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Tutor Inggris Blok5
Tutor Inggris Blok5
Ratna and Galih, a couple who had just been married for 5 months and were very
eager for the presence of a baby. Out of curiosity as to why he wasn't pregnant, the couple
took the initiative to the obstetrician for a consultation. From the history the menarch Ratna
obtained information at the age of 11 years, the menstrual cycle is regular. Data on bimanual
VT Gynecology were obtained: vaginal, urethral vulva within normal limits. Cavum uteri is
as big as chicken eggs, anteflexion, sufficient mobility. Portio is felt as big as a big toe,
chewy consistency, slippery surface, portio (-) shake pain. Adnexa parametrium was not
obtained by the masses. Fluxus / fluor (-). The doctor gave advice and hoped Ratna and Galih
could be patient looking forward to the baby.
Intern Organ:
- Ovary
The ovary is a reproductive tool that, after adulthood, produces an ovum and as an
estrogen and progesterone endocrine gland.
- vagina
The vagina is a connector between the introitus and the uterus. The inner shape of the
vagina is multiplied by the rugae. This fold allows the vagina to deliver according to its
function as the soft part of the birth canal.
- Uterus
Advocate or pear-shaped slightly squashed towards the backward. Here later there
will be an endometrial layer which will experience thickening and decay.
- Fallopian tube
External organs:
- Vulva
- Mons pubis
- Labia mayora
- Labia minora
- Clitoris
- Vestibule
- Vaginal Introitus
- Perineum
1. Oogenesis
2. Ovulation process
• If there are structures or parts that are abnormal or damaged, it can cause sterility
4. Genetic abnormalities
5. Hormones
• The balance of production from sex hormone circulation or breeding in the blood is
an important factor in the problem of a person's fertility / sterility
Pregnancy factors:
1. Frequency of sperm
Opportunities for sperm entering the ovum are only small around 4-5 days before the
ovulation period. Ovulation periods can shift due to many factors such as stress and excessive
exercise.
2. Menstrual cycle
Generally the menstrual cycle occurs in 21 to 35 days. Irregular menstrual cycles will
make it difficult to calculate the fertile period.
Pregnant at the age of 35 years and above. At this age the function of the uterus and
the quality of the egg also has decreased due to the aging process.
4. Health of a partner
Chronic illness that a partner has can affect the chances of getting pregnant.
Ovum will stay alive and be able to be fertilized after being removed from the
ovary probably for no more than 24 hours. Therefore, sperm must be available
immediately as soon as ovulation occurs for fertilization to occur. Some sperm can
live for 5 days in the female reproductive tract. Therefore, for fertilization to occur,
sex must take place at one time between 4-5 days before ovulation until several hours
after ovulation. So the period of women's fertility is short for 4-5 days.
3. Signs of pregnancy
Exact signs:
The pregnancy process begins at the time of conception (conception), before conception
occurs there are things that happen to the woman's body, namely:
1. Ovulation
Ovulation occurs when the egg (ovum) comes out of its nest (ovary = ovary),
where in the ovary there are sacs (follicles) that contain fluid and egg cells, when a
follicle ripens then it breaks out and the egg cell it's in it earlier. This ovulation
normally occurs every month according to the menstrual cycle and the average occurs
about two weeks before the next menstrual period (cycle).
2. Increase in Hormones
After the egg leaves the follicle, the follicle develops into something called the corpus
luteum. The Corpus Luteum releases hormones that help thicken the uterine lining, to prepare
for the pregnancy process.
After the egg is released, it moves into the fallopian tube. The egg stays there
for about 24 hours, waiting for the sperm cells to fertilize. All this happens, on
average about two weeks after the first day of the last menstruation or this period is
also called the fertile period.
Eggs have only 12 to 24 hours while sperm can last for about 72 hours on the
female reproductive tract. Therefore, it was concluded that the woman's fertile period
was 4 days, ie the 12th - 16th day was calculated from the first day of menstruation.
If there is no incoming sperm to fertilize the egg, the pregnancy process does
not occur and the egg will move towards the uterus (uterus) and then disintegrate.
Hormone levels produced by the corpus luteum returned to normal so that the
thickened lining of the uterus became shed, this is what is called menstruation or
menstruation.
