Chapter : 1st

Electric Charges And

Field g.
Electrostatics deals with the
and potentials
study
static
of foxes , fields
arising from charge
charges at rest .

chargewhich of elmentaay between

Electric is intrinsic
an
property particles
rise
matter
of Various give to electric
force
objects .

is scalar
Electric
chargeElectric quantity
•
a .

unit
charge coulomb
•
SI
of C
-
.

1. There are Two kind

of egchargesProton : -

→ Positive
charge .

→
NegativeI charge eg
. Electron .

e =
n°6 ✗ 10 -19C
2. Like
other
repel
chargesFundamental
.
and unlike
Law
of
chargesElectrostaticsattract each

Note which kind

Property distinguishes the two
of charges
: -

called the
is polarity of charges
.
Properties of charge :

IAdÑtyofEtriu
system
a
charge
algebraic is the sum
-
the
of
total
all
charge
the
of
individual
located at
different points
charges inside the

system
.

9=91+92+93-1 In
Total
charge
- - +

2. Quantization ofis Electric charge the total change -

(g) of a body
basic
always integral multiple of
an

a quantum
charge (e) i. e.

where
of = ne
,
n =D
,
-11
, -12,13 , - - - - - .

Conservation of the total

Electric
charge chargebe(g)
3. -

of neither be created nor

a
system can

destroyed
another
it can
.
only be
transferred from one
body to

Conductors And Insulators

electric
The substances
through which
charges can
flow
them
easily on
are
which allows
called CONDUCTORS
electricity
.
to
pass through
Most of the non -
metals like
glass porcelain plastic nylon
, , ,

wood
• offer high resistance
called
to the
passage of electricity
through them are INSULATORS .

Electrostatic Induction
It phenomenon of temporary electrification of
is a conductor a

in which
opposite chargesat appear at its closer end and
similar
charges appear
of a
nearby
its farther end in the
presence
charged body .

y u

EK-argi-ng-bysnduction.mn
 ELECTRIC CHARGE 11s MASS

Problem
for Practice
If muchbody gives 109 electrons
every second
Quest .
a out ,
time is
how
required to
get a

total
charge of 1C from it ?
Calculate carried 108 és ?
Ques 2 . the
change by 1205 ✗

Ques 3. How much positive

water
or
negative change is there
in 250 me
of ?
Queso Calculate the nucleus Given
charge on Fe
. .

change on a
proton 106 ✗ 10 -19C
=
.

PYQ 2019,1410
Coulomb 's Law of Electric Force

It states that the force between two point charges is

varying inversely as the

square of the distance between
the
charges and was
directly proportional to the
product
of the
line
Magnitude of the two
charges
and acted
along
the
joining the two
charges
.
If two
distance
point charges q and q
in
, ,
are
separated by a

between them
or vacuum the ,
magnitude of the force (F)
is
given by
91 92 F ✗
9,92
• •

, f- ✗ r

•
•

.
f- ✗
Iq
Koh
9,92
Or
proportionality
,
f- =
9-
ri
where

of
K is a constant
,
called
constant
electrostatic force
K =
= 9 ✗ 109 NMZC -2 Where Eo is called
go permittivity of free space .

Go 8- 8551 ✗ 10-12 C2 N 'm 2

-
-
=

Other units of charge

(f) SI unit Coulomb -

that
one coulomb is that amount
charge repels
of an

equal
when
and similar
charge
at
with
distance
force of metre
9 ✗ 109N a

place in vacuum a
of one
from it .

% CGS unit Electrostatic unit

of charge ( e. s.no of
charge )
-

or stat Coulomb
one stat coulomb is that
charge which repels identical an

chargeforce
in vacuum at distance
a centimetre of
it with one
from
a
of 1
dyne .

9- Coulomb =
3×109 stat coulomb
=3 ✗ 109 e.su of charge
.

