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CONES ROLLING TOGETHER WITHOUT SLIPPING

Pure Rolling Contact A. External Pure Rolling Contact

• These are cones in pure rolling contact in which the
rotation of each cone is opposite to one another.
The type of motion of two bodies with respect to
each other in which there is n relative motion at the
contact point. The velocity of the point of contact
relative to the centers of both bodies are the same
in each.

Consist of such a relative motion of two lines or

surfaces that the consecutive points or elements of
one come successively into contact with those of
the other in their order.

Therefore, the angular speeds of two cones rolling together

without slipping are inversely proportional as the sines of the
angles
Friction Drives:

Cylindrical
Wheels
used to connect parallel shafts

Frustums
of Cones
for intersecting shafts
Brush
wheel and used to obtain a variable speed
plate ratio.

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CONES ROLLING TOGETHER WITHOUT SLIPPING

B. Internal Pure Rolling Contact Example:

Two shafts intersecting at an angle of 60° are connected by
• These are cones in pure rolling contact in which the means of rolling cones with external contact. One cone has a center
rotation of each cone is the same to one another. angle of 20° and rotates at 300 rpm. Find the center angle of the other
cone and its rpm.

Solution: For rolling cones with external contact:

𝛼+𝛽 =𝜃 𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝛽 = 20° , 𝜃 = 60°

𝛼 =𝜃−𝛽 = 60° - 20° = 40°

sin 𝛼 𝑁𝐴 sin 𝛼
= ∴ 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐵
sin 𝛽 𝑁𝐵 sin 𝛽

sin 20°
Thus , 𝑁𝐴 = 300 𝑟𝑝𝑚
sin 40°

𝝎𝑨 = 160 rpm

Since the direction of each cone has changed, speed ratio for Example:
internal pure rolling contact is still the same with the speed A rolling cone with a center angle of 15° turning at 240 rpm
ratio for an external pure rolling contact. makes external contact with a second one which turns at 360 rpm. Find
the angle between the shafts and the apex angle of the second cone.
Solution:
Angle between shafts
sin 𝛼 𝑁𝐴
= 𝜃 = 𝛼+𝛽
sin 𝛽 𝑁𝐵
𝜃 = 15°+ 10°
𝑁𝐴 sin 𝛼
sin 𝛽 = 𝜃 = 25°
𝑁𝐵

240 𝑟𝑝𝑚 sin 15°

sin 𝛽 = Apex angle of second cone
360 𝑟𝑝𝑚
= 2𝛽 = 2 10°
𝛽 = 9.93° ≈ 10°
= 20°

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CAM and FOLLOWER

Follower • by type of follower motion

Cam
• it converts the rotary motion
of cam into reciprocating or • by type of joint closure
• A cam is a mechanical device
oscillating motion • by type of follower
used to transmit motion to a
Cam-follower • by type of cam
follower by direct contact. The
driver is called the cam and the
systems can be • by type of motion
driven member is called the
constraints
follower. In a cam follower pair,
the cam normally rotates while the classified in • by type of motion program
follower may translate or oscillate.
A familiar example is the cam
several ways:
shaft of an automobile engine,
where the cams drive the push
rods (the followers) to open And
close the valves in
synchronization with the motion of
the pistons..

Cams are used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating

motion. The motion created can be simple and regular or
complex and irregular. As the cam turns, driven by the
circular motion, the cam follower traces the surface of the
cam transmitting its motion to the required mechanism.
Cam follower design is important in the way the profile of
the cam is followed. A fine pointed follower will more
accurately trace the outline of the cam. This more
accurate movement is at the expense of the strength of
the cam follower

Three Basic Links of a Cam Mechanism

• the cam – driving member Positive – Motion Cam Mechanism
• the follower – driven member
• the frame – supporting member • A cam mechanism in which the follower motion is fully constrained by the
cam surfaces.

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Types of cams

Cams can be classified based on their physical

shape/construction.

• The disk (or plate) cam has an irregular contour to

impart a specific motion to the follower. The follower
Disk or plate cam moves in a plane perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of the cam shaft and is held in contact with
the cam by springs or gravity.

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Types of cams Classification of Cams

Cams can be classified based on their physical shape. I. Based on the construction of Cams

a. Wedge Cam b. Radial Cam c. Cylindrical Cam

• The cylindrical cam has a groove cut along
Cylindrical its cylindrical surface. The roller follows the
cam groove, and the follower moves in a plane
parallel to the axis of rotation of the cylinder

Types of cams Classification of Followers

Cams can be classified based on their physical shape. I. Based on Surface of Contact

a)Knife edge follower

• The translating cam is a contoured or grooved plate
Translating sliding on a guiding surface(s).The follower may
oscillate (a)or reciprocate (b).The contour or the ➢ It has sharp area of contact
cam shape of the groove is determined by the specified
motion of the follower.
➢ It is the simplest follower in construction
➢ It is used only for slow application
➢ More wears and tear
➢ Mostly used in paper-cutting machines

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Classification of Followers Classification of Followers

I. Based on Surface of Contact I. Based on Surface of

b) Roller follower
Contact
d. Spherical follower
➢ Cam and follower form a higher-pair
➢ Less wear and tear between cam and ➢ It is a medication of flat-faced
follower follower
➢ Used in precision application
➢ It can operate at very high speed.

