Python Python is the name of a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. 1 4 sign philosophy str on code readability. Some of the common python GUI framewo, 7 PyQt, Tkinter and PyGtk. The chapter closely examines these key frameworks of Python as its advantages to provide an extensive understanding of the subject. Ks are Wellas Python is an interpreter, object-oriented programming language similar to PERL that has gaingy popularity because of its clear syntax and readability. Python is said to be relatively easy to jean, and portable, meaning its statements can be interpreted in a number of operating systems, inclu. ing UNIX-based systems, Mac OS, MS-DOS, OS/2, and various versions of Microsoft Windows 98. ‘The source code is freely available and open for modification and reuse. Python has a significant number of use A notable feature of Python is its indenting of source statements to make the code easier to reaq. Python offers dynamic data type, ready-made class, and interfaces to many system calls and librar. ies. It can be extended, using the C or C++ language. Python can be used as the script in Microsoft's Active Server Page (ASP) technology. The score. board system for the Melbourne (Australia) Cricket Ground is written in Python. Z Object Publish ing Environment, a popular web application server, is also written in the Python language. Advantages of Python Readable and Maintainable Code While writing a software application, you must focus on the quality of its source code to simplify maintenance and updates. The syntax rules of Python allow you to express concepts without writ- ing additional code. At the same time, Python, unlike other programming languages, emphasizes ‘on code readability, and allows you to use English keywords instead of punctuations. Hence, you can use Python to build custom applications without writing additional code. The readable and clean code base will help you to maintain and update the software without putting extra time and effort. Multiple Programming Paradigms Like other modern programming languages, Python also supports several programming paradig™ It supports object oriented and structured programming fully. Also, its language features support various concepts in functional and aspect-oriented programming. At the same time, Python als0 features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. The programming pa digms and language features help you to use Python for developing large and complex softwar? applications.th Major Platforms and System “ye S 7 ynon is supports many operating systems yen Fie on specific platforms ana tools. Also, You can even use Python interpreters fos you to 300 f0 rm the some a eget eee programming, Fat fe are not required to recompile the den multiple platforms without re ‘ompilation. 7 cation code without recompili Je after making any alteration. You can run the i compiling and check thé [Med APP feature makes it easier for yout the impact of changes made to the code i 10 make changes to the code without increasing ust standard Library slate and robusta da makes Python score over other programming languages. The gna Nbravy o a i 10 choose from a wide range of modules according to your Precis® peed Bach mod! er jer enables you to add funetionality to the Python application without iti additional oot For instance, while writing a web application in Python, you can use SPe- ie modules t0 HD jement web services, perform string operations, manage ‘operating system interface OF work with internet protocols. ss any Open Souree Frameworks and Tools jsan open source programming language, Python helps you to curtail software development cost significantly. You can even use several open source Python frameworks, libraries and development tools to curtail development time without increasing development cost. ‘You even have option to choose from a wide range of open source Python frameworks and development tools according to your precise needs. For instance, you can Simplify and speedup web application developmen’ by vying robust Python web frameworks like Django, Flask, Pyramid, Bottle and Cherrypy. Likewis®, you can accelerate desktop GUL application HTovelopment using Python GUI frameworks and tool- tits like PyQT, PyJs, PyGUI, Kivy, PyGTK and WxPython, Simplify Complex Software Development Python is a general purpose programming language. Hence, you can use the programming lan- guage for developing both desktop ‘and web applications. Also, you ean use python for developing ‘on is designed with features to facilitate data complex scientific and numeric applications. Pythi analysis and visualization. You can take advantage of the data ‘analysis features of Python to create custom big data solutions wit ‘tra time and effort. At the same time, the data visu- :thout