Gravitation: Chapter - 00

Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23 M SPECIAL PHYSICS (ONLINE) -2023
CHAPTER - 00
GRAVITATION
Universal law of Gravitation /Newton’s law of Gravitation

Every body in the universe attract each other with a force which is directly proportional to product of
masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them
Newton’s law possible for point masses or spherical symmetry
1
F m1m 2 F
r2 G  Universa l g ravitational cons tan t
m1m 2  6.67  1011 Nm 2 / Kg 2
F
r2  6.67  108 dyne cm 2 / g 2
Gm1m 2
F   M 1L3T 2 
r2
Fr 2
G , if r = 1, m1 = 1, m2 = 1, then G = F
m1m 2
It is the gravitational force, between 2 unit masses, separated by a unit distance.
Characteristic Properties of Gravitational Force
* Always attractive
* Weakest force in the universe
* Long-range force
* Central force  force acts along the line joining the centres of interacting bodies
* Conservative force  work done by gravitational force is independent of the path or dependent only
on initial and final positions
1
* forms action, reaction pairs

* Independent of the intervening medium
(sheilding  gravitations not possible)
* Independent of the presence of other masses
Vector Notation
F12  Force on m1 due to m2
r21  From m2 to m1
 Gm1m 2
F12  rˆ21
r2
–ve sign indicate attraction
F21 = Force on m2 due to m

r12 = from 1 to 2
 Gm1m 2
F21  rˆ12
r2
r12   r21
F12   F21
Principle of Superposition
2
Principle of superposition says that force exerted by a particle or other particle in same.
    
Fnet  F01  F02  F03.......  Fon , if there are n masses
Force on a point mass due to a shell, of uniform density and uniform thickness
Case I :
The point mass is outside the shell.
GMm
F
r2
Case II : Point mass is inside the shell
In this case also, net force = 0

The particle is situated close to the top side, so the magnitude of force experienced will be more, but
it is compensated, as more particles are situated in the bottom portion.
 net force = 0
Force on a point mass due to a sphere, of uniform density
GMm
r  R(outside) F 
r2
GMm
r  R(surface) F 
R2
3
GMm
r  R(inside) F  r
R3
r = 0 (centre) F = 0
Note :
If equal masses are distributed symmetrically on the vertices of any regular polygon, the net force
(gravitational force / field) acting at the geometrical centre will be zero.
Acceleration due to gravity
Gravity on a Body
Force with which the planets attracts the body
Wt. of a body
The force with which the earth attracts the body
Weight  Gravity
GMm
mg 
R2
GM
g 2
R
“Independent of mass of the object”

Variation of Acceleration due to Gravity
* Variation due to earth’s shape
* Variation due to height
* Variation due to depth
* Variation due to earth’s rotation
Variation due to earth’s shape
Earth is not a perfect sphere. Its a big flattered at the poles and bulged at the equator. This shape is
known as geoid.
4
GM 1
g 2
or g  2
R R
gp  ge
Variation due to height
Gm
gh  2
...........(2)
R  h
GM
g ...........(1)
R2
2 gh R2
 
1 g  R  h 2
2
 R 
gh  g  
R  h
 
 
1
gh  g  
  R  h 2 
  
 R  
 
 
1
gh  g  
  h 2 
 1   
 R  
2
 h
= g 1  
 R
If h < < < R, the higher power of h/R can be neglected
5
 2h 
g h  g 1  
 R
Fractional Change in g
2h
gh  g  g
R
2h
 g  g  gh
R
2h g  g h
  Fractional change in g OR Fractional decrease OR
R g
2h 100 g  g h
 100%
R g
3) Variation due to depth
Assume, the earth to be a perfect sphere of radius R and uniform density 
GM G 4
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth = 2
 2   R 3
R R 3
Acceleration due to gravity at a depth d from the surface of earth
GM1 G 4 3
gd  2
 2
    R  d  .............(2)
R  d R  d 3
gd R  d r g
 as R  d  r   d
g R R g
gd d r
 1 g  gd
g R R
6
 d
g d  g 1  
 R
At the centre, r = 0
gd = 0
* Relation between gd & gh

