3.
Directing
Law Enforcement Administration
Administration of Police Organization
Police - one of the pillars of the criminal justice system
that has the specific responsibility of maintaining law
and order and combating crime within the society.
- comes from Latin "politia"-civil administration which
itself derives from the ancient Greek police "city"
Administration - an organizational process concerned
with the implementation of objectives and plans and
internal operating efficiency.
Organization - a group of persons working together for
a common goal or objectives.
Police Organization - a group of trained personnel in
the field of public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the
maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and
property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention
of crimes.
Enforcement - means to compel obedience to a law,
regulation or command.
Law Enforcement Agency - pertains to an organization
responsible for enforcing the laws.
Objectives - refer to the purpose by which the
organization was created. Refer to the goals of the
organization.
Supervision - means the act of watching over the work
or tasks of the members of the organization to ensure
that desired results are achieved.
Management - the process of directing and facilitating
the work of people organized in formal groups in order
to achieve objectives. Judicious or wise use of resources
(manpower, material,money,equipment,
supplies and time).
Hierarchy - represents the formal relationship among
superiors and subordinates in any given organization.
Serves as the framework for the flow of authority
downward and obedience upward, through the
department.
Authority - the right to command and control the
behavior of employees in lower positions within an
organizational hierarchy. Must be viewed in terms of
prescribed roles rather than of individuals.
A particular position within the organization. Carries the
same regardless of who occupies that position.
Management/Administrative Functions
1. Planning
2. Organizing
4. Controlling
5. staffing
6. Reporting
7. Budgeting
Principles of efficient Management
* Division of work - work specialization can increase
efficiency with the same amount of effort.
* Authority and Responsibility- authority includes the
right to command and the power to require
obedience. One can not have authority without
responsibility.
* Discipline - necessary for an organization to function
effectively, however, the state of the disciplinary
process depends upon the quality of its leaders.
* Unity of Command - subordinate should receive
orders from one superior only.
* Scalar Chain - the hierarchy of authority is the order
of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of the
organization. Shows the vertical hierarchy of the
organization which defines an unbroken chain of
units from top to bottom describing explicitly the
flow of authority.
Organizational Units in the Police Organization
1. Functional Units
Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a
large department; comprised of several divisions.
Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.
Section - functional unit within a division that is
necessary for specialization.
Unit - functional group within a section or the
smallest functional group within an organization.
2. Territorial Units
Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is
assigned for duty.
Route - a length of streets designated for patrol
purpose, also called line beat.
Beat - an area designed for patrol purposes
whether foot or motorized.
Sector - an area containing two or more beat,
route or post.
District - a geographical subdivision of a city for
 patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
Area - a section or territorial division of a large city
each comprised of designated districts.
EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING SYSTEM
ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”
POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the
city
POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the
state or government
POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the
English language
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
1. HOME RULE THEORY
- policemen are regarded as servants of the
community, who rely for the efficiency of their
functions upon the express needs of the people.
- policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the
preservation of public peace and security.
2. CONTINENTAL THEORY
- policemen are regarded as state or servants of the
higher authorities
- the people have no share or have little participation
with the duties nor connection with the police
organization.
CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE
1. OLD CONCEPT
- police service gives the impression of being merely a
suppressive machinery
- this philosophy advocates that the measurement of
police competence is the increasing number of
arrests, throwing offenders in detention facilities rather
than trying to prevent them from committing crimes
2. MODERN CONCEPT
- regards police as the first line of defense of the
criminal justice system, an organ of crime prevention
- police efficiency is measured by the decreasing
number of crimes
- broadens police activities to cater to social services
and has for its mission the welfare of the individual
as well as that of the community in general.
EARLY POLICING SYSTEM
1. KIN POLICING
- the family of the offended individual was expected
to assume responsibility for justice
- the family of the victim was allowed to exact
vengeance
2. EGYPT
- ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them
- created the MEDJAYS, a form of police force whose
duties include guarding of the tombs and
apprehending thieves
- introduced the use of dogs as guards and protectors.
3. ROME
- created the first organized police force called
VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI (watchmen of
the city), which had the primary task of firefighting and
policing
- the Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehendinng
thieves, keeping an eye out for burglars and hunting
down runaway slaves, and were on occasion used to
maintain order in the streets
- the Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes and
looked for disturbances of the peace while they
patrolled the streets
- created a special unit called PRAETORIAN GUARDS, a
special force of guards used by Roman Emperors as
the Emperors' personal guards
- as personal guards of the Emperor, their primary
duty was to protect the Emperor from assassination and
other forms of attack against the Emperor.
4. ENGLAND
a) FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM/MUTUAL PLEDGE SYSTEM
- required all males aged 12 and above to join a group
of nine to form a TYTHING
- members of the tything are called a TYTHINGMEN
- a CONSTABLE served as a leader of ten tythings
- the primary task of the things was to protect their
village from thieves and animals
- tythings were later organized into SHIRES
- a shire was headed by a leader called SHIRE REEVE,
which is the origin of the word “sheriff”
- their duty was to apprehend offenders
b) PARISH CONSTABLES
- a parish official charged with controlling crimes
- appointed to serve for one year
- duties included organizing watchmen to guard the
gates
- during trouble, the watchman would raise a “HUE
AND CRY”, a call to arms where the rest of the parish
would stop what they were doing and come to the aid
of the constable.
MODERN POLICING SYSTEM
1) ENGLAND
a. BOWSTREET RUNNERS - a group of men
organized to arrest offenders.
- organized by Henry Fielding, a magistrate in
London,in 1749 in London, England.
- the name was adopted from the name of the street
where the office of Henry Fielding was located.
- when Henry Fielding retired as magistrate, he was
replaced by his blind brother, John Fielding
b. METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT 1829
- the law that created the first modern police force
in London England, called the Metropolitan Police
Service.
- this law was passed through the initiative of Sir
 Robert Peel, a member of the Parliament
- the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police
Service is the Scotland Yard, now known as the New
Scotland Yard
SIR ROBERT PEEL - recognized as the father of modern
policing system.
2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
a. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT
- created in 1845 in New York, USA
- recognized as the first modern style police
department in the US.
- the largest police force in the world
- modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of
London
b. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT
- the oldest police department in the US
- the first night watch was established in Boston in
1631.
- formally founded in May, 1854.
AUGUST VOLLMER - recognized as the Father of
Modern Law Enforcement for his contributions in the
development of the field of criminal justice in the US
- author of the book, Police Administration, which
served as the basic guide in the administration of the
police organization in the US
- was the first police chief of Berkeley, California.
Important Personalities in the Evolution of Philippine
Policing
Brig.Gen. Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary in 1917.
Col. Antonio Torres - the first Filipino Chief of Police of
the Manila Police Department in 1935.
Col. Lambert Javalera - the first chief of police of the
Manila Police Department after the Philippine
Independence from the United States of America in
1946
Dir.Gen. Cesar Nazareno - the first chief of the
Philippine National Police.
HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF
1990, RA 8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
REFORM AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF
1998 and RA 9708
A. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT (DILG)
- formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
- reorganized under RA 6975
ORGANIZATION: - consist of:
a) the Department proper
b) existing bureaus and offices of the DLG
c) local government units (LGU)
1) provincial governors
2) city and municipal mayors
d) the National Police Commission
e) the Philippine Public Safety College
f) Philippine National Police
g) Bureau of Fire Protection
h) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
- the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under RA
6975
- headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the
President and who shall serve at the pleasure of the
President
- the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2)
Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries
a) Undersecretary for Local Government
b) Undersecretary for Peace and Order
- No retired or resigned military officer or police
official may be appointed as Secretary within one
(1) year from date of retirement or resignation
- the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the
National Police Commission
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG
1. Assist the President in the exercise of general
supervision over local governments;
2. Advise the President in the promulgation of policies,
rules, regulations and other issuances on the general
supervision over local governments and on public
order and safety;
3. Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other
issuance's implementing laws on public order and
safety, the general supervision over local
governments and the promotion of local autonomy
and community empowerment and monitor
compliance thereof;
4. Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local
governments, law enforcement and public safety;
Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs and
projects to promote peace and order, ensure public
safety and further strengthen the administrative,
technical and fiscal capabilities of local government
offices and personnel;
5. Formulate plans, policies and programs which will
meet local emergencies arising from natural and man-
made disasters; Establish a system of coordination and
cooperation among the citizenry, local executives and
the Department, to ensure effective and efficient
delivery of basic services to the public;
6. Organize, train and equip primarily for the
performance of police functions, a police force that
is national in scope and civilian in character.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT
OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)
- under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP) was in charge with external security while the
DILG was in charge with internal security
- under RA 8551, the Armed Forces of the Philippines
is now in charge with both internal and external
security with the PNP as support through information
gathering and performance of ordinary police
functions.