putting ex! alization libraries and APIs provided by Python help you to visualize and present data in a more f appealing and effective way. Many python Python to accomplish artificial developers even use intelligence (AI) and natural Janguage proce: sing tasks. Adopt Test Driven Development ftware application rapidly. Also, you can build the You can use Python to create prototype of the sol 1 f software application directly from the prototype simply by. refactoring the Python code. Python even makes it easier for you to perform ‘coding and testing ‘simultaneously by adopting test driven development (TDD) ‘te the required tests before writing code and use approach, You can eas) WH [213Python GUI Frameworks | Pithon is an interactive programming language and getting started with programmin shical User Interface) framework is not much of a diffienlt task. Python has a tions for GUT frameworks. Here are 4 Best Python GUT Frameworks: a Gy range ng divers Prot PxQt tse python binding of the open-source widget-toolkit Qt. which also functions as a 788-Diiat form application development framework. Qt is a popular C++ framework for writing GUT applica trons for all major desktop, mobile, and embedded platforms (supports Linux. Windows, Macos Android, iOS, Raspberry Pi, and more). Features of PyQT Here. are important features of PyQt. PyQt consists of more than six hundred classes covering y range of features such as- + Graphical User Interfaces + SQL Databases + Web toolkits + XML processing + Networking. ‘These features can be combined to create advanced UIs as well as standalone applications. A lot of major companies across all industries use Qt. Some examples are LG, Mercedes, AMD, Panasonic Harman, ete PyQt Versions PyQt is available in hwo editions, PyQt4 and PyQts. PYQLy provides glue code for binding 4.x and 5% versions of the Qt framework while PyQt5 provides a binding for only the 5.x versions. As a result, Py(Qts is not backward compatible with the deprecated modules of the older version. Need of PyQt + PyQt brings together the Qt C++ cross-platform application framework and the cross-plat- form interpreted language Python. + Qtismore than a GUI toolkit. It includes abstractions of network sockets, threads, Unicode, regular expressions, SQL databases, SVG, OpenGL, XML, a fully functional web browse # help system, a multimedia framework, as well as a rich collection of GUI widgets./ [+ | Python pam employ a signal/slot meet ely coupled making it ¢; nism f i san for communicating between objets that is tye includes Qt Designer, ne usible software components, includes Qt Designer, a gra : ign code from Qt D ee al user interface designer. PyQt is able to generate python Oe Designer. ‘© possible to add new GUT controls written in Py- ae + eb" 100s 180 imple but powerful object-orie Imifa, but its power means that lange t reted nature means that Python pro; to compile, link and run developmen entated language Its simplicity makes it easy ad complex applications can be created. Its in derammers are very productive because there is no cycle. uch of Python he comes from its comprehensive set of extension modules providi wide variety pend including HTTP servers, XML parsers, datab oes data compression too eae of course, graphical user interfaces Extension modules gre usualy mplemented in either Python, C or C+-+, Using tools such as SIP it is relatively straight {onward to create an extension module that encapsulates an existing C or C++ library. Used in this way, Python can then become the glue to create new applications from established iibraries. yt combines all the advantages of Qt a is able to exploit it with the ie ee eth thinter skater is actually an inbuilt Python module used to create simple GUI apps. It is the most com- nonly used module for GUI apps in the Python. pron provides the standard library Tkinter for ereating the graphical user interface for desktop used applications. peveloping desktop based applications with python Tkinter is not a complex task. An empty “hiner top-level window can be created by using the following steps- + Import the Tkinter module. + Create the main application window. + Add the widgets like labels, buttons, frames, etc. to the window. ce on the user's computer screen. + Call the main event loop so that the actions can take pla Example: 1. # !/usr/pin/python3 2. from tkinter import * 3. fereating the application main window~ 4 top = TKO. 5. #Entering the event main loop 6 + top.mainloop () ee ETT‘comp output: ‘ ii widgets ae checkbutton, entry, etc. that are used to build the ‘There are various: widget _ poetion GUL Applications mon ion ious Kinds of buttons £0 the python application. a ‘used to add val was on the window. s like button, canvas, eee Sno. | Widget__—+ a st saat ‘The Button is [1 aoe varieties 0. [2__}een Tothe Cheekbutton is used £0 “japly the CheckBbatton on the windove——————_—— Text field to the user. It is commonly — Greckbutton | The Check is b Entry “The entry widget is used to display the single-line : used to accept fi ae ited end i _| : Standard Data Types A variable can hold different types of values. For example, a person’s name must be stored as a string whereas its id must be stored as an integer. Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on each of them. The data types defined in Python are given below: ‘Numbers 2. String 3. List 4. Tuple 5. Dictionary Numbers Number stores numeric values. Python creates Number objects when a number is assigned to a variable. For example; a= 3, b-=5 #a and b are number objects Python supports 4 types of numeric data. 1. Int (signed integers like 10, 2, 29, ete.) 2. Long (long integers used for a higher range of values like 9080908001, -ox19292921, ete.) 226a / (float is used to store floating point numbers lik R pers like a. Float ore 3 902, 15.2, ef¢ comple (complex numbers like 2.14), 9.0 + 2.9 , ’ oe ai, ete.) us to use a lower-case _pallows us (0 US ower-case L to be used with Jong int ie reese LO avoid confusion. g, integers. However, we must always use "pp al per contains an ordered pair, i ex nat ed pair, i.e, x + iy wh hy here x and y denote the real and om?! ave co ee a respectively. “can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation ar in, we cart USE single, double, or triple quotes to define a string, ng handling python is a straightforward task since there are various inbuilt functions a7 d ors provided. inte case of string handling, the operator + is used to concatenate two strings as the operation ‘pel python’ returns “hello python”. he operator * thon “+ the following, example illustrates the string handling in python. vpello javatpoint’ #string strl js known as repetition operator as the operation “python “ *2 return Python Py a. strl ste? =‘ how are you’ #string str? 3, print (stzi[0:2]) #printing first two character using 5 _ print (stri{4]) #printing 4th character of the string 5, print (stri*2) #printing the string tuice g. print (stri + str2) printing the concatenation of Output: lo javatpointhello javatpoint hello javatpoint how are you List Lists are similar to arrays in C. However; the stored in the list are separated with a comma ( data of the list. The co} he same way as they W' data of different types. The items list can contain brackets []- and enclosed within square ‘We can use slice [:] operators to access the mneatenation operator (+) and ere working with the strings. repetition operator (*) works with the list in @ [227 elConsider the following example- 1 = (1, “hi”, “python”, rh 2 print print . print . print . print Output: (2) i, ‘pind 1, ‘hit, fl, ‘nity La, ‘Bits Tuple A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tup] of different data types. The items of the tuple are separate rentheses (). ‘Atuple is a read-only data structure as we can’t modify the size an\ ‘python’, 2, ‘python’, 2, ee Gomputer Programming Languages J 2) | ais cutor2)ye ae abe ata ; ‘python’, 2] 1, ‘hit, ‘python’, 2] Rn evenom et he, ones) Jes also contain the collection of the items .d with a comma (,) and enclosed in pa- d value of the items of a tuple. Let's see a simple example of the tuple. whi”, “python”, 2) leace 2. print (t(2:1)s 3. print (t[0:1])+ 4. print (t); 5. print (t + 8); 6. print (t * 3); 7, print (type(t)) 8. t[2] = “hi”; Output: (python’, 2) Chi’,) (*hi', ‘python’, 2) Chit, ‘python’, 2, ‘hi’, ‘python’, 2) 228 rrr re ‘python’, 2, ‘hit recent call last): Line 8, in + opject does not support item as pictionary san ordered set of a k res a specific value. ions) i ey-value pair of items. It is like an associative array or a h sable where each key sto! Key can hold any primitive data type aierean alias a0 bitrary Pytion object. in the dictionary are sep: g example ‘alex’, 3:" john’, he items arated with the comma and enclosed in the curly braces {} | | | Consider the followin: | mike’ }s Cogs (ait gimmy!s 2+ sist name is “+dl11)7 2. print ( 3, print ("2nd name is “4 d141)7 4. print (di print (d-keys0)# 6. print (d.values ())i Me Output: ist name is Jimmy na name is mike fi: ‘oimmy’, 2: ‘ALEX, sjohn’, 4: ‘mike’} i 2,3, 4 {‘simmy’, ‘Alex’, ‘john’, ‘mike’] /ython Syntax ‘The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules which defines how a Python program will be written. Python Line Structure A Python program is divided into a number of logical lines and every logical line is terminated by m one or more physical lines. the token newline. A logical line is created frotComputer Programming Languages -——_ tabs, form feeds pos A line contains only space Python interpreter ignores it. i A physical line is a sequence of characters terminated by an end-of-line sequence (in windows gj, rf called CR LF or return followed by a linefeed and in Unix, it is called LF or linefeed). is Noman phanmronrnerrmt oe a A gam Optom Waows Help J Comments in Python ‘Acomment begins with a hash character (#) which is not a part of the string literal and ends at the the # character up to the end of the line are part of the end of the physical line. All characters after tl comment and the Python interpreter ignores them. It should be noted that Python has no multi- lines or block comments facility. 