RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

M.COM 3rd SEMESTER

FREQUENTLY ASKED AREA OF QUESTIONS

FIVE QUESTIONS WITH CLEAR EXPLANATIONS
LONG SESSION

JITHIN RAJ P V
2 TIMES UGC NET IN COMMERCE
1 YEAR PLUS TEACHING EXPERIENCE
( AFTER THIS CLASS I WILL SEND THIS PDF TO OUR TELEGRAM GROUP)
Question 1
Analysis of data in research is the most
skilled task.What are the various types of
analysis used in the research. Explain in
detail.
(Expected Essay question)
 Analysis of data means,
Using statistical methods as well as-
tools in research to analyse the data properly
TYPES OF ANALYSIS
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1.DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
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2.INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
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3.UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
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4.BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
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5.MULTI VARIATE ANALYSIS
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6.QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
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7.QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
1.DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Helps in a proper way to describe datas.
The datas shown in a descriptive way by using;
mean,median,mode ,range etc,
levels of measurement in Descriptive analysis used
various types of descriptive tools are as follows;
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE TOOLS
/TYPES OF SCALES
NOMINAL FREQUENCY TABLE, MODE, CHARTS
ETC
ORDINAL MEDIAN.QUARTILES,
PERCENTILES,RANK CORRELATION
ETC
INTERVEL MEAN, CORRELATION ETC

RATIO INDEX NUMBERS, GEOMETRIC MEAN,

HARMONIC MEAN
2.INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
Infer the sample data that is what population
might be?
Statistical tools in Inferential statistics are ;
a.Parametric Tools
b.Non-parametric tools
 a. PARAMETRIC TOOLS(DATA IS NORMAL)
●
T TEST
Used to determine the difference between 2 sample mean and sample size is
less than 30
Types of T Test are;
-Independent sample T Test(Compare 2 mean group)
-Paired Sample T Test( Compare same group at different time)
-One sample T Test(Compares single group against a known mean)
●
Z TEST
Used To determine the difference between 2 sample mean but sample size is
more than 30
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ANNOVA(Test the difference between More than 2 variables)
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CORRELATION( Degree of association/ Relationship between 2 variables)
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REGRESSION(Predicting one variable by using another variable)
 b.NON PARAMETRIC TOOLS
(DATA IS NOT NORMAL)
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CHI-SQUARE TEST
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MANN-WHITENY U TEST
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WILCOXON ONE SAMPLE T TEST
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KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST
3.UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
data consider only 1 variable
examples are;
height of students
weight of students
4.BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Two Variables are analysing such as;
Example ; Temperature and icecream sales.
5.MULTI-VARIATE ANALYSIS
Morethan 2 variables
Example; Temperature, Ice Cream marketing, and Ice cream selling
6.QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS(analyse quantitative data eg-height, weight,area,
volume..etc)
7.QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS( Analyse qualitative aspects like beauty,honesty etc)
Question 2
What are the Techniques/ methods used in
the sampling. Explain each with examples.
(Expected Essay question)
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES/ METHODS
●
1. Probability or random sampling: Each unit of the
population has an equal of being selected.
●
2. Non- probability or non- random sampling:
• it is based on the personal judgement of the surveyor.
• It may not be a getting an equal chance being
selected
Probability sampling are;
1• Simple random sampling:
it gives each element an equal chance of being selected.
It may be in the form of,
- Lottery method
-Random number method
2• Stratified random sampling:
in this method, the population is sub divided into homogenous
groups
or strata on the basis of certain common characteristics.
3• Systematic sampling or fixed interval method:
this can be applied when the complete list of population is
Available. It consist of taking every K th item in the population
after a random
start with an item from 1 to K.
K= population size/ size of sample.
4• Cluster sampling:
It consist of forming suitable clusters of units and
surveying all the units
in the sample of clusters selected.
5• Multi stage sampling:
The population is divided into a number of large
sampling units, each
of which in turn is divided into smaller units, and so on.
 Non- probability sampling Methods
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1. Convenience / accidental sampling:
This sampling means selecting sampling units which are conveniently
available. Eg: a study on internet addiction among college students in
Kerala.
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2. Purposive/ judgment sampling:
Selection of cases which the researcher judge as the most
appropriate ones for the given study.
Sample is selected suitable to the objective of the study.
●
3. Critical case sampling:
Type of purposive sampling
The process of selecting a small number of important cases that are
likely to yield the most information & have the greatest impact.
●
4. Quota sampling:
This is a form of convenient sampling involving selection of
quota groups of
accessible sampling units by traits such as sex, age, social
class.
●
5. Snowball sampling:
in this case we initially contact a few potential respondents
and then ask them whether they know of anybody with the
same characteristics that we are looking for in our research.
QUESTION 3
What are the factors that are widely affecting
the sample size?
Explain any Five of them in detail?
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SIZE OF SAMPLE(CODE- NPT DAS)
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Nature of the population (homogeneous/ heterogeneous)
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Problems related with collection of data (availability of time &
money ..etc)
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Type of sampling method
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Degree of accuracy required
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Availability of resources
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Scope of the study
QUESTION 4
Explain the Format of Research Report and
stages to write the reaseach report?
(Expected Essay Type question)
 Research Report:
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It is also called dissertation /thesis.
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End product of the research work.
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Report writing means communication of the
research work, findings and conclusion.
 FORMAT OF RESEARCH REPORT
Format of the research report
A.PRILIMINARY SECTION
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Title page- title, name of the researcher, name of supervisor..etc
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Declaration
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Certificate
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Acknowledgement
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Preface
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Table of content
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List of abbreviations
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List of figures
 B.MAIN BODY OF THE REPORT
1. Introductory part
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• Introduction
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• Significance of the study
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• Statement of the problem
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• Scope of the study
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• Objective of the study
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• Hypothesis
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• Methodology
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• Source of data
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• Sampling plan
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• Period of study
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• Tools for data collection
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• Methods& tools for analysis
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• Chapterisation
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• Limitations of the study
 2. Review of literature
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• Critical analysis of the previous research
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• Brief statement of the present study
3. presentation& analysis of Data
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• text
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• use of tables, chart, figures
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• testing hypothesis
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• result& discussion
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• summary, findings, suggestions& conclusion
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• scope for further study
4. reference section
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bibliography
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appendix
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glossary
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index
 Stages of writing the report
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Planning of the report
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Organisation of report
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Write-up
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First draft- to ensure fullness of facts, accuracy,& consistency
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Second draft- importance to language, style of presentation etc.
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Final draft
QUESTION 5
Explain the types of Research report
briefly?
(Expected short essay question)
 Types of report
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Oral report: researcher uses spoken words for reporting.
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Written report: researcher uses written words.
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Popular report: prepared in simple language.
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Report submitted to an administrator/ executive: only
essence of the study is communicated.
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Technical report: detailed report in technical language.
THANK YOU ALL