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
- an agency attached to the DILG for policy
coordination
- shall exercise administrative control and
operational supervision over the PNP.
VISION OF THE NAPOLCOM
"We envision the National Police Commission as a
highly dynamic, committed and responsive
administering and
controlling body, actively and effectively facilitating the
evolvement of a highly professional, competent,
disciplined, credible and trustworthy PNP"
MISSION OF THE NAPOLCOM
"To administer and control the Philippine National
Police with the end in view of maintaining a highly
professional, competent, disciplined, credible and
trustworthy PNP”
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NAPOLCOM
A. Exercise administrative control and operational
supervision over the Philippine National Police (PNP)
which shall mean the power to:
1. Develop policies and promulgate a police manual
prescribing rules and regulations for efficient
organization, administration, and operation,
including
criteria for manpower allocation distribution and
deployment, recruitment, selection, promotion, and
retirement of personnel and the conduct of
qualifying
entrance and promotional examinations for
uniformed members;
2. Examine and audit, and thereafter establish
standards for such purposes on a continuing basis,
the performance,activities, and facilities of all police
agencies throughout the country;
3. Establish a system of uniform crime reporting;
4. Conduct annual self-report surveys and compile
statistical data for accurate assessment of the crime
situation and the proper evaluation of the efficiency
and effectiveness of all police units in the country;
5. Approve or modify plans and programs on education
and training, logistical requirements,
communications,records,information systems, crime
laboratory, crime prevention and crime reporting;
6. Affirm, reverse or modify, through the National
Appellate Board, personnel administrative actions
involving the demotion or dismissal from the service
imposed upon members of the Philippine National
Police by the Chief of the Philippine National Police;
7. Exercise appellate jurisdiction through the Regional
Appellate Boards, over administrative cases against
policemen and over decisions on claims for police
benefits;
8. Prescribe minimum standards for arms, equipment,
and uniforms and, after consultation with the
Philippine Heraldry Commission, for insignia of
ranks, awards, medals of honor;
9. Issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum in
matters pertaining to the discharge of its own
powers and duties,and designate who among its
personnel can issue processes and administer oaths
in connection therewith;
10. Inspect and assess the compliance of the PNP on
the established criteria for manpower allocation,
distribution and deployment and their impact on
the community and the crime situation, and thereafter
formulate appropriate guidelines for maximization of
resources and effective utilization of the PNP
personnel;
11. Monitor the performance of the local chief
executives as deputies of the Commission; and
12. Monitor and investigate police anomalies and
irregularities.
B. Advise the President on all matters involving police
functions and administration;
C. Render to the President and to Congress an annual
report of its activities and accomplishments during
the thirty (30)days after the end of the calendar year,
which shall include an appraisal of the conditions
obtaining in the organization and administration of
police agencies in the municipalities, cities and
provinces throughout the country, and
recommendations for appropriate remedial
legislations;
D. Recommend to the President, through the Secretary,
within sixty (60) days before the commencement of
each calendar year, a crime prevention program; and
E. Perform such other functions necessary to carry out
the provisions of R.A. 6975, as amended, other
existing laws and Presidential issuance's, and as the
President may direct.
COMPOSITION OF NAPOLCOM
1. One chairperson
2. Four regular commissioner
3. The Chief PNP as ex officio member
Note:
* shall serve a term of office of six (6) years
without reappointment or extension
* three of the four regular commissioners shall come
from civilian sector and not former members of the
police or military
* the fourth regular commissioner shall come from
the law enforcement sector either active or retired
* at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners
shall be a woman
* from among the three regular commissioners from
the civilian sector, the Vice Chairperson shall be
chosen
* the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive
Officer of the Commission
* refer to the organizational structure of the
NAPOLCOM
Important dates in the history of modern Philippine
Policing
1901 - ACT no. 175 of the Philippine Commission
established the Philippine constabulary on august 8,
1901.
1905 - the Philippine constabulary school was
established at the sta.lucia barracks in Intramuros on
February 17, 1905.
1908 - the Philippine constabulary school was
transferred to Baguio City.
1916 - the Philippine constabulary school was renamed
academy for officers of the Philippine constabulary.
1917 - on December 17, 1917, Brigadier General Rafael
Crame from Rizal Province, became the first Filipino
chief of the Philippine constabulary.
1926 - the academy for officers of the Philippine
constabulary was renamed Philippine Constabulary
Academy.
1936 - the Philippine Constabulary Academy became
the present day Philippine Military Academy.
1938 - The Philippine Constabulary became the existing
and organized national police force of the country
pursuant to commonwealth act no. 343 dated June 23,
1938 and EO no. 389 dated December 23, 1950. This
decree integrated local police forces into the Philippines
constabulary operational and organizational set up.
1966 - congress enacted RA no. 4864, the police act of
1966. This law also created the Police Commission
(POLCOM).
1972 - The POLCOM was reorganized as the National
Police Commission.
1975 - PD 765 was enacted. This law is called the Police
Integration Law of 1975. The Integrated National Police
was established with the Philippine Constabulary as
nucleus under the Department of national Defense. The
NAPOLCOM, originally under the office of the President
was transferred to the Ministry of National defense.
1985 - The National Police Commission was returned to
the office of the President pursuant to E.O 1040.
1989 - Executive order 379 placed the Integrated
national Police directly under the command, supervision
and control of the President. This order vested the
NAPOLCOM with the powers of administrative control
and supervision over the Integrated National Police.
1990 - RA 6975 was passed on December 13, 1990
establishing the Philippine National Police under a
reorganized Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG). A new National Police Commission
was created under the DILG.
1998 - congress passed into law RA no. 8551 on
February 25, 1998, otherwise known as the Philippine
National Police reform and reorganization act of 1998.
This act strengthened and expanded NAPOLCOM,s
authority over the PNP to include administration of
police entrance examination and conduct pre-charge
investigation against police anomalies and irregularities
and summary dismissal of erring police members.
FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION
1. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS
- functions that carry out the major purposes of the
organization, delivering the services and dealing
directly with the public
- the backbone of the police department
- examples of the line functions of the police are
patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation
2. STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
- functions that are designed to support the line
functions and assist in the performance of the line
functions
- examples of the staff functions of the police are
planning, research, budgeting and legal advice
3. AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
- functions involving the logistical operations of the
organization
- examples are training, communication, maintenance,
records management, supplies and equipment
management
ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION
1. OPERATIONAL UNITS
- those that perform primary or line functions
- examples are patrol, traffic, investigation and vice
control,
2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
- those that perform the administrative functions
examples are personnel, finance, planning and
training.
3. SERVICE UNITS
- those that perform auxiliary functions
- examples are communication, records
management,supplies.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
- the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the
members, positions,departments and
functions or work of the organization
- it is comprised of functions, relationships,
responsibilities and authorities of individuals within
the organization
KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
1. LINE
- the oldest and simplest kind; also called military
- defined by its clear chain of command from the
highest to the lowest and vice versa
- depicts the line functions of the organization
- orders or commands must come from the higher l
level of authority before it can be carried out
- involves few departments
2. FUNCTIONAL
- structure according to functions and specialized units
- depicts staff functions of the organization
- responsibilities are divided among authorities who
 are all accountable to the authority above.
3. LINE AND STAFF
- a combination of the line and functional kind
- combines the flow of information from the line
structure with the staff departments that service,
advise, and support them
- generally more formal in nature and has many
departments
ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES
FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIZATION
1. AUTHORITY
- the supreme source of government for any
particular organization
- the right to exercise, to decide and to command
by virtue of rank and position
2. MUTUAL COOPERATION
- an organization exists because it serves a
purpose.
3. DOCTRINE
- provides for the organization’s objectives
- provides the various actions, hence, policies,
procedures, rules and regulations of the org.
are based on the statement of doctrines
4. DISCIPLINE
- comprising behavioral regulations
ELEMENTS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
1. UNITY OF COMMAND
- dictates that there should only be ONE MAN
commanding
the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of
orders
2. SPAN OF CONTROL
- the maximum number of subordinates that a superior
can effectively supervise
Factors affecting the span of control:
a) Leadership qualities of the supervisors
b) Nature of the job and work conditions
c) Complexity of task
d) Education and skill of the employees
3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
- conferring of an amount of authority by a superior
position to a lower-level position.
4. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY
- the relationship between superiors and
subordinates
- serves as the framework for the flow of authority
downward and obedience upward through the
department
HIERARCHY - represents the formal relationship
among superiors and subordinates in any given
organization
5. SPECIALIZATION
- the assignment of particular personnel to particular
tasks
SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS (AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION)
- the designation of certain activities or tasks as
ones that must be performed in a highly.
technological,scientific or precise manner
- areas of police specialization include undercover
works, crime scene operations, legal advising,
computer work, SWAT operations and others
SPECIALIZATION OF PEOPLE (SPECIALISTS)
- the designation of particular persons as having
expertise in a specific area of work
- signifies the adaptation of an individual to the
requirements through extensive training
6. CHAIN OF COMMAND
- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom
on the basis of rank or position and authority.
7. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
- dictates that immediate commanders shall be
responsible for the effective supervision and
control.
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM
The institution of police in the Philippines formally
started during the Spanish period. The establishment of
the police force was not entirely intended for crime
prevention nor peacekeeping. Rather, it was created as
an extension of the colonial military establishment.
Ancient Roots
The forerunner of the contemporary police system was
the practice of barangay chieftains to select
able-bodied young men to protect their barangay
during the night and were not required to work
in the fields during daytime.Among the duties of
those selected were to protect the properties
of the people in the barangay and protect their
crops and livestock from wild animals.
Spanish Period
Carabineros de Seguridad Publica – organized in 1712
for the purpose of carrying the regulations
of the Department of State; this was armed
and considered as the mounted police; years after, this
kind of police organization discharged the duties of a
port, harbor and river police.
Guardrilleros/Cuardillo – this was a body of rural police
by the Royal Decree of 18 January 1836, this decree
provided that 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants of
each province were to be enlisted in this police
organization for three years

Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree
issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852
to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of
their work in policing towns,it consisted of a body
of Filipino policemen organized originally in each
of the provincial capitals of the central provinces
of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor
American Period
The Americans established the United States Philippine
Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first
governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan
Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act
No 70of the Taft Commission. This has become the basis
for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s
Finest every January 9th.
ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the
Organization and Government of an Insular
Constabulary”,enacted on July 18, 1901.
Henry T. Allen - Captain of the 6th US cavalry, a
graduate of West Point class 1882. Father of the
Philippine Constabulary.The first chief of the Philippine
Constabulary in 1901.
ACT NO 183 - created the Manila Police Department,
enacted on July 31, 1901.
CAPT GEORGE CURRY - the first chief of police
of the Manila Police Department in 1901.
Act No 255 – the act that renamed the Insular
Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary,
enacted on October 3, 1901
Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine
Constabulary be one of the four services
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on
December 23, 1940.
Post-American Period
RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police
Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on September
8, 1966; created the Police Commission
(POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local
police forces under the Office of the President; later
POLCOM was renamed into National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM).
Martial Law Period
PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of
1975,enacted on August 8, 1975;
established the Integrated National Police (INP)
composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)
as the nucleus and the integrated local police forces
as components, under the Ministry of National
Defense
- transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the
President to the Ministry of National Defense
Post Martial Law Regime
Executive Order No 1012 – transferred to the city and
municipal government the operational
supervision and direction over all INP units assigned
within their locality; issued on July 10, 1985
Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the
administrative control and supervision of the INP
from the Ministry of National Defense to the National
Police Commission
RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the
Interior and Local Government Act of 1990,
enacted on December 13,1990; reorganized the
DILG and established the Philippine National Police,
Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology and the Philippine Public
Safety College.
RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National
Police Reform and Reorganization Act
of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law
amended certain provisions of RA 6975.
RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and
RA 8551 on the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and
adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August
2009.
- An Act extending for five (5) years the reglementary
period for complying with the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting
the promotion system thereof,amending for the
purpose pertinent provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551
and for other purposes.