Coulomb 's Law in Vector form

consider positive q , and 92
point charges placed in vacuum
two
at distance n from each other

→F,z
^
← • →
•
Fz ,
+
9, +92
Ñ,z→ ← Ñzi
Coulomb 's Law
In Vector
form ,
can be written as

F→oh 9,92
where
£12 =

→r÷
is a unit
=
I
^n ,,
4k to his vector in the direction from
q to 92
,
 Similarly ,
II. =
1
47L to
992
N2
22 , where
Ñz,=Ñ÷ is a unit

vector in the direction from

92 to 9 , -

unlike
The Coulomb Ian
ATTRACTIVE
forces
.
between
charges are

Permittivity is a
property of medium which dertermines the
situated in that medium
electric force between two
charges .

f-
vac
=
I 9192 Fmed = 1 9,92 -

③
4Th to ri ga C- q2
-
① where c- is absolute permittivity .

Dividing and ② ,
we
get The ratio( c- / Eo) of the
permittivity of the medium
1 % 92
f-vac * ago c-
Er Of
permittivity ( Coo)
'
= r = = to the
Fmed 9- 9192 Eo Or
free space is called relative
At C- K
rt
permittivity .
Or DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT .

For some material

K ( Vacuum ) = 1

k Cair ) = 1.00054

Kl water ) = 80

Illustration calculate coulombs

1 :
force3.2×10-15
between two ✗ -

particles separated by a distance

of
min
air .

Solution is
changetwice on
particle equivalent to
: ✗ -

the
charge of proton .

9. ✗ = + Ze
= 2 ✗ 106 ✗ 10-19
= 302 ✗ 10-19

Coulombs force ,
F = K 99
922
= 9×109 ✗ 3.2 ✗ 10-19 ✗ 3.2×10-19
15 2
3 2 ✗ 10
-

f- = 90N
?⃝
Illustration pith ball carries a
-5kg
2 : A
of mass 9×10
-

be the magnitude and

change of 5uc . What must

sign of the
chargethe on a
pith ball B held 2cm
directly above pith -
ball A , such that the
pith ball A remains stationary ?

Solution : The
pith that
ball B -

must have
charge opposite
to that
of A so the upward force of A
attraction balances ball
the
weight of pith - .

When the pith ball -

A- remains 92
B
stationary ,

f-
mpg
=

2cm
f

KA 92 ,
Mpg
=

q2 A

9,
But m .
= 9×10 -5kg ,
G
5 uc C
q, 5 ✗ 10
-

mpg
=

h = 2 cm = 0.02m

9 ✗ 10 ?
•
5 ✗ 10 92 9×10-5 ✗ 9.8
-

2
00 02

92 7- 84 ✗ 10 12C
-

= •

7- 84
qz pc
= •
.

Problem for Practice

Ques 1. The sum
of two
point charges is 7- uc They repel .

each other with a force of 1N When kept 30cm

free space Calculate the value

apart in .

of each
change
.

Ques 2 . Calculate the distance between two protons such

that the electrical repulsive force between them is equal
to the
weight of either .

Ques 3. Two point charges of charge values Q and q are placed

at a distance n and n respectively in
from a third
value
chargestraight 4g
line
,
all
Calculatechanges
being the
2 same
• the and magnitude nature
of charge Q ,
such that the net force experienced by the

charge q is
zero
.
 Ques particles each having amass of 5g onand
4° Two ,
in
charge
100×10-7 C
stay
horizontal table with
limiting equilibrium between
,
a

separation of 10cm a

them The
coefficient
.

and the table is the

of friction between
same find
each particle
. it .

The
Superposition Principle -

Force Between Multiple charges

force on
charge
any
due to a number
that
of other
charges is the
vector sum
of all the
forces on
charge due to the other

charges ,
taken at time one a .
The individual forces are
unaffected
due to the termed
presence of other charges This is as
superposition
.

principle .