76 python-syntin-test-E/python-programs/python-syntar test ots File fait Format Run Options Windows Help ee a me snitial value of x 25 1 [bt wo: [PE Sprint ("These aze two coments") #Print @ string. = m3 COED Joining Two Lines When you want to write a long code in a single line you can break the logical line in two or more physical lines using backslash character(\). Therefore when a physical line ends with a backslash characters(\) and not a part of a string literal or comment then it can, join another physical line. “7 pphon-sytatet E/pytnon programa/pthon-ryntxtet File Fait Format Run Options Windows Help ° ai 4 Af uss0 and 30 \ fand wd and 22 \ land y>3 and 24: print("Tais is an example of Line joxning.) at Lne|coks faa]tiple Statements on a Single Line yw an write two separate statemey cc you ‘nts into line. wi Indentation dentation. a single line | using a semicolon G) character between C) This is a program with single space indentation. This itl i ation. is is a program with single tab indentati — ee fs, 231Computer Programming Languages | Here is an another program with an indentation of a single space + a single tab ey Python Coding Style + Use 4 spaces per indentation and no tabs. + Donot mix tabs and spaces. Tabs create confusion and it is recommended to use only spac- es. + Maximum line length: 79 characters which help users with a small display. + Use blank lines to separate top-level function and class definitions and single blank line to | separate methods definitions inside a class and larger blocks of code inside functions. + When possible, put inline comments (should be complete sentences). and statements. + Use spaces around expressioi Python if-elif-else The if-elif-else statement is used to conditionally execute a statement or a block of statements. Conditions can be true or false, execute one thing when the condition is true, something else whe” the condition is false. The Python if Statement ‘The Python if statement is same as it is with other programming languages. It executes a set Of statements conditionally, based on the value of a logical expression. Here is the general form of a one way if statement. 232WV a Y | at apreasion gratement_t gratement_2 spove case, expression specifies the conditions whi pate : fies the conditions which are based fa Boolean expressions evaluated it produces either a value of aa ea rue the same amount of indented statement() following if wil be Beet ee ed. This group cut gement(s) is called a block. j | python jf-else Statement j | jppython if-else statement, if has two blocks, i i | : im tie , one following the expression and other following the syntax ; expression = j statement_1 statement_2 i cle | i j statement_3 statement_4 ates to true the same amount of indented statements(s) n evaluates to false the same amount of indented Inthe above case if the expression evalu le. The program will print ‘ollowing if will be executed and if the expressio Satements(s) following else will be executed. See the following example the second print statement as the value of ais 10. 10 €4a19) : Print (“value of a is greater than 10”) Print (“Value of a is 10”) gs” Ve “Ike of a is 10Computer Programming Languages eee | Flowchart Python if-elif-else Statement Sometimes a situation arises when there are several conditions. To handle the situation Python allows adding any number of elif clause after an if and before an else clause. Here is the syntax. Syntax if expression! = statement_1 statement_2 £ expression? : ement_3 statement_4 expression3 : statement_5 statement _6 statement 7 statement_& eee eega 2) ie eypetvarl) == int); print (“Type of the variabig aif (tyPe(varl) == floaty; © print (“Type of the variable gif (type(varl) == complex): print (“Type of the variable ef (type(varl) == bool): print (“Type of the variable elif (type(varl) == str); print ("Type of the variable elif (type (var) tuple): print (“Type of the variable elif (type (varl) dict): print (“Type of the variable lif (type (varl) list): print ("Type of the variable else: print (“Type of the variable Output: Type of the variable is Complex Flowchart is is is is is is Integer) Float”) Complex”) Bool”) String”) Tuple”) Dictionaries”) List”) Unknown")Computer Programming