LTE

FUNDAMENTALS

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Agenda
LTE Fundamentals
› LTE Architecture & Terminology
› Radio interface
› LTE Mobility
› LTE Carrier Aggregation
› LTE cell Identity and Measurement reports

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE Architecture
and Terminology
LTE Architecture and
Terminology

EPS

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Radio Interface
Key LTE Radio Access
Features
LTE radio access
OFDMA
Downlink: OFDMA
Uplink: SC-FDMA SC-FDMA

Advanced antenna solutions

Diversity
Beam-forming TX TX

Multi-layer transmission (MIMO)

Spectrum flexibility
Flexible bandwidth
New and existing bands 1.4 MHz 20 MHz
Duplex flexibility: FDD and TDD

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE Radio Access –
Downlink
OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

› Large number of 15 kHz sub carriers

› Orthogonal: Other carriers zero at sampling point

f = 15 kHz

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE Radio Access – Uplink
SC-FDMA – Single Carrier FDMA (DFTS-OFDM)

› Pre-coded OFDM
› Similar to OFDM
– 15 kHz tones BUT consecutive
– Same time-domain structure
› Low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE Physical Resources
One Scheduling Block
(2 Resource Blocks)
180 kHz and 1 ms

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Link Adaptation
New L16A:
Modulation scheme
-256QAM in DL
-64QAM in UL
› Time Domain (/user)
QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
OFDM
– Modulation scheme symbol 2bits 4bits 6bits

– Channel coding
Channel coding

Data Control Data Control

All this is done per user and 1ms TTI (Transmission Time Interval) and
based on channel conditions in time and frequency.

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE - FDD

SC-FDMA User 1
User 2
User 3

frequency

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LTE - TDD

Subframe 1ms = 14
OFDM symbols long

GP

Special subframe

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE – FDD vs TDD

Advantages Disadvantages

- Simultaneous and continuous UL - Fixed channel allocation

FDD and DL transmission - Guard band
- Immunity to system interference - Higher HW cost (separate
receiver and transmitter)

- Interference problem
- Flexible bandwidth allocation for
- Guard intervals between
TDD UL and DL
DL and UL frames (2% less
- Less HW cost
efficiency)

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Multi-Antenna
Transmission
Radio channel Radio channel

MISO (Multiple In Single Out) Terminal eNodeB SIMO (Single In Multiple Out) Terminal
eNodeB
Beamforming device Receive diversity device
Transmit diversity

Radio channel
Radio channel

eNodeB MIMO 2x2 (Multiple In Multiple Out) Terminal

device eNodeB MIMO 4x4 (rank 4 downlink Terminal
All the above + Spatial multiplexing
transmission, doubled peak rates of device
(MIMO)
2x2 MIMO
LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15
Multi-Antenna
Transmission
LTE implementation

› One, two, or four antenna ports

› Multiple time-frequency grids
› Reference signals for identification

Frequency

Time

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Spectrum Flexibility

› New and existing bands

› FDD and TDD
› Flexible bandwidth

1.4 MHz: 6 Scheduling Blocks

20 MHz: 100 Scheduling Blocks

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE DL Peak Rate
20 MHz and 4x4 MIMO AND 64 QAM

14 OFDM symbols per 1.0 ms subframe

64QAM = 6 bits per symbol
6 x 14 = 84 bits per 1.0 ms subframe

84bits/1.0ms = 84kbps per subcarrier

12 x 84kbps = 1.008Mbps per Scheduling Block
100 Scheduling Blocks in 20MHz
100 x 1.008Mbps = 100.8Mbps per antenna

4 x 4 MIMO: 403.2Mbps !

BUT in reality approx. 300Mbps

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE Mobility
LTE UE States
Power-up

› 3 UE states (5 in WCDMA)
DETACHED
– Detached
– Connected
– Idle Register
De-register

CONNECTED

Inactive Traffic

IDLE

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Lte mobility
› RRC_Connected mode mobility › RRC_Idle mode mobility
– Intra-LTE Handover – Cell Reselection
› Intra-eNodeB
› Inter-eNodeB
– Inter-frequency LTE Handover
– Inter-RAT Mobility

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Idle Mode Mobility
Area Concept TA list 1
-TA1
-TA2
› 1 area (3 in WCDMA) -TA3

– Tracking area, TA MME

TA2

TA1

TA4
TA3

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Idle Mode Mobility
Area Concept
TA list 1 TA list 2
-TA1 -TA2
-TA2 -TA3
› 1 area (3 in WCDMA) -TA3 -TA4

– Tracking area, TA MME

TA2

TA Update
TA1 TA Update
confirm

TA4
TA3

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Connected State
Mobility – Intra LTE
Handover
• X2 HO
• S1 HO
CN • IF HO

S1 S1

X2

L1800 L1800 L900

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Connected State - IRAT
Mobility (Session Continuity )
LTE GERAN