Law Enforcement Administration
Industrial Security Management
Active Security Measures
1. Physical Barriers
2. Security lighting
3. Vaults
4. Locks
Passive Security Measures
1.Those that will deter man from committing
such act for fear of being caught charged in court
or get dismissed
2.Security education programs, investigation,
fire prevention seminars, personal security
checks.
Company Guard Force – (CGF) a security force
maintained and operated by any private
company/corporation utilizing any of its
employees to watch, secure or guard its business
establishment premises, compound
or properties.
Duty Detail Order - is a written order/schedule
issued by a superior officer usually the private
security agency/branch manager or operations
officer assigning the performance of private
security/detective services duties.
Factors that Bring About Unsecured Conditions
1. Threats - an activity that could lead to a loss.
2. Hazards - a condition that could lead to a loss.
3. Vulnerability - a weakness that can be used
to gain access to an asset.
4. Risk - a potential loss or damage to an asset.
Government Guard Unit – (GGU) a security unit
maintained and operated by any government
entity other than military or police, which is
established and maintained for the purpose of
securing the office or compound and/or
extension of such government entity.
Government Security Personnel – shall be
natural persons which include government
security guards, detectives, security consultants
and security officers except those of the AFP,
PNP, or BJMP rendering or performing security
and/or detective services as employed by
Government entities.
License to Exercise Profession – shall mean
any document issued by the Chief, PNP or his
duly authorized representative recognizing a
person to be qualified to perform his duties as
private security or training personnel.
License to Operate – (LTO) is a License
Certificate document, issued by the Chief,
Philippine National Police or his duly authorized
representative, authorizing a person to engage in
employing security guard or detective, or a
juridical person to establish, engage, direct,
manage or operate an individual or a private
detective agency or private security
agency/company security force after payment of
the prescribed dues or fees.
Note: New applicants for license to operate shall
be required to obtain a minimum capitalization
of one million pesos (P1,000,000.00) with a
minimum bank deposit of five hundred thousand
(P500, 000.00) pesos in order to start its
business operation.
No regular license shall be granted to any private
security agency unless it has a minimum of two
hundred (200) licensed private security
personnel under its employ.
No regular license shall be granted to a company
guard force or private detective agency unless it
has a minimum of thirty (30) licensed private
security personnel under its employ.
The maximum number of private security
personnel that a PSA/CGF/PDA may employ
shall be one thousand (1000).
PADPAO – Philippine Association of Detective
and Protective Agency Operators. Is an
association of all licensed security agencies and
company security forces in the Philippines.
Person - shall include not only natural persons
but also juridical persons such as corporation,
partnership, company or association
dulyregistered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
Physical Barrier - any structure or physical
device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying,
illegal access to an installation.
PNP - Philippine National Police, under the DILG,
organized pursuant to the provision of RA 6975
otherwise known as the National Police Act of
1991. The PNP shall exercise general supervision
over the operators of all security agencies and
guards.
Powers and Duties of a Security Guard
1. To watch and secure the property of the client.
Service shall not extend beyond the property or
compound of client
 Exception:
1. Escort duties
2. Hot pursuit of criminal offenders
2. Security Guard and Private Detective have no
police authority.
Private Detective - is any person who does
detective work for hire, reward or commission,
other than members of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, guards of the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology, municipal or city jail
guards, and members of the Philippine National
Police or of any other law enforcement agency of
the government.
Qualifications of a Private Detective
1. Must be a Filipino citizen
2. Must be a high school graduate
3. Must be physically and mentally fit
4. Must not be less than 21 nor more than 50
years of age
5. Must be at least 5 feet and 4 inches in
height
6. Must not be suffering from any of the ff:
disqualifications
a. Dishonorably discharged or separated
from the AFP
b. Mental incompetent
c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or
drugs
d. Habitual drunkard
7. Must not be convicted of any crime
involving moral turpitude
Private Detective Agency - is any person, who,
for hire or reward or on commission, conducts or
carries on or holds himself or itself out as
conducting or carrying on a detective agency, or
detective service.
Notes:
1. All person used in a private detective work
must be licensed
2. All person employed solely for clerical or
manual work need no private detective license.
3. License (LTO) shall be displayed at all
times in a conspicuous and suitable place in the
agency office or headquarters of the agency and
shall be exhibited at the request of any person
whose jurisdiction is in relation with the
business of the agency or the employees thereof,
or of the Chief of the PNP
or his duly authorized representative or any
peace officer.
4. The PNP shall exercise general supervision
over the operation of all private detective and
private detective agency.
The rules above applies to a Private Security
Agency.
Private Security Guard - (watchman) shall
include any person who offers or renders
personal service to watch or secure either a
residence, business establishment, or buildings,
compounds, areas, or property,
inspects/monitors bodily checks/searches
individuals and/or baggage and other forms of
security inspection, physically/ manually or
scientifically electronic, including but not limited
to, logging concessions and agricultural, mining
or pasture lands, transportation, for hire or
compensation , or as an employee thereof,
including any employee of the national or local
governments or agencies or instrumentality’s
thereof and or government owned or controlled
firm or corporations who is employed to watch
or secure government buildings, compounds,
premises and other properties, other than
members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
guards of the Bureau of Jail management and
Penology, Municipal or City jail guards, and
members of the Philippine National Police or of
any other law enforcement agency of the
Government.
Qualifications of a Security Guard
1. Must be a Filipino citizen
2. Must be a high school graduate
3. Must be physically and mentally fit
4. Must not be less than 21 nor more than 50
years of age
5. Must be at least 5 feet and 4 inches in
height (RA 5487)
6. Must not be suffering from any of the ff:
disqualifications
a. Dishonorably discharged or separated
from the AFP
b. Mental incompetent
c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or
drugs
d. Habitual drunkard
7. Must have undergone a pre-licensing
training course
8. Must not be convicted of any crime
involving moral turpitude
Moral Turpitude - A phrase used in
Criminal Law to describe conduct that is
considered contrary to community standards of
justice, honesty, or good morals.
Crimes involving moral turpitude have
an inherent quality of baseness, vileness, or
depravity with respect to a person's duty to
another or to society in general.
Examples of Crime Involving Moral Turpitude
1. Rape
2. Forgery
3. Robbery
4. Prostitution
Private Security Guard Agency - any person,
association, partnership, or corporation, who
recruits, trains, muster, furnishes, solicits
individuals or business firms, private or
government-owned or controlled corporations
to engage his service or those of its watchmen.
Who May Organize a Security Agency
1. Any Filipino citizen
2. Corporation
3. Partnership
4. Association
Limitations/Disqualification/Prohibitions In
Organizing A Security Agency
1. Security Agency must be 100% Filipino
owned
2. No person shall organize or have an
interest in, more than security agency
3. No agency shall offer, render or accept
services in gambling dens or other illegal
business establishments or enterprises.
4. Must not be an elective or appointive
government employees who may be called upon
on account of the functions of their respective
offices in the implementation and enforcement
of the Private Security Agency Law and any
person related to such government employees
by affinity or consanguinity in the third civil
degree shall not hold any interest, directly or
indirectly in any security guard or watchman
agency.
5. The extent of the security guard service
being furnished by the security agency shall not
go beyond the compound and/or property of the
person or establishment contracting the security
service except when the security guards is
escorting big amount of money or valuables.
6. Main Office - All agencies shall maintain a
main office in their registered addresses.
Branch offices - may be established and
maintained in
other provinces/ cities where the security
agency has deployed security guards.
7. Rules - Authority to operate outside
principal offices.
1. No new or moribund but previously
licensed private security agency shall be granted
license to operate unless its business viability is
supported by evidence of assured clientele,
adequate capitalization and the like.
Moribund - (dying)(stagnant)(obsolescent) in
terminal decline; lacking vitality or vigour.
2. Private Security Agency operating at
regions outside its main office shall be required
to register with the nearest Police Provincial
Office and shall submit an authenticated machine
copy of the following documents:
a) License to Operate
b) License of the FA’s to be issued
c) List of the officers and security
guards
d) Appointment Order of
Branch/Detachment Manager (if any)
8. All applicants for license to operate shall be
required to attend a private security
agency/company guard force operators and
management seminar/workshop.
9. Prohibition on “KABIT SYSTEM” operators
1. No licensed security agency shall
operate, promote and enter into an agreement of
“merger“ (kabit system) with any person or a
group of persons for the purpose of organizing a
branch unit or subsidiary under separate control
and ownership. Merger of security and detective
agencies shall not be recognized without prior
approval from the SEC with respect to their
Articles of Incorporation and the DTI, with
regards their business name.
2. Any of the following circumstances or
a combination thereof shall be considered prima-
facie evidence of the existence of “Kabit System”.
a) Maintaining a separate branch, unit
or subsidiary office aside from the main office of
the agency situated within the same locality
b) Receiving direct payments from the
agency’s clientele and issuing officials receipt of
their own distinct from that issued by the
agency concerned
c) Remitting directly Social Security
System premiums, Medicare contributions and
other premium for other policy insurance
benefits
d) Existence of an agreement between
the licensee and a branch manager thereof,
whereby the latter obligates himself to pay a
certain percentage of his income to the former
on the condition that the control and supervision
of the guards posted by said branch shall course
on the manager thereof and that the licensee
shall be exempt from liabilities/ obligations
attendant to the operation of said branch.
 e) Keeping/maintaining separate
payrolls for the branch employees signed and/or
approved by the branch manager only
f) Absence of record of monthly
income remittances to the main office when said
branch is authorized to make collections from
the clients of the licensee
g) All other similar acts tending to
show separate and distinct
relationship/personality/ownership/
management.
Qualifications of the Operator/Manager of a
Security Agency
1. Must be at least 25 years of age
2. Must be a College Graduate and/or No.3
below.
3. Must be a commissioned officer in the
inactive service of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines
4. Must be of good moral character
5. Must have no previous record of any
conviction of any crime or offense involving
moral turpitude
6. Must not be suffering from any of the
following disqualifications:
a. Dishonorably discharged or separated
from the AFP
b. Mental incompetent
c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or
drugs
d. Habitual drunkard
7. Must have taken a course/seminar on
industrial Security Management and/or must
have adequate training or experience in security
business (IRR)
Note: One can not be a Commissioned officer in
the inactive service of the AFP unless college
graduate. The law used the word and/or.
RA 5487 is a law. In case of conflict between the
law and its implementing rules and regulations
promulgated by the chief PNP, The law shall
prevail.
Private Security Industry – shall cover those in
the legitimate business of providing private
security and detective services.
Private Security Personnel – shall be natural
persons which include private security guards,
private detectives, security consultants, and
security officers rendering/performing security
and/or detective services as employed by
private security agencies and/or private firms.
Protective Security System - are those
measures taken by an installation or unit to
protect itself against sabotage, espionage or
subversion.
RA 5487 - known as "The Private Security
Agency Law."
Restricted Area - is any area in which personnel
or vehicles are controlled for reasons of security.
Restricted area is established to provide security
for installation or facilities and to promote
efficiency of security operations and economy in
the use of security personnel.
SAGSD - Security Agency and Guard
Supervision Division. SAGSD is
under the PNP Civil Security Group.
Security - is the state or quality of being secured,
freedom from fear or danger;assurance;
certainty. To secure is to make safe or be
protected. From the Greek word SECUROS which
means safe, safety or secured.
Security Guard - (watchman) Any person who
offers or renders personal service to watch or
secure either residential or business
establishment, or both, or any building,
compound, or area including but not limited to
logging concessions, agricultural, mining or
pasture lands for hire or compensation, or as an
employee thereof.
Security Hazards - is an act or condition which
results in a situation like a breach of the
protection system and the subsequent loss or
compromise of defense information, company
secret or damage to personnel, property or
facilities.
Three Major Areas of Security
1. Physical Security - this concern with the
physical measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities,
material and document and to safeguard them
against espionage,damage, loss and theft
2. Personnel Security - this is as important as
physical security.
Personnel security starts even before the hiring
of an employee and remains to be maintained for
as long as the person is employed.
Its purpose is to insure that a firm hires those
best suited to assist the firm in achieving its
goals and objectives and once hired assist in
providing necessary security to the work force
while carrying out their functions
3. Document and Information Security - this
involves the protection of documents as
classified papers from loss, access by
unauthorized persons, damage, theft and
compromise through disclosure
Two Instances When the Chief PNP may
deputize any security guard to assist the PNP
in the performance of police duties.
1. In case of emergency
2. In times of disaster or calamities
Types of Security
1. Industrial Security - a type of security
applied to business groups engaged in industries
like manufacturing, assembling, research and
development, processing, warehousing and even
agriculture. It may also mean the business of
providing security.
2. Hotel Security- a type of security applied to
hotels where its properties are protected from
pilferage, loss damage and the function in the
hotel restaurants are not disturbed and troubled
by outsiders or the guest themselves. This type
of security employs house detectives, uniforms
guard and supervisor and insures that hotel
guests and their personal effects are
safeguarded.
3. Bank Security- this type of security is concern
with the bank operations.
4. VIP Security- a type of security applied for the
protection of top-ranking officials of the
government or private entity, visiting persons of
illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
5. School Security- a type of security that is
concern with the protection of the students,
faculty members, and school properties.
6. Supermarket or Mall Security- a type of
security which is concern with the protection of
the stores, warehouses, storage, its immediate
premises and properties as well as the
supermarket personnel and customers. Security
personnel are trained to detect shoplifter,
robbery, and bomb detection and customer
relation.
7. Other Types- this includes all other security
matters not covered in the above enumeration.
Law Enforcement Administration
Police Patrol
1842 - the London Metropolitan Police
established the first detective branch.
Bobbies - British police.
Boston Police - first public police force
established in 1631.
Bow Street Patrols - a small body of police in
London who had been organized in the mid-18th
century by the novelist and magistrate Henry
Fielding and his half-brother, Sir John
Fielding.
Compurgation - also called Wager Of Law, in
early English law, method of settling issues of
fact by appeal to a type of character witness.
Egypt - the first policing organization was
created in about 3000 BC.
Emperor Augustus - organized one of the
earliest form of organized policing in Rome in 7
BC. He divided the city of Rome into 14 regions
(wards), each consisting of vici (precincts)
overseen by vicomagistri, who were responsible
for fire protection and other administrative and
religious duties.
New Scotland Yard - the headquarters of the
London Metropolitan Police.
New York Police - The first police department in
the United States, it was established in 1844 and
it was officially organized in 1845.
Patrol - keep watch over (an area) by regularly
walking or travelling around it.
Patrol Functions (Categories)
1. Crime prevention - pro-active deterrence
2. Law Enforcement - reactive deterrence
3. Order Maintenance - security
4. Social Services - community welfare
Patrol As A Function
1. Constant Movement
2. Prevent/deter crime
3. Eliminate opportunity for crime
Patrol Activities and Purposes
1. Crime Detection and Prevention
2. Apprehension of Criminals & Wanted
Suspects
3. Data & Information Collection
4. Report Writing & Documentation
5. Public Assistance
6. Peace Keeping and Order Maintenance
7. Conflict Resolution
8. Traffic Control and Enforcement
9. Parking Enforcement
10.Law Enforcement Reduce Citizens’ Fear of
Crime
 11.Detect and Enforce Code and Safety Principle 3 - Police must secure the willing co-
Violations operation of the public in voluntary observance
12.Rapid Responses to Emergencies of the law to be able to secure and maintain the
13.Public Relations respect of the public.
14.Police Visibility Principle 4 - The degree of co-operation of the
15.Property Protection public that can be secured diminishes
proportionately to the necessity of the use of
Patrol Method physical force.
1. Foot Patrol Principle 5 - Police seek and preserve public
2. Motorcycle Patrol favor not by catering to the public opinion but by
3. Motorized Patrol constantly demonstrating absolute impartial
4. Bike Patrol service to the law.
5. Horse Patrol Principle 6 - Police use physical force to the
6. Aircraft Patrol extent necessary to secure observance of the law
7. Watercraft Patrol or to restore order only when the exercise of
persuasion, advice and warning is found to be
Patrol Officer - is the backbone of the police insufficient.
department. Principle 7 - Police, at all times, should maintain
a relationship with the public that gives reality to
Patrol Supervision the historic tradition that the police are the
1. Hands on - supervisor involved in day to public and the public are the police; the police
day activities. being only members of the public who are paid
2. Command - supervisor shows up at to give full-time attention to duties which are
incident sites and gives orders incumbent on every citizen in the interests of
3. Counsel - supervisor available and when community welfare and existence.”
requested shows up at incident sites. Principle 8 - Police should always direct their
action strictly towards their functions and never
Patrol Techniques appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary.
1. Routine Patrol Principle 9 - The test of police efficiency is the
2. Directed Patrol absence of crime and disorder, not the visible
3. D-Runs evidence of police action in dealing with it.
4. Saturation Patrol
5. Split Force Peeler - a police officer, especially in the United
6. Suspect-Oriented Patrol Kingdom and Australia. Derived from the name
of Sir Robert Peel who developed the
Police Traffic Enforcement Activities Metropolitan Police Act in 1928 which proved
1. Issue Traffic Citations to be the foundation for the modern police force
2. Issue Parking Citations in Britain.
3. Investigate Traffic Accidents
4. Arrest Drunk Drivers Police Functional Units
5. Enforce Seat belt Laws 1. Bureau - the largest organic functional unit
6. Direct Traffic within a large department. It comprises of
numbers of divisions.
Police Traffic Enforcement Purposes 2. Division - a primary subdivision of a
1. Insure Safety of Public bureau.
2. Reduce Accidents and Injuries 3. Section -functional unit within a division
3. Collect Information that is necessary for specialization.
4. Make Criminal Arrests 4. Unit -functional group within a section; or
5. Enforce Laws the smallest functional group within an
6. Facilitate Traffic Flow organization.