Acc Coulomb 's Law exceeded

to
due to qz
,
the
force
on
charge q ,
is

f→,z= 9- 9,92 Ñiz

ATC to MI a unit
=
9- 9192 ti -
Az >
vector
• " to
tri Tal
-
Iti Tal system of
pointing from
-
-

Fiz =
1
9,92 Ñ ,
-
Ñ ,
9 , q to ,
three
charges
defo
fÑ -9213,

In the same way ,

Fiz = 1 9193 Ñ,z System of

Atto tis Multiple charges
Thus the total force F. on 9 , due to the other two
charges
and 93
92 is
given by
F, =
Fiz + Fiz = I 9192 Ñ ,, +
9- 9193 Ñ1z
AIG
RL HTC to
Miz

similarly for multiple charges

F, Fez 91%9^42 9193^9,3 nѵ ]
[
1
= +
Fiz -1 - - -
+
Fan =
1- + + 919

its rin
- - . -

gag
972
n

Ñii
%÷
F, = 9,
Hito -

E- 2

Illustration consider three

3 :
the vertices
charges g. • 92,9 ,
each

equal
side
to
q at
what is the
of on an
equilateral
Q with the triangle
of same lo force a
charge
?
sign as
q placed at the centroid the
of
triangle
 Solution placed
suppose given charges
: the are as

shown .

A
q, AI Let A- 0=130 = CO = M

Q due
120° force
charge
to
Q 120° on
q ,
,

f- 3
¥2 93 120° F- , = KQ 9 AJ
f. • Bao go
'

A- 02
-
-
-

c
B q
due to
charge
,
force on Q 92
FI = KQA '
B^D
Boz
Force on
charge Q due to 93

Is = KQ9 Io
Co2

By principle of superposition ,
the total
force on
charge Q is

F→= FT FI FJ + +

= KQ a [ AT + Bio + Io ] [ •
:
91=92--93--9 ]
q2

The
angle between each pair of unit vectors is 120°
,

so
they form a
triangle of cyclic vector .

io
•
AT + B^D + Eo 0 ?
go
=
• •

Bio 7¥ their
Again
resultant will
resultant also be zero
Ai and
I
of
do
i.

Practice
Problem
for
A -12K
Ques 1 .

should be the
Consider the
following figure . What
signbe and
magnitude
u

60
the
placed at the mid
of charge to -

point of the
remains in
side Bc so that the

charge at A equilibrium .

rq
B • C -
3sec
, •
-

3sec 20cm
?⃝
 Ques 2. Four equal point charges each 16 uc placed on the are

four side 0.2m Calculate the

corners
of a square of .

force on one
any
the
of charges
.

Ques 3. Four
charges +9 , -19 ,
-

q and q are
-

placed respectively
at the four
calculate
corners A ,
B C and D
,
ofQ a
squareatof
side a. the
force on a
charge placed the
centre the
of square .

Electric Field

Electric Field E→ due to

at a
point a
charge configuration is the
force acting on a unit
positive charge placed at that
point .

Electric field due to a

point charge q
at a
point distant Ñ
from
it
given by
is

Ecr ) = Lim F→ =
9
Ñ = 9 Ñ
% →0
To yagna At Eo 93

electric field E→ vector direction is

The is a
quantity whose same

as that of the force f→ exerted on a

positive test
charge
.

UNIT : Nc
-

-1
DIMENSION : -
MILT -3 A

Electric field due to a

point charge
consider a
point charge q placed at the
origin 0 .
we will
calculate its electric
field at distance
at a

point P a

r from it .

Imagine a test
charge % placed at
point P .

0 P
• • > f→
9 9 .

Coulomb 's Law the

Acc to
force on
charge go is
.

f→ =
1 990 I
Ate to h2

E→ F→ A
To = = 1
%
Go 4 Ito ri
 Simply magnitude of ,
Electric field is

E→ = 1 '
9
2
47 Eo qz

Note : As E ✗
11h2 .
that all
This means
points on the

spherical surface drawn around that

magnitude
chargedirection
of E is same and does not depart on the r→ of
field called
.