WCDMA

CDMA

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

CS Fallback - Concept
› Subscribers roaming with preference on LTE access, no CS-voice
service available (i.e. IMS is not used as voice engine)

› Fallback triggered to overlapping CS domain (2G/3G) whenever voice

service is requested

› Resumed LTE access for PS services after call completion

(cell reselection)
LTE island

PS PS

LTE
LTE LTE
CS (+PS)
LTE
GERAN/UTRAN

LTE RAN carries only ‘best effort’ traffic

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15
 CS Fallback
2. CS domain updated of subscribers
whereabouts through CS signaling over
MME-MSC

1. Subscriber registered in
MSC but roam in LTE CS signaling
Packet Core

LTE RAN

MME SAE Gw
4. Page over
CSFB SGSN GGSN
SGs-interface
Terminal
MSS
GSM / WCDMA RAN

RC

5. RAN triggers an CSFB M-MGw MSC-S

release with Terminal IM-MGw MGCF

MRFP
redirect
3. Incoming call to
payload
subscriber in LTE
6. Page response
and call setup over
2G/3G radio
LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15
IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS)
› No CS core in LTE – PS core only

› IMS bridges the gap between the circuit switched domain and the
packet switched domain (LTE) with VoIP service provided by MMTel
application

2G / 3G
CS Core

IMS
VoIP With MMTel

EPC
PS Core
LTE

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Single Radio Voice Call
Continuity (SRVCC)
› SRVCC is used when active UEs move into an area with no LTE
coverage (Only used in LTE with IMS)

› Enables call continuity between IMS over PS access and CS access

for calls that are anchored in IMS

LTE island
CS (ICS) or classic CS
voice (MSC based
PS (IMS) services)

LTE
LTE

LTE
GSM/WCDMA

Service continuity in CS access

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15
LTE carrier
Aggregation
Carrier Aggregation
PCell SCell … SCell
› Data transmission on several
carriers to a single UE
– Primary Cell (PCell) and Secondary
Cells (SCell).

› Dynamic activation Data demand

– Activation and deactivation on a need
basis
– Data demand and channel quality

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

LTE cell Identity
and Measurement
reports
Physical Cell Identity
› The Physical Cell Identity (PCI) is a very important/essential radio
parameter to be configured in a cell. It identifies the cell in cell search
and mobility functions (such as cell reselection and handover)
› There are 504 PCIs in total.
› PCI is divided into two parts:

– physicalLayerCellIdGroup: There are 168 Cell Identity Groups from 0 to 167

– physicalLayerSubCellId: There are 3 Cell Identities per Group

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Synchronization
signals
In LTE, there are two downlink synchronization signals which are used
by the UE to obtain the cell identity and frame timing:

› Primary synchronization signal (PSS):

– Detection of carrier frequency
– Detection of SS symbol timing
– Identification of cell Identity (NID,2= 0, 1,2)

› Secondary synchronization signal (SSS)

– Detection of radio frame timing
– Identification of cell Identity group (NID,1= 0, … ,167) => PCI
– Detection of MIMO
After decoding the PSS and SSS, it is possible to read system info and
Reference Signals.

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Synchronization
signals
› Location of synchronization signal differs between FDD and TDD

› Relative to reference signals and physical broadcast channel

› UE detects FDD/TDD using the below:

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Downlink reference
signals- MIMO

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

RSRP - RSRQ
› RSRP - Reference Signal Received Power:
The average received power over the resource elements in each frame that carries the
cell-specific reference signals.
This measure is used in both RRC_CONNECTED and idle modes, notably for cell
selection, reselection, and Handover.
Range: -140dBm to -44dBm

› RSRQ - Reference Signal Received Quality:

RSRQ= Nrb * (RSRP/RSSI)
where Nrb is the number of resource blocks in the system bandwidth.
RSSI is the Received Signal Strength Indicator
RSRQ is used only in RRC_CONNECTED mode, along with RSRP for functions such
as handover.
Range: -19.5 dB to -3 dB

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Received Signal
Strength Indicator
(RSSI)
RSSI is the average total received power in all subcarriers over the
system bandwidth. It is measured only in Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols containing reference symbols. It includes
the power from co-channel serving and non-serving cells (inter-cell
interference), adjacent channel interference, and thermal noise.

LTE Fundamentals
© Ericsson AB 2009| |2016-02-15
Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI)

CQI (Channel Quality Indicator): As the name implies, it indicates the DL

Channel quality as experienced by the UE.

64QAM capable 256QAM capable

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15
Moblity
Measurements
RSRP –Reference Signal Received Power
RSRQ –Reference Signal Received Quality

RSRP

RSRQ

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Measurement Report
- LTE Events Intra and Inter frequency

(Leaving condition)

(Inter-frequency, IRAT)

(Intra-frequency)

(Inter-frequency load balancing)

(Inter-frequency)

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

Measurement
- LTE Events IRAT frequency
Report

(IRAT)

(IRAT)

LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15

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LTE Fundamentals | 2016-02-15