KEGPN\F JV[PC \KJSKNZGJRG \KDGNGJRGB FCK[I

BJKN \GCK[KCG
ZRHGG BKCYT K[

-GZJZ ,\GKCKJYBGZJZ .D ;\KJV[P FYKJSKNZGJR .C ;BGCP .B

QKC { \GNTC .F ;KBR\F ESGP NT EGT .E ;KBR\F ESGPG \GKCKJYVS
-RGB FCK[I .H ;EIB OGKN \GZKVG UGD ZMGPF \MNF .G ;\GBKXPN QKE
\GBKXP \[KV\ .I ;FMNFF KPMI N[ IGMF \[KV\G FKDGNGJ
;ZCE \KZIB .J ;FCK[I \GKRC\G

\GCK[KC FI\V\F[ \KJV[PF FCK[IF ZYIC K\YST \GRGZIBF OKR[C

G\CK\MC JZVCG ,OKZ[TF FBPF \NKI\CG FZ[T T[\F FBPF KFN[C BJKN
BJKNC OKJNGCF \GCK[KF K[BZP ,VGY[ QFMF FEGFK QGTP[ CZF N[
BGF GH FCK[I N[ OKRKKVBPF EIB[ LM NT K\EPT ZB[F QKC 1.GH FVGY\C
FCK[I .JV[PF N[ OKKJSKNZGJRG OKKDGNGJRGB FCK[I KSGVE N[ OXGPKB
OKRKKRT KCXPM OKRG[F OKKJV[PF \GESGPF \B \[VG\ \KDGNGJRGB
\B FCKIZP \KJKSNZGJR FCK[IG ,JV[PC KGN\ GRKB OPGKY[ OKKDGNGJRGB
KRB FH ZPBPC .KJV[PF OGI\F NT OD O\GB FNKIPG TCJF KYGI \GNGCD
OF EXKM \GBZFN ,GNNF FCK[IF KSGVE N[ OKRKKVBPF ZIB \GYI\FN [YCP
CZF N[ G\CK\MC ZYKTC) \GEIB \GKJV[P \GKDGS IG\KRC KGJKC KEKN OKBC
.F[TPN FMNF FYKSVF NT OFN [K[ \GMN[FC QGENG ,(VGY[

V GY [ Q GT P [ C ZF N [ G \ R [ P K B Z C B J K N \ G C K [ K C \ K J V [ P F C K [ I Z RH G G B K C Y T K [ 1
; ( F " S [ \ O K N[ GZ K , \ K Z CTF F J K SZ C K R GB F , O K J V [ P N Z GJ Y G E Z B G \ \ NC Y O [ N F EG C T)
’ O K J V [ P F \ Z G \ ’ N [ F Z G ZK C N { Q G P P K C GK I N \ GD F R \ F \ GC G I Q K C " Z R H GG B K C Y T K [ QM G
. ( H" S [ \ ) 1 EM N B Z [ K K R K E "V G Y [ Q GT P [ C Z F N[ G \ R [ P C

|41~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

BGCP .B

\KHKVF \GBKXPF OGI\ QKC ,SGPGRN SKHKVF QKC FRKICP \KJV[PF FCK[IF
BXPR \KHKVF \GBKXPF OGI\C .OKKCKJPZGRF QKEFG YGIF N[ OPGI\ QKCN
\GBKXPF .’KGBZ’F TCYR KCKJPZGRF OGI\C GNKBG ,KDGNGJRGBF [KF ,’KGXP’F
KCKJPZGRF OGI\C GNKBG ,OKKZGBK\ OKYGI OF[ TCJF KYGIN FVGVM \KHKVF
LG\C YGIF KRTPR N[ O\GDFR\F \B OKRGGMPF OKKCKJYVSGZV OKYGI OKJNG[
\GBKXPF QP KCKJPZGR \GDFR\F NNM N[ FZKHD NM .FRG\R \KTCJ \GBKXP
EXC 2.KGXPP KGBZ \ZKHD N[ KJSKNZGJRF N[MC \NVGR TCJF KYGIPG \KTCJF
KNNM OD JV[PF NNGM ,\GDFR\F \GCGI OKRTPRF NT OKNKJPF \GDFR\F KNNM
GB FHGI QGDM ,OKKJV[P \GESGP N[ \GNIF KBR\ \B OKZKEDP Z[B FZEDF
\B ZGMPN OKNTC N[ GIGM QGDM ,OKKJV[P \GIGM N[ OVYKF \BG ,\GNTC
OK[V\R FNB OKNNM OD 3.FBGGX \GTXPBC OKZIBN O[KZGFN GB GKSMR
\GESGPF OK[V\R NKCYPCG ,JV[PF N[ FZKXKM \KJV[PF FCK[IC
ESGP \B QRGMP[ BGF JV[PF .OKKJSKNRKPGR OKD[GPM OKRG[F OKKJV[PF
FH BGF ,OKRTPRN OKKJV[PF \GIGMF \B YKRTP[ BGFG (KJV[PF) \GNTCF
O[KZGFN GB OZMGPN G\NGMK \BG GKSMRC OKNTCF \JKN[ \GNGCD \B TCGY[

DAVID HUME, A TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE, bk. III, pt. I, } I (1739): ‘‘In 2
every system of morality, which I have hitherto met with, I have always
remarked, that the author proceeds for some time in the ordinary way
of reasoning, and establishes the being of a God, or makes observations
concerning human affairs; when of a sudden I am surprized to find, that
instead of the usual copulations of propositions, is, and is not, I meet
with no proposition that is not connected with an ought, or an ought not.
This change is imperceptible; but is, however, of the last consequence.
For as this ought, or ought not, expresses some new relation or affirma-
tion, it is necessary that it should be observed and explained; and at the
same time that a reason should be given, for what seems altogether
inconceivable, how this new relation can be a deduction from others,
which are entirely different from it’’.
\ G D F R\ F \ G C GI QK C " Z R H GG G B Z I GM K N N M G F Z ED F K N N MN F CG I K N N M Q K C F RI C F F NT 3
N K T N ) " V G Y [ QG T P [ C ZF N[ G\ R[ P C ’ O K J V [ P F \ Z G \ ’ N [ F Z G Z K C N { Q G P P K C G K I N
.34=30 ,(1 FZTF

|42~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

QVGBC \ZMR[ FHGI OB TCGY[ FH BGFG ,\GZEDGP \GZGEXGZV \GTXPBC

\GESGPF GH F[KV\ KV=NT .FHC BXGKMG ,NJC GB UY\ GRKF OKGSP
OKVY[P ORKB OFG ,JV[PF KEK NT GCXGTG GZXGR OKKJV[PF OKSGJBJSFG
.\KDGNGJRGB \G[PP \NTC \GBKXP
FCK[IF \ZGSPC BGXPN Q\KR NKTN FZBG\[ GH F[KV\ EXC ,ONGBG
JV[PF QKC[ OKZGCKIF \B OKBGZ Z[B ,OKZIB FCK[I KRGGKM OD \KJV[PF
,FNB FCK[I KRGGKM \ZDSPC .Z\GK CMZGP QVGBC \KDGNGJRGBF \GBKXPF QKCN
OKPKKY Z[B OKKDGNGJRGB OKRKKRT KCXPM OK[V\R OKRG[ OKKJV[P \GESGP
FZEDFF KNNM ,NKCYPC .\GBKXPF OGI\N OKMKK[ Z[BG OPXT EXP
OXPJXP JV[PF N[ GIGMG ,’TCJ KYGI’ N[ DGSM OK[V\R OKKJV[PF
O[N OKRTPRF \GDFR\F \B OKRGGMPF ,OKKCKJPZGR \GDFR\F KNNM \TKCYN
F C K [ I F N [ F K [ ZG [ . F R G \ R F \ G B K X P F \ ZD S P C O K K \ ZC I F O K K I F \ ZE S F
OPNGT \[KV\ N[ CIZG LGCS DZBPN OKZ[YR OFG ,OKPGEY \KDGNGJRGBF
OKMK[PP \KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF N[ OKTVGP .OKRGPEYF N[ OFK\GRGPBG
4
.KRZEGPF KJV[PF IK[C OD \GRG[ \GZGXC OKKY\FN

\ N K I \ C G F Z [ T T [ \ F F B P F U GS C O K K J SK N P Z G V O K R J V[ P N [ O \ CK \ MC N [ P N L M 4
\ B F V G MF K D G N G J RG B O G K Y O K K J V [ P \ G E SG P N G S I K K Z [ B , C " F Z B C O K Z [ TF F B P F
\ K J S K N P ZG V F F C K [ I F LZ E \ B G ZY K C O K J S K N B K Z F . O K R J V [ P F N T G J V [ P F NT G P X T
B G F . K Z Y P F K F B N ’ F K D B P ’ I R GP C [G P K [F . J V[ P F N [ \ K D B P F [K V \ M F \ G B G Z B K \ G
O G K Y \ G S I K K P F N CF \ G R G P B NT \ SS G CP \ G K D G N GJ RG B F \ GI R F F [ L M N T TK C XF N E TG R
O K Z X GK O F [ \ G CZ \ CG O E B K R C N [ O F K \ GC [I P C B N B O K K Y G R K B [ F P N K [ P P
Felix Cohen, Transcendental Nonsense and the :GBZ .OPXTC OKCXTPG
Functional Approach, 35 COLUM. L. REV. 809 (1935); JEROM FRANK,
COURTS ON TRIAL: MYTH AND REALITY IN AMERICAN JUSTICE (1949); Suzanne
Last Stone, Rabbinical Legal Magic: A New Look at Honi‘s Circle As the
Construction of Law‘s Space, 17 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 97 (2005); Jessie Allen,
A Theory of Adjudication: Law as Magic (public law research paper no. 07-
10, nyu law school, march 2007), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/
abstract=999624.
O K R [ C \ K J V [ P F F CK \ M C F K XP K J K D N \ G NC YP G \ G C [ J V [ P F N [ \ G K J SK N P Z G V \ G [ K D
G B Z . \ G K J S K NZ G J R F F C K [ I F \ GK R C \ \ B \ GZ K M H P QF \ G RG [ \ G RK I C P G , \ G R GZ I B F
Ernest J. Weinrib, Legal Formalism: On the Immanent Rationality of :N[PN
Law, 97 YALE L.J. 949 (1988); Thomas Grey, The New Formalism
(working paper no. 4, stanford law school, public law and legal series,
1999), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=200732.

|43~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

\KJV[PFG \K\MNFF \ZGSPC OD OKKGXP OKKDGNGJRGB FCK[I KRGGKM

FCK[IC OKJNGC OF OKZCEF \K[BZC K\RKKX[ KVMG 5,GK[ZVPCG EGPN\C[
KRGGKM KV NT 6.J"KF FBPF KFN[C BJKN \GCK[KC FI\V\F[ \KJV[PF
QP YNIM OK[V\R OKKHMZP OKKJV[PG OKK\MNF \GESGP ,GNNF FCK[IF
.OFC KGN\ GRKBG OKK\MNFF OKEDKFP TCGR GRKB FPGKY[ ,\KTCJF \GBKXPF
,OKKDGNGJRGB OKRKKRT KCXPM OK[V\R FBPGJFG F[GEYF \GESGP ,N[PN ,LM
KZKXK ORKB[ OKRG\R ’TCJ KYGI’M OK[ZV\P FBPGJFG F[GEYF KYGIG
QKB ’FBPGJFG F[GEYF KYGI’C .FKNT OKVMR BNB \KCKJPZGRF \MZTPF
GN ZGSB FPG Z\GP FP BPJF GB [GEYF OEBN OKZGPF OKYGIN FRGGMF

Q K I CF Z [ B , Q P NK S Q R I G K ’ V GZ V N [ G K Z Y I P C F CI Z F C G R GE K R G N B F CK [ I K R GG K M 5
\ G [ K D Q K C N (’ \ G K \ G [ K K ’ GB ) \ G K D G N GJ RG B G \ GK J SK N B K Z \ G[ K D QK C \ K \ MN F F F C K [ I C
, F B P GJ G F [ G EY G P M , O K K \ M N F \ G E SG P \ G R GZ I B F K VN Z [ B M , \ GK K G G K XG \ G K J S K NR K P G R
F K X YG E Z O F N \ G [T N Q\ K RG , J V[ P F N [ F Z K X K B N B \ K TC J F \ GB K XP F P YN I O R K B
O H K N B R K P G R Q K C \ G K \ M N F \ GK G T CY K F " Q P N K S Q RI GK : G K Z P B P G B Z . \ G D F R \ F K N NM N
= O "E [ \ ) J P Z ’ P T C K NB Z [ K K R K E " F M NF F N [ F K V G S G N K V C O K R G K T { O H K N B K Z G
K R K E " N GY N Y G Q G Y K \ G B K ZP G \ G K X { F M NF C \ G ZK C T G \ G GX P " Q P N K S Q RI GK ; ( F " P [ \
K N T C K C D N O K C G K I N [ \ G K J R G GN Z F " QP N K S Q R I G K ; ( C " R[ \ = B "R [ \ ) D V Y ’ P T H J NB Z[ K
,LZGT ZC F[P) 243 NBZ[K \C[IPCG FMNFC OKZYIP "FMNFC KDGNRPGRV QGKT :OKKI
K R K E , " Q J Y G F J G[ , [ Z I \ G K D GS Z G B N F M N F C \ K S K S C F F P ZG R F " Q P N K S Q RI GK ; ( E "R [ \
Yochanan Silman, Introduction to the Philosophical ;(G"R[\) DM ’PT IK NBZ[K
Analysis of the Normative-Ontological Tension in the Halakha, 31 DA’AT 5
(1993).
\G C K [ K C \K J V [ P F C K [ I K Z G CK I C K \ K B Z F [ K V M Q M[ , F K K F \ Z Z G TN F K G[ T G H F E C GT 6
F [ E I F E G P K N F \ J K [ , (1 F Z T F N K T N ) V G Y [ Q G T P [ C Z F N [ G \ R [ P K B Z C B J K N
\ K N B G J Y NJ R K B F VG N I O K EK P N \ N T K XF N Z B [ F Q K C F ET G R B J K N \ G C K [ K C F I \ V \ F [
\ G B Z K F N F K G [ T \ K J S K NZ G J R G \ K D G NG J R G B F [ K D B Y GG E G , \ K N NM F N M [ F N \ P N G F
K R G G K M F Z [ T T [ \ F F B P F U G S C , (4 F Z T F N K T N ) K \ R K K X [ K V M , Q M B . \ R [ G K P G \ K B M Z B
I G Z N[ F T V[ F F H Q K K RT C F \ K K F , \ B HP F Z \ K . Z \ G K O K N CG Y P G K F O K K D G N G J R GB F CK [ I
K D G N F O HK C K J K H GV F . TC J F K T EP C Q F G J V [ P C Q F K J S K CK J K HG V F O Z H F N [ G RG G K M P Q P H F
O H K C K J K HG V F O D G , O K [ G I F \ G T XP B C SG V\ N Q \ K R [ \ G EC G TC \ GE YP \ F F \ B [ K D E F
\ G E SG P F K EK NT F Z X G R[ ) ’ \ P K K Y F E C GT ’ M YG I F N [ E P P F \ B [ K D E F K J V[ P F
F C K SF [ O D QM \ K K . O K K M Z TF O K N G YK [ C QG K E F N[ G \ G C K [ I C J K T P F G ( O K K \ GM P S F
\ G P N K E Q GZ \ VC \ K R [ Z V F R K I C P F [ K D F N[ \ GR G Z \ K C F X GT R F K D GN G J R GB F \ GY H I \ F N
Q M G P M . L[ P F C F B Z R[ K V M G , O K K \ MN F O K N N M \ G C YT C O K \ T N \ G Z Z G T\ P [ \ G K Z SG P
O [ Z G[ N \ E ZN F \ S K R [ G N G V N V F \ J K [ N F ED R\ F [ F [ E I F E G P K N F \ J K [ [ Q M \ K K
F K D GS F N [ ’ F RG M R ’ F B K Z YN , T EG P K \ N C QV G B C K N G B , F C Z Y\ F , O K Z CE F N [ K \ GF P F
. \ GK J SK N Z GJ RG \ GK D NG J R G B \ GI R F NT O K C Z O K Z Y P C \ SS G CP Q M B [ \ K E G P N\ F

|44~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

OKRGGMP BNB \GBKXP OKZB\P ORKB[ \GDFR\F KNNM FNB QM[ { \G[TN
\ZCGT EXKMG ,BPJ GFKP OKZKEDP Z[B FZEDFF KNNMN BNB { \GDFR\F
GFPG ,[GEYF OEBF GFKPG ,JYKKCGBN JYKKCGBPG OEBN OEBP FBPGJF
FNB FZEDF KNNM .GNBC BXGKMG ,FBPGJC GKNB SRMKFN ZGSB[ [GEYF OGYPF
GB OKKHKV ,OKRG\R OKRKKRT KCXP OKZB\PF ’TCJ KYGI’ N[ DGSM OK[V\R
QRKB \GZFJKFF \GZGEXGZVG \GBPJKFF KMZE ,GH F[KV\ KVN .OKKHKVBJP
[K FMNFNG ,FBPGJF N[ ’TCJF KYGI’P BNB ,FMNFF N[ FK\GTKCYP \GTCGR
GKNT EXKM BPJF OEBN OKZGP Z[B \GDFR\FF KNNM \TKCYC YZ QRGMP EKYV\
.DGFRN
ZYIC CJKF \GZMGPG \GIKM[ FBPGJG F[GEY N[ \GKDGNGJRGB \G[KV\
KCXPM F[GEYFG FBPGJF G[V\R \GCZ \GKGCZ\C .FKDNGVGZ\RBFG \GCZ\F
OPT TDP[ ’\GTZ’G ’\GCGJ’ \GKGMKB KNTC \GKG[KKM GB OKKDGNGJRGB OKRKKRT
ZGSB[ ’GCBJ’M GZEDGF OKBPJG OK[GEY OKPXTG OK[RB .QMGSP \GKFN KG[T
\MKK[M F[V\R F[GEYF \GKJSKNBGEG \GKRDBV \G[KV\C 7.GKNB CZY\FN
OPGI\N \MKK[M F[V\R FBPGJF GNKBG ,(OK)CGJF (OK)NBF N[ (O)GPGI\N
\[V\R FBPGJF[ FBZR BZYPC OD .NGB[F \GIGMG (OK)TZF (OK)NBF N[
FBPGJF 8.FRPP (\GYR\FN) ZFJKFNG YIZ\FN [K[ FYKHPG FTZ \G[KM