Such is RADIAL FIELD .

Electric field due to a

system of Point
charges
consider a
system of N
point charges
9, , 92 ,
. . . . .
, 9N having position vectors
Ñ , ,
Tra .
. . . .
.IN with respect to the
We wish to determine the
origin 0 .

electric field at point P whose

position vector is Ñ .

Electric field Er at n due to

q , at
is
h,
given by
0h '
Ñ1p
RE ,
= 9-

4k to Ñ, p

where in ,p is a unit vector in the direction from q . top .

Similarly ,
Electric field Ez at a due to 9 , at this

Ez 9- 92
=
Ñzp
ATL to
rhp
where Ñzp is a unit vector in the direction from 9, top .

the electric field

By the superposition
of
principle ,

is
E at a due to the

system charges
Ecr) =
Each ) + Each) + -
- - - + Enlr )

E (e) = 9- 91 in ,p + 9- 92 trap + - -
- - -
1- 9- An Knp
4Th to
rfp At Go rfzp 4K to rfnp
n
Ecr ) 1 %
Nip
§
=

RTC Go Hp
a. =p
 Electric field lines ( PYQ 2020,19 18,17 16,15 14.13.12 11,10 ) , , , ,

Properties in field lines start :

from positive charges and end
at
negative charges
end at
If there is . a
single charge they may
start infinity
or .

④ In a
charge free electric
field lines taken
region be to be
-

,
can

continuous curves without breaks

any
.

Iii Two
field lines can never cross each other .CH they did the
field at
point intersection will not have
direction
the
which
of
absurd
a
unique
, is .

in Electrostatic
follows from
field
the
lines do not form any closed
loops
electric
.

This
conservative nature
of field .

Illustration 4 An electron moves a distance of 6cm when

:

accelerated from rest an electric field of

by
2×10
•
Nc - •
• Calculate the time of travel .
strength
Solution : Force on e-
by the electric
field
f- =
qE
Also f- = ma
2×104
,

a = F =
EE =
I 6×10-19 ✗
•

'

31
m m
9 ✗ 10
-

0 35 ✗ 1016
-2
A = •
ms

NOW U= O
g
S =
G. 0 cm

5 = 0.06 M

As S at at
2

-112
=

1016 t2
0.06
1-2×0.35
= ✗ ✗

t = 0 •
585 ✗ 10 -8s

Illustration and
5 Two point charges q +0.2C
-_
.
,

calculate
qz = +0.4 C are
placed 0.1m
apart .

the electric
field . at

a the midpoint between the

charges and .

b
it is
a
point on the line
joining and
q qz such,
that
0.05m
away from 92 0.15m
away
from q. .

Solution : Let 0 be the midpoint between the two

charges .
A
0.2C E Ez
of ,= '
9<=0.4 C
>.<
A.
•

O B

Electric
field at 0 due to q .

KAI 9×109×0.2
E
along AO
"
,
=
=
=
7.2×10 NC - '
.

h? ( 0.0512
Eat 0 due to qz

1<92
along
"
Ez =
= 9×109×04 = 1404 ✗ 10 NC
"
Bo .

hi (0-05) 2

Net field at 0
Enet
,
=
Ez -
E ,

along
"
= 7.2 ✗ 10 Bo .

(b
9, = 0.2C 92=0.4 C %
A< 0.1m > Fga 0.05m Ip > Ez

E. at P due to q ,

Kai =9 ✗ 109
E ,
=

at ( 0.1512
✗ 0.2
acting along Ap

Fat P due to 92
9×109
kqz
acting along
0.4
Ez = = ✗
'
Ap
ri 6. 05,2

Net Electric
field at
point P is

E E, + Ez 9×109
[( 0.1512+(0*5,2)
0.2
= =

acting along
"
Enet ,p 1.52 NC
"
= ✗ 10 AP .