If gd = gh
 d  2h 
g  1    g 1   here, we have taken h < < < R
 R  R 
d  2h
Variation due to rotation / latitude
Consider a mass ‘m’ situated on the surface of earth. Let  be the latitude at the place.
Due to earth’s rotation, the masses executing circular motion of radius ‘r’
7
Centrifugal force acting on the mass is radially outward. The apparent wt. of the mass,
mg '  mg  mR2 cos 2 
r
g '  g  R2 cos 2  cos  
R
r  cos R
At equator,   0
 Effect of rotation is max imum
g '  g  R2 
At the poles,   90o
g'  g
At the poles, there is no effect of rotation
If speed  , g '  g  R  2  value will be less so, wt. will be less

Gravitational field
It is a space around a mass upto which its gravitational force can be experienced
# Strength of the field varies from place to place
# To express the field strength at a point, we use a quantity called gravitational field intensity

Gravitational Field Intensity  I 

 F
I   N   LT 2 
m kg
It is the force experienced by unit mass
Gravitational field intensity at a point is the force experienced by a unit mass at a point
A point mass ‘m’ is placed at a point ‘p’ which is at a distance ‘r’ from the centre of mass ‘M’. Force
exerted by M as ‘m’
GMm
F towards M
r2
The gravitational field intensity at the point, P
F GM
I  2
m r
I=g
8
Special cases
I gravitational field intensity due to a shell.
GM
a) r  R I  rI
r2
b) r  R Finside  0 I  0
GM
c) r = R I  max  R  I 
R2
III Gravitational field due to solid sphere
rR rR rR

a) I  GM b) I  GM  max c) I  GM  r
r2 R2 R3
from c) I  r
At the centre r = 0, I = 0 (Min)
9
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
W T
Potential = V     L2 T 2 
m kg
It is the work done to bring a unit mass from infinity to a point. This work done is the gravitational
potential of that point
Consider a mass ‘M’ the potential of it at a distance ‘r’ from its centre
The work done in moving a unit mass through a distance dx
dW  F  dx (unit mass = 1)
GM  1
dW   dx
r2
Then, the
Total work done in bringing it from infinity to P
r r
1  GM  GM GM
 GM  2 dx   = 

x  x   r 
GM
W V
r
Gravitational Potential due to a shell
10
Gm GM GM

A) r  R, V  B) r  R, V  C) r  R, V  (But f is zero)
R R R
Gravitational Potential due to a solid sphere
Gm GM GM

A) r  R, V 
r
B) r  R, V 
R
C) r  R, V 
2R 3
 3R 2  r 2 
At the centre r = 0
3GM
V 
2R
11
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

GPE of a mass at a point is the work done to bring the mass from infinity to that point. This work done
is stored as gravitation potential energy of the mass at that point.
Work done to bring unit mass = V
 GMm
Work done to bring ‘m’ mass = U 
r
I. Gravitational potential energy of an isolated system of masses
U  U12  U 23  U 31
 Gm1m 2 Gm 2 m3 Gm1m3 
    
 r12 r23 r13 
Gravitation potential energy  isolated system
Gm1m 2
U12 
r12
12
Gravitational Potential Energy on Earth
1) Consider a body of mass m is taken from the surface of the earth to a height ‘h’
The change in potential energy
u  w
GMm GMm
u  
Rh R
1 1 
u  GMm   
R Rh
mgh
or u  w 
h
1
R
2) Consider a body of mass ‘m’ is vertically projected from the surface of the earth to a height ‘h’.
2gh
the required velocity v 
1 h
R
Satellites
Satellite is an object which continuously revolve around a much larger object due to the gravity
13
Geostationary / Geosynchronous Satellite

It appears to be at rest for an observer on earth surface i.e., there is not relative motion between earth
and satellite.
1) Direction of revelution from west to east

2) Time period = 24 hrs
3) Height h = 36000 km
4) Orbit of a geostationary satellite must be concentric or coplanar with the equatorial plane of earth
Polar Satellite
It revolves around the polar of earth. During each revolution, polar satellite scan the information on a
slip of area of the earth, in the interval of 1 day, it scans the entire area of earth.
Orbital velocity / Orbital speed
Consider a satellite of mass ‘m’ revolving in an orbit which is at a height ‘h’ from the earth’s surface. Let
V0 be the orbital velocity of the satellite. The necessary centripetal force for the satellite is provided by
earth’s gravity.
FC  FG
mv 2 GMm
  2
r r
GM 1
v0  ; V0 
r r
14
Orbital velocity is orbit specific, i.e., for a particular orbital, value of orbital velocity is a constant.
Condition for min. orbit / closest orbital speed
Time period of satellite
dis tan ce 2r

