BASIS OF

A LINEAR VECTOR SPACE

Part 1
November 30th , 2020
Yen Ha T. N.
 Spanning set
➢ Definition: Let V be a K- linear space and S is a nonempty
subset of V, such as,
S = u1, u2 , u3 ,..., um 

is called a spanning set of V if

spanS = V
 Spanning set
➢ Examples:

S = u1, u2 , u3 , u4   3
.
u1 = (1,0,0 ) , u2 = ( 0,1,0 ) , u3 = ( 0,0,1) , u4 = ( 4,2,2 )
3 3
➢ S is a spinning set of because every vector of is
a linear combination of S.
 Spanning set
➢
1  0 0  4  a 
       
1 0 +  2 1 +  3 0 +  4 2 = b  
         
0  0  1   2   c 
1 0 0 4 a 
 
 0 1 0 2 b   the system has infinity solutions
0 0 1 2 c 
 Spanning set #not linear span


➢ Example: S1 = 1 + x, x + x 2 , x 2 + x 4  P4  x  
S1 is not a spanning set of P4  x 
take a vector in P4[x], consider if any linear combination of S equal to that vector


S2 = 1, x, x , x , x 2
 is a spanning set of P  x
3 4
4

S3 = 1, x,1 + x + x , x , x + x ,2 x ,1 + x + x 
2 3 3 4 4 2 4

is a spanning set of P4  x 
 ColA and NullA

A = u1,..., un 
ColA = span u1,..., un 
NullA =  x | Ax = 0athesettransformation
of vector x, that become 0 after undergo
of the matrix A

➢ Ex:
1 2  1 2 
ColI 4  4
Col 1 1  = ? Null 1 1  =?
NullI 4  O    
1 2  1 2 
= span {(1,1,1);(2,1,2)} = R2
 Linear dependent –
independent set
➢ Definition: Let S be a non-empty subset of the linear space V.

S = u1, u2 ,..., um  is called a linear independent set if

1u1 +  2u2 + +  mum = 0  1 =  2 = = m = 0

➢ There is not a vector in S be linear combination of others in S.

 Linear dependent –
independent set
➢ Definition: If S is not linear independent then we said S is
linear dependent.

S = u1, u2 ,..., um  is a linear dependent set if and only if

(1,..., m )  ( 0,...,0 ) : 1u1 +  2u2 + +  mu m = 0

1
 k  0  uk =  −1u1 − −  k −1uk −1 −  k +1uk +1 − −  mu m 
k
 Linear dependent –
independent set
➢ Ex: Determine whether the following vector sets are
independent?

a. S = (1, −2,1) ; ( 2,1, −1) ; ( 7, −4,1)

 
b. S = t 3 + 4t 2 − 2t + 3; t 3 + 6t 2 − t + 4;3t 3 + 8t 2 − 8t + 7

 1 0   2 1   2 0  
c. S =    ;  ;  
 1 1   0 0  1 0  
 Linear dependent –
independent set
➢ Properties
✓ Every superset of a linear dependent set is dependent
✓ Every non-empty subset of a linear independent is
independent
✓ Every set that contains null vector is dependent.
because 0 = 0v1 + 0v2 +......
 Basis and dimension

➢ Definition: S is called a basis of the vector space V if it is a

linear independent spanning set of V.

➢ Ex
(1,0,0 ) ; ( 0,1,0 ); ( 0,0,1) and 3

 
1, x, x 2 , x3 and P3  x 

  2 1  1 3  3 −1 1 0  
  ;  ;  ;   and Mat ( 2, )
  3 5  −2 0  0 0  0 0  
 Basis and dimension

➢ Properties: Let S be a basis of the vector space V.

✓ Every vector of V can be uniquely written as linear

combination of S.
✓ Every basis of V has the same number of vectors as S.