Submitted to: Mam naureen Rana

Submitted by: kiran shahzadi

M.phill zoology
Topic: Biological notes on birds
Department: Wildlife, Zoology and Fisheries, UAF

Song Thrush
Common name: song thrush
Scientific name: Turdus philomelos
 Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata
Class Aves

Order Passeriformes
Family Turdidae

Genus Turdus
Species T. philomelos

Physical appearance:
The song thrush is 20 to 23.5 cm in length and weighs 50–107 gm. The sexes are similar, with
plain brown backs and neatly black-spotted cream or yellow-buff underparts, becoming paler on
the belly. The underwing is warm yellow, the bill is yellowish and the legs and feet are pink.
Distribution:
The song thrush breeds in most of Europe , and across the Ukraine and Russia almost to Lake
Baikal. It reaches to 75°N in Norway, but only to about 60°N in Siberia. Birds from Scandinavia,
Eastern Europe and Russia winter around the Mediterranean, North Africa and the Middle East,
but only some of the birds in the milder west of the breeding range leave their breeding areas.

Habitat:
The song thrush typically nests in forest with good undergrowth and nearby more open areas,
and in western Europe also uses gardens and parks.

Feeding:
The song thrush is omnivorous, eating a wide range of invertebrates, especially earthworms and
snails, as well as soft fruit and berries.

Breeding:
The female song thrush builds a neat cup-shaped nest lined with mud and dry grass in a bush,
tree or creeper, or, in the case of the Hebridean subspecies, on the ground. She lays four or five
bright glossy blue eggs which are lightly spotted with black or purple. The typical lifespan is
three years.

Conservation Status:
Least concern.

Cinnamon humming bird

Common name: cinnamon humming bird
Scientific name: Amazilia rutile
 Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Apodiformes

Family Trochilidae

Genus Amazilia

Species Amazilia Rutila

Physical appearance:
A medium-sized hummingbird, the species measures about 10 cm and weighs around 5 g.The
upperparts are metallic bronze green while the underparts cinnamon, paler on the chin and upper
throat, the wings are dark. Bill is red with a black tip.
Distribution:
It is found from northwestern Mexico to Costa Rica.

Habitat:
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland
forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest. Cinnamon
Hummingbird: Accidental in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Common in
native Mexico to Central America, particularly along coastal regions.

Breeding:
Their breeding season varies according to the geographical region in which they occur. Some
breed throughout the year. The female Cinnamon Hummingbird lays 2 white eggs that measure
0.5 inches in length.

Feeding:
Theyprimarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored, scented small flowers of
trees, herbs, shrubs and epiphytes.

conservation status:
Least concern.

Moorhen
common name: moorhen
scientific name: Gallinula chloropus
 Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Gruiformes

Family Rallidae

Genus Gallinula

Species Gallinule Chloropus

Physical appearance:
These rails are mostly brown and black with some white markings in plumage colour. They have
short rounded wings and are weak fliers, although usually capable of covering long distances.
Distribution:
The common moorhen is found throughout the world but does not occur in the polar regions or
in tropical rainforests.

Habitat:
Commonly found near large bodies of water such as marshes, ponds and streams.

Feeding:
Moorhens are omnivorous birds and have diet that primarily consists of small invertebrates such
as insects and water-spiders. Moorhens also eat larger animals such as small rodents and lizards
and also pick at plants including berries, fruits and seeds.

Conservation status:
Least Concern.

Golden oriole
common name: golden oriole
scientific name: Oriolus oriolus
 Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Passeriformes

Family Oriolidae

Genus Oriolus

Species O. oriolus

Physical appearance:
The male is striking in the typical oriole black and yellow plumage, but the female is a drabber
green bird. Oriole male is remarkably difficult to see in the dappled yellow and green leaves of
the canopy.
Distribution:
The breeding range of this species spans from western Europe and Scandinavia east to China.
They winter in central and southern Africa.They generally migrate during the night, but may
travel during the day in the spring migration. During the autumn migration they migrate via the
Eastern Mediterranean where they feed on fruit.

Habitat:
The Eurasian golden oriole inhabits a range of habitats. In Western Europe they prefer open
broadleaf forests and plantations, copses, riverine forest, orchards, large gardens; in Eastern
Europe they may inhabit more continuous forest as well as mixed or coniferous forests.

Feeding:
They feed on insects and fruit, using their bills to pick insects out of crevices.

Breeding:
They build neat nests in tree forks and lay 3–6 eggs.

Conservation status:
Least concern.

Purple Heron
Common name: purple heron
Scientific name: Ardea purpurea
 Kingom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Pelecaniformes

Family Ardeidae

Genus Ardea

Species A. purpurea

Physical appearance:
The purple heron is a large bird, 78–97 cm in length with a standing height from 70 to 94 cm and
a 120–152 cm wingspan. However, it is slender for its size, weighing only 0.5 to 1.35 kg. It is
somewhat smaller than the grey heron. In adults, its darker grey back. Adults have the forehead
and the crown of the head black, with a dark stripe down the back of the neck that terminates in a
slender, dangling crest.