Illustration 6 .
A is uniformly
chargeObtain distributed over a

ring of radius a. an
expression for the
electric show
field
distances
at its
centre
like
. Hence that for
point
large it behaves
charge PYQ
a .

2016
solution :
→
dt
field along a- axis
I
☒
az
+
d- %
consider a
differential
dtcoso Element
And
length
of dq
dl

charge
>
d 1 to
j >
"
DE
DE Sino field along anis
-
y
-
 • field along n -
ants .

DE = DE cos -0

DE = k da cos -0

dye ]
Adl d
[
DE =
K '
:b -_

a2td2 fa2Td2
29 a

E =
kid '

{ all

[ ]
Caz + d 2) 312 : ✗ = Q
21T a
E; K Qd I 21T a -0
3/2
( aft d 2) 27 a

En = KQD
( 92 + d2
312

field along g-
anis

Ey =D Due to
symmetry
:O Enet = 9- Qd
41T to d2 -192 312

So , field at centre
Ec = 0 [ ÷ D= 0 ]

Problem for Practice

Ques 1 . An electron falls through a distance of 1.5cm in a

uniform electric
field of magnitude Nfc
•
2×10 .

- -
- - - - -
-

n n n Calculate the time it takes to fall

•
e- through this distance
starting from
rest .

11

+ + + + + + +

Ques 2. A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a

Q On its surface
chargeC point charge Qz is at its
A .

placed
and
centre another
charge + ZQ is
ZQ
placed at a distance n
from the
°
•

Find force
A
centre on the
charge ¥
.
and ZQ . .

Q 12
Q
Field lines due to some
simple charge configuration

Electric Dipole A
pair of equal and
opposite charges
is called
electric by
distance
separated a small an

dipole .

Dipole Moment moment of electric

dipole
dipole A is an a

vector whose
magnitude is either
charge times the
separation between the two
opposite changes and the direction
is
along the axis dipole
the to from negative positive charge .

9 2a→ +9
Dipole Moment Either charge
-

= ✗
⑥ •

axector drawn from

p→ negative
to the
positive charge .

p→ =
q ✗ 22

SI unit : -

Coulomb metre ( Crn) .

Dipole field -

Field due to electric dipole .

PYQ 2019,18
" "5
,
17 ,
"
d)
'

At an Anial Point of a dipole PYQ 2015

consider an electric dipole consisting of charge +9 and -

q
separated by distance Za
pointthe
'

and
'
a .
a P beat
distance from
or the centre of the dipole on side
of
the
charge q Then .

E→ = - a
Ñ
-

q
( r + a)
2
ATL Eco
I is
where the unit rector
along the dipole axis from C- q to
g)
 E→+q= 41T to ( r
a
-
a)
a
Ñ

: .
The total
field at P is

É Iq E?q [
9 1

2) Ñ
= + =
-
1

a) (rt a)
2
478 ( r -

E→ = 9 4 an Ñ
q2 )
2
4Th to (q2 -

For a >> a

E = 499
P
t.TL Eo q3

Lii) At an
equitorial point of a
Dipole PYQ 2017

electric
The
magnitudes
fields due to
of the
the two
charges
+
q and -

q
are
given by
E+ = 9 1

q
ATL to r2ta2

E- = 9 1
q
42 to R2 -192

and are
equal
.

The
will cancel out
components of E?qandE→+q normal to the
dipole ants
.
The components parallel to the
dipole axis
add
up
field E→eg
.

The total Electric is

opposite to p→ .

