Plane elasticity II

Deriving element level equation using

isoparametric element
 y S2
n̂
Element level equation S1 Ω

[k ]e {δ }e = {Fb }e + {Ft }e Ft = t xiˆ + t y ˆj

T
= ∫ Ω
e
[k ] [B ] [C ][B ]d e e
t
e Fb = Xiˆ + Yˆj
Ω x
X  e e
T
3
= ∫ [N ]  t dΩ
e
{Fb } y (x4,y4) (x3,y3)
Ωe Y  4
Ωe P(x,y)
t x  e e
= ∫ [N ]  t dS2 2
e T
{Ft } 1
S2e t y  (x1,y1) (x2,y2)
x
For four noded quadrilateral element η
coordinates of any point P(x,y) (1,1)
(-1,1)
4
4 3
x = ∑ N i xi
i =1

4
y = ∑ N i yi
i =1
ξ
 u1 
v 
 1
u2  2
  1
{δ }e = 
u   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 0  v2  (-1,-1)
=   (1,-1)
  0
v N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4  u3 
 v3 
 ∂u  u 
  v4 
 ε x   ∂x   4
   ∂v 
{ε } =  ε y  =  
γ   ∂y 
   ∂u ∂v 
xy
+
 ∂y ∂x 
From the chain rule of differentiation

∂ ∂ 
 ∂x   
−1  ∂ξ 
 ∂  = [J ]  ∂ 
   
 ∂y   ∂η 

 ∂x ∂y   4 ∂N i 4
∂N i 
 ∂ξ ∑ xi
∂ξ   i =1 ∂ξ
∑ ∂ ξ
yi 
[J ] =  ∂x =
∂y   4 ∂N i
i =1


4
∂N i 
∂η  ∑ ∑
xi yi
 ∂η i =1 ∂η i =1 ∂η 

1 − η 1+η 1 −η 1+η 
 4 ( x2 − x1 ) + ( x3 − x4 ) ( y 2 − y1 ) + ( y 3 − y )
4 
[J ] = 1 − ξ 4 4 4
1+ ξ 1−ξ 1+ ξ 
 ( x4 − x1 ) + ( x3 − x2 ) ( y4 − y1 ) + ( y3 − y 2 ) 
 4 4 4 4 

1  J 22 − J 12 
[J ] =
−1

det J − J 
 21 J 11 
  ∂u 
 ∂u   ∂x 
   ∂u 
 ∂x  1 0 0 0  
 ∂v     ∂y 
{ε } =   = 0 0 0 1  ∂v 
 ∂y  0 1 1 0  
 ∂u + ∂v  1  44244 3  ∂x 
 ∂y ∂x  [ A]  ∂v 
 ∂y 

 ∂u   J 22 J 12   ∂u 
 ∂x   − 0 0   ∂ξ 
det det
  ∂u 
 ∂u   J J
J J
  − 21 11
0 0  
 ∂y   det J det J   ∂η 
 ∂v  = J 22 J ∂v
   0 0 − 12   
 ∂x   det J det J   ∂ξ 
 ∂v   0 0 −
J 21 J 11   ∂v 
 ∂y    
1444444424444444 det J det J3  ∂η 
[D]
 4
u = ∑ N i ui
i =1

4
v = ∑ N i vi
i =1

∂u ∂N1 ∂N ∂N ∂N
= u1 + 2 u2 + 3 u3 + 4 u4
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ
∂u ∂N1 ∂N 2 ∂N 3 ∂N 4
= u1 + u2 + u3 + u4
∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η
∂v ∂N1 ∂N 2 ∂N 3 ∂N 4
= v1 + v2 + v3 + v4
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ
∂v ∂N1 ∂N ∂N ∂N
= v1 + 2 v2 + 3 v3 + 4 v4
∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η
  u1 
 ∂u   ∂N1 ∂N1 ∂N1 ∂N1  
 ∂ξ   ∂ξ 0 0 0 0   v1 
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ
 ∂u   ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂ N  u2 
   1 0 2
0 3
0 4
0  
 ∂η   ∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η   v2 
 ∂v  =  ∂N1 ∂N 2 ∂N 3 ∂N 4  u3 
   0 0 0 0  
 ∂ξ   ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ   v 
3
 ∂v   ∂N1 ∂N 2 ∂N 3 ∂N 4   
 ∂η   0 ∂η
0
∂η
0
∂η
0
∂η  u4 
  1  444 444444424444444444 3 v4 
[G ]
[G

