door panels are suspended. Hitch Plate - A plate (on traction elevators) clamped to the underside of the crosshead and to which the shackles are attached. Hoist Rope - Tie wire ropes used to raise and fower an elevator car Hoistway- Vie space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts. It includes the pit and terminates at the underside of the overfiead machinery space floor or grating or at the underside ofthe roof wliere te foistway does not penetrate te roof. (Woistway is sometimes called "fatchway'" or hatch) Hoistway Enclosure - The fixed structure, consisting of vertical walis or partitions, ‘which isolates the hoistway from all other areas or from an adjacent fistway, and in wil the lioistway doors and door assembles are installed. Hydraulic - One of two methods by whieh an elevator is moved, whereby the elevator is pushed” up By oil Hydraulic Elevator - A power elevator where the energy is applied, by means of a liquid under prejsure, ina cylinder equipped with a planger or piston Hydraulic Valve - In the construction of hydraulic elevators, a valve used to regulate the flow of the fluid used to raise and lower the elevator, usually a low viscosity oil Induction Motor - in AC motor having two parts: a rotor anda stator. The stator creates a rotating magnetic field, that induces a voltage into the rotor causing it to rotate Interlock, A device having two related and interdependent functions which are: (1)to prevent the operation of the driving wachine by the normal operating device unless te foistway door is locked in the closed position. An electro-mechanical device that prevents operation of an elevator unless the hoistway doors are inthe closed and locked position; (2)to prevent opening of a hcistway door fiom the landing side unless the elevator is in the landing zone and is either stopped or Geing stopped. Intermediate Landing - Any landing served by an elevator between its upper and lower terminal landings. Jack; Tie device which pushes the frydrauic elevator. Jam6 - Any one of the three members constituting an elevator entrance frame: ead jamb, strike jamb ‘and return jamb,Lanlding that portion of «floor, 6alcony, or platform used to receive and discharge passengers or freight Landing Door - Tie movable door at the entrance of an elevator which provides access to the foistway. Landing Zone A zone extending from a poin: 13° Below an levator or material ft landing, toa point 18” above the landing. Layout - A scaled mechanical crowing showing dimensioned plan views and elevations of an elevator foistway and machine room to indicate space conditions, pertinent dimensions, sizes and location of components of the installation. Leveling - Tie movement of an elevator toward the fanding silT when it is within the leveling zone. ‘Wien the word leveling is used, the inference i thatthe process of attaining a level stop or position (the plesform level with Ue landing sill is performed completaly automaticaly. Leveling Zone - Te limited distance above or below an elevetor or material life landing with ‘which the leveling device is permitted to cause movement of te cer toward the landing. Lubricator. A device, which feeds oil to the raiCand provides lubrication for sliding shoes ‘Machine Room - The space in which the driving machine for an elevator or group of elevators, dumbuaiter, escalavor or group of escalators is located, Main (Car) Guide Reils - Steel Tsections with machined guarding surfaces installed vertically in a foistway to guide and direct the course of travel ofan elevator car Motor Control- That portion ofa control system that governs the acceleration, speed, retardation, ‘and stopping of the moving elevator. Net Travel ‘the distance from te top to te Gottom fle Nudging -A system used with automatic door operation which, if lie door is leli€ open by the door ‘protective devices or the door open button for more than a predetermined time, will sound a warning ‘signal and close the doors at a reduced! syed and tongue, Oil Buffer- one type of buffer (for elevators with speeds of more tan 200 feet per minute) whch uses a combination of oil and spring to cuslion the elevator. It is located in the elevator pit. Oil Line - The pipe that channels the oil frone the power wit to the jek. Opening - Tie clear passagewsy into an elevator Over Travel- A short distance beyond te terminal floor as allowance for building inaccuracies, ‘manufacturing or installation inaccuracies. Overspeed Governor Switch - A part of an escalator machine, It is actuated by centrifingal force and trips a switch tolen the motor speed has increased 20 percent over its rated nameplate speed Packing Gland - (1) The substance, usually of elastic or flexible material formed in rings used in the stuffing box of tie worm shaft of a geared machine or of a hydinulic elevator to prevent excessive leakage. (2) Strips or Blocks of material used for shimming, ing -A feature incorporated into the signal system of an elevator or elevators by which and elevator receives a signal to alteays return to a preselected landing afterall its car or landing signals fave Geen answered and canceled. Passenger Elevator - An elevator used to carry people and provided with horizontal sliding doo.Peak. In a waveform or other changing parameter, a penkis an instantaneous or focal maximum or minimum, Penthouse - Tie machine room above the foistway on traction elevators Pickup Rollers- Devices on the hoistway door which mate with the clutch on te car door to allow tle vistway doors to be pulled open and closed. ee Tat portion of the hioistway exgending from the sf evel of te fowest landing to the floor at bottom of te foistway. it Channels - Steel channels on the pit floor to anchor the guide rails and other pit-mounted devices Platen.- A plate, used to attach the jack to the bolster: Platform - Tie entire floor assembly of an elevator on which passengers stand or tle load is carried. Plunger The inside moveable part of a hydraulic ack. that attaches to an elevator car frame on direct drive application or drive sheave on a cabled hydraulic sysiem. oy Position Indicator -A device that indicates the position of the elevator car in the hoistway. ‘ Itis called a hall position indicator when placed at a landing, or car position indicator when placed in : the car. Power Unit - That device on hydraulic elevators which supplies the motive force to run the car Preventative Maintenance - Inspections, tests, adjustments, cleaning and similar activities carried out on elevator and escalator equipment with the intention of preventing malfunctions from occurring dyring operation. It is designed to keep equipment in proper operating order and ts done on a scheduled basis. 12 is algo referred to as scheduled maintenance Pump - Tat device which draws oil from the tank and puslis it Uirough the wil fine to tle tek t0 move te elevator up. Push Button Station - A decorative device containing one or more fiand-operated devices (Buttons or switches) by whieh the passenger tells te controller what action is desired. Rail Chips - devices bolted to guide rail brackets to clamp rails firmly in place, Relay - An electric device that is designed to interpret input conditions in a prescribed manner and after specified conditions are met, to respond and cause contact operation or create change in associated electric control circuits. tion - The operation of reducing tle elevator drive motor speed from normal operating speed to hop. Alo referred to as Deceleration. Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) - The number of completed turns per minute that an object revolves around its axis. Ring - A large gear, which is attached to the drive sheave. Riser-A series of hall stations for an elevator or group of elevators Roller Guides - Guide shoes which use rollers that rotate on guide rails rather tan sliding on tie rails Rotor- The rotating element of an AC induction motor. Safe Edge -A mechanical door protective and automatic door reopening device, used with automatic power door operators, It is arranged so that in te event the door either approaches or meets an