R. PARKER, MIASMA, POLLUTION AND PURIFICATION IN EARLY :N[PN ,GBZ 7

SZJRKBC ZG[Y ’BPJ’ GCBJN ’[GEY’ GCBJ QKC NECFF .GREEK RELIGION (1998)
B C Z G SK B F G GK N B CZ Y\ P [ O EB F \ B \ R M SP B P J G CB J N F CZ K Y : G CB J F K E K N T QD G P F
[ G E Y F ZC E F \ B \ R M S P [ GE Y F G C B J F N B F C Z K Y G N K B G , O E B F N T Q D F N B G V B
MARRY DOUGLAS, PURITY AND DANGER: AN FRICFF NT FEPT .G\GB \NNIPG
SNDE KZP :\KZCTCG) .ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTS OF PURITY AND TABOO (1966)
IG\KRC FKGXP FPGE FRICF .((2204) GCBJG OGFKH OKD[GPF N[ IG\KR :FRMSG ZFGJ
’ B Z C D Z G S K B ’ G K Z CE N . ’ B XV I Z G SK B ’ N ’ B Z CD Z G SK B ’ QK C F R I C F N V GY [ C Z F T K XP [
, G N O ZD K K [ Y H R F K R V P O E B F N T Q D F N K EM Z G S B F Z C EF P F B R F F GB F NK M B F \ B Z S G B
[ G E YF W VI F N T Q D F N K E M Z C EF P F B R F F GB F N K M B F \ B Z SG B ’ B X VI Z G SK B ’ [ E G TC
Q G B D F K Z VS \ B XG F N ET G F ) C TZ = B TZ ’ P T F M YZ V , D Z T [ , Z [ K K Z T[ G B Z , N NI \ K B N[
Z S B E F P O K ZG S K B F N ME " : ( L " [ \ = J " K [ \ , \ K [ K N [ F B X G F , Y Z G K = G K R , N " H Q G T P [ K C Z
Q K B G , F H C B XG K M G O E G CN I K Z G S K B P \ G RF K NP G R\ GB T G RP N B G F F Z G\ F \ R GM B R P I Z Q N
O D F Z G \ F \ R G M , \ G[ E YF G \ G P R GY M , F [G E Y K Z GS K B C G . \ G Z G SB F \ GN M B P F O G [P F R G M F
. " G R P P Z SB RF G Z HF N [ \ G[ P \ [ F K E K N T NN I \ K B N [ [ EG Y P F Z C E NK C [ C
Q P VG B Y NB YH I K N [ N GE D F G Z G CK I N F K R V F C Q B M YV \ SB . F CZ \ G Z VS [ K F N B O K R K K R TC 8
FVY[FF) LNKBG 403 B LZM KR[ \KC UGS ET OEY KPKP \KNBZ[KF FRGPBF \GENG\

|45~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

OKTXPC YCEKFN FNGMKG ,\GVSGR OKMZECG TDPC \ZCGT ,NNIC \J[V\P

F[GEYF \B \[VG\F ,\KJRRKPGE F[KD \PKKY OKKN"HI \GZGYPC OD 9.OKRG[
OKTXP NT \GNI[ \GKDGNGJRGB 10\GRGM\M GB \GKG[KKM FBPGJF \BG
NTM FBPGJF NT \ZCEPF ,\K\MNFF FV[C BGXPN Q\KR LMN KGJKC 11.OKRG[
13
.’\EZGKG \TYGC’G ’FNGTG \TYGC’ 12,GRPP ’\BXGK’G KNMN ’\SRMR’[ \G[KK

\GFNBF \SKV\C FRVPF" ENVRKKG F[P ;(E"K[\) (\KBZYPF FVY[FF) 539 ,(\KRDVF
"FZG\C FBPGJ ZGSKB" ZBKGZC QRIGK ;(C"M[\) 30 BN WKCZ\ "OKZCE ZVSC QINGVFG
ESGP) LNKBG KZ ’PT ,B LZM ,BZYKG ZVS ,QPVGF KCX EGE CZF ;(H"P[\) 45 C OKEDP
F B P GJ F [ F T EF \ Z HG I O K K R K CF K P K C \ K E G F K F \ G Z VS C . ( G " M[ \ O K N [ G Z K , YG Y C Z F
Q " CP Z F [ GZ K V ; S \ G B , C Z P B P , K Z H GM F Z V S N [P N GB Z , Y K H P G Q M G SP I G M B K F
F [ K D S I K K , H P Y Z V , D Y N I , O K MG C R F Z G P C O "C P Z F . J K , I K B Z Y K G N G , F N , B N \ K [ B Z C N
Q MN G , QM G SP G K NK N [ I G M NN M C F B P G J C G F E R F \ B P G J C O K B G Z [ , O K R B D V N \ K D N G J R G B
\ M Z G E B K F [ \ GP GY P F \ B UG Z [N G \ K CF P F E K R F F [K B F \ B Y K I Z F N O K D F G R O F
\ [ VG \ F RK B LB , [ E G YN B P J F Q K C T D P F \ B Y Z \ Z SG B F M NF F G EK E N [ E G TC , O F K NT
. \ R MG S P \ K D GN G J R G B \ G B K X P M F P X T F B P G J F \ B
E P G T[ NR G K XZ F \ B Z K C SF N K [ GY F I M G R N \ YH I \ P F N B O K Y GI N \ K D G NG J R G B \ G R [ Z V 9
G R K B F H K [ G Y . CI Z P C F \ G J [ V\ F G F B P G J F Z CT P N [ O K CZ F O K N NM F \ TK C Y K Z GI B P
, K [ P P O K R K K R T CX P B K F F B P GJ F [ F I K R P [ , \ K D G N GJ RG B F F [ K D F \ Z D S P C Z Z G T \ P
\ K C K J P Z G RF \ M Z TP C N NM O K K GN \ O R K B [ , O K R G\ RG O K TG CY ’ \ GD F R \ F ’ K YG I N TC
. F S K S C C E G P T N O K ZG P B [ \ N T G\ F G Y E X F K N G Y K [ C G
B N G ’ Z B G \ ’ Z ED C F R K F F B P GJ [ ( K CG ’ XB D G Z F QG B D F ) QK H G Z US GK C Z F C\ G M N[ P N L M 10
Z [ M ’ P O I R P CZ F N[ G P G MK S F H QK K R T N G B Z , Z P G I N T F N I [ F R G M\ G R K K F , ’ O XT ’
.(G"N[\) 72 \GRGVX IRTVP
F M N F F [ EG T C , K D GN G J R GB F Q GG K M N F J G R B K F [ G R T J \ K R B Z P G YF F MN F F K Z Y G I P F P M 11
Daniel Schwartz, Law and Truth: :GBZ .KJSKNBRKPGRF QGGKMN Z\GK FJGR \KN"HIF
On Qumran-Sadducean and Rabbinic Views of Law, in THE DEAD SEA
SCROLLS: FORTY YEARS OF RESEARCH 229 (D. Diamnt & U. Rappaport eds.,
1992); Jeffery Rubenstein, Nominalism and Realism in Qumranic and
OD GBZG .Rabbinic Law: A Reassessment, 6 DEAD SEA DISCOVERIES 157 (1999)
B J G I F N [ G \ G K ZI B N T ? F P [ B B NC \ GK Z I B { ’ F D D [ C B J I \ K M [ V R G ’ " K T Z E B F K Z B
. ( H " S[ \ ) 1 E M K Z CT F J V [ P F Q G \R [ " N " H I \ G Z VS CG B Z YP C F D D [ C
O E B Z [ C N M B [ C N MC O [ Z C G E P ) " G K N G [ L ZE \ B X G K F B P G J F [ " : H , B K \ G N F B , F R[ P 12
\ K C P G R K K F , G K N G[ P C NM F N [ G VG D P \ B XG K \ P F \ B P GJ [ F R [ P C Z H T NB ’ Z \ T EG , \ P
:F ,F O K CH , FR [P ;( !G K V L Z E OD \ BXG K FBPG JF ,( O[ ) FE G FK K CZ \TE N G ,K T Z F
. " G R P P \ B XG K G | CH F C M [ P N= ~ G N \ S R MR F B P G J \ B XP R "
Q G[ N F K [ GP K [ [ Z P G N Q\ K R , Q M B . G , G \ G NF B N [ P N GB Z , F R [ P C O K Z GD [ F N B O K K GJ K C 13
\ G [ P P N[ O K I R G P C J [ VG P D [ G P NT O K Z C EP F O K K Z GV B J P O K K GJ K C B N B O R K B G N N F
Z [ K K Z T [ , VG Y[ [ " Z F N[ G K Z CE Q G K XN O K K G B Z . Q N F N G B Z G H F K T CC Q GK E N , \ K D GN G J R G B

|46~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

GPM OKK\MNF \GESGPN YZ \PJPJXP FRKB \KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF

OGI\F NB OD OKK\MNFF OKNBGJKZF OGI\P \DNGH BNB ,FBPGJG F[GEY
GB [ZGVPC ,OKBJCP KZCTF JV[PF N[ OKRG[ \GZGYP 14.FMNFC[ KJV[PF
QKBG[KR ,\GNTC GPM ,OKKJV[P OKSGJBJSG \GESGP[ F[KV\F \B ,TP\[PC
OKNNMC KGN\ GRKB OPGKY Z[B OKK[PP OKRKKRT KCXP OKVY[P ,QK[GZKDG
\GTZGBP OKVY[P GNB \GESGPC OKNI[ OKKJV[PF OKKGRK[F[G ,OKK\MNFF
KMZE \B OKZKEDPF ,FZEDFF KNNM OD ,NKCYPC .\GBKXPF ONGTC [PP N[
KYGI’ \B OKZB\PF OKNNMM OK[V\R ,OKKJV[PF \GESGPF N[ O\GZXGGKF
KNNM NT YZ JNG[ JV[PF GH F[KD KVN .QKBG[KRF N[G QKKRYF N[ ’TCJF
ZGSKB ,FC[F \CGI ,NHD ZGSKB QGDM ,QKBG[KRNG QKKRYN OKTDGR[ \GDFR\FF

G N N F O K K E G P N \ F Q G [ N F K [ G P K [ P Y K S F [ , B P ’ P T , D K Y Z V , B Z T [ , (7 F Z T F N K T N )
B G F F B P G J Q K RT E F B Z R S " [F \ G K D G S \ G J [ V \ G TP [ P K VN " : ’ \ G B K X P ’ B K F F B P G J F [
’ \ S R MR F B P GJ ’ G Z P B [ GP M , F [ G EY G Z G S K B \ G NI Q K E QK R T M B N [ , [ P P \ G B K X P
, E M \ G I R P ) B Z P D C G Z P B [ F B P G J N T F B P G J \ GN I Q K RT N G R K XP Q MG ’ , \ B XG K F B P G J ’ G
FH KVNG ’|...~ FBPGJ NT FNI FBPGJ QKB’ QG[NC BNG ’FBPGJ FN FTC[’ QG[NC (B"T
, B P J RF O E B C F B P G J F K EK N T [ E I \ P [ Q K E F EC NP E Z P G N O G YP [ K B P J R [ O E B C
’PT ,I Y Z V , D Z T [ ,( O[ ) ) C\G M BG F Z IB OG YPC " . FPX T FBPG JF \ B B[ G R BG F
, E Z VR Q K R T B GF [ T P [ P \ GK R [ P F G S" [ F Q G [ N K VM F B P G J F Q K R T \ GJ [ V F RF E" : ( F TY
’ F N G TG \ T YG C F B P G J ’ S" [ F QG [ N G P M , B P J P F G B P J RF Z C E F LG \ C B XP R B G F [
Q G [ N G R K XP B N E F P , F H C B X GK M F CZ F G , ’ F B P G J F N F T C[ ’ , ’ \ B X G K ’ G ’ \ SR M R’ ’ \ EZ G K ’ G
Z G S K B Q K B ’ G P M , ’ \ G N I ’ Q G [ N C S " [ F [ P \ [ P | O [ [= ~ O [ E , N G S V G B Z G S K B Q K R T N F H
, B " T EM \ G I R P , K NC C B C Z K ZC E C T K V G P ’ F B P G J F N F T C [ ’ K G J K C F ’ " . Z G S K B N T N I
G B P J R O K N M GB F O B F : \ K R [ O F C T D R O G K N G CJ [ O K B P J O K NM G B N [ O R K E C Y V\ SF [
F B P GJ F Q MN G F R G [ B Z F F B P G J F P ’ GT C[ ’ Z C M O F B P [ G B , F [ E I F F B P GJ C C G[
. ( J " P [ \ ) D Y\ ’ P T J K L Z M \K E G P N \ F K EV G NY K XR B G B Z . O F K N T N GI \ B N F K K R [ F
,FMNFC[ KJV[PF OGI\F ZCT NB \KDGNGJRGBF F[KV\F N[ GH FDKNH[ IKRFN ZKCS 14
F T V [ F F P G , \ K \ MN F F \ M Z T P F P Y N I K Z C T F J V [ P F N[ G \ G K F C , ZB [ F QK C , F Z G [ Y
F C K [ I F K SG VE C G XK T C , K J V [ P F YN I F G K \ EF YN I F , F M NF F K YN I K R [ N [ K [ \ K E EF F
\ B G K H K VF O N GT F \ B QF B Z C N B F [ F R G P B F O D QB MN F Z G [ Y . O K P G I \ F P E I B N MC
\K R CZ F \Z G S PC \IG G Z F[ K V\ ,E G TG \BH . FZ G \F K YG I \B Q FG G C \Z Z G [F \G K Y G IF
B Y SK V , O K Z CE K Z V S G B Z , O N G TF B Z CR G K V N T[ K B E K B F N E G P F \ B F Z G\ F K YG I C F B G Z
: B "T B S Y , F P G Z \ Z F GH C Z \ G K Z I GB P G ; B , B F C Z \ K [ B Z C ; E K , D \ G C B , F R [ P ; I P
B \ K K ZG B C G , B P N T B Z C G B \ K K Z G B C F C N M\ S B , B P N T B GF L K Z C B [ E GY B Z C E ME "
, O N G TF \ B B Z CG F Z G\ C F C NM \ S F , O N GT F \ B F " C YF B Z C Z [ B M [ = ) " B P N T K Z C\ B
LNKBG 175 \GTEG \GRGPB KYZV { N"HI LCZGB ’B OKZVB GBZG .(ONGTF BZCR FZG\CG
N [ F K ZN Y V S B C O K P [ F Q P F Z G \ N[ F T [ G F K O F Z C B ; ( B " N[ \ , F K K R [ F Z G E F P )
.(F"M[\) 12=8 KR[ ZVS \GZGEF

|47~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

NT GB ,\GRG[F QKKRYF KMZEG \GNTCF \TKCY NT BN LB ,GNBC BXGKMG UGBKR

OKYGI KV NT \NTGVF FRG\R \GBKXPM OK[V\R[ ,ONGJKCG QKBG[KR QGRKM
.OFKNT JNG[ GRKB JV[PF[
GRZMHF[ \KJV[PF FCK[IF \ZDSPC .QKKRYF ESGP \B N[PN NGJKR
KEK NT GTCYR[ \GCGIG \GKGMH N[ EDBM QKKRYF [V\R ,OKZCEF \NKI\C
\KCKJPZGR \MZTP GRRKB FH Z[YFC ’JV[PF’ ,ZGMHN CG[I .JV[PF
.OKJVG[G OKYYGIP ,OEB KRC KEK NT \NTVGPG \ZXGR[ \MZTP BNB ,\J[VGP
\B CXTN OKJVG[FG OKYYGIPF OKNGMK QKKRYF \GMH KZED \B OZKEDFC
YEX KNGYK[NG 15\GKMZTF OFK\GTZMFN OB\FC ORGXZM OKKJV[PF OKNNMF
16
.OF[NM OKKRGXKI OKXGNKBN OKVGVM ORKB OFG ,OKNYG[ OF[ \NTG\G
OKRKKRT CXPM QKKRYF [V\R ,\BH \PGTN ,\KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF \ZDSPC
QKKRYF .GKCDN OKNI[ OKKJV[PF \GDFR\FF KNNMN OEGY OGKY GN [K[ K[PP
[V\R BNB ,GKNB \GSIKK\PF \GKJV[PF \GCGICG \GKGMHC FXP\P GRRKB
Z[Y .GKNTCN ,QKKRYF B[GP ,SMRF QKC OKKY\P[ KDGNGJRGB Z[Y N[ DGSM
OFKNT JNG[ GRKB JV[PF[ OKTGCY OKYGI KV=NT ’DFR\P’ FH KDGNGJRGB
,(1930=1860) LGNC CKN USGK CZF C\GM ,N[PN ,LM .O\GR[N NGMK BGF QKB[G
:G\ZKJV ET HNJ \CK[K [BZM QFKM[
OEB[M[ ,FZCIF KKI ZGEKSN TCYR[ YGI YZ GRKB OEBF KRKRY QKKRT
GC JGN[N G\G[ZN WVIF ZCGT OKRKRYF KMZEP \IBC WVI FHKB [MGZ
ZCEF OXT N[ \GZ[Y\F BGF \GNTCF QKRT \PBC[ BNB ,GRGXZM
FH OT WVIF \B EDBPF |QKKRYF F[TP=~ QKRYF KEK NT FGF\PF ,GKNTCN

,OKKRGXKI OKXGNKBP BNG OKKMZT OKNGYK[P \TCGR \KJV[P \GKJRZFGYN F[KZEF OD 15

,(E"R[\) 387 IK JV[P KRGKT "JV[PF N[ \GKJRZFGY \GKZGBK\" NBZF QGNB GBZ
. O[ \R K K G XPF \G Z VS CG
G\GB CXTN O\NGMKC[G OEB=KRC GZXK[ (\KJV[P FKZGDKJY) K\ZCI ESGP BGF QKKRYF" 16
F N K J R K R K E : Q K K R Y K R K E" QD E L GR I { " \ G K M Z TF O F K \ GV E TF G O F K M Z X K V= N T O R G XZ M
N B Z [ K C J V [ P F N [ F R[ F Z V S . "[ E I K R K K R Y I K [ \ B Z Y N { \ G Z I \ K R K E G \ K R G J N[
KRVP" ZKFHP BGF (O[) 11 FZTFC .(G"R[\ ,LZGT KCX=QHGZ NBKZB) 677 ,673
\ G Z G EF K R C O K R J V[ P G R NK C [ C G Z XK [ G B G R Z XK [ O K K J V[ P F O K D [ G P C G R\ GE M N K F
O K D [ G P F N G T P Z G Z I [ F [ L M N T E G P O D B GF L B , " \ G Z I B \ GK G C Z\ O D K NG B G , O K P EG Y F
31=29 OKMZE \[ZV NT QKKRY QDE LGRI ,EGT GBZG .ECNC "KYNI BGF" OKKJV[PF
.4 FZTFC NKTN \GKRVFC QMG ,(F"S[\)

|48~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

OEBF NB GZ[YPG ,WVIF OXTC \GBKXP FGFP QKKRY \GNI |...~ GFRY[
KRKRY NM KM 17OK[GEYF OKZVSC GRKXP[ GPMG ,F\TP GN LKK[ BGF[
18
.G\P[R [ZG[N OKMKK[ |...~ OEBF