Distribution:
The purple heron has a mostly palaearctic distribution and breeds in Europe, Asia and Africa.
The range of the western race extends from southern Spain and North Africa eastwards across
southern and eastern Europe as far as Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan, with a separate population
in Pakistan.

Habitat:
The purple heron inhabits marshes, lagoons and lakes surrounded by dense vegetation. It also
visits mudflats, river banks, ditches and canals. In the Cape Verde Islands, it is more likely to be
seen in the open, on arid slopes.

Feeding:
The diet consists mainly of fish, small mammals and amphibians, but nestling birds, snakes,
lizards, crustaceans, water snails, insects and spiders are also eaten.

Breeding:
The purple heron usually breeds in colonies but sometimes the nests are solitary. The eggs are
bluish-green, averaging 56 by 45 mm. The clutch is usually four or five eggs, with occasionally
seven or eight eggs being laid.

Conservation status:
Least concern.

Pygmy Woodpecker
Common name: pygmy woodpecker
Scientific name: Dendrocopos moluccensis
 Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Piciformes

Family Picidae

Genus Dendrocopos

Species Moluccensis

Physical appearance:
It is a small sized woodpecker (Size range: 11.5-12.5 cm). Greyish brown capped head; ear
covers dark brown with two rather broad whitish grey bands narrowing towards neck. Upper
parts greyish brown with white wings tipped with white thus appearing striped. Tail short and
blakish with white bands.
Distribution:
It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.

Habitat:
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical
mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

Conservation status:
Least concern.

Ring Necked Dove

Common name: Ring Neck Dove
Scientific name: Streptopelia capicola
 Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Columbiformes

Family Columbidae

Genus Streptopelia

Species S. capicola

Physical appearance:
They measure 25–26.5 cm (9.8–10.4 in) in length[4] and weigh 92–188 g (3.2–6.6 oz).[7][8][9]
The eyes are almost black, the bill is black and the feet are dark purple. Their body feathers are
darkest on the upper side.The tail pattern is particularly noticeable during the display flight.
Individual plumage variation is high, with some light and others almost sooty.
Distribution:
It is widespread and often abundant dove species in East and southern Africa.

Habitat:
It occupies a diverse range of habitat types, including semi-desert scrub, Boscia and Acacia
savannah, a variety of woodland types, farmlands, open plantations and alien acacia thickets.

Feeding:
They feed mainly on seeds , but also on broken fruit and berries and insects.

Breeding:
They are monogamous, territorial nesters. The nest is placed 2 to 10 meters above ground, on a
horizontal branch fork. Two to four pure white eggs are laid, and both sexes participate in the
incubation that takes around two weeks.

Conservation status:
Least concern.

Rock Dove
Common name: Rock dove
 Scientific name: Columba livia

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Columbiformes

Family Columbidae

Genus Columba

Species C. livia

Physical appearance:
The adult of the nominate subspecies of the rock dove is 29 to 37 cm (11 to 15 in) long with a 62
to 72 cm (24 to 28 in) wingspan.[13] Weight for wild or feral rock doves ranges from 238–380 g.
It has a dark bluish-grey head, neck, and chest with glossy yellowish, greenish, and reddish-
purple iridescence along its neck and wing feathers.

Distribution:
The rock dove has a restricted natural resident range in western and southern Europe, North
Africa, and into South Asia.

Habitat:
Its habitat is natural cliffs, usually on coasts. Habitats include various open and semiopen
environments. Cliffs and rock ledges are used for roosting and breeding in the wild.

Feeding:
Rock doves feed in the early morning and in the mid-afternoon on the open ground. They eat
mainly seeds. In cities, rock doves are often fed popcorn, cake, peanuts, bread, and currants,
though they will eat almost anything that they can find.

Breeding:
The rock dove breeds at any time of the year, but peak times are spring and summer. The nest is
a flimsy platform of straw and sticks, laid on a ledge, under cover, often on the window ledges of
buildings. Two white eggs are laid; incubation is shared by both parents lasting from 17 to 19
days.

Conservation status:
Least concern

Eurasian jay
Common name: Eurasian jay
 Scientific name: Garrulus glandarius

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Passeriformes

Family Corvidae

Genus Garrulus

Species G. glandarius

Physical appearance:
Length: 32-36 cm
Weight: 150-190 g
Eurasian Jay is a beautiful Corvidae easy to identify thanks to the bright blue wing patch. On the
head, crown is white streaked black. The strong bill is blackish, with whitish to buffy rictal
bristles. Eyes are bluish-white. Legs and feet are pinkish-brown.

Distribution:
The Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius) is a species of bird occurring over a vast region from
Western Europe and north-west Africa to the Indian Subcontinent and further to the eastern
seaboard of Asia and down into south-east Asia.

Habitat:
It inhabits mixed woodland, particularly with oaks, and is a habitual acorn hoarder.

Feeding:
Feeding in both trees and on the ground, it takes a wide range of invertebrates including many
pest insects, beech mast and other seeds, fruits such as blackberries and rowan berries, young
birds and eggs, bats, and small rodents.

Breeding:
It nests in trees or large shrubs laying usually 4–6 eggs that hatch after 16–19 days and are
fledged generally after 21–23 days. Both sexes typically feed the young.

Conservation status:
Least concern.