Eeg ( E+q E-
g) lose Ñ
°
• .
= -

Ñ
[ trial
2 1 oh a
; cos
= -

-0 = a

4-ktor2-qzjq-z.az

Eeg = -
1 P
§ where P=2qa ,
is the electric
moment
4 Tito
@ 2+94312 dipole .
 In >> a)
At
large distance
a
,

→
E
Y?É÷n3Ñ
= -

field
Dipole in a
Uniform Electric

consider an Electric
dipole placed
in a uniform electric
placed at an 0
angle
field
.
+a

i ÉqE→q s
a

do
Haines
✓
exerted
force on a
charge
+
q by field =
qE
E)
qE→ <
=q¥ - - -

along
-
- - -

( >
v

Force exerted on a
charge I=pxE→
q by field qE
- = -

l
opposite to F)
Hence the net
translating force on a
dipole in
uniform electric a

field is zero But . two equal and opposite forces acts at

different point of a
dipole which forms couple and exerts a
a TORQUE .

distance
TORQUE ,
I = Force ✗
perpendicular
Zasin -0
=
qE
E sin-0
=
p
= Ñ ✗ E→

Direction of vector -7 is
given by a
right hand screw
Rule .

Also maximum
to the E→
torque
i.
e. -0=900
is observed when held perpendicular
T =
pEsin90 =

pE

Illustration 7 : Two
charges -110 uc are
placed 5. oomm

apart •
Determine the electric
ants
field at
a a
point P on the the
ofthe dipole 15cm away
its side
from centre 0 on
of the
positive
charge point
, (b) a Q ,
15cm
away from 0 on a

line passing through 0 and normal to the

ants
of
the
dipole .

Solution Hehe 9- Ouc 10-5 C Nuc + lone

-

q
: = =

za 5mm 5 ✗ 10 -3m A p→
=
B
=
 h = 15 cm = 15 ✗ 10 -2m

(a) field at axial point ,

E→ = 2P→- = 29 2A
3
4 a- to g. 471 to q3
E→ 9×109 ✗ 2×10-5 ✗ 5 ✗ 10-3
§B
=

3
( 15 ✗ 10 -

2)
Q
→E = 2.66 ✗ 105 NC
"

, along AB
< •

lb field at eqwitorial point

EI
,

E→ = P = 9 ✗ Za

47 to g.
3
47 to G. 3

A B
= 9 ✗ 109×10-5×5 ✗ 10-3
-
IOMC 1- IOUC
3
15 ✗ 10-2

IQ =
1.33 ✗ 105 NC -1
, along BA→

Problem for Practice

Ques a- . An electric
dipole of dipole moment 4×10 -5cm is

placed in uniform electric

field of 10 -3N c-
making
•
a an

angle of 300exerted with direction Determine

the
the electric
of the
field .

the
torque
by field on the
dipole .

60° with
Ques 2 .
An electric
dipole is placed at 4×105angle of an

an electric
field of Nmmagnitude Nc -1
.
It
experiences
torque of the
a 853 the the.

4- length
either of
dipole is 4cm ,

determine
dipole .
magnitude of charge of the

Quests .
Calculate the
and
field due to an electric dipole of length
10cm
consisting of charges of I 100sec at a
point
20cm from each

continuous
charge distribution
It is distribution line
charge
volume in
over a
,
area or even

over a
distribution
a
region in
is called
continuous manner
continuous
a
.

Such a
charge
distribution .
charge
 distributions
Different types of continuous
charge .

(a) Volume
charge density
charge distribution spread over a three dimension
volume
contained
or
any region
11 of space The
.

charged
this
per unit volume
is volume
at
any point inside
region charge density .

5 = dq SI unit :
-

Cm-3
☒

(b) Surface charge density

charge distribution spread over a two dimensional
surface 's
charged contained
'

in The unit area

space .

inside this
per
is
at
any point region surface charge
density .

dada
2
SI unit : Crn -
-

r =

(c) Line charge density

chargedimensional spread
distribution over line
along a or a

one in
space The line
curve
charge
.
-

this line
density at
any pointthe line the
charge
on
per as

unit
length of .

D= da SI unit :
-
Cm -1
DT

Electric Flux
total electric line
It the measure
of the number
of that
of force passing normally through area .

inclination E→ and
Flux
depends on the 0 between

surface vector in .