\R[C SVER YKEXF \YEX) GV \GB ,YKEXF \YEX ,QKNCGNP QFMF YGEX ’Z KZCEN GG[F 17
, G K R CG G\ [ B , O E B F Q K R YP B G F [ F P N M" : ( G Z K MF L G NC N " K Z F P F [ Z [ VB G , D " T Z \
K M , G [ V R [ ZG [ P B G F NM F , G N Z [ B N MG G C F H G G V S MG GN F B G Z GP I G GZ G [ G \ P B G G E C T
. T EG R M G R P P O \ G K I [ Z G [ G O E B F [ V R C O K [ Z G [ P | K I , I P G X , O P GE= ~ I " XE F N M O D
K R V P B G F Z T K G\ K I N M ZY V F O F [ O K R K R Y G . G R P P O \ GK I [ Z G [ [ B G F G N K G R Y [ F P G
O F L M O E B F B GF [ G P M G . O EB N LK K [ Q M O D K B E G K M , G \ G K I [ Z G [ N M Q YK \ B N Q K K E T[
|...~ OEK NT FNY\ BKCP F"CYF QKB OKYKEX N[ Q\PFC :(H QKNGI) GZPB[ GPMG .GKRKRY
GKRC ZPGN LKZX QKBG |...~ WZBF OTN \B[R LVKFN QMG ,ZCIM ZCI \[B ZPGN LKZX QKBG
,SY ,BX \GK\GBC (O[) GKZCEN EGT GG[FG" .GKRKRY NMP OEBF QRGC\FN NMGK QMG |...~
F Z G E F P ) ZT R K K N F I P [ O K K I ’ Z N O K Z [ K Z G E ZV S C B C GP F H C B X G K M . J P Z , F Z , H X Y
I G Z " : ’ C YT K \ K C ’ F N T C Q K H EB Z P Z " GP E B F O [ C , ( C R ’ P T , H" R [ \ O K N [ G Z K , F [ E I
N [ G K [ Z G [ . " GK R K R Y K YH R NT C K K I O E B [ O TJ F F H G , GK R K R Y K RY P N M NT J [ V \ P O EB F
, K I K G \ [ Z V , F ZG \ F NT C G J O [ N T C Z V S GB Z , [ " C K Z F \ B G G X C Z C M O K B X P R F H Q GK T Z
. Z K E F P F \ G Z TF C [ O K VS GR F O K J G J K XC G , F \ G B
\ G Z I B \ G K G CZ \ C O D \ Z MG P G \ P [ R P G G \ G K [ K B P YN I O E B N [ GR K K R YC F B G Z F F [ K V\ F
NT FSP (Marcel Mauss) SGP NSZP N[ TGEKF GZVSC Y\ZP QVGBC \ZBG\PG
,(2005 ,\PDZ\P ,SZY FNKF) \GKBMZBF \GZCIC QKVKNIF N[ G\CKSG G\ZGX :FR\PF
BGF OKXVI \GTXPBC OKRRGMP[ KYGIF Z[YF KZGBPF JV[PC" :48 ’PTC N[PN GBZ
Z CE \ Y RT F [ Q B M P . F P [ R F QP B GF G F P [R [K G P XT W VI N [ O G[ P , \ G P [R N [ Z [Y
ZGZC QVGBC QKCFN Q\KR GH \KRGKTZ \MZTPC |...~ LPXT LG\P YNI \YRTF BKF OEBN
, G \ G F P N [ G GT CJ N [ Y K YN I F [ TP N F G GF P [ F P \ B \ NG H N C K [ F N F C G I F \ B K R GK D F G
. G \ P [ RG \ K RI G Z F G\ GF P LG \ P GF [ P \ NC Y F [ G Z K V O EB K E K P F P = ZC E \ N C Y [ O G[ P
O D B N B , \ K Y G I F R K B [ O G [ P J G[ V B N \ B H G , \ K RN J Y G \ R M GS P F K F \ F H ZC E \ Y H I F
\ K H K V F F P Z C O D B N B , \ K ZS G P F F P Z C Y Z B N O K G S P O EB P T K D P F F H Z C E [ O G[ P
\G TV [F C S G P Q E K [ K N [F Y Z VC . " N CY PF N T \K \E G \K DB P FH K IB G N YK R T P ,\K R IG Z FG
O D \ P K K G S P F E K P C F Z EI GH F [ K D . O K Y K \ T F K R P ZD F G K P G Z F J V [ P F N T G H F [ K V \ N[
N T \ GN T CF { \ G Z K CT G QK K R Y " K YS EJ ED , N [ P N , G B Z , \ K RZ E G P F \ K J V [ P F F C K [ I N
QKKRYF \KVGSGNKV FRKICP" :(J"P[\) 296 ,281 ,IN JKNYZVF "KIF QP YVGPF N\[F
Q K TM B G F QK K R Y F G , K T CJ G K P K R V Z \ G K D [G P B G F [ , G VG D N T O E B F \ G M H N K G YK I Q K TM B G F
J V [ P W K [ V K N GF K MZ C ; " K R G XK I F O N G TF Q P O K YN I I G V K S K E K N T , \ G K [ K B F \ C I Z F
WK[VKN GFKMZC ;(C"S[\) 8 FZTF ,22=21 KZCTF JV[PC QKKRYG CGKI KIRGP :FNGTVG
WK [ VK N F XZ \ N Q GZ M K H Z V S : [ Z E P C G EG P N \ C O K Z YI P " F E D B G F M NF { ’ U GD N \ G CZ T ’ "
,OKMZGT ,WK[VKN GFKMZCG QGSRKGN T[GFK ,Z[B=ZC F[P ,KTZEB FKZB) 244=243 ,235
K T CJ F Q K K RY F \ [K V \ N , O K F H O R K B QC G P M L B , O K CG Z Y F N B F CK [ I K R G GK M . ( F " S[ \
F Y ZV K RK E P F N [ P P F NT F K K R [ F \ MS P F G Z V S C Y G N Q G ’ D N [ F E G C T F \ K K Z G B K \ N G
E P P F \ B F [ K D E P Z [ B , Q K K R YF N [ \ GK [ K B F \ K K Z G B K \ N G , ( J " P [\ , O D Z \ P Z G B U SG K )
\ G K F N G M VF Z X K G F D F [ F Z K X K GB G K VM N P TC D K [ F [ S M R[ [ I O EB G K VN [ K D GN G M K SV F

|49~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

\GKRYEYEFG \GKNPZGVF \G[KZEF[ LGNC CZF ZKCSP GH FIRF KV NT

F[Y QFP NJGCP BN YNIN Z[B ,KEGPN\F JV[PC QKRYF \GNIN \G[GZEF
\GKYGIFP \GTCGR ,\NTG\G YEX KNGYK[ EGSK NT \TEF \B IKRP ZCSF \\N
FHM QVGBC YZ[ ,G\GBKXPG ZCEF TCJ BGF KM" :QKKRYF N[ \KDGNGJRGBF
\KRYEYEF F[KZEN \BH FPEP BGF L[PFC ."\NGH BNG ,\GNIF FGF\P
OD FHF ZCEF QM" ,KNP[I NDTP ZXGGK[ KEM FHC FH GTDK NP[IF KJGI[
FHM QVGBC YZ FGF\P \GBKXPF ,GRD[GPP Z\GK OKYGIZF OKKRIGZF OKRKRTC
\[ZERF FEKPFG FRKRT |KGND NBN QM[=~ KND BRPIZNE ,FZG\C TCYR[
19
."\GBKXPF FGF\\ BN FHP JTP ZSIK OBG ,BKFF \GBKXPF \GGF\FN
KYGI QKTP OF OKRG[F QKKRYF KNNM[ BGVB FIKRP \KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF
KZF ?OKYGI O\GB OKYSGP GRPP[ ’K\ECGTF’ SKSCF GFP ,ONGBG .OKRG\R TCJ
,OK[GIF \GSR\F \GTXPBC QFKNT EGPTN Q\KR[ \GKHKV \GTVG\P NKECFN
CZF QG[NCG ,OK[GIC F[KV\N OKR\KR ORKBG QKTN OKBZR ORKB QKKRYG FBPGJ
\IB FCG[\ !"GRD[GPP Z\GK OKYGIZ" OF (NKTN JJGX[ TJYC) LGNC
CGZ KV NT FTKVGP \KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF[ LMC FZG[Y GH FKKF\N
BNG ,KZCTF JV[PFG FMNFF N[ OKRYKJZGBK\G OKR[ZV N[ OFK\GEGCTC
OKNNMF N[ ’O\GRGMR’C QGPB OKR\GR OKR[ZV O\GB .FMNFF KZXGK N[ FNBC
(NKTN LGNC CZF KZCEC GPM) KFGNB OFN[ ZGYPF[ FRTJ IGMP QKC ,OKRG\RF
FTCJ \GEGS \B ’GTEK’ FBZRM[ OKRGPEYF \ZGSP NT \GMP\SF IGMP QKCG
OKPGI\C) JV[PF NT OKC[GI OKKDGNGJRGBF OKR[ZVF .\GBKXPF N[
\GTVG\F ONGT NT OKC[GI OKBYKSKV FC[ LZEN FPGEC (GN[ OKKDGNGJRGBF
KR[ZV NXB Z[BM { \GRG\RF \GECGTF NT OKSSC\P GNBG GNB .KHKVF

UKYP QGKEN .45=38 ,(16 FZTF NKTN) OKMZE \[ZV NT QKKRY QDE GBZ .G\GK[KBP YNI
Margaret Jane Radin, Property and Personhood, :GBZ \GK[KBM QKKRYF \[KV\C
[Z[GP FZKXKN QKKRY QKC Z[YF[ QKKXB BIZGB CDB .34 STAN. L. REV. 957 (1982)
: J K , EK \ K [ B Z C N [ P N G G [ F , Z XG K = F R G Y : (\ GZ I B \ G K P [ \ G V [ CG ) \ K Z C TF F V [ C
J V [ P W K [ V K N G F K M Z C E GT GB Z G . ’ W Z B G O K P [ B ZG C ’ GT P [ P [ " W Z B G O K P [ F RY "
.219=218 ,"FRY" LZT ,KZCTF JV[PC QKKRYG CGKI KIRGP :FNGTVG
,\RYG\P FZGEFP) DNZ=CNZ ’PT B YNI \TE KZGT[ "FZG\F \[GEY" LGNC CKKN USGK ’Z 18
. (J"P[ \
.ENZ ’PT ,O[ 19

|50~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

\B ZKEDFN OKSRPG { \MZTPF N[ OKRG\RF OKNNMF QF ’\GECGTF’ JV[PF

20
.QFC \JNG[F \KPKRVF \GKYGIF
\ZKXK N[ OK\PXC OD \KDGNGJRGB FCK[I BGXPN Q\KR OK\TN ,ONGBG
\KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF OFC QM[ ,EIGKPC OKCG[I FNB OKZYP .JV[PF
JV[PF IG\KV .F[TPN FMNF JV[PF N[ GCGXKTG GIG\KV NT FTKV[P
KYGI’ OKYSGP \IB LZEC .\GKZYKT OKMZE K\[C OKDGNGJRGBF KEK NT F[TR
OEGSK NTG ,(KR[ZV ZCSF \GTXPBC) OKPKKYF OKNNMFP OKKJV[PF ’TCJF
F[KV\C FZG[Y FKKR[F LZEF 21.OK[EI OKNNM OD OKCXGTPG OKTCYR
BN[ GB TEGPC ,FIKRP Z[B ,\KDGNGJRGBF F[KV\F NT \CMGZF ,\KJSKNZGJR
OKYGI O\GB OF \KJV[PF \GBKXPF ONGTC OKJNG[F OKYGIF[ ,TEGPC
\B BGVB FCKIZP \KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IF .\KHKVF \GBKXPC OKJNG[[
NT O\GB FNKIPG ,KHKVF ONGTFP GRN OKZMGPF TCJF KYGI N[ OFK\GNGCD
.SKHKVF N[ GNNIC (GH F[KV\ KVN) OKKGXP OF UB[ ,OKKJV[PF \GESGPF

SIKC ORPB GC\MR[ ,(C"S[\) 18 KJV[PF LGRKIF NT ZRJGBP OIRP N[ GKZCEN GG[F 20
: \ K D G NG J R G B F F C K [ I F Z G B K \ N O D F CZ F E K P C F V K O I GM LB , K J V [ P F O H K N P Z G VN
\ G C K [ I \ N T C B K F , J V [ P F \ G T V G \ N M P , J V [ P F K N N M C O H K NP ZG V F N[ G \ G E Y P \ F "
B K F : ’ \ K TE P ’ \ K P EY B F P D K E Z VM G P XT D K X F N O H K N P Z G VF N [ G \ N GM K \ RK I C P F C Z
K TE P [ O [ M . TC J F K T EP N [ D GS F Q P , ’ TE P ’ M J V[ P F \ B D K XF N O H K N P Z GV N \ Z [ V B P
O K K P K R V F O K SI K F Z Y I CG K SK V F O N GT F N [ K \ E CG TF C XP F Z Y I C O K E YP \ P TC J F
C X P F Z Y I C J V [ P F T EP E Y P \ P L M , K S K V F O N G T F N[ O K RG [ O K C K M ZP Q K C O K P K K Y F
Z YI C G , J V [ P F \ B O K GG F P F O K N N MF N [ O K RM \ C G R K K F , K J V [ P F O N G TF N [ K \ E CG T F
O [ M , \ G Z I B O K N K P C . J V[ P F N [ O K R G[ O K C K MZ P Q K C O K P K K Y F O K K P K R VF O K S I K F
Z E D C O F J V [ P F K N N M O D L M , TC J F K T EP N [ QT E P F Z G CT F EC G T Z E D C B G F O N G TF [
O K J V [ P , \ K J SK C K J K H GV F F K V G SG NK VF I G Z M , QM B . J V[ P F Q TE P N[ G \ R K I CP F E C GT
J V [ P F \ B Q D ZB N O K [ Y C P G , T C J F K T E P P O \ B Z[ F \ B O K C B G [ O K K J S K N P Z GV
Q K K P \ F N GN M G K O N G TC O K Z X G RF O K K \ EC G TF O K C XP F [ , \ K TE P \ MZ T P \ K GP E \ M Z TP M
. " YK G E PC FK N B
\ B H O T , \ K J SK N P Z G VF F CK [ I N F P G E \ K D G NG J R G B F F CK [ I F \ G CZ \ GR K I C P , Q M B
O K T CG R O K K Z G B K \ F J V [ P F K NN M [ QT G J D G N G J RG B F . Q F K R K C[ N EC F NT E GP TN C G[ I
N [ F E P T P \ B [K D E P , G\ P GT N , J SK N P Z G VF . O \ G R [N Q \ K R B N G \ G B K X P F N [ F TC J P
, G H \ MZ T P N [ CK K I P F F VY G\ \ B G \ K C K J P Z G RF \ M Z T P F \ B F Z XK [ \ K E S GP F \ GM P S F
N [ F R G \ R F P D K E Z V L G\ C N TG V J S K NP Z G VF . K D G NG J R G B EP K P F N S I K K P G R K B L B
G H F F P D K EZ V F [ L M N TE G P \ G K F N N GM K B G F LB , \ C K K I P M NC YP B GF F \ G B , J V[ P F
F K G [ T[ \ Z I B F P D K E Z VC F VK N I F N Q\ K R K R G Z YT Q V GB C[ G , O EB K R C K E K NT F Z XG R
. \ P K K YF F P D K EZ V F P Z \ G K F K GB Z \ G K F N
.G YZVC QNFN GBZ FHM LNFPN FPDGE 21

|51~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

BKF ZGPBMG ,\KJV[PF FCK[IF NT \GRG[ \GMN[F \KJSKNZGJRF F[KV\N

,JV[PF N[ OKRYKJGZBK\ N[ \KR[ZVF O\EGCT NT YZ BN TKV[FN FKG[T
OKBCF OKYZVC .QKEF K\C \YKSV NTG OKKJV[P OKZESF \TKCY NT OD BNB
FCK[IF NT \KJSKNZGJRF F[KV\F N[ FK\GMN[FCG FKRKKVBPC QKKTR
.\GEIB \GKJV[P \GKDGS N[ QIG\KR LZE ,EGPN\C[ \KJV[PF

\KJV[P FYKJSKNZGJR .C

KZCTF JV[PC \KJSKNZGJRF FKJRF N[ FPGKYN [ZGVPC SIKK\F[ QG[BZF

:C\GM BGF LMG 22,DZCNKH F[P JVG[F FKF
OCN \PG[\N F\MH OZJ Z[B ,\RKKRTP EGBP EGBP ,\IB FTVG\ \PKKY
BKF LB ,JV[PF \GJK[ NMC KGXP FRPKF WP[ .OKEPGNPG OKZYGI N[
TCJ KYGI \ZCTFN K\RGGM .KZCTF JV[PF KPGI\C \B[ Z\KC \JNC\P
NT TCJF KYGI N[ O\NIFN :ZPGNM ,\KJV[PF FZKVSF N[ FNNIN
.JV[PF ONGTC OK[IZ\PF \GTZGBPF
,FR\P ,ZMP) OKNTC KVGNKI :GPM { JV[PF ONGTC OKNIF OKKGRK[F \B
\NJF GB ,(\GRPNB ,QK[GZKD ,QK[GEKY) SGJBJS KGRK[ GB ,(F[GZK
,J[VGP ,KRGKPE GF[PM BN OKBGZ { FPGEMG KYK\GVB \ZKXK ,EGCTK[
,NGMKCM ,OFKNT OKNKIP QMNG ,\GBKXPF ONGTC [PP N[ \GTZGBPM BNB
.\GBKXPF KKIC OKNTGVF OKYGIF \B
EGCTK[F \NJF N[ \KJV[PF FNGTVF KEK NT KM C[GI GRKB [KB ,QCGPM
,GN[ \KPKMF FRGM\F GB ECTG[PF OXTF N[ KZBNGYNGPF ZESF FR\[P
\CK\M QKC[ SIKF GRKKF { FBXG\G FNGTV N[ KJV[PF SIKF NCB
\KSKV \GKNBGHGBY N[ \GKZGDJBYC SV\R { EGCTK[F \ZKXKG ZJ[F
23
.CCGSPG FCKS ,FKDZRB NT OK[NGIF TCJF KYGI GKNT OKNIGPG

