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1 Steel Design Philosophy: ARSC 433-ARCH41S8 - Steel and Timber Design

4.1.1 Steel Design Philosophy

The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) is a company level certification for structural
steel fabrication and construction developed by the AISC. This certification is intended for companies
creating and/or erecting steel structures, such as buildings, bridges, and bridge and highway
components.

To undrestand the principles of steel design according to NSCP 2010 compared to NSCP  2015
and beyond.
To assimilate the strength design in working stress (ASD) and Factored design (LRFD) Ultimate
stress
Compare the steel yielding and steel rupture considerations in steel design.

Unfactored load is a service load to determine the working stress of a structural concrete, steel,
or wood member.
Allowable Strength Design = Allowable Axial Stress x Area considered = Pa=(σa)(Aa)
Allowable Strength Design (ASD) - The stress considered to be a safe maximum for a particular
material under ordinary conditions. Working stress should always be equal or less than the
Nominal Stress.
The factored loads are used to meet the ultimate or nonlinear limit state (beyond yield limit) of
structural members.

Working stress is the (unfactored Load) Nominal Stress / Factor of safety

Where:

Factor of safety is

Load and Resistance Factor Design = Strength in Kilonewton or the Bending moment itself

Ultimate load  Ф

Where;

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Factor of safety is Ф  1

As per ACI:

                      The nominal load is the factored load of (DL) Dead Load + Live Load.

                      Where DL is 1.2 factor of safety and LL is 1.6 Factor of safety.

Load factor = Wn = 1.2 WDL + 1.6 LL for Bending moment

Example:

WDL = (Wconc + Wsteel)

WDL = (10.29 Kn/m + 2.96 Kn/m)

WDL = 13.25 Kn/m 

Wn = 1.2 WDL + 1.6 WLL 

                  where: WLL = 2 Kn/m multiplied by (1.6)

Wn = (1.2) (13.25 Kn/m) + (1.6) (2 Kn/m)

Wn = 15.9 Kn/m + 3.2 Kn/m

Wn = 19.1 Kn/m

WA = Wn / Factor of safety

WA = 19.1 Kn/m  /

WA = 19.1 Kn/m / (1.67)

WA = 11.44 Kn/m (ASD)

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While Allowable Stress Design (ASD) works on the Elastic region, the LRFD moves to the Plastic
region.
Basic difference is the working Stress condition for the ASD compared to the Ultimate design
strength for the LRFD.

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WDL = (Wconc + Wsteel)

WDL = (10.29 Kn/m + 2.96 Kn/m)

WDL = 13.25 Kn/m 

Wn = 1.2 WDL + 1.6 WLL 

                  where: WLL = 2 Kn/m multiplied by (1.6)

Wn = {1.2 (13.25 Kn/m) + 1.6 (2 Kn/m)} 

Wn = 19.1 Kn/m

WU = Wn (Factor of safety)

WU = 19.1 Kn/m (Ф)

WU = 19.1 Kn/m (0.9)

WU = 17.19 Kn/m (LRFD)

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