Languages -——__ eee Nested if-else Statement ° wa heck more than one cong; In general nested if-else statement is used a ae pare a eee evalu om, iti rn ttom and check e: d aluates to trug Conditions are executed from top to bo! oe siatod with the con ie not. Ifa true condition is found the statement(s) block associated dition executes otherwise it goes to next condition. Syntax Here is the syntax: ion] if expre! if expression? : statement_3 statement_4 else : statement_5 statement_6 else : statement_7 statement_8 In the above syntax expressiont is checked first, goes to next if - else part otherwise it oes to the statement_8 etc. Within the if - else if expression will execute otherwise statement_s, if it evaluates to true then the program control ¢ last else statement and executes statement_7, n2 evaluates true then statement_3, statement_4 statement_6 will execute. See the following example. age = 38 if (age >= 11): ee ”) if (age <= 20 or age >= 60); Print ("Ticket price is $12”) else: Print ("Tic kit price is $20) else: Print (“You're not eligible to buy a ticket.) I Reena ct (iraPython, utr ye eligible to see the Fy . cotball match it price is $20 = 11) evaluates to True we example age is set to 38, therefore e above pI is set to 38, therefore the first expression (aj ‘ 3s ge ml F ' ssociated print statems A and the ent prints the string “ program control ene “You are eligible to s ‘ atch”. sere after P oer ce goes 10 next ifstatement and the lib to see the Foothall match wer js matched and prints “Tic kit prices $12" indition ( 38 is outside <=20 or flowchart pane CRE Use the and Operator jn an if Statement fereate two boolean objects x= False y = True tthe validation will be THe OntY or a. ae if x and y+ print (‘Both x and y are a else: print ve 49 Fase oF Y 3 pause or both « and ¥ G58 ralse’) Output: False ee poth x and y are Fa Use the in Operator in an jfStatement fereate a stringa Computer Programming Languages _. . = oe ‘jquery’ fereate a list 1 = [‘JavaSeript’, ‘jQuery’, ‘ZinoUI’] # in operator is used to replace various expressions that use the or operator print (s + ‘Tutorial’) statement with or operator s == ‘JavaScript’ or s == ‘jQuery’ or s == ‘ZinoUI’: print(s + ‘Tutorial’) Output: jQuery Tutorial jQuery Tutorial Write an if-else in a Single Line of Code create 2 integer #if n is greater than 500, n is multiplied by 7, otherwise n is divided by 7 result =n* 7 if n > $00 elsen/7 print (result) Output: 150 21.428571428571427 Define a Negative if If a condition is true the not operator is us Samael, ed to reverse the logical State, then logical not operator #oreate a integerPython a x int uses tne ROE operator to reverse the result of th Toe r result of the logical expres -* print ("the value of x different from 50”) else print (‘the value of x is equal to 50°) output: 20 the value of x different from 50 python for Loop Like most other languages, python for loop js used to iterate over the items of any se tuple ete. The for loop is also used to access elements fro1 tuple) using built-in funetion range(). Python has for loops, but it differs a bit from other like C or Paseal. In quence including the Python list, string, vn a container (for example list, string, Syntax for variable_name in sequence? statement_1 statement_2 Parameter a Description ee _ Trindicates target variable which wil set ‘anew value for each iteration ofthe loop. “A sequence of values that will be assigned to the target variable variable_name, Jalnes are provided using a Hist oF & String O° from the built-in function range. Block of program a statements. statement_a, statement_2 Example: Python for loop- indices start at 0 and end at 3 >>> the List has four elements, Bs cl tase = famed’, lus green”, “Black”] ——————————‘Computer Programming Languages | In the above example color_list is a sequence contains a list of various color names. When the for loop executed the first item (i.e. Red) is assigned to the variable c. After this, the print statement ‘will execute and the process will continue until we reach the end of the list. Python for Loop and Range() Function The range() function returns a list of consecutive integers. The function has one, two or three pa- rameters where last two parameters are optional. It is widely used in for loops. Here is the syntax. range (a) range (a,b) range (a,b,c) range(a) : Generates a sequence of numbers from 0 to a, excluding a, incrementing by 1. Syntax for in range () : Example: >>> for a in range(4): int (a) 3 >>> range(a,b): Generates a sequence of numbers from a to b excluding b, incrementing by 1 240oo syntax eyariable” in range (“st gor . art_number”, “end number”) sample: jor for a in range (2,7): print (2) > range(a,b,c): Generates a sequence of numbers from a to b excluding b, incrementing by c. Example: >>> for