GMGRKIP \TCGR EGPN\C \KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IN DZCNKH FNKD[ \GTEGPF[ IKRFN ZKCS 22
D Z C NK H F [ P : G \ P K [ Z C LM N T G B Z , (Y G F E Z CG R G F Y E GC N S) \ G K B J K N \ GC K [ K C
FZGEFP) 140 JV[PCG FMNFC ,\GDFC[ OKZCE \VGSB { EIBM QKBC "YGEZFCGR"
361 \GRGZMH KYZV :BJKN \GCK[K ZVSC CG[ GSVER OKZCEF .(G"P[\ ,\RYG\P FKKR[
. (E " S[ \ , O K MZ G T K YS R K ’ XG Y K J F P N [ G S YJ B N B G R P T)
\GK\MNF \GKGTCYKF" QPNKS OD GBZG .163=162 ,(22 FZTF NKTN) EIBM QKBC DZCNKH 23
. (5 F Z T F N K T N ) " O H K N B K Z G O H K N B R K P G R Q K C

|52~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

OKNNM F[GN[ \GTXPBC \KJSKNZGJRF FPDPF \B DZCNKH OKDEP L[PFC

FPM NT GR\GB EKPTFN NMGK GNNF \GBPDGEC QGKT .EGPN\C[ OKKJV[P
K\MNFF NNMN \SIKK\P FRG[BZF FPDGEF .FYKJSKNZGJRF N[ FKRKKVBPP
NIPR ZCM[ ,|OGK G\GBC GNKVB=~ GC FGGNG ZHGI GRKB ,GTZVG GC FGGN[ ZJ["
OB OD) OKECTG[P OKSMRP CGIF \B \GCDN NGMK ZJ[C FGGNP 24."GEGCTK[
FCGD GRKB FV=NTC FGGNP[ EGTC ,(K[KN[ EXN FBGGNFF ZIBN GZMPR
CGIF \B TZV FGGNFG ,ZJ[C GZCIN FGGNF[ KP N[ GRKE FP .OKECTG[PP
FGGNPF GNMGK OBF ?OGMSF G\GB GZCIP \GGNN [YKC CG[G ,OGK G\GBC
FKKR[F FBGGNFN OD FRG[BZF FBGGNFF NT C\MR[ ZJ[C [P\[FN FGGNFG
?(OKECTG[PP FCGD[ ’ZJ[C FGGNP’N C[I\ FKKR[F FBGGNFF OD[ KEM)
FBGGNFF OB UB ,CG[ ZJ[F G\GBC [P\[FN Z[VB KB \ZMHRF FMNFF KVN
QTGJ DZCNKH .(ZJ[F NT OG[ZF LKZB\C ZPGNM) OGK G\GBC FR\KR \VSGRF
:[ LMC WGTR NNMF N[ GPTJ[
.OKSMRF EGCTK[ \B KNBPZGV IZGBC ZXGKF ’IGMF’ BGF BGF ZJ[F
NGMK GRKB CG[G ,GN LNFG EGCTK[F YN\SR QG[BZF CGIF TZVR[P
KM QTK ,FKR[F FBGGNFF NB GEGIKKG GSGIKK KEK NT [EIP ZXGGKFN
QCB[ O[M .QG[BZF EGCTK[F \ZKXK LZGXN FHCHGC ZCM GC[ FKDZRBF
,F\NKVR OGYPC USGR OGI ZGXKNG \KR[ NGVRN FNGMK FRKB WZBN FNVR[
WGIR QBM .NT NB F\PZF KEK NT F[EI FKDZRB FN \KRYF QM OB BNB
25
.KR[F ZJ[F \CK\M N[ [EIF IGMF ,QCBF \PZF OGYPC
NT YGNING TZVR[ ZJ[F \MNFN OKZIB OKZCSF NT CG[IN JNIFC Q\KR
\KJSKNZGJRF FPDPN FPDGEM ZCSFF \B NCYR OB NCB ,DZCNKH N[ GZCSF
OKNNM N[ OFKPTJ :GH FCK[I \ZGX N[ JNGC QKKVBP NT EGPNN NMGR
GB ,NGGT \TKRPG YEX N[ OKKMZT OKNGYK[C OKXP\P ORKB OKKJV[P
,FRF .OKRYG\P FZCI KKI ZKESFN O\ZJP[ OKK\KNM\G OKKR\NTG\ OKNGYK[C
\TCGR[ \KJSKNZGJR FMNF BKF TZVR[ ZJ[F \MNF ,DZCNKH N[ GZCSF KVN
N[ OGI\C OKKR\NTG\ OKNGYK[ OEYN FBC BN BKF .’\GBKXP’F N[ FTCJP
.NGGT \TKRP GB YEX \KK[T FRKB F\ZJPG ,FHC BXGKMG \GZJ[ \CK\M
.B"T ,FV \GCG\M ,KNCC 24
.165=164 ,(22 FZTF NKTN) EIBM QKBC DZCNKH 25

|53~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

NT OKSSGCP BNB ,EK\T KRV OKVGX ORKB OF ,OKK\KNM\ ORKB OKNGYK[F

FKKCD ’IGM’ GC [K ,’FKDZRB’ LKZX ZJ[F 26.ZCT KRV KVGX OKK\CKS OKZ[Y
’IGM’ TZVR[ ZJ[N QKB CG[ ,’HCHC\F’ FH IGM[ ZIBPG ,OKECGT[P OKSMRP
BKF QKB ,QPHG OGYP \KKGN\ FRKB GH FYPRF .F[EI FBGGNF NT EGCTK[ ZGXKN
BKF .OKZIB OKKR\NTG\ OKNGYK[C GB OKEEXF N[ O\TE \GZKPDC FZG[Y
ZJ[ { \GBKXPF NT GF[P GRN FNDPG ,KZGJSKFF Z[YFF NTP \PPGZ\P
\DDGV\P GH \GMHG ,OKECTG[PP FKKCD \GMH \ZXGK[ \GBKXPC FTVG\ BGF
. T ZV R ZJ [ F [ ZI B N
\GBZFN KEM YZ FNTP KRB F\GB ,FBCF FNB[N NKCGFN NGMK FHM LNFP
YKRTF FP :KJSKNZGJRF FC[IPF LNF KVN NDND\FN OKZCEF OKKG[T QMKFN
\PK\I BP[ GB ZJ[F \CK\M GH OBF ?OKECTG[PP FKKCDF IGM \B ZJ[N
?TZVR[ ZJ[C OK[EI OKKI IKVFN Q\KR EXKM :\GZIB OKNKPC GB ?OKETF
?[EI ZJ[ CG\MN LKZX BP[ GB ,[EIP GKNT GP\IK OKET[ LMC KE OBF
QKE’ GB ,’ZJ[ N[ BXVI’ [K[ LMN FHF FC[IPF GY GR\GB NKCGK QBMPG
GKNT \GCG\M[ UNY GB ZKKR BGF[ ,KHKV ZJ[N EGDKRC :ZPGN FXGZ ,’ZJ[
UGVMC ZXGR (’\GBKXP’ BGF OD UY[PF) K\MNF D[GPM ’ZJ[’F ,OKNKP
IGM ZGYP BGF ,\KJV[P FKBZ O\S BGF QKB ZXGR[ ZIBNG .OKPKKGSP OKBR\N
FNGT QKJK[F QKCP .OKECTG[P OKSMRP CGIF \B \GCDN F[GRN Z[VBPF
.KDGNGJRGB EPP NTC IGMM \[V\R OKECTG[P OKSMRP CGI \GCDN \GMHF OD[
NT) OFKNTC \G[ZP KHKV QVGBC OKSMRF \B BKXGFN KNGB Z[VB FH IGM BNN
LGVFK ’\PBC’ BN BGF LB ,F[GRF N[ G\G[ZN OZKCTFNG (QKE \KC N[ GX KV
.OFKNTCN

\GKJSKNPZGV \GKJV[P \G[KD OD .\KJSKNZGJR F[KDN BYGE KEGIKK GRKB FH QKKVBP QMB 26
F R P P Z [ B F S K V\ , K J V [ P F E SG P F N [ \ K R \ G F P F SK V \ Q R G MN \ G K G[ T \ G K R \ G F P G
N [ \ Z G YK C F \ G E GY R P \ I B F \ K K F G H . B N O K P T VG \ G CG J O K P T V , \ G R G [ \ G B X G\ \ GT CG R
\ G [ K D Q K C O K I \ P R QG K P E K G G Y , NN M C G . O H K NP ZG V F E D R K R B Y K Z P B F O H K NB K Z F
Q NG M G , \ K J S K N Z GJ R F F [ K D F Q K C N J V[ P F N [ \ G K R\ GF P G \ G K J SK C K J K H GV , \ GK J S K N P Z GV
Y GI F N [ G \ G K F \ B G [ K D EF [ K J P D Z V F O H K NJ R P G Z J SR K B NG O H K NB K Z N E GD K R C \ G E P GT
ROBERT SAMUEL :GBZ .OB\FC G\GR[N Q\KRG LKZX[ ,\GK\ZCI \GZJP OGEKYN ZK[MP
GG[FG .SUMMERS, INSTRUMENTALISM AND AMERICAN LEGAL THEORY (1982)
.20 FZTFG 16 FZTF NKTN

|54~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

OEB QKB" GKVN KEGPN\F NNMF CKCS \CCGS DZCNKH N[ FKKR[F FPDGEF
KB ,\K[BZ :FNGVM \GTP[P B[GR FH NNM ."ONGTN BC BN[ ZCE FRYP
QNKB \GZKV QGDM ,ONGTC QKKET KGXP GRRKB[ SMR NT \GNTC [GMZN Z[VB
GRKB SMRF EGT NM TXCN Z[VB KB QKKRYF F[TP \B OD ,\KR[ 27.GIPX OZJ[
YZ NGI\ FPXT QKKRYF \GNI[ OFKRKC OKPKMSP OKEEXF OB OD ,ONGTC
Z[VB KB TGEP FNB[F \B \ZZGTP GH FKKR[ FMNF .ONGTN GBGCK \GZKVF[M
F[TP \B TXCN Z[VB KB TGEP ?QKKRYF \GNIP QKKRYF F[TP \B NXVN
?ONGTN BGCK FRYRF ZCEF[ ZIBN YZ NGIK GPXT QKKRYF[ EGTC ,OGKF QKKRYF
:DZCNKH N[ GRG[NCG
FKFK ZCM ,QKKRYF BG[R ,ZCEF Z[BM ,QPH ZIBN QKKRYF SGV\K BN TGEP
\KJSKNZGJBRF F[KDF :BKFG ,|!~ \IB BNB FCG[\ QKB LM NTG ?ONGTC
\GKFN OKCKKI JV[PF ONGTC OKNTGVF \GIGMF OB KM .JV[PF N[
KZF ,\GBKXPF ONGTC OKNTGVF OKKTCJF \GIGMF N[ |UGYK[=~ FYKNVZ
IGMF |...~ \GBKXPF KKIC BXPRC FRRKB \KSKV FNGTV N[ ’FKGIE’ FBXG\
KM .F[TPN UGXZ \GKFN IZMGP ,GF[P EKNGFN EK\T BGF OB ,NTVGF[
{ EKP NTGV GRKB[ FPG ,CCGSPG FCKS QKC TCJC QPH YSVF QKB
ET \GMIN NGMK QKKRYF QKB LM OG[P .OGNM NTGV GRKB { \KCKJRBJSRKB
28
.ONGTN BGCK ,QKKRYF BG[R ,ZCEF[
,\K\CK[KF QG[NC ,GB { \KJV[PF FBXG\N F[TPF QKC \GMKPSN F[KZEF
KHMZP OGYP \[VG\ { ’QKKRYF \GNI’N ’QKKRYF F[TP’ QKC[ \GMKPSF
FCK[IC OKYXGP OK[ZG[ FN [KG ,BJKN \GCK[K K[BZ N[ OFKRGKEC
OK[GN[ ZIBN QKKRY’ \ZKXKC [K[ \GCZF \GNCDFN FZG[Y BKF .\KEGPN\F
F[TP’ N[ GPGKYC LZGXF \B [KDEP[ ’GRKKRY F\NM’ K\MNFF D[GPNG ,’OGK
ETGP KRZEGPF JV[PC[ EGTC .FPXT QKKRYF \GNI \GGF\F \T[C ’QKKRYF
KZF ,ORGXZM FHC JKNIFN OKNGMK[ ,OKEEXF \PMSFN QG\R \GNTCF \ZCTF
ZIBN F[B [EYN Z[VB OBF .GH FKDGSN OKCZ OKRGKE [KEYP EGPN\F[
\RK\R \GTXPBC N[PN) QK[GEKYF F[TP \B GK[MT TXCN GRKKF ,OGK OK[GN[

.QNFN GBZ ,\GNTCF N[ \KDGNGJRGB F[KV\ \VY[P FPXT GH FMNF 27

.166=165 ,(22 FZTF NKTN) DZCNKH 28

|55~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

N[ FEPTP FPG ?OGK OK[GN[ EGTN QK[GEKYF \GNI \B \GIEN LB (\TCJ

?QPHF G\GB LG\C F\GB [EKY ZIB OEB OB FZYK FPG ?OKPK O\GBC F[BF
QM[ ,\KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IF \B OKPKDEP OPXTN[M FNB OKKEGPN\ OKRGKE
FH FZYPC) QKKRYF ESGP N[ \KDGNGJRGB F[KV\ F\KKF OKPMIN[ OFP FNGT
OD ZKCSP FHC BXGKM .OGYPFG QPHF \GNCDPN UGVM O\JK[N Z[B ,(QK[GEKYF
ZIBN YZ GVYG\N SRMKK[ ZMP FHGI \GZMN Z[VB KB TGEP VGY[ CZF
:OGK OK[GN[
LKZX |QKKRYF \B=~ QKRYN \NTGV[ F[TPF[ ,OKRKKRYF KMZE OF LM[
FP NCB ,OKZCEF \GNI NGIK[ OKXGZ OKZCE=KNTCF[ FT[C F[T\[
WVIC=~ WVI KBFC \GR[N O\TEC QKB[ FT[C GK[MT F[TPF F[GT[
\NI\P F[TPF[ BN OB ,F[TP OG[ BZYR FH QKB ,\GR\[F OG[ |FH
HB { WVIC \GR\[FF QKRT NGIK[ OKXGZ OF[ QPHC OD F\NM BNG GK[MT
29
.QKRYF NI
LZE BKF LM :\KJSKNZGJR F[KD NT EPNP "OKRKKRYF KMZE OF LM[" KGJKCF
.QKKRYF KYGI OKDFR\P LM .K\ECGT QG\RM [V\R FH NNM .OKRKKRYF N[ O\NGTV
BN[ ZCE FRYP OEB QKB’ NNMF ,GH \KJSKNZGJR F[KV\ KVN[ OKBGZ GRB CG[G
ORKB ,’OGK OK[GN[ ZIBN’ SMR ZGMPN Z[VB KB[ NNMF GB ,’ONGTN BC
ZMGPN QKB[ FIRFF NT OKSSGCP BN OF ,\GNKTK GB YEX KNGYK[ NT OKSSGCP
OKK[Y NT BN OD ,ZMP FHGI N[ GTGXKCN \[ZERF \TEF \GZKPD \B FRGYN GB
GB ,ENGR BN QKKET[ ZMPRF SMRF N[ GCKJ \B FZGZC FZGXC ZKEDFN OKKRMJ
’TCJF KYGI’ OKVGM[ WGNKBP OKTCGR FNB OKNNM .GNBC BXGKM OKNGYK[ NT
F[KV\C ZG[Y FH LNFP ,CG[G .FRGEKRF ZMPF \YSTN OKEEXF NT OKKRKKRYF
’\CKS’ BGF ’QKKRYF F[TP’ .OFC OKRE GRB[ EGSKF KD[GP N[ Z\GK FCIZ
,GKSMRC JNG[ QMB OKNTCF .\GK\CKSF KYGIN FVGVM QKKRYF \ZKXKG ,QKKRYF
QKKRYF N[ \GKYGIN UGVM BGF OD LB ,ZIBN OZMGPN NGMK BGF GRGXZCG
30
,FPXT QKKRYF \GNIN QKKRYF F[TP QKC OKRPH \GMKPS \[ZERG ,G\GGF\FG

.(C"K[\ YZGK=GKR) CM QPKS ,OKZER \MSP ,QFMF BEGFK QGTP[ KCZ K[GEI 29
BYGE FKFK QKKRYF F[TP[ LKZX GHM \KJSKNZGJR F[KD KV NT[ ZPGN IZMF QKB ,CDB 30
Q K K R Y F [ T P B GF [ , ’ B \ P G J K S ’ QK K R Y N [ G \ G VY \ C Z K MP K Z CT F J V[ P F . Z I B GB F H M
.(81 FZTF QNFN GBZ) B\KKZGBEP NKTGP BGF VGY[ CZF KVNG ,OKZIGSF DFRPP IPX[

|56~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

QKB ,[EGI EGTC NGIK QKKRYF[ K\KPBG BNP QGXZ GN [K GK[MT OB OD LMKVNG
Q\KR GRKB \GNTCF ESGP .OKRG[ OKBR\N UGVMC BNB ,FH GRGXZ \B [PPN GIGMC
KEK=NT TCYKFN OKNGMK[ ,GC OKZG[Y[ OKKCKJPZGRF OKJCKFN FKXYGEZN
UY[PG \GBKXPFP YNI FGGFP BNB ,\GNCDP BNN JTPM \KCKJPZGRF \MZTPF
ZGSKB QGDM ,OKKCKJPZGRF OKNNMF .GKNTCN Z[YR FRYRF ZCEF GC[ OKRKKRT CXP
NBM \GNTCF \GBKXPN OKSIKK\P ,GNBC BXGKMG SMRC [GPK[F \GKGMH GB NHD
QKKRYF \GBKXP ,GH F[KV\ KVN .FKVNM KCKJPZGRF SIKF \B OKTCGYG ,QG\R CXP
\GTCYR[ \GDFR\FF \GPZGR YZG ,\GKMZT \GNB[N OK[KEB F\GGF\F KYGIG
31
.OKKR\NTG\G OKKMZT OKNGYK[ NT \G\\[GP JV[PF KEK=NT

N [ \ T E F \ G ZK P D K E K = N T G Z Y K T C Z X GR QK K R Y F \ K J S K N Z GJ R F R K I C P [ F K F \ F R T J F
TX C\ K [ ( O K CG [ I O R K B G \ Z G XG GR M G \ [ ) K NP Z G V Q K K RY F [ TP O D L K Z X[ B N B , O K N TC F
. Q K K R YF \ G NI Q P HC
FRRKBG FMNFF KEK NT \TCYR FRRKB[ ,\GNTCF \GBKXP QKC GHF FRICFN UKZI KGJKC 31
J V [ P F K EK NT \ GT CY R [ \ GD F R \ F F \ G P Z GR QK C N , \ N TG \ G YE X K NG Y K [ N T \ \ \ [ G P
Q G ER G N ) \G R G P P K R K E G \ Z C GI C K Y SP Z C B N B Y H I K C Z F N [ G K Z CE C B XP R , F M N F F G
, G R GX Z M GK S M RC \ G [ TN J K N [ O EB F [ B G F \ G R GP P K R K EC K E G SK F N N M F , G E K EN . ( J " X Z \
N [ G\ TE U GS N \ E Z N B N B \ G B C QR K B ( Z MP K R K E : Z \ G K Q G M R GB ) Q K K RY F \ G MN F NM G
. G K SM R NT O K N TC F QG J N [ N [ ’ G H \ G K YG I ’ N F VG V M \ K C K J P Z G RF \ MZ T P F Z [ B M , F R Y P F
N Z GD \ B T G CYN O K N TC F N [ G I G M C[ TC Y[ F H B G F J V[ P F B N K Y SP Z C B C Z F K V NT
F H F K F K G , YY GI P F . \ G N TC F N [ F \ G F P K F GH G \ G B K X P F N [ F TC J G F H B N B , G [G M Z
\ B G Z \ G P F \ B , O K K C K J P Z G R \ GD F R \ F K N N M T GC YN N G MK , ( ! ) K F GN B F YYG I P F GN K V B
[ K [ O K K J V[ P F \ G I G M F \ B NK C D F N N G MK B G F Q K B LB , K GB Z G R K B [ G K G B Z F \ B , Z G SB F
. O K N T CF N[ \ TE F \ GZ K P D L G \ P F [ TR [ Z M P F H G I N [ GV YG \ \ B NG N [ N G O K N T CN
O K E E XF [ K RV P CK K I P F H G I F Q F K VN [ , O K HG I K R K EC \ G RG [ \ G[ K V\ Z K M H P F H L N F P
N [ GI GM GN B \ G [K V \ K VN . \ CK K I P F Y RV [G D G N Y K RT P YYG I P F [ K RV P B N G , G CK K I \ F
O D \ Z CS GP L M C . NC D G P { O F C Q K K R G TP G R K B B G F [ O K H GI N [ O VY G\ NJ CN YY GI P F
. Q N F N G B Z . U Y \ { Z G S B F H G I F K V N [ , K ZC T F J V [ P F N[ G \ [ K D
F M N F F \ T CG Y [ \ G K CK J P Z GR F \ G N CD F F G O K Z G SK B F N M[ , K YS P Z CB C Z F Q TG J Q B M P
F X GZ ) \ G K Z SG P \ G NC D F Q F , F B RG F G B \ K CK Z Z G SK B N [ P N G P M , O K H G I K RK E C G Q K K R Y K R K EC
N GN [ N Q I G M C Q K B [ Z P G N F XG Z ) \ G K J V [P B N G ( Z G SB F G Z \ GP F \ B \ GT CG Y Q F [ Z P G N
N GM K YY GI P F Q K B \ K J V[ P F R K I C P Q M [ , (\ GN T CF \ G NI \ B GB F C G I F N [ F V YG \ \ B
FZG\F KRKEC BGF NGED NNM" :6 ’PTC C\GM BGF LMG .OKNTCF QGXZN EGDKRC ZCE TGCYN
\B OKM\GI QKKEF BNG QKEF BNG ,GNKIG GRGF NT KEKIKF JKN[F BGF QGPPF NTC[ |...~
\GKSNY \GVY[FC O\GEGSK[ \GRGPP KRKE GYYIR BN NBZ[K KJV[PC |...~ G[GMZ NZGD
O E B K R C[ O K Z C EC J V [ P F Q [ G I C \ GZ G E SF \ G M N F F NM . \ G K NM N M G \ G K R K EP \ G K N B K X GS
N [ Q G XZ F G F RG M F Z G Z K C B N B Q RK B , \ K E E F F O \ P M SF G O P XT \ T EP O F K R K C O K Z P GD
\ Z M F N T SS C\ P QK E F G , QK R T F Z P D C O F K RK C Z CG E P F Q \ P G B [ P F EG S K N T C K Z F K N TC

|57~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

N[ \KRG[BZF \GTP[PC OD [P\[FN Z[VB DZCNKH N[ GKZCEN L[PFC

QGKTZF N[ \VSGR FPDEFN ’ONGTN BC BN[ ZCE FRYP OEB QKB’ NNMF
NT \GNTC [GMZN Z[VB KB[ Z\KF QKC TCGY FH NNM ,ZGPBM .KJSKNZGJRF
FKTC NM QKB FZGBMN KZF .TGEP BKF FNB[F ,CG[G .GIPX OZJ[ \GZKV
KVM YGKEC ,GIPX OZJ[ \GZKV NT \GNTC N[ FPGKYC ZKMFN \KD[GP
Q\KR 32.[PP OFC QKB[ OKZCE NT KRIGZ QKKRYC ZKMP KRZEGPF JV[PF[
FRTJ EGSK NT QGDM ,\GRG[ OKMZEC FHF K\MNFF NNMF \B YKEXFN \GSRN
YNI[ ZC\SP LB .KJZYRGY SMR ZETFP TCGR[ \TEF \GZKPDC ODV ZCEC
\[V\R \GNTCF GKVN[ ,KJSKNZGJR ZCSF QBM OD GTKXF JV[PF KPMIP
33
.GKNT NGIN NMG\[ KEM KNBKZ TXP FMKZX[ FRGM\M
FCK[IC \KJSKNZGJRF FKJRN DZCNKH BKCP[ FRGZIBFG \K[KN[F FPDGEF
GRKB ZGSKB[ TCGY FH NNM .’ZGSKB NT NI ZGSKB QKB’ NNMF BKF \KEGPN\F
ZGSKB’ BGF KR[F ZGSKBF QM OB BNB ,ZIB ZGSKBC ZCM ZSBR[ WVI NT NI
:C\GM BGF LMG 34.\GVSGR \GKRKE \GNCDF UKSGP[ ZGSKB GRKKF ,’UKSGP
,SV\G QG[BZF ZGSKBF EZK[P :’KJSKNZGJBR’ EGBP BGF ZCE N[ GPTJ
Z\GK ’ZKTX’F ZGSKBN GN QKB CG[G ,GKZCT NMP GNKBM GKNT UVGI BGF KZF