Ole =
Normal
component of E X
surface Area

E
=
EW so ✗ AS =E→ At .

Nm 11m
'
SI unit :
-

or
 Gauss Theorem gives relationship between total
enclosed within the
fuse
and
charge
surface .

PYQ 2019 ,
18,17 16,14
,

"

It states that the total a closed

flier through surface
is times the net enclosed closed
÷ "
charge by
the

surface .

Mathematically , 10€ =

§sE→ .
ds→ =

¥
Hoof Consider a
sphere of radius n' and change
'
-
a

of at its centre
The
flux through an area element As is

DOE =
E. AS = 9
Ñ AS
Eora At
As the area element ds and i have the same direction

: .
A = 9 Ds E. 0=00 ,
cos 0=1]
4K C-ort
The total flux through the
sphere is obtained
elements
by adding up flux
through all the area
different
Total fuse through surface is

⑨E =
§
,
dote = E- Is =
E
§ IS
E ✗ Total
= area
of sphere
= 9- A 4 TC of
41T€ 922

$E = a

C-o

Important points :-

•
gauss Law is true for any closed surface ,
no matter what its
size
shape or .

enclosed
the
by the
The term 'q is the of all charges
'
• sum

surface
electric irrespective of is due to all the its location .

The
field charges ( inside +
•

outside 1 but
charge is only which lies inside the
sphere .

• The surface choose for the application of Gauss's n Law is

called the Gaussian surface .

•
Gauss 's Law is based on the inverse square law .
Applications of Gauss 's Law

C- ) Field due to an
infinitely long straight PYQ 2017

wire with uniform charge

Consider an
infinitely
draw
straight
density d
,
cylindrical
a

around
Gaussian surface of
radius er and
length l it .

in
$ §E?ds→
☒→E→
=

= f
s,
Eds , Cos 0+5 Edsslos 90° -1 sa
Sz

f Edszcos 90°

%
53

=
Efds .
-10+0 ,

= Ex area
of the curved surface
0E= EX 211hL -

①
←☒µ ,

Also
01=4 1¥ ② r
-
= n
,

Equating ⑦ and ②

E- = ✗
27L C-or
>

(2) Field due to uniformly charged Plane sheet PYQ 2017

Consider
infinite
an plane sheet with uniform charge density
cylindrical
'
draw Gaussian surface of
'
r a

length 2n shown as .

⑨ =§E?ds→E 0

/ E→ ds =

I
.

,
+
fE→ dsztfE.dz
2
-

3
Area of rectangle ( ABCD) -

ny

=
/ Eds.co SO +
f Edsa Cosa in

E- it N
'
•
B
☒ A ,

ñ←☒ '

E§ds
•

OE = + E§ds 2
,
''
•

OE = E. Zny -
①
 Also , know from Law
we
gauss
②
%T
-

=
E

Equating ① and ②

9
E. hny r÷
= =

ET

E = r

28

(3) Field due to

lPYQ2Ñ
a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell
Consider a
uniformly charged
with uniform
spherical
draw
shell
of radius or

chargeridensity ,
a
spherical gaussian
surface of radius
'
.

( % Field outside the shell In > R )

consider the Gaussian surface at a
distance ( r ) from centre outside the
sphere
Acc Law Also
to
Gauss
.

0 ¥
=

0=0 Éodscoso
.

= E § ds = & ATL R2
= EX 4 TL U2 Go
-

① -

Equating ① and ② .

E far 2 = 04Th RZ
Go

E=%r÷ .

R
At
surface
°

• . a-

'

E
÷
=
Cii) Field inside the shell Crc R)

consider the Gaussian surface inside

the
sphere know .