∂N 1 (1 − η ) ∂N 1 (1 − ξ )
= [G ]{δ }
e
=− , =−
∂ξ 4 ∂η 4
∂N 2 (1 − η ) ∂N 2 (1 + ξ )
= , =−
∂ξ 4 ∂η 4
∂N 3 (1 + η ) ∂N 3 (1 + ξ )
= , =
∂ξ 4 ∂η 4
∂N 4 (1 + η ) ∂N1 (1 − ξ )
=− , =
∂ξ 4 ∂η 4
  (1 − η ) (1 − η ) (1 + η ) (1 + η ) 
− 4 0
4
0
4
0 −
4
0 
 (1 − ξ ) (1 + ξ ) (1 + ξ ) (1 − ξ ) 
− 0 − 0 0 0 
[G ] =  4 (1 − η )
4
(1 − η )
4
(1 + η )
4 
(1 + η ) 
 0 − 0 0 0 −
 4 4 4 4 
 (1 − ξ ) (1 + ξ ) (1 + ξ ) (1 − ξ ) 
 0 − 0 − 0 0
 4 4 4 4 

T T
[k ]8e×8 = ∫ [B] [C ][B]dV = ∫∫ [B ] [C ][B ]t edxdy
V

1 1

∫ ∫ [B] [C ][B]t
e
=
T
[k ]
8×8
e
det Jdξdη
−1 −1

1 1
T X e  T X  e 
[F ]e
b 8×1 = ∫∫ 
[N ] t det Jd ξdη = ∑∑   Y 
 [N ] t det J wi w j

−1 −1  
Y    
Tx  l T
[FT ]8e×1 = ∫ [N ]   dξ
e
S2 Ty  2
1
T 
[FT ]8×1 = ∫ [N ]T  x t edξ = ∑  [N ]T {Ft }t e l wi
e

−1 Ty  i  2

[k ]8e×8 = ∑∑ ([B]T [C ][B]t e det J )wi w j

i j
Physical significance of Jacobian length, area, volume.

N is called as shape function, interpolation function or

sometimes used as basis function.

Degree of continuity: Field quantity φ is interpolated in

piecewise fashion over an finite element mesh. That is each
interpolation function is defined only within its element. So
while φ can be guaranteed to vary smoothly with in each
element transition between the elements may not be
smooth.

Cm used to describe the continuity of piecewise field. A

field is Cm continuous if its derivatives up to and including
degree m are interelement continuous.
In one dimension, φ=φ(x) is Co continuous if φ is
continuous φ,x is not, and φ= φ(x) is C1 continuous if φ
and φ,x are continuous but φ,xx is not.

Nature of finite element solution: φ φ1 φ2

Compatibility prevails at nodes:
At connection points (nodes), Co
elements have identical
displacement components. C1
Partial connection implies a x
relaxation of this statement.

e.g. Let two adjacent element have three translational and

three rotational DOF per node. If only translational DOF are
connected where elements meet at a node, the node act like a
ball and socket.
Compatibility may or may not be satisfied across interelement
boundaries.
Compatibility is satisfied within elements: internal
compatibility requires the element displacement field be
continuous and single valued. Equilibrium of nodal forces
and moments is satisfied.

dφ
dφ1
dφ
dx
dx

dφ2
dx

x
Questions