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A Seminar-2 (TR 526) Synopsis On

“E-MICROMOBILITY”
Submitted by

Km Simran

(Scholar No. 222111507)

Under the supervision of

Prof. (Dr.) Siddhartha Rokade

Transportation Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal

March , 2023

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Description

1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
References

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1. Introduction

According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, micromobility is “a category of modes

of transportation that includes very light, low-occupancy vehicles such as electric scooters (e-
scooters), electric skateboards, shared bicycles, and electric pedal assisted bicycles (e-bikes)”.
Horace Dediu, who is widely credited with originally coining the term micromobility, defined
these modes as “everything that is not a car” that weighs less than 1,000 pounds. Over the last
few years, shared micromobility has evolved considerably.
Until relatively recently, shared micromobility consisted of shared e-bikes in a few select
cities. E-bikes fit well into the existing transportation system, since they were already
regulated. People generally knew what to expect from bicycles: where they would ride, how
fast they would go, and how they would behave. In 2018, the U.S. market for shared e-scooters
exploded. In many cities, officials were not informed of planned scooter deployments before
they occurred, leading to confusion. Unlike e-bikes, the existing legislation was often not
totally applicable to e-scooters. Fortunately, since that time, significant progress has been
made and many areas now have robust legislation governing shared e-scooters. Many cities
have published their findings to share their knowledge with others. The rise of micromobility
has changed the conversation around transportation from car-centric to a multimodal

perspective that considers the needs of all users.

LITERATURE REVIEW

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William Riggs, Matt Kawashima, David Batstone (2021) This paper evaluates commercial
scooter deployment within municipalities in the United States, and seeks to identify policy trends
for regulating e-scooters. As many communities do not have policies in place, the study seeks to
benchmark and develop a policy dialogue addressing e-scooter use and deployment. The study
focuses on three specific policy strategies cities are implementing: the use of pilot programs;
vendor limits or caps; and the inclusion of equity policy. The study finds that tension between
these policies has the potential to constrain or accelerate the market adoption of scooters and that
very few communities are designing and adopting environment strategies to regulate scooter use.
These policy dialogues are worth exploration as cities accelerate trends toward micromobility.
This study seeks to identify what cities are doing from a policy and regulatory perspective, if
anything, to regulate the use and deployment of e-scooters. This paper results indicate that there
may not be a “one-size fits all” approach to regulating e-scooters.

Giulia Oeschger , Paraic Carroll , Brian Caulfield (2020) This paper presents an extensive
systematic literature review of studies that focus specifically on the integration of micromobility
and public transport systems and is, to the knowledge of the authors, the first review focusing on
this specific aspect of micromobility. This paper offers an understanding of how this topic has
been studied to date, which factors and aspects have been considered and analysed, which
causalities have been identified in the research, in addition to identifying gaps in the literature and
providing guidance for future research on this topic. Furthermore, this paper provides a
comprehensive collection and critical discussion of suggestions and recommendations included in
the literature which are analysed in this study, aimed at improving and further promoting the
effective integration of micromobility and public transport services. In this paper, a systematic
literature review was conducted, to determine how the integration of micromobility and public
transport has been studied to date. Through a systematic approach, 48 articles have been selected
and analysed in this study, that specifically focus on the subject of micromoblity and public
transport integration. The main goal was to identify the aspects of the topic that have been
empirically examined to date, while also discovering the gaps that exist and ought to be addressed
in order to fully appreciate the system and further improve it.

Zhufeng Fan , Corey D. Harper (2022) This paper uses Seattle as a case study and estimates that
up to 18% of short car trips could be replaced by micromobility. A static traffic assignment model
is developed to simulate and compare the results of peak hour traffic under a base case scenario
(2014 traffic conditions) to scenarios where a portion of short car trips are substituted by
micromobility. Results indicate that micromobility could reduce congestion on heavily congested
corridors and wide-scale bike lane deployment can maximize congestion benefits, but the impacts
to energy use and emissions are disproportionately low and other measures (e.g., vehicle
electrification) are needed to meet climate change emissions targets. In this paper they used
Statistical methods to assess the effects of micromobility on traffic congestion, emissions, and
energy use. They also used Other methods (e.g., surveys, scenario analysis, and life cycle
assessments) to to assess the effects of micromobility on congestion and/or environmental
sustainability. In order to assess the environmental and congestion benefits of higher
micromobility penetration and assess improvements in link performance as they replace the short
vehicle trips by micromobility. In this paper, They explored the potential impacts to congestion,
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emissions, and energy use if a proportion of short car trips are replaced by micromobility modes,
using Seattle as a case study.