\ Z H G D F F M N F F Z P B R B N F [ P \ Z G \ C . F H G I F \ T [ C O K E E X F K R [ N [ | Q G X Z F= ~ W V I F
N M , Z M P P G I Y P C F Z G \ C O K C G\ MF \ G B Z Y P F F NB G . O E B K R C N[ O R\ P G O B [ P C Z P G B
B K F [= ~ \ K J V [ P J C P \ E G Y R P Z C E Z C E K N C P , K Z S G P E X N K C [ C L B G B C B N O Z Y K T
. " |F K NB SI K C Z P G N F P J V[ P N F K F K [ K N C O K EE XF Q GX Z K V N T \ TC YR
,ONGTC ORKB[ OKZCE NT \GNTC \[KMZ Z[VBP[ ,FH QKKRTC KPGZF JV[PF \EPT NT 32
89=88 QG[BZ ZVS NBZ[KC \GRGPP KRKE ZES { KZCTF JV[PF KEGSK YBNGD Z[B GBZ
Q G \ R [ " J V [ P N F K V G S G N K V P { [ P P G C QK B [ Z C E C F Y S K T " E RZ C Y I X K G B Z G . ( C "V Z \ )
.(S"[\) 71 BM KZCTF JV[PF
DRZ ’PT ,(5 FZTF NKTN) "OHKNBKZG OHKNBRKPGR QKC \GK\MNF \GKGTCYKF" ,QPNKS 33
KVN" :(I"P[\) 111 KZCTF JV[PC QKKRYG CGKI :B\MPSB WK[VKN GFKMZC ;LNKBG
N GM K Q K K RY F GC [ W VI Q B M Q K B [ O G[ P U YG \ G N Q K B O K Z CE Q K K RY , O " CP Z F N [ G K Z CE
’Z N[ GKZCEN GG[FG .(32 FZTF NKTN) ERZC ;"[PP GC [K[ ZCEN YGYH QKKRYF .SGV\N
Z CE NT N I QK R Y F Q K B [ O TJ F [ " : D K QP K S , C Z GJ , E Y N I , W " C[ \ F \ " G [ , Z GZ X F P N[
Q B M Q K B \ G B K X P C G R K B [ Z I B P G , \ G B K XP C G RK B B G F F Z C EF [ K R VP B GF O N GT N B C B N[
. " FR G YF FR YK G Z M G PF Z G M PK [ FP
BNB ZCGT GRKB (FJI[R BNG) F\P[ (FZ[M BN=) FBPJ FPFC Z[C NMGBF N[PN LM 34
N I GR K B F N C RF Z G S K B K M , F NC R Z [ C \ N K M B Z GS K B N T B N G , B P J Z [ C \ N K MB Z G S K B NT
. F B P GJ F Z G SK B NT

|58~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

F\GBC GNKBM HIBRF ,’UKSGP ZGSKB’ BGF QM OB BNB 35,GC SGV\N OGYP
36
.QG[BZF ZGSKBN NDZ \SKZE QKB FC[ FEGYR
Q\KR[ ,\GNTCG QKKRYP FRG[C KZF :FFKP\ \ZZGTP GH FPDGE QG[BZ JCPC
NGMK LKB !KCKJPZGR D[GP BGF ’ZGSKB’ ,OKKDGNGJRGB OKRKKRT KCXPM O[VG\N
NVMC FZG[Y GH FFKP\N FCG[\F ?NNIC OGYP [GV\N ’\GDFR\F NNM’
.DZCNKH N[ GRG[NCG BJKN \GCK[KC ’ZGSKB’ IRGPN TEGR[ \GTP[P
FRGMPF OKRKKRT CXP GB FRGM\ ZGBK\N ’ZGSKB’ IRGPF [P[P \IB \GTP[PC
.\GDFR\F NNM QGKXN [P[P BGF FKKR[F \GTP[PCG ,’ZGSKB=\GNI’ OK\TN
OEB ,GF[NM 38TXP NT 37FNI[ ZGSB=ZCEF=\GKF \RGM\ BKF ’ZGSKB=\GNI’

NKTN) "OHKNBKZG OHKNBRKPGR QKC \GK\MNF \GKGTCYKF" ,QPNKS OD LNF FPGE LZEC 35
F R \ G P F Z G X \ G N I [ " T C G Y [ , " \ G K E T N C F Q G Z Y T " N T Z C E P B G F . H R Z ’ P T , (5 F Z T F
Z C S F T K X F V G Y [ C Z F O D . " O G I \ F G\ GB N \ M K K [ F , \ Z I B F ZG X P ’ K G R V ’ T X P O G K Y C
K \ [ S GV \ N O XT C O GY P Q K B [ " G Z P G B C , ’ F B P G J N T F N I F B P G J Q K B ’ NN M N F P G E
N [= ~ F H Q K K R T D K [ F N F [ Y " [ F R T J C F H Z C S F F I E Q M P Z I B N N C B , " F B P G J F \ G B K X P
O D [ F P G E . ( B M Y Z V , C Z T [ , (7 F Z T F N K T N ) Z [ K K Z T [ ) " K R I G Z Z C E C | O G Y P F \ [ K V \
Z G CS B G F [ B N B , F B P G J F N [ \ K D G NG J R G B F F [ K V\ F P Z H GI B GF QK B G\ K K I EC
. K CK S G NY SY B Q V GB C N N I F \ B F B NP P F R K B , K D G NG J R G B [ K M O D , F B P G J F [
.166 ,(22 FZTF NKTN) DZCNKH 36
QC ZRCB KPEP |...~ KMRB KYR ZPBKG" :JM=IM ,D ,C NBGP[ GBZ .IRGP ,EZK ,NVR = NI 37
; " G [ B Z N T G I G R K G G N VK " : Y " EZ C G , " G [ B Z NT GI G R K " : K " [ Z C G , " C B G K [ B Z N T G NG I K . Z R
G RK K F , " N GI K O K T[ Z [ B Z NT , N N GI \ P Z TS G F B X K F P I ’ F \ Z T S F RF " : J K , D M F K P Z K
[G P K [ F \ B O K B XG P G RB N " H I Q G [N C . " O K E K F C GN I B N G " : G , E F M K B C F P GE C G ; E Z K
Q M G P M . G NB C B X G K M G , ’ Z GS K B N T N I ZG S K B Q K B ’ , ’ N I Z GS K B F ’ : ZG S K B N S I K C N I N T G V C
, F R [ P ) F [ G E Y : Q GD M , O K Z I B O K K \ M N F O K R K K R TN S I K C O D N I N T GV C N" H I O K [ P \ [ P
Q K [ G E K Y G " : (B " T HM ) E , C QK [ G EK Y , K P N[ G ZK ) QK [ G EK Y ; ( "F NI F [ GE Y F " : D , C F Z G P \
, ( " F T GC [ N T F N I F T GC [ Q K B " : B " T , I O K Z ER , K N CC ) F TG C[ ; ( " TZ VP N F K N T Q K N I
Q K K RP " : B " T , J F M GS , K N C C) ’ O K P [ O [’ K CD N QM G , ( " \ C [C \ G K F N N I [ I S V" ) O K D I
E P NP G NN F O K Z YP F NM C N I N TG VC [ GP K [ F [ F B Z R G . ( " F M GS F N T N I [ O K P [ O [ N
TX P F NT F Z G [ G E Z G K , N V GR [ K [ P P F P Z C EM \ G[ V\ R QM B \ G RG [ F ’ \ GK G N I ’ F [
K CD N O D L M G , O K P [ O [ G O K D I F \ [ G E YG QK [ GE K Y G F [ G EY K C D N LM . K XV I F G B K [ G RB F
, Z G S B F Z C E F N T F Z G [ F ZG S K B F \ RG M \ M B N B \ GD F R \ F N N M M G \ G T P [ P C B N , Z G S K B F
K G P K E F Z G YP G F P G , QB MN \ M K K [ ’ F N K VR ’ G HK B \ G D F R \ F NN M M Z G SK B N F R G GM F O B Q M[
N " HI Q G [N C O K B X GP G R B F H C B XG K M [ Q K K XN [K G ? Z GS K B N SI K C F N K VR N [ K Z G VB J P F
\ G P C K , K N CC ) T XP F N T T D Z N M C N G VK N G N GI N N G N TG , Z K G G B C ’ EP GT G K GN \ ’ Z GS K B F [
\ G T CJ P O D E G P N \ C O K K G XP . (’ GM G " K B Y G K N \ B N \ P F [K B \ G I B Z GS K B " : B " T , CN
F R [ F [ B Z , K N C C N [ P N F B Z , T X P F N T ’ C M G Z’ G ’ W C G Z ’ Z G S K B F O F K V N[ O K Z I B Q G [ N
, C M \ G T GC [ , K N C C G C "T , I T Q K C G Z K T , K N C C ; " F K N T C K M Z E B G F B Z G S K B " : B " T , I M

|59~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

Z[VB KB[ OKRKKRT CXPC BGVB ZCGEP 40.F[GEYNG FBPGJN FPGEC 39,WVI GB
\GDFR\F KNNM GRPP ZGHDN Z[VB KBG ,\GDFR\F KNNMN FKXYGEZ GN \G[TN
Z[C \NKMB ZGSKB \B FPDGEN NGJKR OB .KJSKNZGJRF N[MC NGVKN KNCP
Z[C NT FNI \K[BZ :ZGSKBF N[ OKRG[ OKEPP KR[ QKC QKICFN NMGR ,FNCR
NT TCYR QMP ZIBN YZG ,(’ZGSB Z[C’N G\GB \MVGF[) ’ZGSKB \eNI’ FNCRF
DZCNKH .’ZGSKB \GNI’ GKNT FNI[ Z[C NGMBN ZSGB[ \GDFR\F NNM YGIF KEK
\GNI’ N[ FYKHKVF KYGIP EIB BGF ’ZGSKB NT NI ZGSKB QKB’ NNMF[ QKCF
\GNI’ TXPF NT FNI[ ZIBN[ TCGY FH NNM .’ZGSKBF \RGM\’ N[ GB ’ZGSKBF
BN FZETFCG 41,GKNT NGIN \ZIB ’ZGSKB \GNI’N OGYP CG[ QKB ,\IB ’ZGSKB
.\GDFR\F NNM N[ \GTP[PC KCKJPZGRF ZGSKBF OD NGIK
QGKDKFF[ ,GPTJN FEKIKG \IB FMNF NT DZCNKH TKCXP GKZCE OGKSC
BKF ,TCJF KYGIP GRN ZMGP[ FP OT EIB FRYC FNGT GRKB FN[ KPKRVF

\ B T R G P F Z G S K B N F R G G M F G , G K N T W C G Z [ B G F F K Z B= ) " F K N T B T K C Z E B G F B K Z B " : C " T

. ( W VIC [G PK [ F
\ G B Z G F N SI K K \ P M Z \ G K F C I Z \ GT P [P N CK Y ’ N I ’ I R GP F [ YV S Q K B , \ B H O T
. ( G \ G B O K CK K I P G G K NB O K RT G P P GR K K F ) Q TP R F NT O K N I [ \ G D F R \ F K N N M NG \ G K CK J P Z G R
N NM M Z G S K B N G \ N K I \ P SI K K \ F ’ NI ’ I R G P F [ , N K T N Z G P B N E G D K R C , Z P G N Q \ K R K N G B G
Z G YP [ LM P TC R \ G D F R \ F K N N MN G O K Z G SK B N S I K C ’ F N K V R’ F K GP K EG , K K G G K X \ G D F R\ F
[B Z C : Z I B K \ G CZ \ K G P K E CG , O K P [C [ N B F K GG K X C B G F \ K \ E F F [K V \ C O K Z G SK B F
O K K Z G VB J P QG [ N K [ G P K [ Q K T MG , ’ F N K V R’ G N O K SI K K P Q M NG , \ K C K J P Z GR F F E K P Z K V F
\ K I R F E Y VP F ’ GB , ’ F G CD P F \ I R F B Z GF F ’ : Q G D M , \ K P GK P G K F F V[ C O K Z G D [ [ O K Z I B
F M N F ?’ \ GN I ’ K F P " , O F Z CB N B M K P CZ F O D GB Z ’ \ GN I ’ D [ G P F Q K K R TN . ’ F [ EI F E G YV
.(S"[\) 71 C ZFX "’FC \GYCEG FYKDGN
Q K C \ G K \ M NF \ G K G TC YK F " QP NK S N [ GZ P B P P K \ N B [ F H Z [ YF C ’ T XP ’ I R G P F \ B 38
, K N J G J S K Z B F ’ F Z G X ’ F I R G P \ B W P B P Q P N K S . (5 F Z T F N K T N ) " O H K N B K Z G O H K N B R K P G R
Z G CK I F \ NG T V \ B Z B \ N K E M G\ GB [ P [ P ’ Q K Z XF N ’ N T GV F . ’ T XP ’ N ’ F Z G X’ Q K C QK I CP G
F N I [ T XP F G RK K F , F R Z XF F \ B X G\ \ B G , ( ’ TX P F N T \ RZ X G P F Z G XF ’ ) T XP N F Z G XF QK C
. ’ F Z GX \ ’ F RM P B G F , F Z G X G K NT
K Z G C K I C Z GC K E F \ B K \ C I Z F F K N T , B X V I = Z G S K B N B Z C D = Z G S K B Q K C F R I C F N Z G[ Y ZC E F 39
. (1 F Z T F N K T N ) V G Y [ Q G T P [ C Z F N [ G \ R [ P K B Z C B J K N \ G C K [ K C \ K J V [ P F C K [ I
\ P B F B G F G , GR K [ GI K VN G R K B [ UB , WV I C B G F \ G B K X P = Z G SK B F [ , K TE G P N \ B H G " 40
B V ’ P T , Q F M F F E G F K Q G T P [ K C Z K Z GT K [ Z V S C G S V ER [ L GN C N "K Z F P K Z C E P ) " O K T EG K N
. ( E" N [ \ , Y GY C Z F E SG P )
B Y G E O NG B G . ( N K TZ ) H D QK T P N ’ Z G SK B F \ G NI ’ \ B \ GP EN Q \ K R Q H GB F \ B Z C[ N K E M 41
K V N T CI Z P C H D \ GJ [ V\ F Q M[ , D Z C NK H N [ Z CS F F \ [ N G I N T F TK C XP G H F K D G N R B
.(35 FZTF NKTN GBZG) \KCKSGNYSYB FRKB CGZ

|60~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

QKBC’ O[C GKZPBP WCGY BZYR FP[ NT) 42’EIBM QKBC FZXIG FJKD’ \MNF
!FBXG\F ZIBN BGC\ FCKSF[ QM\KK BN TCJF KYGI ONGTC KZF[ ,(’EIBM
,(1946=1883) NBKPT F[P CZF KZCEC KGXP FPGE KJSKNZGJR LNFP
GZVSC ’FRG[BZF FEKP’F .CKCB=N\ ZKTF CZ OKPKNG VGY[ CZF N[ GEKPN\
C\GM BGF LMG ,’CCGSPG FCS \EKP’ BKF 43’FMNFF ZYIN \GEPF’ KNJRPGRGPF
: O K ZC E F \ K [ B ZC
NM OD FMM ,\PZGD FCS KNC CCGSP OG[ QKB TCJF \GTVGFC|[~ GPM
GFHG .LMN \PZGD BKF[ FCKS GHKBN FYGYH FZG\F KJV[PC \G[EI\F
.FPGEMG OKZGSKB ,\G[KB ,OKRKRY ,OKCGKI N[ \G[EI\F NMC NGED NNM
|...~ \CKKIP FCKS GHKB KNC FPGEMG SRY QGPP QCZY \GND ,F\KP CGKI QKB
K B G ,CCGSPFN \PEGY \GKFN FMKZX FCKSF KM ,BGF QG[BZ NM[GPG
OXTC IRGPF KRGKDF EGSK GFH .[PP \IBM GBGCK[ CCGSPG FCKSN Z [ V B
FKF\ BKF[ I Z M F C QMCG ,CCGSPN \PZGDF BKF[ ,FCKS D[GPF
44
.CCGSPF KRVN BKF[ FEP FHKBC \GBKXPC
FZG\F KJV[P \BGG[FC NKI\P BGF .\KJSKNZGJR FCK[I ZPGB TJYF NM
OGI\C OD LM ,\GK\CKSF QGZYT OKKY\P TCJC[ GPM :’TCJF \GTVGF’N
\IBM GBGCK[ CCGSPG FCKSN Z[VB KB"[ C\GM BGF L[PFC .KJV[PF
."CCGSPF KRVN FEKP FHKBC \GBKXPC FKF\ BKF[ IZMFC QMCG ...[PP
\KCKJPZGR \MZTP BGF JV[PF BNF ?’IZMF’G ’Z[VB KB’ TGEP ,FP\ BZGYFG
QVGBC FNI[ FBXG\ NNGM ,KZ[VB NMF FZGBMN FCG ,YYGIPF N[ G\ZKXK KZV
OG[P FHM LNFP NCYN QMGP GRKB NBKPT CZF QMB !F\CKS OT KRJNGPKS
.TCJF ONGTC OKJNG[F \GK\CKSF KYGIN UGVM KCKJPZGRF ONGTF OD GEKEN[