Peel's 9 (Nine) Principle Police Operations

Principle 1. The basic mission for which the
police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.
Principle 2 - The ability of the police to perform
their duties is dependent upon public approval
of police actions.
1. Patrol - 50 % Of Force - 80 % Of Budget
2. Criminal Investigation (Detectives) - Solve 20
% Of Cases Solved In Depth case screening
3. Traffic
4. Support/Special Services
Police Territorial Units
1. Post - a fixed point or location to which an
officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated
desk or office or an intersection or cross walk
from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general
guard duty.
2. Route -a length of streets designated for
patrol purposes. It is also called Line Beat.
3. Beat - an area assigned for patrol purposes,
whether foot or motorized.
4. Sector - an area containing two or more
beats, routes, or post.
5. District-a geographical subdivision of a city
for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
6. Area- a section or territorial division of a
large city each comprised of designated districts.

Polis - greek word which means city.

Purposes of Criminal Investigation

1. Determine whether or not a crime has been
committed.
2. Decide if the crime was committed within the
investigator’s jurisdiction.
3. Discover all facts pertaining to the complaint.
4. Gather and preserve physical evidence.
5. Identify the perpetrator.
6. Develop and follow up all clues.
7. Locate and apprehend the perpetrator.
8. Aid in the prosecution of the offender by
providing evidence of guilt that is admissible in
court.
9. Testify effectively as a witness in court.
10.Recover stolen property.

Robert Peel - established the Metropolitan

Police Force for London based at Scotland Yard
in 1929. Father of modern policing system.