Time period = 
speed v0
3
r r3 R  h
 2r  2 or T  2
GM GM GM
T  r 3/ 2 or T 2  r 3
3/ 2 3
T  R  h or T 2   R  h 
Consider for min. orbit,

h < < < R, R  h  R , r = R
R3
T  2 instead of GM = gR2
gR 2
R
 2  1.4 hrs
g
Angular Momentum
 
L  rp
L  r  mv 0
GM
 rm
r
= m GMr
15
Energy of an orbiting Satellite

Kinetic energy
Potential energy
GMm
U
r
Total energy
GMm GMm GMm

TE  K  U   
2r r 2r
GMm
TE 
2r
TE = –k, TE = u/2; K  U 2
Height of a Satellite
r3
T  2 r  R h
GM
2 3
4 r
T2 
GM
3
2 4 2  R  h 
T 
GM
1
 T2 GM  3
 4 2   R  h
 
1
 T 2 gR 2  3
 4 2  R  h
 
16
Escape Velocity / Escape Speed

It is the minimum speed with which a body should be projected, so, that it can cross the gravitational
field / boundary of earth
Velocity from earth’s surface
TE  TE 
GMm 1
 mve 2  0
R 2
1 2 GM
ve 
2 R
2GM
ve 
R
2GM 2gR 2
Ve  
R R
Ve  2gR
V0  gR , Ve  2gR
Ve  2V0
If the body is projected at a height h above the surface
2GM
Ve 
Rh
Escape velocity does not depends on mass of the body and angle of projection
17
Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s first law  law of elliptical orbit
Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one of it focer
a  semi major axis

b  semi minor axis
ra  apogee
rp  perigee
P  perihelion
A  Aphelion
Second law of Kepler  Law of Areas
The line joining the planet and sun sweeps equal areas in equal interval of time
This law is a consequence of law of conservation of angular momentum
A
Areal velocity   cons tan t
T
means equal areas covered in equal interval of time.
1 1
A   b  h   r  vt
2 2
A 1 r  v  t

t 2 t
A 1
 rv
t 2
 A r  m

t 2 m
18
m r L A L
=  
2m 2m t 2m
L  constant as there is no external torque acting

Hence proved areal velocity is a constant
Angular momentum of the planet is conserved.

Lp = La
m  v p  rp  m  va  ra rp  a 1  e 
v p rp  va ra ra  a 1  e 
Vp ra
We know ra > rp 
Va rp
 vp  va L = mvr
rp 1 e

ra 1 e
vp 1 e

va 1 e
v p rp  v a ra
GM 1  e
v p  a 1  e   va  a 1  e  VP 
a 1 e
vp 1 e GM 1  e
 VA 
va 1 e a 1 e
Kepler’s 3rd law  Harmonic Law

The square of time-period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of semi major axis of its
elliptical path
T 2 a 3  a  r   circle
19

Gravitation: Chapter - 00

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gravitation: Chapter - 00

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23 M SPECIAL PHYSICS (ONLINE) -2023

Universal law of Gravitation /Newton’s law of Gravitation

Newton’s law possible for point masses or spherical symmetry

* forms action, reaction pairs

F12  Force on m1 due to m2

F21 = Force on m2 due to m

Case II : Point mass is inside the shell

In this case also, net force = 0

“Independent of mass of the object”

Variation due to height

* Relation between gd & gh

mg '  mg  mR2 cos 2 

At the poles,   90o

If speed  , g '  g  R  2  value will be less so, wt. will be less

III Gravitational field due to solid sphere

rR rR rR

Gm GM GM

Gm GM GM

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

Gravitation potential energy  isolated system

Gravitational Potential Energy on Earth

Geostationary / Geosynchronous Satellite

1) Direction of revelution from west to east

Time period of satellite

dis tan ce 2r

Consider for min. orbit,

Energy of an orbiting Satellite

GMm GMm GMm

Escape Velocity / Escape Speed

Velocity from earth’s surface

Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion

a  semi major axis

This law is a consequence of law of conservation of angular momentum

L  constant as there is no external torque acting

Angular momentum of the planet is conserved.

Kepler’s 3rd law  Harmonic Law

You might also like