GB FPXT F[KBN ZSPKK JDF[ \[ZGEF FMNFF QKKRTC KEGPN\F QGKEC FZPBR GH FMNF 42
Z X I F QK B G[ K R F \ T [ C K Z F : EG P N \ F \ NB [ N T . F ZX I C Q G D M , \ K R G P P F F \ G[ Z C I R G K
F J K D " : Z P G B G B CZ W Z \ P ?F \ G [ Z N TK D F B N J D F QM O B G , F NT CN \ M K K [ F [ K B F N[
\[ Z D\P F[ K BF : \IB FR G TC G \TC OK [IZ \ P OK Z CE F K R [ Z PG N M ," E IBM Q K BC F Z XIG
F Z T F N K TN ) D Z CN K H E GT G B Z . F \ G [Z C I R G F J D F QM O B G , F \ G[ Z N \ Z H G I Z XI F L M CG
.171 ,(22
\KEGPN\F BZCSFC QGKDFF \GEP :FMNFF ZYIN \GEPF ZVS NBKPT ZGEDKCB F[P 43
. ( C " [ \ = J " X Z\ C K C B N \ = O K N [ G Z K , D = B O K MZ M )
.B \GB ,B FEP ,O[ 44

|61~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

YEX KNGYK[ ,ZSGP ,OKMZT OT ZCE GN QKB GPXTN[M \GK\CKSF QGZYT :YGEG
45
.KCKJPZGRF ONGTC ’\GBKXP’F N[ FTCJ \B UY[P BGF .\NTG\G
,CCGSPN QPHC \PEYGP \GKFN FMKZX FCKSF FKVN \KJSKNZGJRF FIRFF
,KCKJYBGZJZ QVGBC NGIN \GNGMK QRKB \GKGNI KJV[PF ONGTC OD[ FTP[P
\GNGTVG ,\GKCKJYBGZJZ \GBXG\G \GTV[F QKB KTCJF ONGTC[ GPM YGKEC
JV[PC \GKCKJYBGZJZF N[ GH FKDGS 46.BCFNG QBMP YZ OKTKV[P OKTGZKBG
, ’ T ZV P N B C F N G Q B M P ’ I R G P F \ B T C J Z[ B , V G Y [ C ZF \ B F Y K S T F
\KJSKNZGJRF G\IRF N[C ,\GKCKJYBZGJZF D[GP \B OXPX G\GTXPBC[
FZGZKCN [EYGK BCF YZVF .KJV[PF Z[YFC OD ZCTF \B \GR[N Z[VB KB[
.GH FKDGS N[

KBR\F ESGPG \GKCKJYVSGZJZ ,\GKCKJYBGZJZ .D

.\GCZ \GKDGSC FNGTG \ZHGI FMNFC (’TZVPN \GNI’) \GKCKJYBGZJZF \NB[

[K ,Z\GK ZIGBP YVSF ZZC\P Z[BM ,YVS KCXPC :\GEIB \GBPDGE ZKMHR
\RP=NT’ F[KBF \B [EYPF N[PN LM ,\GKCKJYBGZJZ \GMN[F FH ZGZKCN
\[EGYP F[KBF FKF\ FZK[T BKF[ OGKF \ZIPN ZZC\K[M ,’FZK[T BKF[
OKZYPC BKF \GKCKJYBGZJZN \ZIB FPDGE .QK[GEKYF F[TP TDZP TZVPN
FNG\ OEB OFC[ ,OKKEK\T OKBR\ N[ \KEGPN\F \GZVSC GRGER[ OKCZF
F[KBF \B [EYPF :N[PN LM .KEK\T TGZKB GRMG\[ KBR\C \GNI N[ FPGKY
\RK\R OT[ KZF ,OGK OK[GN[ LG\C HGH OKK\BP GN Q\K\[ \RP NT (GK[MTP)
ZERF \Z\F BKF \GKCKJYBGZJZN \ZIB FPDGE .TZVPN QK[GEKYF OKNI USMF
.FCZF \GBPDGE EGTG .TZVPN ZERF \B ZYGT[ OMI KEK=NT

GJD’ \MNF \RCFC ,DZCNKHN FPGEC ,NBKPT CZF F[Y\P (F \GB ,O[) QGKEF L[PFC 45
F B X G \ F F K V N [ \ K J S K N ZG J R F I R F F \ G B L G \ P T C GR K [ G Y F , C G[ G , ’ E I B M QK B C GE K G
Q K CN D Z CN K H N [ LN F P F Q K C CZ F Q GK P E F [ Q M \ K K , CD B G . F C K SF Z I B N T K VG F N F MK Z X
. G R P P T V[ GF G NB K P T CZ F N[ G R GK E \ B Z K M F D Z CN K H [ E P N P N B K P T C Z F N [ L NF P F
OKYKYNIF ONGTC CCGSPN FCKSF \PKEY QGZYT ZTZT\F \KRZEGP FYKHKVC[ QKKXN KGBZ 46
F C Z \ G Z VS . ’ Z D R K EZ [ N [ N G\ I F ’ K G R K M C TG E K [ K RG K P E F NK D Z \ C N[ P N L M . O K K P GJ B F
G D G F , N [ P N , G B Z . \ G K \ CK S F \ [ K V\ N T LM N [ K [ \ G K VG S GN K VF \ G MN [ F F N T F C\ M R
VGY[ CZF N[ OFKKIC EGT \KZCTC ZCI\F[ ,(F"XZ\) LNKBG 21 ZGEF KDGF QPDZC
. NB K P T C Z F G

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 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

TGZKBF[ [K :\GKCKJYBGZJZ N[ OKDGS KR[ QKC GRKICF OKRGZIBF

FPDGEC GPM ,ZCT[ QPHC (FNJC\F GB) FNI \GNIF[ ZZCP YZ KEK\TF
KZF ,FZK[T BKF[ \RP NT F[KBF \B [EYPF :NKTN FZMHR[ FRG[BZF
.K\KPBF OKRKKRTF CXP KVN QK[GEKYF \T[C EKP FTCYR QK[GEKYF \GNI[
GC QKBG ,\GNIF \ C K S \B FGGFP GRKB EK\TC [IZ\F[ ZGZKCF FHM FZYPC
KCKJYBGZJZ ZGZKCN \ZIB FPDGE .CCGSPN FCKSF \GPKEY QGZYTP FDKZI
GRKB [ZDPF N[ G\GP .G\GP KRVN FT[ NGIK[ JD G\[KBN Q\GRF :FH QKTP
BNB ,NI ZCM JDF FT[ KRVN[ ZZCP YZ BNB ,QK[GZKDF \CKS \B FGGFP
.LM NT GRTEK BN[
GB \GNIF \NIFN FCKSF BGF KEK\TF TGZKBF[ OKZYP [K ,\BH \PGTN
CZF .KEK\TF KBR\F N[ FZYPC N[PN LM .KCKJYBGZJZ QVGBC FNGJKCN
(NKTN GRZMHF[ FPDGEC ,HGH OKK\BP \RK\R) KBR\F \GPKKY\F[ QTGJ VGY[
47
.ZCM GNI QK[GEKYF[ Z G Z K C YZ BNG ,\GNIF \B \PZGD[ F C K S FGGFP
[EYPF KM TCY Z[B ,["BZF N[ G\YKSVP ,ZB[F QKC ,EPN BGF GH FRTJ
OB KZFG ,G\GB BNP\ F[KBF[ F[KZEF NT Z\GGNG KBR\F \B NJCN NGMK
,’QPKS’ ZEDC BGFG ,QK[GEKYF GNI ZCTC ZCM[ FNDP YZ KEK\TF KBR\F OGKY
48
.ZCTC ,FNJC\F GB ,FNI ZCM \GNIF KZF ,KBR\F \B NJCN Z[VB LKB
HGH OKK\BP \RK\R :QGDM) EK\TC KBR\F OGKY ,FIGE VGY[ CZF[ KVGNIF [GZKVF KVN 47
Z CM ) G NI Q MB Z CT C G [ T R [ Q K [ GE K Y F [ L M N Q P K S Y Z B G F O D F G G F P ( F [ K B F K EK = NT
O K K \ B P K N K R \ \ O B | GK [ M TP ~ K N \ [ E GY P \ B K Z F " Z P G B F : LM \ B H Z K CS F N N M GR . ( H B
Z P G N Q G MR F \T O B ( G K [ M TP ) \ [ E G YP F K F \ F [ K B F [ Z P G N O XT C QG G M \ P , " HG H
E K \ T C " Y G S V F Q K [ G E K Y F T D ZC O B : Z I B I G S K R C G . H G H O K K \ B P GN Q \ \ F [ B F E K \ T C [
\ [ EG Y P F [ B F [ K Z F { ( E K \ TC Y Z Z Z C\ K F H Z CE G ) K \ K P B " H GH O K K \ B P K N K R\ \
F [ K D WP B R O B YH I \ K F H L N F P . \ [ EG Y P F R K B K Z F { K Z Y[ B G F YG S VF O B G , F \ T P
\ G C K SR N [ O P G K Y NT E K TP \ K EK \ TF \ G[ I Z \ F F N [ F P G K Y F K VN [ , \ K J SK R K P Z J E
G K [ M T O B " [ B K F K E K \ T F K B R \ F \ G T P [ P K M Z P G N NM G R HB . F B R \ F F Q P H C \ G K [ P P
B K F { EK \ TC F NT CN H G H O K K \ B P \ \ N \ E P G T F [ K B F [ F H M B GF O K RK K R T F CX P
YZ B N B \ GN I F \ CK S G R K B K E K \ T F TG Z K B F , F H L N F P N [ \ G B S Z K D F K \ [ K VN . " \ [ E GY P
N NM \ G K C K J YB G Z J Z F \ K K TC L M K VN G , Z CT C \ GN I F \ CK S N[ F P G K Y N T E P N P [ QP K S
, Z C T C [ \ G K G [ I Z\ F N F C K S B GF Q K B G Z C T F \ B F R K [ B N E K \ T F Q M [ , \ Z Z GT \ P F R K B
Z YI N \ G EP F , NB K P T CZ F G B Z G . Z C TC T Z K B F P Z Z C N Q \ K R G \ G TX P B C [ Q P K S YZ B N B
.GH LZEC LNF[ ,FN ’PT ,C \GB ,C FEP ,(43 FZTF NKTN) FMNFF
FHG" :82 ’PT ,G QPKS ,QKJKD \MSP ,(29 FZTF NKTN) QFMF BEGFK QGTP[ KCZ K[GEI 48
[ Z V N G RB O K N K D Z [ F P K V N T , E GB P F [ Y | N " R F [ "B Z F K Z C E K V N T K B R \ F NG J K C = ~
M " I B [ GR K K F , |T Z VP N Z C EF F N D \ F =~ ’ T Z VP N B \ NK P K B N D K B ’ Q R K Z P B E O G Y P N MC

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 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

ZERF[ \ZZCP FRKB ZERF \B OMI \Z\F OD[ VGY[ CZF QTGJ FHC BXGKM
.TZVPN ZERF \ZKYTN FCKS FGGFP BNB ,NI BN ONGTP
OKTGZKB .\KHKVF \GBKXPC \KZ[VB FRKB \KCKJYBGZJZ FNGTV
,\BH \PGTN .G\GR[NG ZCTF NT TKV[FN OKNGMK ORKB FGGFC OK[IZ\P[
NKECFN ,\KD[GP FTKRP FZGBMN QKB JV[PF ONGT N[ KCKJPZGRF Z[YFC
GB TZVPN ZER ZGYTN ,ZCTF \B \GR[N Q\KR[ ZPGN ,\NTG\G YEX KNGYK[P
NNG[ ’\GKYGIF QGZYT’ QMB .TZVPN \[ZGDP GB \[EGYP F[KB[ TGCYN
YEX KNGYK[ NT SSGCP ZCEN OTJF LB ,KNKNVF OGI\C \KCKJYBGZJZ FYKYI
KZPDN FR\[P FRGP\F \BH \PGTN .KF[NM \KD[GP FNCDP NT BNG ,\NTG\G
OGI\F NT OD TCJF KYGI \B FNKIP KZF GH .\KJSKNGZJRF FCK[IF \ZDSPC
GB .F\CKS KRVN NGI\ \GNIF[ QM\KK EXKM FKTCF \ZZGT\P QBMPG ,KJV[PF
FPGE ?KCKJYBGZJZ QVGBC NTV\ \GNIF \CKS[ QM\KK EXKM :\GZIB OKNKPC
!’EIBM QKBC FEKG FJD’ NNMF ZZGT[ \GK\KKTCN ZCEF

Z Z C N Y Z B GF G N GJ C G K B R \ F O G K Y F H K V N G . O EG Y P G R K NX B Y V GS P F K F [ Q K RT F ZZ C \ R
O E G YF QP HC [ Z Z C \ R { K B R \ F M " I B F P K K Y B N O B Q M O B G , O E GY F Q P H C Q K RT F \ G \ K P B
N J CP [ F P K E K = N T [ EI Q K R T GK [ M T [ E I \ K G N J C \ K L K B G , N NM QK [ G Z K D F G NI B N
’ P T , J Y Z V , \ G Y H I F Z T [ , (7 F Z T F N K T N ) Z [ K K Z T [ C G . " E G B P B N V R Q K R T F H G ! ? G K Z C E
\ G K B Z K " V T I M G P , F Z Y P F H K B C G B R \ F N G \ G F R \ P O E B [ O K B R\ F Q K E" : C\ G M B G F , GX
KRKEP OKJZV FHKB BPDGEN BKCRG |...~ TZVPN QKEF OZGDG NTGV KEK\TF FZYPF[ \GYHI
N T [Z D P CE , D P Y Q P K S UG S Z G J C Z H TF Q CB C B CG F , [ " B Z F \ J K [ F R F E , O K B R\ F
Z G C K E K \ B ’ Q K E M B GF E , F C G [ \ C G \ J K [ ZB K C G , K B R \ F \ B N J C N N GM K , G K [ M T P E K B R\ F
B N [ N J CN O E B N G MK , B C O Z J Q K EF \ B O Z G D F F Z Y P F [ Q P H N M Q K R TF [ , ’ Z G CK E NJ CP G
Q K K R Y F N G I K B N [ Z GH I N N G MK E O K [ G N[ Z I B N Q K R Y F [ G T N M M G , K EK \ T F F Z Y P F O G ZD K
KGNKD KBR\F NGJKC GB KBR\F OGKY N[ FZYPF QKBE |[ZGVPC=~ BKEFN IMGP FHPG |...~
, T Z VP N Q K EF O Z G D F H F F Z YP F K B R\ F O K K Y \ P Q K B [ F P C B N B , [ P P TZ V P N B \ N K P
B N [ | \ G N I F \ B = ~ F N J C N | K B R \ F F Z Y P = ~ O Z D [ O E G Y O K E Y F N N G M K | L M= ~ K M F O G [ P
."TZVPN QKEF OZGD KEK\TF FZYPE ZCEF IZMGP FNB NMPG |...~ OGZDK
N [ ’ N EI P F \ ZK Z C ’ K GF K HC K G N \ [ " B Z F K Z C E N V G Y [ C Z F T K X P [ Z C S F F [ Q K K X N [ K
\ Z K Z C [ Z P GN L ZJ X R O K Z C E F U G D C GR Z K K X [ F Z Y P C . ( L[ P F C F H Q K K RT N G B Z ) \ G N I F
\ C K SM N T CF K E K N T Z ED GF K E K \ T F K B R \ F G , F \ TP \ [ E G YP F [ K B F [ F \ K K F N EI P F
K E K \ TF TG Z K B F T Z K B B N [ Q P H NM [ [ " B Z F Z C GS F H M F Z YP C . TZ V P N Q K [ GE K Y F N GJ K C
N J CN G I G M P K E K \ TF T GZ K B F \ B NG M CK M N Z J R N L MC G , F K R \ F F \ B N J CN [ E YP F NG M K
F R K B F [ K B F [ F \ K K F N EI P F \ Z K Z C O B , \ B H \ P G T N . K C K J Y B G ZJ Z Q V G B C \ G N I F \ B
O K R \ [ P O K Z C EF GK F { T Z VP N \ G N I F \ C K SM Z E D G P F K F K E K \ TF TG Z K B F G \ [ E GY P
F K F \ B N F [ K B F F Z Y P NM C [ ZP GN G F K R\ F F \ B NJ C N N G MK F K F [ E Y P F G , F P B \ F C
. Z C E N[ G VG SC O K K Y\ K K B R \ F O B O D , \ [ E GY P

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 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

D[GP TCJG [EI KR[ZV LNFP VGY[ CZF I\KV FNB \GKF\ N[ QIGMP
OFC OKZYPC ,[EIF LNFPF KVN .’TZVPN BCFNG QBMP’ FRKM G\GB [EI
ZCTF KGRK[N FRGGMF QKB ,TZVPN FNI[ FBXG\ NT KEGPN\F JV[PC ZCGEP
NT ZERF \Z\F ,N[PN ,LM .’TZVPN BCFNG QBMP’ FNI[ FBXG\N BNB ,[PP
\Z\F .ZCTF \B LMC \GR[NG TZVPN ZERF \B TKYVFN FNGMK FRKB OMIF KEK
\GNM\SFF \B FR[P BKF BCFNG QBMP :TZVPN BCFNG QBMP YZ \NTGV ZERF
NT OKNM\SP GRB BCFNG QBMPG ,ZCTC G[IZ\F[ OKTGZKB NT \KCKJPZGRF
BNG ,\KCKJYVSGZJZ BGVB BKF ZERF \ZKYT .TZVPN ZYTR G N K B M ZERF
G\ZVFG ,NI ZERF ZCTC[ ZPGN QGMR OMIF \Z\F ZIBN OD .\KCKJYBGZJZ
\ZVF NT ZVPF \B [KRTFN (HB) FKF YEXGP KMG ,FZKCT F\KKF (ZCTC)
,ZER BN ONGTP GNKBM ZEGRF \B OKRE GRB ZERF Z\GF[ FT[P ,ONGBG 49.ZERF
.FMGHK BGF { ZCTC ZERF \ZVF NT QKEN OGKF BCGK OBG
KBR\F FZYP \B OD VGY[ CZF I\RP KCKJYVSGZJZF NEGPF KV NT
KBR\F OGKY .ZCTF \B \GR[N GNGJKC GB KBR\F OGKY N[ GIGMC QKB .KEK\TF
\T[P .’TZVPN BCFNG QBMP’ YZ BNB ,TZVPN \GNIF N[ F\GNIN OZGD GRKB
\GKGYVRF NMNG ,\KJV[P FRKICP ZCTF \RGP\ FR\[P KBR\F OGKY
GPGKYN OB\FC ,ZCTC FNJC\F GB FNI \GNIF GNKBM OKRE GRB \GKCKJPZGRF
FNTCN \R\GRG KBR\F \B \PKKYP F[KBF OB LM .KBR\F N[ GPGKY KB GB
,QK[GEKYF F[TP TDZP \[EGYPN \C[IR BKF LNKBG QBMP[ KZF ,HGH OKK\BP
50
.GPXT ZCTF N[ KGRK[ LMC QKB NCB
,’\PB QPH’C F[KBF N[ FCXP FKF FP ,FKKF\F \B ZZGTP FH NEGP
\ZZGT\P FRKB GH FNB[ ?NJC\F[ GB KBR\F OKKY\F[ ET OKKRKCF \VGY\C
\KCKJYBGZJZ TCYR F[KBF N[ FCXP GKV-NT QM[ ,KCKJYBGZJZF NEGPF KVN