5. Fertilization (fertilization)
If one of the sperm cells enters the fallopian tube and meets the waiting egg,
fertilization takes place, the pregnancy begins here. The egg will change itself so that
no other sperm can enter (fertilize).
At conception, the baby's genes and their sex were determined at that time. If
it fertilizes a Y chromosome, then it becomes a boy. If you fertilize an X
chromosome, then you become a girl.
The fertilized egg (zygote) remains in the Fallopian tube for about three to
four days, but within 24 hours of fertilization, the zygote begins to divide (the zygote
that has been split is called an embryo) very quickly into many cells. The embryo
continues to divide when it moves slowly through the fallopian tube to the uterus.
When the uterus of the embryo will stick and is embedded in the wall of the uterus
that has thickened (fertile land), this is called implantation (planting).
Some women experience spotting or small spots of bleeding for one or two
days around the time of implantation. The lining of the uterus gets thicker and the
cervix is sealed by a mucus plug until the baby is born.
In the first week, a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can
be found in the blood. This hormone is made by cells that eventually become the
placenta. This beta-hCG hormone is detected in a test pack or pregnancy test.
5. EXAMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Trimester 1
Op Leopold 1 check:
Op Leopold 2 check:
Op Leopold 3 check:
Feeling the part of the fetus that is on top of the symphysis, while the other hand for uterine
fundus fixation.
Assess if the hip can still be shaken: the head of the fetus has not entered the PAP
If the pelvis cannot be shaken: the head of the fetus has entered the PAP
Op Leopold 4 check:
Requirements: more than 36 weeks' gestation, the head of the fetus has not entered the PAP
Pelvic sidewall
"God belongs to the kingdom of heaven and earth, He created what He willed,
He gave the daughters to whom He wanted and gave the sons to whom He wanted, or
He bestowed both types of men and women (to whom He wants), and He makes
barren whom He wants. Lo! He is Knower, almighty." (Surat ash-Shura verses 49-
50)
“We command the people to do good to their two mothers, their mothers carry
it with difficulty, and give birth with difficulty (too). Containing it until weaning is
thirty months “... (Surah al-Ahqaf: 15)
Skenario 2
Ratna dan Galih, sepasang suami istri yang baru saja menikah selama 5bulan dan
sangat mendamba hadirnya buah hati. Karena penasaran mengapa belum juga hamil, maka
pasangan tersebut berinisiatif ke dokter kandungan untuk konsultasi. Dari anamnesis
didapatkan informasi menarch Ratna saat umur 11 tahun, siklus haid teratur. Pada
Pemeriksaan Ginekologi VT bimanual didapatkan data : vagina, vulva uretra dalam batas
normal. Cavum uteri sebesar telur ayam, antefleksi, mobilitas cukup. Portio teraba sebesar
jempol kaki, konsistensi kenyal, permukaan licin, nyeri goyang portio (-). Adnexa
parametrium tidak didapatkan massa. Fluxus/fluor (-). Dokter memberikan advice dan
berharap Ratna dan Galih bisa bersabar menantikan buah hati.
Organ eksterna :
- Vulva
- Mons pubis
- Labia mayora
- Labia minora
- Klitoris
- Vestibulum
- Introitus Vagina
- Perineum
4. Kesehatan pasangan
Penyakit kronis yang diidap seorang pasangan dapat mempengaruhi peluang
hamil.
Ovum akan tetap hidup dan mampu dibuahi sesudah dikeluarkan dari ovarium
kemungkinan selama tidak lebih dari 24 jam. Oleh karena itu, sperma harus tersedia
segera sesuda ovulasi agar terjadi pembuahan . Beberapa sperma dapat hidup selama 5
hari didalam saluran reproduksi wanita. Oleh karena itu, agar terjadi pembuahan ,
hubungan seks harus dilangsungkan pada satu waktu antara 4-5 hari sebelum ovulasi
sampai beberapa jam setelah ovulasi. Jadi periode kesuburan perempuan berlangung
singkat selama 4-5 hari.