a in range (2,19,5)+ print (a) 1 12 17 >» Python for Loop: jterating OveT tuple, List and Dictionary Example: Iterating over tuple. ' | ‘ : ts the number of even and odd numbers from a series of numbers- sane 6, Te 81 9) 4 Declaring the tuple Sree numbers = (1, 2+ 3+ count_odd = 0 count_even = 0 for x in numbers? if x 3 2: [244Computer Programming Languages count _oddt=1 else: count_event=1 print (“Number of even numbers :", count even) print (“Number of odd numbe: :", count_odd) Output: Number of even numbers:4 Number of odd numbers: 5 in the above example a tuple named numbers is declared which holds the integers 1to 9, The best way to check iffa given number is even or odd is to use the modulus operator (54). The operate Fetvens the remainder when dividing two numbers. Modulus of 8 % 2 returns 0 as 8 is divided 2, therefore 8 is even and modulus of 5 % 2 returns 1 therefore 5 is odd. The for loop iterates through the tuple and we test modulus of x % 2 is true or not, for every item in the tuple and the process will continue until we rich the end of the tuple. When itis true count even increase by one otherwise count_odd is increased by one. Finally, we print the number of even and odd numbers through print statements. Example: Iterating over list. In the following example for loop iterates through the list “datalist” and prints each item and its corresponding Python type. datalist = (1452, 11.23, 1+2j, True, ‘w3resource’, (0, -1), [5, 12], (*class”:'V", “section”:'A'}} for item in datalist: print (“Type of “,item, “ is , type(item)) Output: Type of 1452 is Type of 11.23 is Type of (1+2j) is Type of True is Type of w3resource is Type of (0, -1) is type of {5, 12] is type of {*section’: ‘A’, ‘class’: W') is oan L__ ——#ix0 ample: Iterating over dictionary yp the following example for vi Hints each Key. loop iter “5p color = {"C1": “Rego ! “Green ssp for key in color: print (key) >» Following for loop iterates through its values: go> color = {"cl”: “Red”, %c2": y> for value in color.values(): print (value) creen Red orange >» You can attach an optional else clause with for for variable_name in sequence * statement_1 statement_2 else statement_3 statement_4 after complet! The else clause is only exee' ave ites the loop then U program block and te! the s}—_———— ‘ates th hrough the dietiona ry “Green”, ‘ing the for “color” through its keys and ", “e3": “Orange”} statement, in this case, syntax will be — Joop. Ifa break statement executes in first else clause does not execute.—aa Computer Programming Languages #_R-—. Python While Loop sed to repeatedly execute a block of program statements. The basic loop structure in, while loop. Here is the syntax. Loops are Python i Syntax While (expression): statement_1 statement_2 ‘The while loop runs as long as the expression (condition) evaluates to true and execute the program the beginning of the loop and the first time when the block, The condition is checked every time at expression evaluates to false, the loop stops without executing any remaining statement(s). The following example prints the digits 0 to 4 as we set the condition x < 5. x= 07 while (x < 5): print (x) xtel Output: ° 1 2 3 4 One thing we should remember that a while | i : loop tests its condition before the bi the loo} block of program statements) is executed. If the initial test returns false, ite eae |. For example the following code never pri ing si " i pepenhooapesra er prints out anything since before executing the cond x = 10; while (x < 5): print (x) x t= 1 eo> - vent Nol ves) | { we) ea fer lowing while loop is an infinite loop, using True as the condition: ‘the fol 5 = 10; le (True)? print (x) Python: While and Else Statement statement(s) There is a structural similarity between while and else statement. Both have a peace se ere which is only executed when the condition is true, The difference is that bloc i Bs ment executes once whereas block belongs to while statement executes repeatedly. You can attach an optional else clause with while statement, in this case, syntax will be — Das While (expression) : statement,| ‘Computer Programming Languages -—_——~_ statement_2 else : statement_3 statement_4 n (condition) and, if it is true, executes the first block of program statements. The else clause is only executed when the condition is false it may be the first time it is tested and will not execute if the loop breaks, or if an exception is raised. If a break statement executes in first program block and terminates the loop then the else clause does not p calculates the sum of the integers from 0 to 9 and ‘The while loop repeatedly tests the expressiot execute. In the following example, while loo) after completing the loop, else statement executes. x= 07 0: while (x < 10): s=st+x x=xtl else : print (‘The sum of first 9 