KZF ,G\GZKHR NT ZCT[ ZKHR [KRTFN Q\KR EXKM :FNB[F \B VGY[ CZF C[KKP LMC 49
\ B Z G YT K B G F [ K Z F F \ G B Z K \ K O M I O B G , \ G Z K H RF N T EK \ TC N B [ K F N NG M K Z K H R F
\ Z K Y T V G Y [ C Z F K Z C E K V N ? F Z K C T N M Z C T B N Z K HR F [ ZZ C \ K G T Z V P N \ G Z K H R F
Q P H G \ G B C G \ [ K R T Q M NG , F N I \ G Z K H R F ’ \ P B Q P H C ’ G , Z CT F \ B F R [ P F RK B \ G Z K H R F
. ( \ G Z K H RF \ Z K YT Z I B N \ K GG [ MT J C P \ E G YR P O D ) \ Y E XG P
BGF LM=ZIBE FCKSF OD \PBCE ,KBR\ BGF |TZVPN ZERF \ZKYT GPM=~ FH QKTMG" 50
" TZ V P N NI G N K B M Q R K RK K E B CF N E F D F RF NE G R K K F B Z Y K TP NI E B F G , \ G NI F C N T GV
U SG K ) F M \ ’ P T , WK C NB GP [ I " Z D F N Q GZ M H F Z V SC G SV ER [ VG Y [ C Z F K Z G T[ L G \ P )
. ( ( O " [ \ O K N [ G Z K , F K ZG P \ B X GF , L Z GT O K G C S Y GC

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 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

OKKRKCF \VGY\C FCXP \B QKKVBP[ \GZKFCF ZSGIG ,(KBR\F OGKYN OB\FC)

NEGPF \ZDSPC ,\BH EDRM .FTKEK ZSGIP TCGR[ KCKJYKKCGS YVS BNB GRKB
F[KBF N[ FCXP GFP ZGZC BN (’TZVPN BCFNG QBMP’) KCKJYVSGZJZF
OBF .KBR\F N[ (GNGJKC=) GPGKY=KBN GB GPGKYN ET OKKRKC \VGY\ F\GBC
KBR\F OGKY[ ZPGN Z[VB KB[ QKKXP VGY[ CZF ?FKGRV GB \[EGYP BKF
QM[ ,\GNIF NGJKCN FCKS FGGFP KBR\F NGJKC[G \GNIF OGKYN FCKS FGGFP
\ZKZC’ ZEDC \GKFN \CKKI \GKGZ[VBF K\[P \IB ,KZBRKC OKRKKRT CXP NMC
QKC ZGICN [K[ QBMP 51.’FCKSF ZETF’C BNB ’FCKS’C FKGN\ FRKB[ ’NEIP
KBR\F OGKYG FNI FRKB \GNIF[ BKF NEIPF \ZKZC[ GB :\GVGNI K\[
BKF NEIPF \ZKZC[ GB (TZVPN BCFNG QBMP) \GNIF OGKYN FCKS FGGFP
BCFNG QBMP) \GNIF NGJKCN FCKS FGGFP KBR\F NGJKC HBG FNI \GNIF[
K\[ QKC FZKICF[ VGY[ CZF C\GM ’Z[K KZT[’ NGEDF GZVSC 52.(TZVPN
KBR\ N[ FH QKRT" :(KBR\ NT QK[GZKD N[ FPDGEN SIKK\P BGF) VGY[ CZF C\GM LM 51
G R K I ZG M NT C , T ZV P N J D F NG I K [ O Z G D F B GF K B R \ F O GK Y [ J K N I R O B E , B N V R Z C E B G F
, L G V K F N J K N I R O B G . O G Z D N ZC E O G [ L K ZX Q K B J D F \ G N I \ N K N [ N E J K N I F N G R K NT
J D F \ G N I N E J K N I F N G R K N T GR K I Z G M N T C , J D F NJ C N T Z V P N O ZG D B G C N E K \ T F Z C E E
K R K E C \ G B N V GP F \ G TE F K YG N I NM K G N \ F H E G SK C G . E K \ TC Z I B O Z GD O G [ LK Z X Q K B
J K N I R O B " ; ( G X ’ P T , J Y Z V , \ G Y H I F Z T [ , (7 F Z T F N K T N ) Z [ K K Z T [ ) " O K B R \ F
K R [ G F H [ , Z [ V B = K B [ Z C E G F H , G P G K YN O D G K EK \ TF F Z YP F O Z G D J D N [ GN G J K CN E
,(43 FZTF NKTN) NBKPT CZF ,GEKPN\ .(IX ’PT ,K YZV ,O[) "EIB B[GRC OKMVF
F C K SF K F P YV SF N VG R \ G CZ O K P T V" : LM O K Z CE F \ B I SK R , D N ’ P T , B \ G B , C F E K P
, Q C G P M , F H C [ , F H \ B F H O K Z \ G S F O K Z C E K R [ C Y V S F N V G R EG I K C . F C K S F ZE T F G F P G
[ G Z E EI B EX YZ F H M [ Q VG B C [ B N B , \ GC K SN G [ Z E G K E I K O K Z C E F K R[ [ Z [ V B = K B
O F P E X F H K B Y V\ S F N [ K B N K P P G . F CK S F Z E TF P B C Z CM , K ED R F , K R[ F E XF G F C K SN
. " F CK S F Z E TF P F G G F \ P F E XF \ B T E R[ K E M F C K SN [G Z E
’OGKY KBR\’ \GCK[KF ONGTC OKRGMP KBR\F N[ G\NGTV ZEDC FNB OKKVGNI OKZCSF KR[ 52
F N G J K C \ C K S B G F K B R\ F N G J K C ) ’ N G J K C K B R \ ’ G ( \ G N I F O G K Y \ C K S B G F K B R \ F O G K Y)
K B R \ ’ N ’ F N \ P K B R \ ’ Q K C [ F R I CF F \ B \ P K K G SP F E K P C O K Z K MH P O F G , ( \ G N I F N[
GBZ GH FRGZIB FRICFC QGKEN .1973=D"N[\ ,(KNNM YNI) OKHGIF YGIN 27 ’SC ’YKSVP
QGKEF \B I\GV QPEKZV NBKRE .(E"S[\) LNKBG 38 D LZM OKHGI QFM KNKRG QPEKZV NBKRE
S GZ D N Z [VB . F J G[ V F Z G B M N B K F YK S VP K B R \ N F N \ P K B R \ Q K C F R I CF F " : GZ P G B C
Z [ B M , \ B H \ P G T N . F H G I Q K B { [ P P \ F B N E GT NM K ZF , F N\ P B G F K B R \ F Z [ B M[
Y Z \ B H L B . T Y G V F H G I F K B R \ F O K K Y \ P O B Y Z G , F H G I Z[ Y R { Y K S V P B GF K B R\ F
K B R \ C Z C G E P Z [ B M" [ T K X P B G F L [ P F C . "C M Z GP Z\ GK F C Z F QK K R T F F [ T P N . F Z G B M N
K B R \ C Z C G E P Z [ B M GN K B G ( T ZV P N ) F N K I \ M NP N J C F HG I F B F K , O K K Y \ F B N [ F N \ P
BGF ONGBG ,(39 ’PTC ,(O[)) "BCFNG QBMP YZ NJC FHGIF BFK ,OKKY\F[ YKSVP
. F R I C F F N [ G H \ G R[ Z VC O D YV YV P

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 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

\B [ZDPF ,N[PN ,LM .KBR\F NTC N[ FTKCYC FKGN\ GNNF \GKGZ[VBF

BKF NEIPF \ZKZC[ TGCYN NGMK ’HGH OKK\BP GN Q\\[ KBR\C’ G\[B
BKCK (HGH OKK\BP GN Q\K\ BN F[KBF OB=) KBR\F NGJKCG \[ZGDP F[KBF[
\ZKZC[ TGCYN NGMK BGF QKVGNKIN ;(TZVPN BCFNG QBMP) QK[GZKDF NGJKCN
BGF (HGH OKK\BP \RK\R=) KBR\F OGKYG \[ZGDP FRKB F[KBF[ BKF NEIPF
53
.(TZVPN BCFNG QBMP) QK[GZKDF \GNIN BKCK[
.\GK\MNF \GMN[F \GKFN \GKG[T OKKRKCF QPHC NEIPF \ZKZC \TKCYN
,FMGZB FVGY\N G\KC \B BXK OEB :EGPN\C FRGER[ FBCF FPDGEC QKKTR
GK[MTP F\GB [ZKD ,OGCKKN FYGYH[ FRPNB Z\GGK\ BN G\[B[ IKJCFN KEMG
K\BC BN OB GK[MTP LJKD FH KZF") [EGI C"K LG\C G\KCN CG[K BN[ KBR\C
FVGY\F LG\C ZJVR BGFG ,G[[I [PP\F OKPKN .("[EGI C"K ETG QBMP
ZGHIK BN KBEG BGF) OKKY\K GBR\[ ZGZC NTCF N[ G\GP \GCYTC .FZGPBF
Z\GP OBF FNB[F \B EGPN\F ZZGTP \BH NMCG ,(...[EGI C"K LG\C G\KCN
BKF BP[ GB ,(OGCKK FMKZX FRKBG F[GZD BKF KZF[) EKP B[RKFN F[KBN
LG\C G\KCN CG[K BN NTCF’[) KBR\F[ KEM FVGY\F UGS ET QK\PFN FMKZX
O"CPZF ONGBG ,FNB[C TKZMP GRKB EGPN\F 54.NTGVC OKKY\K (’[EGI C"K
C"K GZCTK[ ET QK\PFN FMKZX F[KBF[ YSVG FKKR[F \GZ[VBF \B WPKB

FBZR ZIB OGYPC ,QMB .IX ’PT ,J YZV ,\GYHIF ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[ 53
\ Z K Z C \ B O K E E XF N T O K VG M O K B R\ F K Y G I G K V N[ , Z I B N EG P WP B P V GY [ CZ F [
\ N TG V F K R\ F F G , \ G N I F O G K Y N [ B K F N EI P F \ Z K Z C K B R \ NM C [ O K T CG YG , N EI P F
Q CB Z V SC O K TK V G P O K Z CE F . F P K K Y\ F B N K B R \ F \ [ K Z E[ F Z YP C \ G N I F N G J K CN E K P \
F R F " : ( H " P [ \ O K N[ G Z K ) H X [ = G X [ ’ P T , V G Y [ C Z F \ B P F Z K ZC K R K K RT C Z G T K [ , Q GK X
O Z G D K B R \ F O G K Y Q K B [ , N " H O K R G [ B Z F N M P | [ G Z K V C= ~ B K E F N I M G P O K B R \ K R V G B N M C
K B R \ F M "I B O K K Y \ R B N [ F P O ZG D F [ T P F O [ NG J K C [ , LV K F N Y Z , F [ T P F O G K Y N
NM F[GT OEBF GNKBM OKC[GI GRB OKRKRYC OEB KRC F[TP NM FRFE FBZR ORPB |...~
O G YP N GZ K C I L N K B N O B [ F R \ F [ Z P G N LK K [ L K B G , G Z K C I \ G [ Z N Z C EF S RM G K [ QK R T F
B G F [ GE K I Y Z ! Q VG B O G [ C Z K G XK B N F H Z CE K M , O G NM G K [ M T N [ F CK S F B F K B N K R G NV
K R F P E K B R \ C Y Z GK [ TP GN K T GK B N [ { L M C F R\ F O B [ , O K B R \ K R K E C F Z G\ F [ EK I [
F [ T R [= ~ O G E Y F F [ T P F B G F Q K R Y F N G I N \ P Z G D F F C K S F \ P B C E B X P R G . | N K T G P [ = ~
B N F ZG \ F E , K B R \ F K EK = NT Q G T Z K D G QG Z S K I O G [ O E GY F K F B N K M , | F K R \ F F \ T [ C
O B N C B , F [ T P F | N K T G K = ~ K R F K B N [ G R G X Z K V M U G S C N B F K B N O B [ | B N B= ~ Y Z F [ E K I
K V M Q K R T F Z B [ R G , O G N M F Z G \ F F [ E K I B N | F H Q G D M C= ~ B R G G D K B F M C { K B R \ F O K K Y \ R
. " B ZY K T P E F [ T P F I G M
KBR\F OGKY \B [GZEN OTJF[ G[ZKV[ ’BFE’ F"E \GVSG\ GBZG ,C"T ,GT QKJKD ,KNCC 54
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|67~
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GH FYKSV KSBNYF KCKJYBGZJZF NEGPF KVN 55.B[RKFN NMG\ HB YZG ,[EGI

ZCM OKTEGK GRIRB[ LMC KE QKBG ,NTGVC OKKY\K KBR\F[ LKZX TGEP .FFGP\
\[ZGDP F[KBF FKF\ KBR\F OGKY OT KZF ?OKKY\FN EPGT BGF[ GK[MT
NEGPF KVN 56!\[ZGDP ZCM BKF F\T ZPGNM ,JDF \RK\R TDZP \KCKJYBGZJZ
IKRR OB \RCGP \GKFN FNGMK GH FYKSV ,\BH \PGTN ,KCKJYVSGZJZF
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\GNIN FCKS FKFK (’[EGI C"K LG\C FBKC KB’) NTGVC KBR\F N[ GPGKY
ET \[ZGDP FRKB F[KBF FHF FZYPC .TZVPN BCFNG QBMP QK[GZKDF
FRPNBN \C[IR BKF FVGY\F LG\C ZJVR FNTC[MG ,KBR\F OKKY\K[
OG\C) KBR\F OGKY \T[P YZ .(ZIBN B[RKFN FZGSBG OGCKKN FYGYH[)
OGKY OD LB ,JDF \RK\R QPHP F[GZDN \C[IR BKF ([EGI C"K N[ FVGY\F
.KCKJYBGZJZ QVGBC OKKRKCF \VGY\C FCXP \B FR[P GRKB KBR\F
FH NEGP .OKKEK\T OKBR\ N[ O\NGTV LZEN USGR NEGP TKXF VGY[ CZF
NT BGF OD SSGCPG ,OKKJV[P YVS KCXP N[ OCKJ ZCEC F[EI FRCFC ZG[Y
.’TZVPN BCFNG QBMP’ \GKGNI N[ Q\NGI\ ZCEC \KCKJYVSGZJZF FIRFF
N[ GNGJKCN GB GPGKYN ET ,OKKRKCF \VGY\C \GNIF N[ FCXP[ GRKKX NKTN
FNB[F .FNI FRKB BKF[ GB FNI \GNIF[ GB :KZBRKC BGF ,KEK\TF KBR\F
KBR\F OGKY N[ GIGMP \K[TR[ \GR\[FF KFPG NEIPF \ZKZC KFP YZ F\KKF
FCXP KCDN \K[KN[ \GZ[VB VGY[ CZF FNTP ZIB OGYPC ,FRFG .GNGJKC GB
’F[NI’ \GNI FNI GNGJKC GB KBR\F OGKYN ET :OKKRKCF \VGY\C \GNIF N[
Z[B ,VGY[ CZF N[ [GEKI BGF ’F[NI \GNI’ N[ FH D[GP .(’F[GNY’ GB)
CXPN FTKEK ZSGI N[ KCKJYKKCGS CXPP YVSF CXP \B LVGF F[TPN
F\GB [ZKD FNTC[ F[KBF \PDGEN ZGHIR .’F[NI \GNI’ N[ KCKJYKKCGB

K\BC BN OB GK[MTP LKJKD FH KZF’" :BK FMNF ,J YZV ,QK[GZKD \GMNF ,FZG\ FR[P 55
BGCK[ Z[VB=KB[ V"TB ,[EGI Z[T OKR[ LG\C \P |...~ ’[EGI Z[T OKR[ ETG QBMP
Q K E M , O GC K N F YG YH B K F [ F Z YP C Z P GN M= ~ O C K O G YP C B [ R \ B N , \ [ Z GD P B K F K Z F G
E K D P G B Z G . " K B R \ F O K K Y\ K [ M [ E I Z [ T O K R [ Z I B ET | O K E NK B NN \ P F NT C[ F R P N B
Z B C \ P " : C \ G MG N " R F O " C P Z F \ M N F \ B J J XP [ , C M F MN F , I YZ V , Q K [ G Z K D , F R[ P
M " VT B , B G CK B N K B E G \ P [ QG K M E , O K RV O G[ C K B R \ F O K K Y \ K [ Z [V B = K B [ V" T B [ F H P
YGEYE FHG |...~ NTGVC OKKGYP FKFK[ ET F[GZDC F\GB QKYKHIP QKBG \Z\GP FRKB
. " | O " C P Z F= ~ G R K C Z N M [ N T F Z G P B N V R
BEGFK QGTP[ KCZ K[GEIC QMG ;HX ’PT ,K YZV ,C ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[ GBZ 56
.(48 FZTF NKTN) G QPKS ,QKJD \MSP ,QFMF