Specialized Units and Operations

1. Special Weapons & Tactics
2. Vice & Drugs
3. K-9
4. Organized Crime
5. Community Services
6. Crime analysis Law Enforcement Administration
7. Domestic Violence
Police Intelligence
8. Sex Crimes
9. Internal Affairs
10.Crime Prevention Accuracy of Information
11.Juvenile & School Service 1 - Confirmed By Other Sources
12.Intelligence 2 - Probably True
3 - Possibly True
4 - Doubtfully True
5 - Improbable
6 - Truth Can Not Be Judged
Alexander The Great - A Greek Conqueror, was
able to identify those who are disloyal to him by
ordering the opening of communication letter of
his men and was successful in uplifting the esprit
de corps and morale of his men.
Artificial Intelligence - The ability of a digital
computer or computer-controlled robot to
perform tasks commonly associated with
intelligent beings.
ASIS - Australian Secret Intelligence Service -
Primary responsibility is gathering intelligence
from mainly Asian and Pacific interest using
agents stationed in wide variety of areas. Its
main purpose like other most agencies is to
protect the country's political and economic
interest and ensure the safety of its citizens
against national threats.
Bundesnachrichtendienst - BND, Federal
Intelligence Service, is the foreign intelligence
agency of the German government, the BND act
as the early warning system to alert the German
government against threats to its interest
coming from abroad.
Categories of Intelligence
1. National Intelligence - integrated product of
intelligence developed by all government
departments concerning the broad aspect of
national policy and national security.
2. Departmental Intelligence - the intelligence
required by the department or agencies of the
government to execute its mission and discharge
its responsibilities.
3. Military Intelligence - refers to the
knowledge by the military institution essential in
the preparation and execution of military plans,
policies and programs.
CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, is the civilian
intelligence agency of the USA. It is the largest
intelligence agency in the world.
Classifications of Documents
1. Top Secret - calls for the utmost degree of
protection, Unauthorized revelation of this
materials and information will cause extremely
severe damage to the nation, politically,
economically, or militarily.
2. Secret - unauthorized disclosure of this
documents or things may put at risk the national
security, cause serious injury to the reputation of
the nation.
3. Confidential - Unauthorized revelation of
which may be injurious to the reputation of the
nation or governmental activity or will cause
administrative humiliation or unnecessary
injury.
4. Restricted - this are information which
should not be published or communicated to
anyone except for official purposes. These
records are daily files, routine in nature even if
lost or destroyed will not affect operation or
administration.
Classification of Sources of Information
1. Open Sources - 99% of the information
collected are coming from open sources or
obtained from overt operation.
2. Close Sources - only 1% of information are
obtained from covert operation.
Elements of Clandestine Operation
1. Sponsor - directs the organization
conducting the clandestine activity.
2. Target - person, place or things against
which the clandestine activity is to be conducted.
3. Agent - refers to a person who conducts
the clandestine operations, includes principal
agents, action agents, and support agents.
Principal Agent - leader or management agent
in clandestine operation usually undertaken by
the case officer.
Action Agent - one who conducts the
clandestine operation that includes:
a. Espionage Agent - agent who
clandestinely procures or collects information.
b. Propagandist - agents who molds the
attitudes, opinions and actions of an individual
group or nation.
Support Agent - agent who is engaged in
activities which supports the clandestine
operations that includes the ff:
a. Surveillant - agent who observes
persons and places of operation of interest.
b. Investigator - agent who undertakes
to procure information or things of clandestine
operation.
Procurer of Funds - agent who obtains money
when needed for operational use.
Safe House Keeper - agents who manages and
maintains a safe house for clandestine
operations like meetings, safe heavens, training,
briefing and debriefing.
Communication Agent - agent who is detailed
to secure clandestine communications.
Coding - the changing of message from plain
clear text to unintelligible form, also known as
encrypting.
Decoding - transforming of coded message into
plain text, also known as decrypting.
Counter Intelligence - phase of intelligence
covering the activity devoted in destroying the
effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and the
protection of information against espionage,
subversion and sabotage.
Types of Counter Intelligence
1. Passive CI Measures - protection of
classified and sensitive information against
unauthorized access through secrecy,
communication security and other safeguards.
2. Active CI Measures - are those measures
which seek actively to block enemies effort to
gain information or engage in espionage,
subversion and sabotage.
Categories of Counter Intelligence Operations
1. Military Security - it encompasses the
measures taken by a command to protect itself
against espionage, enemy operation, sabotage,
subversion, or surprise.
2. Port Boundary and Travel Security -
application of both military and civil security
measures for counter-intelligence control at
point of entry and departure, international
borders and boundaries.
3. Civil Security - active and passive counter-
intelligence measures affecting the non-military
nationals permanently or temporarily residing in
an area under military jurisdiction.
4. Special Operations - counter subversion,
sabotage and espionage.
Objectives of Counter-Intelligence
1. It denies information to the enemy
2. It reduces the risk of a command
3. Aid in achieving surprises
4. Increases the security of the command
5. Decrease the ability of the enemy to create
information about the forces.
Functions/Activities of Counter-Intelligence
1. Protection of Information against
espionage
2. Protection of personnel against subversion
3. Protection of installations and materials
against sabotage
Cryptography - arts and science of codes and
ciphers.
Crypto Analyst - refers to those persons who
break intercepted codes.
Cryptographer - refers to a person who is highly
skilled in converting message from clear to
unintelligible forms by use of codes and ciphers.
Delilah - a biblical personality, she was able to
gain information by using her beauty and charm,
she was responsible for the fall of Samson, a
known Israelite leader and enemy of the
Philistines.
Frederick The Great - Father of organized
military espionage.
FSD - Federal Security Service of the Russian
Federation, is the main domestic security agency
of the Russian Federation, and the main
successor of the Cheka, NKVD and the KGB.
General Directorate For External Security -
France external intelligence agency, operating
under the direction of the French Ministry of
Defense.
Heavy Water/Deuterium Oxide - A form of
water that contains a larger than normal amount
of the hydrogen isotope deuterium.
Informants - any person who hand over
information to the agents which is relevant to
the subject.
Type of Informants
1. Anonymous - unidentified or unknown
informants.
2. False Informant - reveals information of
no consequences or value.
3. Frightened Informants - weakest link in
criminal chain, motivated by anxiety.
4. Self-Aggrandizing - moves around the the
center of criminals delight in surprising the
police about bits of information.
5. Mercenary - information for sale, needed
something for exchange of information.
6. Double Crosser - wants to get more
information from the police more than what he
gives.
7. Women Informant - most dangerous type
of informant.
8. Legitimate - operators of business.
Motives of Informants
1. Vanity - conceited act/character of the
criminal resulting to self-betrayal or tantamount
to guilt, gaining favorable attention and
importance by the police.
 2. Civic-Mindedness - sense of duty and
obligation to assist the police.
3. Fear - a person under an illusion of
oppression by enemies or of other impending
danger.
4. Repentance - one who has a change of
heart and wishes to report a crime that is
preying on his conscience.
5. Gratitude or Gain - an expression of
appreciation to obtain a privilege or an interest
in the welfare of his family during his detention.
6. Revenge - to settle a grudge due to settle a
previous injury.
7. Jealousy - envious of the accomplishments
or possessions of another and wishes to
humiliate him.
8. Remuneration - a person who informs
solely for the pecuniary or other material gain he
is to receive.
Information Warfare - The manipulation of
information trusted by a target without the
target's awareness to encourage them to make
decisions against their own interest, but in the
interest of the one conducting the manipulation.
Informers - refers to any person who provides
information to the agents in a regular basis
regarding a subject, they are paid either on a
regular or case to case basis.
Intelligence - the organized effort to collect
information, to assist it Little by little, and piece
it together until it forms larger and clear pattern.
(intelligence as an activity)
- the end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and
interpretation of all available information which
may have immediate or potential
significance to the development and execution of
plan, policies and programs of the user.
(intelligence as a product)
- an institution composed of person who
prepares a plan or formulating policies.
(intelligence as an institution)
Intelligence Cycle
1. Planning
2. Collection
3. Processing
4. Dissemination
Planning - the intelligence officer must have
a thorough knowledge of the available sources of
information, the collecting agencies and type of
information the latter can provide.
Collection - the intelligence officer must have
thorough knowledge of the available sources of
information and collecting agencies and the type
of information they can provide and consider the
following:
a. Determine collecting agency
b. Send orders or request
c. Supervise collection efforts
d. Use tools or techniques in collection
e. Ensure timely collection
Factors in Choosing Collection Agents
a. Capability - agents placement or access to
target
b. Multiplicity - more agents
c. Balance
Processing - Five Steps
1. Recording - is the reduction of information
in writing or other form of graphical
representation and arranging the information
into groups of related items.
2. Evaluation - is the determination of the
pertinence of the information to the operation,
reliability of the source or agency and the
accuracy of the information.
Pertinence - does it holds some value to current
operation.
Reliability - judging the source of information or
agency
Credibility - truth of information
3. Analysis - is the stage in which the
collected information is subjected to review in
order to satisfy significant facts and derive
conclusions there from.
4. Integration - the combination of the
elements isolated analysis with other known
information related to the operation.
5. Interpretation - process of determining
the significance of new information and its
meaning.
Dissemination - processed information or
intelligence data are disseminated to end users,
common methods of disseminating intel data are
conferences, briefing and person to person
exchanges. In this process, consider the factors of
timeliness, correctness and security.
ISI - Inter-Services Intelligence, Pakistan's
premier intelligence agency. It was established in
1948. Its office is located in Islamabad.
Julius Caesar - in his time, the staff of each
legion includes ten speculators who served as an
information collecting agency. The Speculators
were the first intelligence personnel to appear in
a military organization. Military success of the
Romans was aided by the communication
system. Made use of pigeons as carrier which
made intelligence transmittal very fast.
Karl Schulmeister - known as Napoleon's Eye,
he was credited for establishing counter-
intelligence against spies. He is a master of deceit
who used black mail to obtain vital information
to identify the enemies of Napoleon.
Kinds of Covert Operation
1. Surveillance - is the covert, discreet
observation of people and places for the purpose
of obtaining information concerning the
identities or activities of subjects.
Surveillant - is the plainclothes investigator
assigned to make the observation.
Subject - can be a person, place, property and
vehicle, group of people, organization, or object.
Safe house - refers to place where agents meet
each other for purposes of debriefing and
reporting.
Live Drop - refers to a place where agents or
informants leave their messages to the other
agents.
Decoy - a person or object used by the subject in
an attempt to elude the surveillant.
Convoy - an associate of the subject who follows
him to detect surveillance.
Log - chronological records of activities that took
place in the establishment under surveillance.
Methods of Surveillance
1. Stationary Surveillance - also referred
to as Fixed or
Stakeout Surveillance - is used when you know
or suspect that a person is at or will come to a
known location, when you suspect that stolen
goods are to be dropped or when informants
have told you that a crime is going to be
committed.
2. Moving Surveillance/Shadowing/Tailing -
simply the act of following a person.
Forms of Shadowing/Tailing
1. Loose Tail - employed where a
general impression of the subject's habits and
associates is required.
2. Rough Shadowing - employed
without special precautions, subject maybe
aware of the surveillance, employed also when
the subject is a material witness and must be
protected from harm or other undesirable
influences.
3. Close Tail - extreme precautions are
taken against losing the subject is employed
where constant surveillance is necessary.
2. Casing - it is the careful inspection of a place
to determine its suitability for a particular
operational purpose.
3. Elicitation - the process of extracting
information from a person believe to be in
possession of vital information without his
knowledge or suspicion.
4. Employment of Technical Means
Bugging - the use of an equipment or tool
to listen and record discreetly conversation of
other people.
Wiretapping - a method of collecting
information through interception of telephone
conversation.
5. Tactical Interrogation - it is the process or
method of obtaining information from a
captured enemy who is reluctant to divulge
information.
6. Observation and Description - it is a
method of collecting information by just merely
using the different senses.
Methods and Techniques of Collecting
Information
Information - all evaluated materials of every
description including those derived from
observation, reports, rumors, imagery and other
sources from which intelligence is produced.
Types of Agents Used in Collecting
Information
1. Agent of Influence - agent who uses
authority to gain information.
2. Agent in Place - agent who has been
recruited within a highly sensitive target
3. Penetration Agent - agent who have
reached the enemy, gather information and able
to get back without being caught.
4. Expendable Agent - agent who leaks false
information to the enemy.
 5. Double Agent - an enemy agent who has
been taken into custody turned around and sent
back where he came from as an agent of his
captors.
MI6 - Secret Intelligence Service, supplies the
British government of foreign intelligence.
MSS - Ministry of State Security, is the security
agency of the Peoples Republic of China.
Mole - also known as sleeper agent. Tasked with
monitoring an organization or individual. A mole
can spend years in the same place only
responding to missions when assigned. They are
trained to be visible but to keep their motives
unknown.
Mossad - Institute for Intelligence and Special
Operations, is responsible for the intelligence
collection and covert operation of the Israel
government, Its Director reports directly to the
Israel Prime Minister. It is one of the entities of
the Israeli intelligence community along with
AMAN (Military Intelligence) and SHIN BET
(Internal Security)
Moses - sent 12 scouts to the land of Canaan to
survey the land, the people, their location and
the nature of their cities.
NICA - National Intelligence Coordinating
Agency, the primary intelligence gathering arm
of the Philippines. Its motto is
Knowledge is Safety. It is headed by a Director
General and is assisted by a Deputy Director
General. The Director General reports directly to
the President of the Philippines.
EO 492 issued on February 1, 2006,
ordered the NICA to activate the National
Maritime Aerial Reconnaissance and
Surveillance Center or NMARSC. The NMARSC
shall serve as the primary intel provider for the
Philippine intelligence community. Under the
supervision and oversight of the National
Security Adviser, the NICA-NMARSC will operate
unmanned aerial vehicles or UAV's to cater to the
imagery intelligence demands of various
government agencies.
Police Intelligence - the end product resulting
from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available
information regarding the activities of criminals
and other law violators for the purpose of
effecting their arrest, obtaining evidence and
prevent plan to commit crimes.
Categories of Police Intelligence
1. Strategic Intelligence - knowledge
pertaining to the capabilities and vulnerabilities
of a foreign nation which is required by the
national planners for the formulation of an
adequate national defense. Intelligence is for
long range.
2. Counter-Intelligence - preparation and
execution of plans and programs to neutralize or
prevent any activities undesirable to the police
organization.
3. Line or Tactical Intelligence - intelligence
information directly contributes to the
accomplishment of specific objectives and
immediate in nature and necessary for more
effective police planning and operation.
Components of Strategic Intelligence
1. Political Intelligence - deals with
domestic and foreign affairs and relations of
government operations.
2. Economic Intelligence - deals with the
extent and utilization of natural and human
resources to the industrial potential of the
nation.
3. Transportation and Telecommunication
intelligence – concerned with the operations
and facilities of the military and civilians.
Functional Classification of Police
Intelligence
1. Criminal Intelligence - refers to the
knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes
and the investigation, arrest and prosecution of
criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence - refers to
the knowledge essential to the maintenance of
peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence - refers to the
knowledge essential to ensure the protection of
lives and properties.
Principles of Intelligence
1. Intelligence and Operation are interdependent
2. Intelligence is continuous
3. Intelligence must be useful
4. Intelligence operation requires imagination
and foresight
5. intelligence must be available on time
6. Intelligence must be flexible
7. Intelligence requires continuous security
measures
RAW - Research and Analysis Wing is India's
external intelligence agency. Its primary function
is collection of external intelligence, counter-
terrorism and covert operations.