Classification of Followers Classification of Followers

I. Based on Surface of Contact II. Based on the motion of the follower

a) Oscillating follower b) Reciprocating follower
b) Flat –faced follower

➢ Used when the space is limited

➢ Able to resist more side-thrust
➢ Can also be used in precision application

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Classification of Followers Nomenclature of Cams

The point at the knife edge of a follower,
III. Based on line of motion or the center of a roller, or the the center
of a spherical face.

a) Radial followers - The smallest circle drawn The path of the tracer point
tangential to the cam profile, with
its center on the axis of the cam
➢ The lines of movement of in-line shaft.
- The size of the base circle
cam followers pass through centers determines the size of the cam The contour of the working surface
of the cam.
of the camshafts

b) Off-set followers The angle between the

normal to the pitch curve
and the direction of
Motion of the follower at The smallest circle that can be
➢ The lines of movement are off set the point of contact drawn from the center of the cam
and tangent to the pitch curve
from the centers of the Cam
shafts.

Application

Prime Base circle radius for knife edge and flat

This is an overhead camshaft
engine. circle faced follower
radius = Base circle radius + radius of roller for roller follower
• The camshaft operates against an
oscillating follower arm that, in turn,
opens the valve. Lift of It is the maximum travel of the follower
• The cam joints is force-closed by the stroke from its lowest position to the topmost
valve spring. position. The maximum rise is called lift
• The camshaft is typically driven from
the engine’s crankshaft by gears,
chain, or toothed belt at a 1:2 Pitch Point It is a point on the curve having
reduction.
• Maximum camshaft speeds in these
maximum pressure angle
applications can range from about
2500 rpm in large automobile engines Pitch
to over 10000 rpm in motorcycle It is the circle drawn from the center of
racing engines. Circle
the cam through the pitch points

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Constant Velocity Motion:

Cam Profile 𝑆 ∝ 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 ∝ 𝜃

• The curve of the cam surface which Where: 𝑆 = displacement of follower

𝑡 = time interval

produces the desired motion of the follower 𝜃 = cam displacement

as the cam rotates at a constant rate.

Ex. Displacement Diagram

For following follower motion:
Different Types of Follower Motion: 1. At rest 90°
2. 2” fall at 𝑉 = 𝐶 for 90°
3. At rest 90°
• Constant Velocity Motion 4. 2” rise at 𝑉 = 𝐶 for 90°
• Constant Acceleration or deceleration
• Simple Harmonic Motion
• Cycloidal Motion

Displacement Diagrams

In a cam follower system, the motion of the follower is very Motion at Constant Acceleration or Deceleration
important.
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Equation of Motion: 𝑆 = 𝑎𝑡 2
2
❖ Its displacement can be plotted against the angular displacement θ
of the cam and it is called as the displacement diagram.
Thus, 𝑆 ∝ 𝑡2 or 𝑆 ∝ 𝜃2
❖ The displacement of the follower is plotted along the y-axis and
angular displacement θ of the cam is plotted along x-axis.
❖ From the displacement diagram, velocity and acceleration of the 1. Rise at Constant Acceleration 2. Rise at Constant Deceleration
follower can also be plotted for different angular displacements θ of
the cam.
❖ The displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams are plotted for
one cycle of operation i.e., one rotation of the cam.
❖ Displacement diagrams are basic requirements for the construction
of cam profiles.

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3. Fall at Constant Acceleration

Cycloidal Motion

4. Fall at Constant Deceleration

Equation of Cycloidal Motion

Simple Harmonic Motion

𝜃 𝑆ҧ 𝜃
𝑆 = 𝑆ҧ 𝜃 - 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 𝜃
𝑜 𝑜

where:

𝑆ҧ = total displacement
𝜃𝑜 = total cam angle
𝑆 = displacement corresponding to cam angle 𝜃

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Follower motion with Uniform velocity Simple Harmonic Motion

➢ Figure shows the displacement, The motion executed by

velocity and acceleration point P1, which is the
patterns of a follower having
projection of point P on
uniform velocity type of motion.
the vertical diameter is
➢ The follower moves with
constant velocity, during rise called simple harmonic
and fall, the displacement varies motion. Here, P moves
linearly with θ. With uniform angular
➢ Since the velocity changes from velocity ωp, along a circle
zero to finite value, with in no of radius r (r=s/2).
time, theoretically, the
acceleration becomes infinite at
the beginning and end of rise
and fall.

Follower motion with modified Uniform velocity Simple Harmonic Motion

Cycloid is the path generated by a point

➢ It is observed in the displacement
diagrams of the follower with uniform on the circumference of a circle, as the
velocity that the acceleration of the circle rolls without slipping, on a
follower becomes in finite at the straight/flat surface.
beginning and ending of rise and return The motion executed by the follower
strokes here, is similar to that of the projection of
➢ In order to prevent this, the a point moving along a cycloidal curve on
displacement diagrams are slightly a vertical line.
modified.
➢ In the modified form, the velocity of the
follower changes uniformly during the
beginning and end of each stroke.
➢ Accordingly, the displacement to the
follower varies parabolically during the
periods.
➢ With this modification, the acceleration
becomes constant during the periods,
instead of being infinite a sin the uniform
velocity type of motion.

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Example

1. Follower type=knife edge d follower, in line; lift=30mm; base circle
radius =20mm; outstroke with uniform velocity in 120°of cam
rotation; dwell for 60°; return stroke with uniform velocity, during
90°of cam rotation; dwell for the remaining period.
3. Follower type=roller follower, in-line; lift=25mm; base circle radius =
20mm; roller radius = 5mm; out stroke with Uniform acceleration
and retardation, for 120° cam rotation; dwell for 60° cam rotation;
return stroke with Uniform acceleration and retardation, for 90° cam
rotation; dwell for the remaining period.

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Example

3. Follower type = Knife edged, in-line; lift = 50mm; base circle radius =
50mm; outstroke with SHM, for 60°cam rotation; dwell for 45°cam rotation;
return stroke with SHM, for 90° cam rotation; dwell for the remaining period.

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