Daniel J. Reck , He Haitao , Sergio Guidon , Kay W. Axhausen(2021) Shared micromobility

services (e-scooters, bikes, e-bikes) have rapidly gained popularity in the past few years, yet little
is known about their usage. While most previous studies have analysed single modes, only few
comparative studies of two modes exist and none so-far have analysed competition or mode
choice at a high spatiotemporal resolution for more than two modes. To this end, we develop a
generally applicable methodology to model and analyse shared micromobility competition and
mode choice using widely accessible vehicle location data. We apply this methodology to estimate
the first comprehensive mode choice models between four different micromobility modes using
the largest and densest empirical shared micromobility dataset todate. Our results suggest that
mode choice is nested (dockless and docked) and dominated by distance and time of day. Docked
modes are preferred for commuting. Hence, docking infrastructure for currently dockless modes
could be vital for bolstering micromobility as an attractive alternative to private cars to tackle
urban congestion during rush hours. Furthermore, our results reveal a fundamental relationship
between fleet density and usage. A “plateau effect” is observed with decreasing marginal utility
gains for increasing fleet densities. City authorities and service providers can leverage this
quantitative relationship to develop evidence-based micromobility regulation and optimise their
fleet deployment, respectively.

Aoyong Li , Pengxiang Zhao , Xintao Liu , Ali Mansourian , Kay W. Axhausen , Xiaobo Qu
(2022) Although e-scooter sharing has become increasingly attractive, little attention has been
paid to a comprehensive comparison of e-scooter sharing mobility in multiple cities. To fill this
gap, they conduct a comparative study to reveal the similarity and difference of e-scooter sharing
mobility by collecting and analyzing vehicle availability data from 30 European cities during post
COVID19 pandemic. The comparisons are implemented from four perspectives, including
temporal trip patterns, statistical characteristics (i.e., trip distance and duration), utilization
efficiency, and wasted electricity during idle time. Results suggest that the similarity and
difference co-exist between e-scooter sharing services in the cities, and utilization efficiency is
significantly related with the number of e-scooters per person and per unit area. Surprisingly, on
average nearly 33% of electricity are wasted during idle time in these cities. These research
findings can be beneficial to further optimizing e-scooter sharing mobility services for
transportation planners and micro-mobility operators.

Hongtai Yang , Jinghai Huo , Yongxing Bao , Xuan Li , Linchuan Yang , Christopher R.
Cherry (2021) In this study, They try to answer the question of whether the advent of e-scooter
sharing influences the ridership of bike sharing and to quantify the influence on the bike sharing
ridership of different user groups and types of trips. The e-scooter sharing and bike sharing trip
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data of Chicago are used in this study As a new type of shared micromobility, e-scooter sharing
first appeared in the United States and became popular worldwide. Considering e-scooter sharing
and bike sharing have similar service attributes, the ridership of bike sharing may be affected by
the introduction of e-scooter sharing. To date, studies exploring this impact are limited. In this
study, we seek to analyze the impact of e-scooter sharing on the usage of bike sharing from trip
data of e-scooter sharing and bike sharing in Chicago for a total of 30 weeks. We rely on a
difference-in-differences modeling approach based on the propensity score matching method. We
found that the average duration of e-scooter trips is shorter than that of bike trips. The introduction
of e-scooter sharing reduced the overall bike sharing usage by 23.4 trips per week per station
(10.2%). bike sharing usage of non-members and members decreased by 18.0 (34.1%) and 5.4
(4.0%) trips, and that of male and female members decreased by 3.3 (3.1%) and 2.0 (7.3%) trips,
respectively. Furthermore, the volume of short-, medium-, and long-duration trips of bike sharing
decreased by 10.9 (7.5%), 5.4 (9.6%), and 3.4 trips (20.5%), respectively. Finally, bike sharing
use during non-peak hours decreased but was not affected during peak hours.

References

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1.Daniel J. Reck , He Haitao , Sergio Guidon , Kay W. Axhausen ,Explaining shared
micromobility usage, competition and mode choice by modelling empirical data from Zurich,
Switzerland (2021)
2. Aoyong Li , Pengxiang Zhao , Xintao Liu , Ali Mansourian , Kay W. Axhausen , Xiaobo Qu,
Comprehensive comparison of e-scooter sharing mobility: Evidence from 30 European cities
(2022)
3.Hongtai Yang , Jinghai Huo , Yongxing Bao , Xuan Li , Linchuan Yang , Christopher R.
Cherry ,Impact of e-scooter sharing on bike sharing in Chicago (2021)
4. William Riggs , Matt Kawashima , David Batstone,Exploring best practice for municipal e-
scooter policy in the United States (2021)
5. Giulia Oeschger , Parai Carroll , Brian Caulfield , Micromobility and public transport
integration: The current state of knowledge (2020)
6. Zhufeng Fan , Corey D. Harper,Congestion and environmental impacts of short car trip
replacement with micromobility modes (2022)