Reliability of Information
A - Completely Reliable
B - Usually Reliable
C - Fairly Reliable
D - Not Usually Reliable
E - Unreliable
F - Reliability Can Not Be Judge
Saboteur - a spy or member of a clandestine
organization who destroys machinery, bridges,
equipment, or other products of the enemy.
Security Clearance - is a certification by a
responsible authority that the person described
is clear to access and classify matters at
appropriate levels.
Interim Clearance - effective for 2 years. Final
Clearance - effective for 5 years.
Security Measures and Operations in Relation
To Intelligence
1. Physical Security - the broadest type of
security that is concerned with the physical
measures designed to safeguard personnel and
prevent unauthorized access to equipment,
facilities, materials, documents and to protect
them from espionage, sabotage, damage, or theft.
2. Communication Security - the protection
resulting from the application of various
measures which prevent or delay the enemy or
unauthorized person in gaining information
through communication. This includes
transmission, cryptographic and physical
security.
3. Documentary Security - protection of
documents, classified matters and vital records
from loss, access to unauthorized persons,
damage, theft and compromise through proper
storage and procedure.
4. Personnel security - the sum total
procedures followed, inquiries conducted and
criteria applied to determine the work suitable
to a particular applicant or the retention or
transfer of a particular employee.
Personnel Security Investigation - is an
inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion,
integrity, morals and loyalty of an individual in
order to determine a person's suitability for
appointment and access to classified matters.
Types of PSI
1. Local Agency Check - refers to the
investigation of the records and files of agency in
the area of principal residence of the individual
being investigated: Mayor, Police, Fiscal where
the individual is a resident.
2. National Agency Check - it consist of
LAC supplemented by investigation of the
records and files of the following agencies: PNP.
ISAFP, NBI, CSC, Bureau of Immigration and
other agencies.
3. Background Investigation - a check
made on an individual usually seeking
employment through subject's records in the
police files, educational institutions, place of
residence and former employers.
Complete Background Investigation - a type of
BI which is more comprehensive, it consist of
detailed information regarding the subject.
Partial Background Investigation -
investigation of the background of an individual
but limited only to some of the circumstances.
Sun Tzu - author of the art of war.
Undercover Operation - also called Roping - is
disguising one's own identity or using an
assumed identity for the purpose of gaining the
trust of an individual or organization to learn
secret information or to gain the trust of targeted
individuals in order to gain information or
evidence.
Cover - it refers to the changing, forging, or
falsifying agent's real personality including but
not limited to things, location, job and others
that will be used in undercover assignments.
Types of Cover
1. Artificial -altering the background that
will correspond to the operation.
2. Multiple - includes different cover
3. Natural - actual or true background
Hazards of Undercover Operations
1. Reintegration back to normal duty
2. Maintenance of identity
Uses and Types of Undercover Assignment
1. Residential Assignment - it is related to
the neighborhood of the subject, where the agent
will live as a new resident without making any
suspicion. His mission is to make friends within
its neighborhood and gather information
regarding the subject and possibly getting closer
to the subject.
2. Social Assignment - the agent will gain
access to the subject by going to the different
hangout places of the subject and gather
information like knowing how to drink socially
without getting drunk.
 3. Work Assignment - the agent will be
employed where the subject work to acquire
information. The agent must know his work and
focus his mind set and habit to his work
assignment
4. Subversive Organization - this is the most
dangerous of all the undercover assignment, the
agent will join the organization of the subject
itself, he must know the ideologies of the group
and the actions while inside should conform to
the organization to avoid any suspicion.
Law Enforcement Administration
Police Personnel and Records Management
Attrition - refers to the retirement or separation
from the police service of PNP uniformed
personnel pursuant to any of the means
mentioned in RA 8551.
Means of Attrition
1. Attrition by attainment of maximum
tenure in position
a. Chief PNP - 4 years
b. PNP Deputy Chief for Operation - 4 years
c. PNP Deputy chief for Administration - 4
years
d. PNP Chief of the Directorial Staff - 4 years
e. Regional Directors - 6 years
f. Provincial directors - 9 years
g. City Directors - 9 years
h. Other positions higher than provincial
director shall have the maximum tenure of 6
years.
2. Attrition by Relief
A PNP member who has been relieved for
cause and has not been given an assignment
within 2 years from the effective date of such
relief shall be retired or separated.
3. Attrition by Demotion in Position
A PNP member who has been relieved and
assigned to a position lower than what is
established for his/her rank in the PNP staffing
pattern and who shall not be assigned to a
position commensurate to such rank despite the
existence of a vacancy within 18 months after
his/her demotion in position shall be retired or
separated.
4. Attrition by Non-Promotion
A PNP member who has not been promoted
for a continuous period of 10 years shall be
retired or separated.
5. Attrition by Other Means - a PNP member
with at least 5 years of accumulated active
service shall be separated based on any of the
following grounds:
a. Inefficiency based on poor performance
during the last 2 successive annual rating
periods.
b. Inefficiency based on poor performance
for 3 cumulative annual ratings.
c. Physical and/or mental incapacity to
perform police functions and duties
d. Failure to pass the required entrance
examination twice and/or finish the required
career courses except for justifiable reasons.
e. Refusal to take a periodic PNP Physical
fitness test without justifiable reason.
f. Failure to take PNP physical fitness test for
4 consecutive periodic tests due to health
reasons.
g. Failure to pass PNP physical fitness test
for 2 consecutive periodic tests or 4 cumulative
periodic tests.
h. Non-Compliance with the minimum
qualification standards for the permanency of
original appointment.
Attrition in Action - refers to the action
containing the findings and evidence on a
specific means of attrition filed by a particular
screening committee before the concerned
attrition board.
Authority - Managers must be able to give
orders. Authority gives them this right. Note that
responsibility arises wherever authority is
exercised.
Budgeting - with all that goes with budgeting in
the form of planning, accounting and control.
Centralization - Centralization refers to the
degree to which subordinates are involved in
decision making. Whether decision making is
centralized (to management) or decentralized
(to subordinates) is a question of proper
proportion. The task is to find the optimum
degree of centralization for each situation.
Coordinating - that is the all-important duty of
interrelating the various parts of the work.
Demotion in Position - refers to the designation
of a personnel to a position lower than what is
established for his/her rank or not
commensurate to his/her rank in the PNP table
of organization.
Directing - that is the continuous task of making
decisions and embodying them in specific and
general orders and instructions and serving as
the leader of the enterprise.
Discipline - Employees must obey and respect
the rules that govern the organization. Good
discipline is the result of effective leadership,
a clear understanding between management and
workers regarding the organization’s rules, and
the judicious use of penalties for infractions of
the rules.
Discipline - the practice of training people to
obey rules or a code of behavior, using
punishment to correct disobedience.
Division of labor - Authority and responsibility
are clearly defined and officially sanctioned. Job
descriptions are specified with responsibilities
and line of authority. All employees have thus
clearly defined rules in a system of authority and
subordination.
Division of Work - This principle is the same as
Adam Smith's division of labor. Specialization
increases output by making employees more
efficient.
Equity - Managers should be kind and fair to
their subordinates.
Esprit de corps - Promoting team spirit will
build harmony and unity within the
organization.
Field Training Program - refers to the training
required to make the temporary appointment of
a new PNP member permanent.
Formal hierarchical structure - An
organization is organized into a hierarchy of
authority and follows a clear chain of command.
The hierarchical structure effectively delineates
the lines of authority and the subordination of
the lower levels to the upper levels of the
hierarchical structure.
Grievance - a wrong considered as grounds for
complaint, or something believed to cause
distress.
Immediate Supervisor - refers to a person
authorized to make the performance evaluation
rating of a PNP member.
Initiative - Employees who are allowed to
originate and carry out plans will exert high
levels of effort.
Just Cause - refers to the legal grounds that
would warrant the relief or removal of a PNP
member from his present position and
designation in the PNP organization.
Management by rules - A bureaucracy follows a
consistent set of rules that control the functions
of the organization. Management controls the
lower levels of the organization's hierarchy by
applying established rules in a consistent and
predictable manner.
Managers are salaried officials - A manager is
a salaried official and does own the administered
unit. All elements of a bureaucracy are defined
with clearly defined roles and responsibilities
and are managed by trained and experienced
specialists.
Mandatory Career Courses - refers to the
required training for a PNP member to be
eligible for promotion to the next higher rank.
Max Weber - As a German academic, Weber was
primarily interested in the reasons behind the
employees’ actions and in why people who work
in an organization accept the authority of their
superiors and comply with the rules of the
organization.
Maximum Tenure of Position - is the maximum
cumulative period for a PNP member to hold a
particular position level.
Mental Incapacity - is a condition where a PNP
member is unable to exercise his/her reasoning
faculties or incapable of understanding and
acting with discernment his/her duties and
responsibilities as a result of illness or injury as
may be determined by the PNP medical
screening committee.
Non-Promotion - refers to the non advancement
to the next higher rank or position beyond the
maximum prescribed period.
Order - People and materials should be in the
right place at the right time.
Organic Personnel To A Unit - is a PNP
member assigned to a particular unit covered
with appropriate PNP assignment orders.
Original Appointment - refers to the
appointment for the initial entry of PNP member
to the uniformed service who meets all the
requirements of the position.
Organizing - that is the establishment of the
formal structure of authority through which
work subdivisions are arranged, defined, and
coordinated for the defined objective.
Pendency of an Attrition Action - refers to the
stage when the endorsement of the PRO regional
director or the NSU director of a PCO Attrition
action has been officially received by the
concerned
NHQ PCO attrition board through the NHQ
screening committee report of a PNCO attrition
action has been officially received by the NHQ/
PRO/NSU attrition board.
Personnel Action on Attrition - is an action
filed before the screening committee based on a
verified statement of an alleged means of
attrition by an initiating person.
Personnel Administration - Recruitment,
induction, placement, transfer, promotion, salary
administration of Police personnel.
Personnel hired on grounds of technical
competence - Appointment to a position within
the organization is made on the grounds of
technical competence. Work is assigned based on
the experience and competence of the individual.
Personnel Programs - refers to the activities
programmed to implement the organization
philosophy or creed and the personnel
philosophy of central managers in relation to
people so as to accomplish organizational
objectives.
Planning - that is working out in broad outline
the things that need to be done and the methods
for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for
the enterprise.
Police Appraisal or Performance Rating - is
the evaluation of the traits, behavior and
effectiveness of a police officer on the job as
determined by work standards.
Police Compensation - Financial compensation
in the form of wages of salaries constitutes the
largest single expenditure for most
organizations. In Metropolitan Manila and other
urban centers, wages of salaries represent the
sole source to meet the basic needs of food,
clothing and shelter.
Police Personnel Management - (Human
Resources Management) may be defined as
that area of management concerned with human
relations in the police organization.
Police Personnel Planning – is a study of the
labor supply of jobs, which are composed with
the demands for employees in an organization to
determine future personnel requirements, which
either increase or decrease.
Police Placement - is the process of making
police officers adjusted and knowledgeable in a
new job and or working environment.
Police Recruitment - is the process of
encouraging police applicant from outside an
organization to seek employment in an
organization.
Recruitment - refers to the overall process of
attracting, selecting and appointing suitable
candidates for jobs within an organisation, either
permanent or temporary.
Police Selections (screening) - is the process of
determining the most qualified police applicant
for a given position in the police organization.
Police Training and Development – refers to
any method used to improve the attitude,
knowledge, and skill or behavior pattern of an
employee for adequate performance of a given
job.
Promotion - is the advancement of an
employee's rank or position in an organizational
hierarchy system.
Promotion - means shifting of an employee to a
higher position carrying higher responsibilities,
facilities, status and salaries.
Physical Fitness Test - the method of evaluating
the physical condition of PNP members in terms
of stamina, strength, speed and agility.
Physical Incapacity - the inability of a PNP
member to perform his/her duties and
responsibilities due to physical defect as a result
if disease or injury as may be determined by the
PNP medical screening committee.
Poor Performance - is the poor rating in the
promulgated PNP performance evaluation rating
system.
Remuneration - Workers must be paid a fair
wage for their services.
Reporting - that is keeping those to whom the
executive is responsible informed as to what is
going on, which thus includes keeping himself
and his subordinates informed through records,
research, and inspection.
Respondent - refers to the PNP member
subjected to attrition proceedings.
Retirement - the termination of employment
and official relations of a PNP member who
rendered at least 20 years of active service in the
government with payment of corresponding
benefits.
Scalar Chain - The line of authority from top
management to the lowest ranks represents the
scalar chain. Communications should follow this
chain. However, if following the chain creates
delays, cross-communications can be allowed if
agreed to by all parties and superiors are kept
informed.
Second Level PCO Ranks - refers to police
commissioned officers below the third level
ranks in the PNP.
Second Level PCNO Ranks - refers to all rank
for police noncommissioned officers.
Separation - is the termination of employment
and official relations of a PNP member who
rendered less than 20 years of active service in
the government with payment of corresponding
benefits.
Stability of tenure of personnel - High
employee turnover is inefficient. Management
should provide orderly personnel planning and
ensure that replacements are available to fill
vacancies.
Staffing - that is the whole personnel function of
bringing in and training the staff and maintaining
favorable conditions of work.
Subordination of individual interests to the
general interest – The interests of any one
employee or group of employees should not take
precedence over the interests of the organisation
as a whole.
Third Level PCO Ranks - refers to police
commissioned officers with the rank of Police
Senior Superintendent and higher.
Total Permanent Physical Disability - is any
impairment of the body which renders PNP
member indefinitely incapable of substantially
performing the mandated duties and functions of
his position.
Transfer - refers to a change in job assignment.
Unity of Command - Every employee should
receive orders from only one superior.
Unity of Direction - Each group of
organisational activities that have the same
objective should be directed by one manager
using one plan.
Waiver Program - refers to the waiver of the
minimum age, height, weight and educational
requirements for the initial appointment to the
PNP pursuant to existing laws and policies.
Waiver - the act of choosing not to use or
require something that you are allowed to have
or that is usually required.
Welfare - the health, happiness, and fortunes of
a person or group.
Written documents - All decisions, rules and
actions taken by the organization are formulated
and recorded in writing. Written documents
ensure that there is continuity of the
organization’s policies and procedures.
 Arvan Tavnii Tsagdaa - The National Police
Agency of Mongolia. Created in 1965 and with
its headquarters in the capital Ulaanbaatar.