3. Tanda-tanda kehamilan
Tanda tanda pasti
1. Denyut jantung janin
2. Gambaran sonogram janin
3. Gerakan janin
4. Kontraksi Braxton hick
Tanda tanda tidak pasti kehamilan
1. Ovulasi
2. Kenaikan Hormon
Jika tidak ada sperma yang masuk untuk membuahi sel telur,
maka tidak terjadi proses kehamilan dan sel telur akan bergerak
menuju rahim (uterus) kemudian hancur. Kadar hormon yang
dihasilkan korpus luteum tadi kembali normal sehingga lapisan rahim
yang menebal tadi menjadi luruh, inilah yang disebut dengan
menstruasi atau haid.
5. Fertilisasi (pembuahan)
Jika salah satu sel sperma masuk ke tuba fallopi dan bertemu
sel telur yang telah menanti, maka terjadilah fertilisasi (pembuahan),
proses kehamilan dimulai dari sini. Sel telur akan mengubah dirinya
sehingga tidak ada sperma lain bisa masuk (membuahi).
6. Implantasi
4. PEMERIKSAAN KEHAMILAN
Trimester 1
- Tanda vital : Tekanan darah, RR, suhu, nadi
- Tinggi badan (TB) dan Berat badan (BB)
- Wajah pucat/ikterik
- Kloasma gravidarum : malesma atau bercak coklat di muka
- Mulut/lidah kotor
- Gingitivis sampai terjadi epulis; gingitivis adalah jenis penyakit gusi yang
menyebabkan iritasi, kemerahan dan pembengkakan pada gusi.
- Hiperpigmentasi : kondisi kulit dimana area tertentu lenih gelap
- Hipertiroid
- Pada payudara terdapat pembuluh darah prominen
- Hiperpigmentasi aerola mamma
- Abdomen : apakah perut membasr? Striae gravidarum; adalah garis garis
hitam pada permukaan perut
- Ekstremitas : apakah ada varises? Apakah ada edema?
- Tanda chadwick
- Tanda hegar
- Tanda piscaseck
- Pemeriksaan vulva/perineum
- Pemeriksaan untuk menilai adanya hemoroid
- Pemeriksaan laboratorium : kadar Hb, protein urin, dan glukosa urin
Trimester 2
Pemeriksaan leopold 1:
Menentukan tinggi fundus uteri
Menentukan bagian janin yang berada pada funds uteri
Jika bulat, keras, ada balotemet : kepala
Jika bulat, besar, lunak, tidak ada balotemet : pantat
Pemeriksaan leopold 2 :
Meraba bagian kanan kiri uterus
Menentukan jika teraba tahanan memanjang : punggung
Jika teraba bagian bagian kecil : ekstremitas
Menilai DJJ (Denyut Jantung Janin) dengan laenec atau doppler
Pemeriksaan leopold 3 :
Meraba bagian janin yang berada pada diatas symphysis, sementara tangan yang
lain untuk fiksasi fundus uteri.
Menentukan jika teraba bulat keras ada balotement : kepala
Menilai jika panggul masih bisa digoyangkan : kepala janin belum masuk PAP
Jika panggul tidak bias digoyangkan : kepala janin sudah masuk PAP
Pemeriksaan leopold 4 :
Pemeriksaan dilakukan apabila pada leopold 3 yang teraba adalah kepala janin
Menentukan posisi kepala janin terhadap PAP
Konvergen : kepala janinn belum masuk PAP
Sejajar : kepala janin sedikit masuk PAP
Divergen : kepala janin sebagian tekah masuk PAP
َ ان بِ َوالِ َد ْي ِه ِإحْ َسانًا َح َملَ ْتهُ ُأ ُّمهُ ُكرْ هًا َو َو
ُض َع ْتهُ ُكرْ هًا َو َح ْملُه َ ص ْينَا اِإْل ْن َس
َّ َو َو
َ ُصالُهُ ثَاَل ث
ون َش ْهرًا َ َِوف
Kami perintahkan kepada manusia supaya berbuat baik kepada dua orang ibu
bapaknya, ibunya mengandungnya dengan susah payah, dan melahirkannya dengan
susah payah (pula). Mengandungnya sampai menyapihnya adalah tiga puluh bulan
… (QS. al-Ahqaf: 15)