integers : ‘,s) Output: The sum of first 9 integers: 45 Flowchart (The Sum af st el Example: while loop with if-else and break statement. wale aaa —€ (x == 508 break _ (The sum of first 9 integers : ‘,s) prin the sum of ‘)X,’ numbers is :',5) int (*The sul Output: the sum of 5 numbers is : 10 the above example the loop is terminated when x becomes 5. Here we use break statement to Inthe inate the while loop without completing it, therefore program control Boes to outside the mini : ai - else structure and execute the next print statement. rie sim enue a fel Python Break and Continue Statement The break Statemey © execution of th, after the last state the optional clan, Syntax st s statement is to end ‘nt is used to exit a for or a while loop. The purpose ey a eee i i i ram CO} sto ae : ile) immediately and the prog! gestotte statement rg i reenter se also. Here is the syntax. while (expression1) Statement 1statement? if expression? break for variable name in sequence tatement_1 statement_2 if expression3 break Example: break in for loop. In the following example for loop breaks when the count value is 5. The print statement after the for loop displays the sum of first 5 elements of the tuple numbers. numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) # Declaring the tuple num_sum = 0 count = 0 for x in numbers: num_sum = num_sum + x count = count + 1 if count == 5: break print ("Sum of first “,count,”integers is: “, num_sum) Outp sum of first 5 integers is: 15 Example: break in while loop. In the following example while loop breaks when the i u bs count is i while loop displays the value of num_sum (i.e. 0414 a eee a num_sum = 0 count = 0 while (count<10) : num_sum = num_sum + count © ‘Computer Programming Languages |__|Python = count + 1 count ye count== 5: break pint ("Sum Of first */count, "integers : integers is: “, num_si , sum) output: gn of first, 9 integers is : 10 continue Statement ‘he continue statement is used in a while or for loop to take the control to the top of the | if e loop with- qatexecuting the rest statements inside the loop. Here is a simple example. gor x in range(7): if (x == 3 or x==6): continue print (x) Output: Inthe above example, the forloop prints all the numbers from 0 to 6 except 3 and 6 as the continue statement returns the control of the loop to the top. Python String; | String Literals String literals in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation marks, spello” + ‘hello’ is the same as the print () function: You can display a string Jiteral with Example: Print (“Hello”) nt (‘Hello’) 3} <_<et Computer Programming Languages de Assign String to a Variable Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name followed by an equal sign and the string, Example: a = “Hello” print (a) Multiline Strings You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes. Example: You can use three double quotes- a = ‘Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."”” print (a) Or three single quotes: Example: a = ‘'/Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.’’* print (a) In the result, the line breaks are inserted at the same position as in the code. Strings are Arrays Like many other popular programming languages, strings in Python are arrays of bytes represent- ing unicode characters. However, Python does not have a character data type, a single character is simply a string with 2 length of 1. Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string, Example: Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first character has the position 0); 250 ee ee eePython Ce. spello, World .. petal)? ei slicins can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax. yo specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to return a part of the string, sxample: cette characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included): syello, World!” print (b{225]) Negative Indexing se negative indexes to start the slice from the end of the string: Example: Get the characters from position 5 to position 1, starting the count from the end of the string: b= “Hello, World!” print (b[-5:-2)) String Length Toget the length of a string, use the len () function. Example: The ien () function returns the length of a string: @= “Hello, World!” Print (len(a)) String Methods Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on strings. Example: The strip() method removes any whitespace from the beginning or the end: — Hello, World! * Print(a.strip()) # returns “Hello, World!” Example: The Lower () method returns the string in lower case; [251ee) Computer Programming Languages -———_——_ a= “Hello, World!” print (a. lower ()) ample: ‘The upper () method returns the string in upper ea a = “Hello, World!” print (a-upper(}) Example: ‘The replace () method replaces a string with another