Asean Police - Comparison

1. Afghanistan - Name of Police Agency - ANP
(Afghanistan National Police) Under What
Department - Ministry of the Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Police General
Lowest Ranking Officer - 2nd Patrolman
2. Armenia - Name of Police Agency - Police of
the Republic of Armenia Under What
Department - Ministry of Defense
Highest Ranking Officer - Police Colonel
General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Junior Sergeant
3. Azerbaijan - Name of Police Agency - National
Police of the Republic of Azerbaijan Under What
Department - Ministry of the Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer -
Lowest Ranking Officer -
4. Bahrain - Name of Police Agency - Bahrain
Law Enforcement Administration National Police Under What Department -
Comparative Police System Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer -
1998 - Asean Chiefs of Police (Aseanapol) was Lowest Ranking Officer -
estabished. 5. Bangladesh - Name of Police Agency -
Bangladesh Police Under What Department -
Members Aseanapol Ministry of Home Affairs
1. Indonesia Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General of
2. Malaysia Police
3. Philippines Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
4. Singapore 6. Bhutan - Name of Police Agency - Royal
5. Thailand Bhutan Police Under What Department -
6. Brunei Darussalam Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs
7. Vietnam Highest Ranking Officer - Gagpeon (Chief of
8. Laos PDR Police)
9. Myanmar Lowest Ranking Officer - Gagpa
10.Cambodia 7. Brunei - Name of Police Agency - Royal
Brunei Police Force Under What Department -
Abu Sayyaf - Abu means father and sayyaf Home Affairs Ministry
means swordsmith, is a militant Islamist group Highest Ranking Officer -
based in and around Jolo and Basilan, Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
Philippines. 8. Myanmar - Name of Police Agency -
Myanmar Police Force Under What
Al Qaeda - literally means the base, a global Department - Ministry of Home Affairs
militant Islamist organization founded by Osama Highest Ranking Officer - Police Major General
bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Lowest Ranking Officer - Private
militants. 9. Cambodia - Name of Police Agency -
Cambodian Police Force Under What
Apostasy - is defined as the conscious Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word or Highest Ranking Officer - Brigadier General
through deed. It includes the act of converting to Lowest Ranking Officer - Officer Cadet
another religion by a person who was born in a 10.Peoples Republic of China - Name of Police
Muslim family or who had previously accepted Agency - Peoples Armed Police Force Under
Islam. What Department - Ministry of Public
Security
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner
General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable 2nd Class
11.Cyprus - Name of Police Agency - Cyprus
Police Force Under What Department -
Ministry of Justice
Highest Ranking Officer - Chief of Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
12.East Timor - Name of Police Agency - National
Police of East Timor Under What Department -
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer -
Lowest Ranking Officer -
13.Georgia - Name of Police Agency - Georgian
National Police Under What Department -
Department of Public Safety
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner of
Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
14.Hongkong - Name of Police Agency -
Hongkong Police Force Under What
Department - Operations and Support
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner of
Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
15.India - Name of Police Agency - Indian
Police Service Under What Department -
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner
Lowest Ranking Officer -
16.Indonesia - Name of Police Agency -
Indonesian National Police Under What
Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Police General
Lowest Ranking Officer - 2nd Bhayangkar
17.Iran - Name of Police Agency - Iranian
National Police Under What Department -
Ministry of Interior and Justice
Highest Ranking Officer -
Lowest Ranking Officer -
18.Iraq - Name of Police Agency - Iraqi Police
Service Under What Department - Ministry of
Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Chief of Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Patrolman
19.Israel - Name of Police Agency - Israeli
Police Force Under What Department -
Ministry of Internal Security
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
20.Japan - Name of Police Agency - National
Police Agency Under What Department -
National Public Safety Commission
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner
General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Officer
21.Jordan - Name of Police Agency - Public
security Force Under What Department -
Public Security Directorate of the Ministry of
Interior
Highest Ranking Officer -
Lowest Ranking Officer -
22.Kazakhstan - Name of Police Agency -
National Police of Kazakhstan Under What
Department - National Security Committee of
Ministry of internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Procurator General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Ryadovoy
23.North Korea - Name of Police Agency -
National Police Agency Under What
Department - Ministry of Public Security
Highest Ranking Officer - Daewon (Grand
Marshall)
Lowest Ranking Officer - Chonsa (Private)
24.South Korea - Name of Police Agency - Korea
National Police Agency (KNPA) Under What
Department - Ministry of Government
Administration and Home Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner
General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Officer
25.Kuwait - Name of Police Agency - Kuwait
National Police Under What Department -
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Lieutenant General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
26.Kyrgyzstan - Name of Police Agency -
Kyrgyzstan Police Under What Department -
Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Officer
27.Laos - Name of Police Agency - Laos
National Police Under What Department -
Ministry of Public Security
Highest Ranking Officer - General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
28.Lebanon - Name of Police Agency -
International Security Forces Under What
Department - Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Director General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Gendarme
29.Macau - Name of Police Agency - Macau
National Police Force Under What Department
- Ministry of Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Superintendent
Lowest Ranking Officer - Guard
30.Malaysia - Name of Police Agency - Royal
Malaysian Police Under What Department -
Ministry of Home Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General of
Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
31.Maldives - Name of Police Agency -
Maldives Police Under What Department -
National Security and Defense Branch
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner of
Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Lance Constable
32.Mongolia - Name of Police Agency -
Mongolia Public Security Force Under What
Department - Ministry of Justice and Home
Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Private
33.Nepal - Name of Police Agency - Nepal
Police Force Under What Department -
Ministry of Home Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
34.Oman - Name of Police Agency - Royal
Oman Police Under What Department -
Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Lieutenant General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Conscript
35.Pakistan - Name of Police Agency - Pakistan
Police Force Under What Department -
Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
36.Papua New Guinea - Name of Police Agency -
Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Under
What Department -
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner of
Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Kiap (Patrol Officer)
37.Philippines - Name of Police Agency -
Philippine National Police Under What
Department - Department of Interior and
Local Government
Highest Ranking Officer - Director General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Officer 1
38.Qatar - Name of Police Agency - Qatar
National Police Under What Department -
Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer -
Lowest Ranking Officer - Shurti
39.Russia - Name of Police Agency – Militsiya
Under What Department - Ministry of
Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Police Colonel
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Cadet
40.Saudi Arabia - Name of Police Agency -
Departmemnt of Security Under What
Department -
Highest Ranking Officer -
Lowest Ranking Officer -
41.Singapore - Name of Police Agency -
Singapore Police Force Under What
Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner of
Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Constable
42.Sri Lanka - Name of Police Agency - Sri
Lanka Police Service Under What Department
- Defense Ministry
Highest Ranking Officer - Inspector General of
Police
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Constable Class
4
43.Syria - Name of Police Agency - Syria
Public Security Police Under What Department
- Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Director General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Private
44.Taiwan - Name of Police Agency - National
Police Agency Under What Department -
Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Police Supervisor
General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Rank 4
45.Thailand - Name of Police Agency - Royal
Thai Police Force Under What Department -
Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Police General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
46.Turkey - Name of Police Agency - Turkish
Police Under What Department - Ministry of
Internal Affairs
Highest Ranking Officer - Director General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Police Officer\
47.Turkmenistan - Name of Police Agency -
Turkmenistan National Police Force Under
What Department - Ministry of State Security
Highest Ranking Officer -
Lowest Ranking Officer -
48.UAE Dubai - Name of Police Agency -
National Police Forces Under What
Department - Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - General Commander
Lowest Ranking Officer -
49.Uzbekistan - Name of Police Agency -
Uzbekistan Police Force Under What
Department - Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer - Director General
Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable
50.Vietnam - Name of Police Agency - Peoples
Police of Vietnam Under What Department -
Ministry of Public Security
Highest Ranking Officer - General
Lowest Ranking Officer -
51.Yemen - Name of Police Agency - Yemen
National Police Force Under What Department
- Ministry of Interior
Highest Ranking Officer -
Lowest Ranking Officer -
Basic Functions of Criminal Justice System
1. Policing
2. Adjudication
3. Correction