As we ,

E- ✗ At r2 = A

Io
enclosed in this
chargedsurface is 0
Gaussian
Io E = 0

Illustrations
are En =
Anita
: The electric
, Ey =Ez=0 ,
field
in
components
which a =
800
in
Nfc
figure
m2 .

cube and Iii )

Calculate d)
within
the
the
fun
cube
Ole through
Assume
the
side 0.1m
the

charge
. = .

it
F '
>
f- 2
>
n

f- l
> E→
<

3 u

f- - > f- 5
6 ar > ✗

' l e
e ke ,
>

L
Z p fy l

Solution
i. e. No
: Electric
E- in
field Y and 2
is
acting along
direction
direction ✗ -

.
only
% For non -

parallel face F. f- z.r-z.fi ,

the
angle between
E→ and DJ is 90° .

So flux those faces is zero

through
.

I =ÉDs→ = Eds cos 90 = 0

The magnitude of the electric field at the

left face is
'
" 't '
E
,
= an = a e [ a. =L at the
left face]
Flux ,
$ ,
=
ET . DI = E Lds Cosa
=
EL 12 Cos 180° = -
E 12
,

The
magnitude of the electric
field at the
right face is

n' 12
' 12
ER = a = a 2d 2 = 21
 flung for =
ER DS cos 00 =
ER 12
Net then through the cube

⑨E =
OIL +
OR
=
ER 12 -
E , 12

[ 12 elk
'"
= 12 ER Ee -
=
all -

l ]
= Alik [ 52 - I ]

= 800 ( 0.11512 [ Jz -
I ]
⑨E = I •
05 Nm
'
C-I

total inside the cube is

2
By Gauss theorem ,
the
charge
of =
Eo E =
1 1^05
4*9×109

of =
9. 27 ✗ 10
-12
C

Illustration 9 : A
spherical Gaussian surface
c.li calculate the
encloses a

charge of ) electric flue

•
8.85 10
-

✗
the surface ( %) the radius
passing through is doubled
•

would
If of
the
Gassian surface ,
how the fun
change ?
Solution : 47 From Gauss theorem ,

= 9
E
Go
8
=
8.8 5 ✗ 10
-

C
-12 -2
8° 85 ✗ 10 (
2
N -1m

QE = 104 N m2 C-
1

enclosed in
( ii ) 104 Nmt because the
charge the
'
OE =
c- ,

same as in the case (F) .

Illustration
of chargesSt is
dipole
no : consists An electric
1=2×10 -8C separated by line distance of 2mm 4×10
.
a .

"

placed long charge of density

•
near a cm -

as shown such that

,

line
the
negative charge
Calculate
is at distance a

2cm from the

of on
the
force acting
charge
.

the dipole .
 due
Solution : Electric
field to a +

line
charge distance
at t
n

from it ,
t

+ +
oh
E = 1 2d + - - - - - -
it
z " >
47 to th t 2cm 2mm
1-

Force exerted
by this field on +

charge
+
of +

f- =
qE = K 29 X
r

force exerted on
negative charge a- 0.02m ) ,

F, = 9×109 ✗ 2×2×10-8 ✗ A ✗ 10-4 N

0.02
line
= 7.2 N
acting towards the
charge
force exerted on positive charge r= 202×10 -2m

A
f- 9×109 ✗ 2×2×10-8
-

= ✗ I ✗ 10
2
2
202 ✗ 10
-

6.5N line
charge
the
acting away from
=

Net force on
dipole ,

f- = f- ,
-
Fz = 7- • 2 - 6 •
5

f- = 0.7N ,
acting towards the line
charge .

Problem for Practice

radius
Ques % .
A
'
spherical conductor
distributed of 12cm
its surface
has a

charge
What is
of
1. 6 ✗ to C uniformly
-

over .

the electric Iii ) outside

field at (ie ) inside the sphere .

just
the
sphere a
point 18cm from the Centre
of the
sphere ?
Ques a. A particle of mass 5×10
density
-6g is
kept over a
Whatlarge
horizontal
should
sheet
of charge to 4×10-0 Cma
particle so that
if
.

charge
released ,
it does
be
not
given
fall
this
down .
How
many electrons
,

should removed this ?

give charge
be to