string: a = “Hello, World!” print (a.replace("H", “J")) Example: ‘The sp1it () method splits the string into substrings if it finds instances of the separator: a = “Hello, World!” print(a.split(*,”)) # returns [‘Hello’, ‘ World!’] Check String ‘To check if a certain phrase or character is pres in, ent in a string, we can use the keywords in or not Example: Check if the phrase “ain” is present in the following text: txt - “The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain” x = “ain” in txt print (x) Example: Check if the phrase “ain” is not present in the following text: txt = “The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain” x = “ain” not in txt print (x) String Concatenation To concatenate, or combine, two strings you can use the + operator. [252a ~~ Pron — a some: yariable a with variable b into y, yerse ‘aviable c: spello” eworld” y atb print (c] pxample: qoadda space between them, add a»; “Hello” » = “World” eat" +b print (c) String Format Example: age = 36 txt = "My name is John, I am ™ + age print (txt) But we can combine strings and numbers by using the format () method! The format. () method takes the passed arguments, formats them, and places them in the string where the placeholders { } are: Example: Usethe format () method to insert numbers into strings: age = 36 ‘xt = "My name is John, and I am {}" Print (txt. format (age) ) The format() method takes unlimited number of arguments, and are placed into the respective Placeholders: Example: Wantity = 3 temo = 567 253price = 49.95 myorder = “I want {} pieces of item {) print (myorder. You can use inde: Example: quantity = 3 itemno = 567 price = 49.95 myorder print (myorder. x numbers {0} to be sure the arguments are placed in tl sr want to pay {2} dollars for {0} piece for {} dollars.” format (quantity, itemno, price)) s of item {1}.” format (quantity, itemno, price)) String Methods Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on strings. Note: All string methods returns new values. ‘They do not change the ori: inal string. he correct placeholders; Method Description ceapitalizeO) Converts the first character to upper ease casefold() Converts string into lower case center() Returns a centered string count) ‘Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string encode) Returns an encoded version ofthe string endswith Returns true ifthe string ends with the specified value expandtabs()_ Sets the tab size of the string ‘find “Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found formatO Formats specified values in a string Tormat_map0 | Formats specified values in a string index) Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found. isalnum( Returns True if all characters inthe string are alphanumeric isalphaQ Returns True if all characters inthe string are in the alphabet isdecimal Returns True if all characters inthe string are decimals isdigitO ‘Returns True ifall characters in the string are digits isidentifier() | Returns True if the string is an identifier [islowerO Returns True ifall characters in the string are lower case isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric isprintableO__| Returns True ifall characters inthe string are printable isspace() ‘Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces istitleO Returns True ifthe string follows the rules of a title supper Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case join Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string ORA A ae ERENCE SS SEPython T converts a string into lower ease ‘Returns a left trim version of the string [Returns a translation table to be used in tanstations | Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three arts Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a specified value Searches the string for a specified value and returns the ls ist position of where it was found [searches the string fora specified value and returns ns the last po sition of where it was found [ Returns a right justified version of the string = = partition —_| { Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts = 7 raat ~ | Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns alist eae Eanes Returns a right trim version of the string a t split) jplits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list a splines) Splits the string at line breaks and returns alist “gartswith® __| Returns true if the string starts with the specified value = [sip Returns a trimmed version of the string, a [swapease() ‘Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa [aie ‘Converts the first character of each word to upper case (translate) Returns a translated string : [upperd) Converts a string into upper case [io Fills the string with a specified number of o values at the beginning. 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