Centralized Police - A country with only one
recognized police force which operates entire
that country. It uses a centralized system of
policing. Philippines is an example of centralized
police because the Philippine National Police has
one central office with many regional, provincial
and local branches throughout the country.
Decentralized police - refers to a system where
police administrations and operations are
independent from one state to another. It is more
applicable to countries with federal government.
Comparative Criminology - Theories
(Scheider)
Alertness to crime theory - is that as a nation
develops, people’s alertness to crime is
heightened, so they report more crime to police
and also demand the police become more
effective at solving crime problems.
Chowkidar - in India, means one who inhabits a
"chowki", police station or guard house.
Economic or migration theory - is that crime
everywhere is the result of unrestrained
migration and over population in urban areas
such as ghettos and slums.
Opportunity theory - is that along with higher
standards of living, victims become more
careless of their belongings, and opportunities
for committing crime multiply.
Demographic theory - is based on the event of
when a greater number of children are being
born, because as these baby booms grow up,
delinquent subcultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis. Deprivation theory
holds that progress comes along with rising
expectations, and people at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top
don’t see themselves rising fast enough.
Modernization theory - sees the problem as
society becoming too complex.
Theory of anomie and synomie - (the latter
being a term referring to social cohesion on
values), suggests that progressive lifestyle and
norms result in the disintegration of older norms
that once held people together (anomie).
Chusai-san - the rural police officer in Japan.
Comparative Criminal Justice - it is as subfield
of the study of criminal justice systems
worldwide. It studies the similarities and
differences in structure, goals, punishment and
emphasis on rights as well as the history and
political stature of different systems.
Under What Department - Ministry of
Internal Affairs - it is the science and art of
investigating and comparing the police system of
nations. It covers the study of police
organizations, trainings and methods of policing
of various nations.
Confucian thought - The belief that social order
can be achieved through moral and political
reform because man is by nature good or capable
of goodness.
Countries With Less Or No Crime
1. Switzerland
2. Japan
3. Ireland
4. Egypt - Siwa Oasis
Cybercrimes - are generally defined as any type
of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a
private or public network, or an in-house
computer system.
Cyberstalking - a technologically based attack
on person because of anger, revenge, or control.
Computer Fraud - altering data or gaining
unlawful use of computer or services.
Identity Theft - using another's personal
information to commit fraud or other crimes.
Computer Viruses - a program that copies itself
and infects a computer.
Denial of Service Attacks - making service
unavailable to users.
Malware - malicious software that interferes
with the functioning of computers and sending
data of user over the internet.
Information warfare - attacks on information
and computer systems.
Different Police Global Organizations
1. ASEAN Chiefs of Police
2. Europol
3. IACP
4. Interpol
5. UN policing
Drug Trafficking - Drug trafficking is the
commercial exchange of drugs and drug
paraphernalia. This include any equipment used
to manufacture illegal drugs or use them.
Elliniki Astynomia - is the national police
service of Greece.
EUROPOL - It means European Police Office or
Europol. Europol is the European Union’s
criminal intelligence agency. It became fully
operational on July 1,1999. Europol only acts on
request at present.
EUROPOL's Mandate
1. llicit drug trafficking
2. Illicit immigration networks;
3. Terrorism; Forgery of money
(counterfeiting of the euro) and other means of
payment;
4. Trafficking in human beings (including
child pornography);
5. Illicit vehicle trafficking;
6. Money laundering
Gendarmerie Nationale - is the national rural
police force of Algeria.
National Gendarmerie - is a branch of the
French Armed Forces, in charge of public safety,
with police duties among the civilian population.
Globalization - is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies, and
government of different nations, as process
driven by international trade and investment
and aided by information technology.
Hezbollah - literally means "Party of God", is a
Shi'a Islamist militant group and political party
based in Lebanon.
Hongkong Police Force - It is the world's
second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate
with a modern policing system.
Human Trafficking - the illegal movement of
people, typically for the purposes of forced labor
or commercial sexual exploitation.
IACP - (International Association of Chiefs of
Police) the world’s oldest and largest nonprofit
membership organization of police executives,
with over 20,000 members in over 80 different
countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the
operating chief executes of international, federal,
state and local agencies of all sizes.
Illegal Drug Trade - the term being used in the
international scene, it is a more comprehensive
term than drug trafficking as it includes
cultivation and manufacture.
International Crime - Defined as crimes against
the peace and security of mankind.
International Crimes
1. Aggression (by one state against another)
2. Treat of aggression
3. Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic,
racial, or religious group)
4. Terrorism
5. Drug trafficking
International Criminal Justice - It involves the
study and description of one country’s law,
criminal procedure, or justice. Comparative
criminal justice system attempts to build on the
knowledge of criminal justice in one country by
investigating and evaluating, in terms of another
country, culture, or institution.
Interpol - (International Criminal Police
Organization) It began in 1923,and at the same
time its name was International Criminal Police
Commission. In 1956, its name became
International Criminal Police Organization.
Slowly, the name of this international
organization became famous as Interpol. Now,
Interpol is the second biggest international
organization; the United Nations is the first.
Jemaah Islamiyah - (Islamic Congregation) is a
Southeast Asian militant Islamist terrorist
organization dedicated to the establishment of a
regional Islamic caliphate in Southeast Asia.
Jolly R. Bugarin - a Filipino former President
of the Interpol, from 1980 to 1984. He is the
only Filipino who had achieved that feat.
Koban - is a small neighborhood police station
found in Japan. Often translated to English as
Police Box. Koban are staffed by a relatively
small number of police officers (usually 3-5
officers).
Chuzaisho - (residential police box) is usually
staffed by a single officer. The Chuzaisho is
typically located outside of urban districts in
villages and is operated by one community
officer, who resides with his family in this police
facility.
Hashutsusho - (police box) The Hashutsusho is
typically placed in an urban district and is
operated by a number of community police
officers who work under a shift system. The
community officers generally live in the
jurisdiction served by the Hashutsusho.
Model System - is used to described the
countries being used as topics of discussion.
These countries are chosen not because they are
greater than others but because they are the
focus of comparison being studied.
Money Laundering - the concealment of the
origins of illegally obtained money, typically by
means of transfers involving foreign banks or
legitimate businesses.
Mutawa - religious police in Saudi Arabia whose
duty is to ensure strict adherence to established
codes of conduct.
National Public Safety Commission - is the
policy making and oversight body of the national
police forces in Japan and South Korea.
Ngā Pirihimana o Aotearoa - it literally means
"the policeman", is the national police force of
New Zealand. Policing in New Zealand started in
1840.
Palermo Protocols - are three protocols that
were adopted by the United Nations to
supplement the 2000 Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime. They are:
1. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and
Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women
and Children; and
2. The Protocol against the Smuggling of
Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.
3. The Protocol against the Illicit
Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their
Parts and Components and Ammunition
POLRI - (Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia)
Indonesian National Police. The Chief of Police of
Indonesia is called Kapolri.
Police Box - is a British telephone kiosk or
callbox located in a public place for the use of
members of the police, or for members of the
public to contact the police. Most are disused at
present with the advent of two way radio and
mobile phones.
Polis Diraja - the Royal Malaysia police.
RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2000.
RA 9208 - The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of
2003.
RA 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act
of 2002.
RA 9372 - Human Security Act of 2007.
RA 9995 - Anti-Photo and Voyeurism Act of
2009.
Schupo - (Schutzpolizei), the state level police of
the German States.
Taliban - means "students", is an Islamic
fundamentalist political movement in
Afghanistan.
Terrorism - the unofficial or unauthorized use
of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of
political aims.
Transnational Crime - It is a term that has been
used in comparative and international criminal
justice study in recent years to reflect the
complexity and enormity of global crime issues.
It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences
whose inception, proportion and/or direct or
indirect effects involve in more than one country.
Examples of Transnational Crimes
1. Money laundering
2. Drug trafficking
3. Terrorism
4. Human trafficking
5. Cyber crime
Transnational Organized Crime - involves the
planning and execution of illicit business
ventures by groups or networks of individuals
working in more than one country. These
criminal groups use systematic violence and
corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes
commonly include money laundering; human
smuggling; cybercrime; and trafficking of
humans, drugs, weapons, endangered species,
body parts, or nuclear material.
Types of Court Systems of the World
1. Adversarial System - the accused is innocent
until proven guilty.
2. Inquisitorial System - the accused is guilty
until proven innocent.
Vetting - is the process of performing a
background check on someone to ensure that
they are suitable for a job requiring secrecy,
loyalty, or trustworthiness.
Well Known Organized Crime Group
1. Russian Mafia - Around 200 Russian groups
that operate in nearly 60 countries worldwide.
They have been involved in racketeering, fraud,
tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom,
robbery and murder.

2. La Cosa Nostra - Known as the Italian or

Italian-American mafia. The most prominent
organized crime group in the world from the
1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been involved in
violence, arson, bombings, torture, sharking,
gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance
fraud, and political and judicial corruption.

3. Yakuza - Japanese criminal group. Often

involved in multinational criminals activities,
including human trafficking, gambling,
prostitution, and undermining licit businesses.
4. FukChing - Chinese organized group in the
United States. They have been involved in
smuggling, street violence, and human
trafficking.

5. Triads - Underground criminal societies

based in Hong Kong. They control secret markets
and bus routes and are often involved in money
laundering and drug trafficking.

6. Heijin - Taiwanese gangsters who are often

executives in large corporations. They are often
involved in white collar crimes, such as illegal
stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for
public office.

7. Jao Pho - Organized crime group in Thailand.

They are often involved in illegal political and
business activity.

8. Red Wa - Gangsters from Thailand. They are

involved in manufacturing and trafficking
methamphetamine.