|68~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

FRKICP[ LMC I\GV VGY[ CZF .’[EGI C"K LG\C BGCB BN OB’ GK[MTP
KZF[ ,\[ZGDP=YVS N[ BGF OKKRKCF \VGY\C F[KBF N[ FCXP \K[TP
F[KBN ZGSB LM OG[P .BN GB OKKY\K KBR\F OB QKKET TGEK BN GH FVGY\C
HBG ,[EGI C"K LG\C ZGHIK FNTC BP[ [[IFP ,OKKRKCF \VGY\C B[RKFN
.ZHPP KR[F FNTCP FRCG FBG[R QKKET BKF[ ’TZVPN BCFNG QBMP’ ZZC\K
QGZSIP TCGR[ KCKJYKKCGS YVS GRKB FH QK[GZKD=YVS[ QTGJ VGY[ CZF
ZPGNM ,’KCKJYKKCGB YVS’ BNB ,GZG[BN F[KBF N[ FCXP GFP FTKEK
F[KBF OKRG[BZF OK[EGIF C"K L[PC GC[ CXP NTCF ZXK KBR\F \GTXPBC
57
.’OK[GNY QK[GZKD’ N[ CXPC ZPGNM ,’\[ZGDP YVS’ N[ KBEG CXPC FKF\
.KRG[NF ECGZC \GIVN ,\KJSKNZGJR FCK[I UY[P ’OK[GNY QK[GZKD’ KGJKCF OXT 57
D [ G P M ’ Y VS K [ G Z K D ’ N [ O P GK Y I K M GF N K E M F K NT SS C\ P V G Y[ CZ F [ \ K Z YK T F F M NF F
F [ K B [ E Y P F Q K K R T C \ K E G P N \ F F M NF F B K F , F T K E K ZS G I P T C G R GR K B [ K C K J Y K K C G B
G RK B F H F Z Y P C YV SF [ Q TG J V GY [ CZ F . YV SP \ GZ G SB Q NG M [ , O K [ R [ P I L G \ P \ I B
\ P K K G S P F [ K B N Q G G M\ F B N GP XT B G F O D Q M [ , [ E YP F Q G G M\ F K P N F TK E K Z SG I P T CG R
F [ K B [ ZP G N Z [ V B = K B L M O B G , ( Q GG M \ F K P N Z P G N Q P B R F K F QM O B [ ) [ P I F L G \ P
\ I B F [ K B F [ E Y \ R LK B " QM [ , B K F K P O K YV G SP G R B [ B N B \ G B E G C \ [ E G YP \ I B
Q P O B F ?Q K [ GE Y F Q K RT B Y G E F K N T N K J F K P ?F K R [ F B N G F Z G P D \ [E G YP B K F [ Z P B R[
F H G ?Q K [ GE K Y F Q K R T N G I K F K N T[ F K R [F Q P Z \ G K \ I B F F T [V F P C ?F N G R YF O K P [ F
F Z Y P C[ [E I P B G F Q B M P G . (O [ , Q F M F B E G F K Q GT P [ K C Z K [G E I ) " Q G K TZ F N K F C P Z CE
O B [ G P M , Y V S L ZE C GN Q NG M \ G E I GK P [ , O K [ RF |[ P I ~ NM N T \ G M H G Q K R Y F [ T R " F H
Q K [ G E K Y F G [ T R F H L ZE N T Q M G P M , O K Y V G S P G R K K F [ F C Z T \ R G G N \ [ E G Y P \ I B F \ K K F
, F [ E I \ K \ M N F F K Z G D K J Y GZ X K O K K CK J Y K K CG S F YV SF K CX P , Z P GN M . " F N K I \ M N B M F
. K C K J YK K C GB YV S N[ C XP Q K T P M F N K I \ M N F \ G B NK I F N Q\ K R[
QKCG ,CPZ ’PT ,CM YZV ,D ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[C OKZCEF NT ZHI VGY[ CZF
[ E Y P F ZZ K C B N[ , O K [ R [ P I P \ I B F [ B [ EY P C F R F E " : C \ G M B GF Z B [ F
\ K \ K P B F \ G B K X P C E ZP GN Z [ V B L K B , Q K [ GE K Y N \ E I G K P F K F \ Q F P K P \ [ E Y \ P F G
\ E I G K P F [ B O K P [ F Q P G EI K K F C K SG O T J F HK B P , QK [ G EK Y N \ EI G K P F [ B F E I K K \ R
K B F M N M E , Z P G N Z \ G K F B Z R B N B ? O K [ R F Z B [ P Z\ GK \ EI G K P F G \ [ E GY P F B K F B F \ [
NME QRKZPBE BFG |...~ QK[GEKYN \EIGKP F[B FEIK\R BN \K\KPBF \GBKXPC OD BRGGD
B G F F H B P [ B GF YV SF \ Z G \ E B P NT E \ G YK VS Z B [ M GR K B , YV S \ P I P F Z G SB B E I
,Z\KF KBEG ZB[FG ZGSKB KBEG \IB[ BKND BN BKP[ KPY ODE |...~ \GBKXPC KBEGF
. " G HN G H Q K C NE C F Q K B G F P F O K G G [ QN G M Q M O D \ K \ K P B F \ G B K X P CE
Z M HR B N K \ T K EK CJ K P N [ , [ EI D [ GP B G F F NB O K Z [ YF C ’ K C K J YK K C G B Y VS ’ N [ D [ G P F
Q G D M , K CK J Y K K CG B Y VS K C XP M O K Z E D G P [ O K K \ M NF O K CX P [ K , O R P B . V G Y[ C Z F K R VN
B G X P N [ K [ QM \ K K , C D B G . ’ \ G K G NI ’ B N L B , F N K N Y VS O G K YV S B G F [ ’ \ G [ P [ F Q K C ’
ZCEP[ ,(1927 \R[C ISGR[) DZCRHKKF N[ \GBEGGF=KB QGZYTC FH QGKTZN OKKGSP QGKPE
G R K B [ , Q G Z J YN B F N [ G \ G Z K F P N G GP G Y K P N S I K C ’ \ K CK J Y K K CG B ’ G \ K \ G F P \ GB EG = K B NT
. J YK K C G SF N[ F T K EK Z SG I P T CG R

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 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

F[KBF N[ FCXP \B BCFNG QBMP BGVB TCGY ,GNGJKC GB ,KBR\F OGKY

OD (GNGJKC GB KBR\F OGKY) ’\KCGKI FCKS’ LKZX FH LNFP KV=NT .TZVPN
N[ CXP BKF NEIPF \ZKZC Z[BM ,BNPF GNGJKCN ODG JDF N[ BNP OGKYN
,NKTN GRZMHF[ O"CPZF \YKSV \B VGY[ CZF ZKCSP QBMP 58.’QK[GZKD YVS’
,QK[GZKD=YVS N[ CXPC \BXPR F[KBF GNGJKC GB KBR\F OGKYN ET[ QTGJG
KEM ,[EGI C"K GZCTK[ ET QK\PFN FMKZX BKF QMNG ,OK[GNY QK[GZKD OF[
59
.OKZGPD QK[GZKDN ’TZVPN BCFNG QBMP’ GMVFK FK[GZKD[
,GH FKDGSC VGY[ CZF \JK[C QE ,77=76 ’PTC ,(37 FZTF NKTN) OFZCB NBMKP CZF
F B G[ R’ N [ C XP C B K F F [K B F , GN G J K C G B K B R \ F O G K Y E T , O K K RK C F \ V GY \ C [ Q K CP G
E CG Z C" K [ G Y Z Z G TP F H L N F P [ L[ P F C C\ GM B GF G H F R CF K V= NT . ’ E I K O D \ [ Z G D P G
YV S B K F [ F K TC GR V YT . \ K R P H GC F [ GZ D B N G F [ G Z D \ G K F N F N G MK F [ K B L K B : K D G N F
\ G K \ K K T CC LM N T G RP NK [ O N GB , (Q P H F Z K XC F M GV F \ G K \ C K S) \ K D G N YV S \ K N Y K HK V
. " Z \ G K F CZ F F Z GP I Q CG P M B K F [ , ( E I B B [ G R C O K M VF K R[ \ G B K X P ) N K NT C \ K D G N
N [ CX P O RK B ( ’ O K [ G NY Q K [ GZ K D ’ G ) ’ O K [ G NY Q K [ GE K Y ’ [ I K R R O B Z \ V K K F H K [ G Y[ K RP G E
. K CK JY K K CG B YV S N [ CX P BN B ’F[G Z D ODG F BG [R OD ’
QKRTE" :83 ’PTC ,G QPKS ,QKJKD \MSP ,(29 FZTF NKTN) QFMF BEGFK QGTP[ KCZ K[GEI 58
\ G B K X P F Z G Z K C B G F [ [ Z V N O K N K D Z G R B [ , G J G [ V K VM GR K B QK [ G EY CG O K RK R Y C K B R \
B G F K B R \ F O K K Y \ R B N [ M G F [ T P F O K K Y \ R Z C M [ O K T E G K G R B K B R \ F O GK Y C [ G R K K F , ZC T C
\ [ EG Y P F K F \ K B R \ F O K K GY K O B [ F X G Z[ Q G K M B NB , O N G T P N I B N[ Z C T C \ G N D \ F
E T G K [ M T P F K F K [ F X G Z K Z F , F K G R V M F K F \ | K B R \ F O K K G Y K B N O B= ~ L V K F N G , G K [ M T P
Q K R Y B G F , Y VS F EX NT F N K I \ P F [ GT [ K M K F N MG . \ [ Z G D P G \ [ E G YP Y VS C K B R \ F O GK Y
K B R \ F Q K R T F H K VN E Q V GB C . YV SF E X N T F H M F [ T P F K F K [ Q V GB C Z GS K B \ K K [ T G B \ G MH G
, Y V S F Q K EM , O K [ G N Y Q K [ G Z K D G Q K [ G E Y Y Z G K [ M T P F K F K [ QK [ G ZK D G B Q K [ G E Y F [ G T [
. " K Z P D N G N J C K { O K K G Y K B N[ M G , K ZP D N GZ P D K H B K B R \ F O K K GY K [ M G
N[ G\[KV\C KGRK[F NT EPGT ,8 FZTFC ,76 ,(37 FZTF NKTN) OFZCB NBMKP CZF
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|K=J YZV ,C ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[=~ N"RF C ZT[C .QGTP[ ’Z N[ G\GR[ZVC
F N D P Y Z B G F [ Q K C F N D G F R [ K V M B N G , \ G N I F \ B ZX G K [ O Z G D F B G F K B R \ F [ Q T G J B G F
B G F , Z [ K = K Z T [ K Z I B C\ MR [ O K B R \ F SZ J R G YC . F \ GB Z XK F [ T P F O B F T Z VP N
( Z [ K = K Z T [ C [ F SK V \ F S K SC NT Y Z F \ G B Z P G N Q\ K R [ F R T J ) QT G J G F B N F O E Y \ P
S ZJ R G Y [ O F Z C B C Z N QK K R P T E G K K R RK B . "Y V S QK T M B GF K B R\ F O G K Y E T C X P F [
Q M[ , L G VF B YG G E F K F F C K \ M F Z E S[ F B Z R F Z G B M NG , Z [ K = K Z T[ Z I B N C\ MR O K B R\ F
F P E Y [ , H N J \ VG Y\ P B G F S " [ F NT V GY [ CZ F K [ G EK I C S VE R [ Z P G I F NM J TP M
.1928 \R[C Z[K KZT[ N[ GPGSZVNG G\MKZTN FR[ OK[GN[MC
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O G K Y C O K R E [ | G R K N T N C G Y P [= ~ Q N B P K K Y E B F G " : ( B Q P K S , \ G C G \ M \ M S P , F P G E C G )
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|70~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

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,KBR\ NT QK[GEKYC ZCGEP OB QKC ,ZER \GNIC ZCGEP OB QKC ,TZVPN
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\GPGYPC .OKKJSKNZGJR OKNGYK[P K\RCFN FTCR (TZVPN BCFNG QBMP)
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(DDG[C) ZCT KRGNV[ F\T ZZCGF OBF .KRGPNB N[ BNB KRGNV G\GB N[ GRRKB
:C\GM BGF LMG ,\KNKN[ BKF VGY[ CZF N[ G\CG[\ ?NHD ZGSKB NT
|FNJC BN=~ NJC GRKB |GN[ GRRKB WVIF[=~ ZZC\P[ ZIBN OD NCB
HB FKFG ,TGEK FKF BN |[BZP=~ BZYKTP OGYP NMP KZFE ,TZVPN G\GMH
FP ON[N CKKGIP ZGZKCF ZIBNE ZPGN ZC\SPE UBG .QM DFR\FN QKEF
FH QKE OD NCB ,GN[ GRKB ZCEF[ ZZC\R OB ,ZCEF QP ZSI GB FRFR[
FH QKE[ BNB ,GH FDFRF F\KF \GTJC[ TZVPN ZCEF FND\R[ GPM GRKB
FCZFG .BZYKTP FRFR[ ETC ON[N BCFNG QBMP NI QM OD OKPGN[\ N[
QKRTF BGF \PBCG ,TZVPN NI[ QRKZPBE ,S"[C GRKXP FHC BXGKM OKRKKRT
60
.TZVPN QGEN QKEF NI BCFNG QBMP[
KRKE ODE BXPRG |...~ GK[MT N[ FTKEKF KVM ZCE NMC QGEN FZG\F \ZKHD \GNNMP GFH
Y VS QK E Y Z G K NT F K F B N O E GY P E G RK K F , M " I B O K R K E \ G [ E I \ F Q M= O D O F \ G Z H P P
Z G ZK C GR K B T Z V P N K R K E N M F H K V N G . Z G P D Z [ M GB Z G P D Z HP P F [ T R M" I B Y Z G , Z H P P
|...~ ZCMP FTKEK GRN F\KF[ QVGBC GPM BCFNC QGEN FZGPD \G[EI\F YZ ,ZCTNC
, N T G V C GN G J C G K B R \ F O G K Y LK Z X E F K N B Z K C S [ , N "H O " C P Z F \ J K [ Q K C F N N M GR F H C G
G RK K F , B C F N N [ \ G [ E I \ F C YZ , T Z VP N Z CE F Z P D GK [ NT G V G R K B K B R \ N M[ Q GK M E B G F G
G R K B \ P B C N C B , Z C M \ [ Z G D P M QG E N H B G R K E[ Y Z , Z C E F ZP D R L NK B G K B R \ F O G K Y P E
\ T K EK YZ G RN F Z S I H B [ | Z P B R [ = ~ B P K R E , Z CT [ Q P H F \ GB K XP C B \ N K P K G NK D
Z P G N [ K F H K V N G . J D F Z P D Q K RT [ EI P GP G K Y C K B R\ F [ B NB , G K [ M T N [ \ G B K X P F
Z Z C\ R G K [ M T [ U B , [ E G I C" K L G \ C \ P G ’ [ E G I C" K E T B GC B B N [ \ R P NT ’ F R \ P C
, L M N EP G T F K F B N F [ T P F \ K K [ T \ K [ B ZP [ Q G K M P N C B , K B R \ F O K G Y K B N K B E G [ ZC E F
F G F K M F O G [ P G , | [ EG I C " K G Z C T K [ Z I B = ~ [ EG I C " K F B GC K [ QP H C Z G ZK C F K F K [ Y Z
Q K [G Z K D O F [ YV S K [G Z K D C F \ G B [Z K D G H F VG Y \ N [ G RK K F =~ [E YP F E X P Z G K [ G P M
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|71~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

FZYP QM[ ,ZCTC (\GNTCF) ’QKKRYF \GNI’ \NB[C QBM YSGT GRKB VGY[ CZF
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ZZCGF OB OD[ QTGJ BGFG ,ZCTC GNI[ \GDFR\FF KNNM \NB[C VGY[ CZF
QKB ,FM=ET GRC[I[ KVM KRGPNB N[ BNG KRGNV N[ FKF WVIF[ TZVPN F\T
G\GBN GN GZK\F[ YVSF KNNM GNI ,\PB QPHC ,ZCTC[ FECGTF \B FR[P FH
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TCGR GRKB FH LNFP .KRGNVN LKK[ FKF BN ONGTP WVIF FKVN[ F[EIF CXPF
OKZGPB[ ’\GDFR\F KNNM’ N[ O\GTP[P IG\KRP BNB ,\KJSKNZGJR F[KDP
\KCKJYKKCGSF FTKEKF CXPN OB\FC EKP\ OKNI OF QMNG ,\GDFR\F QGGMN
61
.QTPRF N[
\VY\[PF \KCKJYVSGZJZF FCK[IF .FM ET WCGYPFP FNGTF \B OMSR
QVGBC \KJV[P \GNI NKIFN Z[VB KB[ FIKRP ’TZVPN BCFNG QBMP’ IRGPC
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\KSJKNZGJR F[KV\PG \GKJV[P \GKGNI N[ \KDGNGJRGB F[KV\P \TCGR GH
.KHKVF ONGTFP \ZMGPF \GKYGIF \B ’\KJV[PF \GBKXP’F NT FNKIPF
LM \KJSKNZGJRF F[KV\F KV=NTG ,ZCTF \B \GR[N Z[VB=KB KHKVF ONGTC
FTEG\C YZ \G[TKFN NGMK ZCTF KGRK[ .\GK\MNFF \GKGNIF ’ONGT’C OD BGF
FC[ LZEF \B ,ZCTF \RGP\ \B \GR[N Q\KR .KCKJPZGRF ONGTCG \K[GRBF
F[EI FRGP\ NT GSSC\K[ \GDFR\F KNNM TGCYN Q\KR OB\FCG ,ZCTN SIKK\R

TCGY K\MNFF \GDFR\FF NNM[ IKRR .\GYKVS \GMNFC FZG[Y GH FRICFN \ZIB FPDGE 61
N MB G Z G P B F N N M F K V N T D F R O E B . O K K G SP C XP C Z GS K B YV S N G M B N Z \ GP [
F \ T[ Z P B R O B F . Z G SB F K F Z [ CF [ Z \ G K Z I G B P Z CE F Z Z C\ F F R F G , Z GS K B = Y VS
T C Y ’ \ P B QP H ’ C N I [ Q G M RF N N MF G F T J G P F K F N Y P F \ G D F R \ F F N N M [ GR N ZZ C G F
F \ G B C G K N T NI [ N N MF \ B (D D G [ C ) Z VF O E B G \ G B Q M O B G , Z [ CF \ B NG M B N Z G SB [
N GM B N O E B N Z K \ F \ G D F R \ F F N N M . \ K NK N [ B K F F CG [ \ F VG Y[ C Z F K VN , CG [ ? F T[
Q K B , ( Z GS B Z [ C N M B B G F ) Z G S B = F [ T P L M C F K F [ G R N T E GR G K [ M T O B O D G , Z[ C F \ B
. Q P H G \ G B C NI [ ’ \ GD F R \ F F NN M ’ \ B T ZV P N F R [ P F H

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 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

F\KKF FNGMK ,\BH \PGTN ,KJV[P OHKNZGJRP \ZZIG[P[ F[KV\ .ZCTF N[

FTKRP NM QKB ,ZCTF \B \GR[N Z[VB=KB \KHKVF \GBKXPC OB OD[ QGTJN
NT Z\GF[ ZER[ TGCYNG ,KNBGJZKG ONGT BGF[ KJV[PF ONGTC \BH \G[TN
\GBKXP GRKB GNGM ZERF D[GP KZF[ ,NI BN ONGTPG TZVPN TYV OMI KEK
FHC BXGKMG ;CCGSPN FCKSF \GPKEYG QPHF \GNCDPN FVGVMF \KDGNGJRGB
GEKEN .\BH NCYP GRKB VGY[ CZF ,ONGBG .\GKGNI ZB[G QK[GZKDG QK[GEKYC
FNJCNG F\GR[N Z[VB=KBG ,ZCTC FPKKY\F[ \KDGNGJRGB \GBKXP BGF ZERF
FPG ,BCFNG QBMP YZ ZERF \B ZGYTN NGMK OMIF .KCKJYBGZJZ QVGBC
\GDFR\FF KNNM \ZEDF QKKRTN[ BKF G\GTP[P TZVPN ZYTR ZERF[ GZPB[
.TZVPN ZYTR ZERF G N K B M ZCTC OKRKKRTF CXP \B OKRE GRB BCFNG QBMP
JVG[F N[ QKE YSVC ,KNGB TK\VP QVGBC ,BXPR FPGE KJSKNZGJR LNFP
OKZCEF \B QK[I C\M GCG ,\KCKJYBGZJZ FYKYIC YST Z[B QK[I NB[KP
: OK BC F
OKEIB N[ OCKN \RKDPN ,BGF LM) \GR[N GR\NGMKC QKB ZCTF \B
,GNEIR { GNEIR[ OKNEIP ,GKF { GKF[ OK[TP .(OKZIB CN=\IP[NG
{ GZVGF[ OKZER ,GZERR { GZERR[ OKZER ,GTZKB { GTZKB[ \GTZGBP
QKB F[TRF \BG ,OKCKXRN GKFG OPGYP NT GBVY GPM FNB NM .GZVGF
{ GKF BN[ GB { GKF[ OKZCE ET\NG ZB\N BNB GRIGMC QKB .CK[FN
.NMGR BN O\GR[NG
BGFG GRB GRBZC[ ONGTC ,\GPZGRF ONGTC LMG KP[DF ONGTC LM
JV[P=\GRGZYT QFCG { ZCTC GKF[ \GPZGR . O E B F N [ G I G Z K Z V
BN FKF BN[ FPG FKF FKF[ FP :ZCTN Q\GR[N NMGR BN { JV[P=KNNMG
ZMGF[ QKBG[KR SYJG ,F\[TR KM EIMN NMGR BN F\[TR[ FNGGT .FKF
TKDR[ ET .ZCTC ZMGF[ Z[YM ZB[KK DGH=KRC QKC Z[Y ZXGKM QKE KV=NT
F[Y OB OD) \IB BKF ZCTC[ \PBG ,\PB ZPGN GRKNT YEX \KK[TN
|...~ (FZYIN \EZN
OBF ?TZVPNP NIF YGI BGF FPG ,\KCKJYVSGZJZ FPZGR BGVB BKF FP
|...~ ?\GPZGRF ONGTC GNG ,ZCTF \B \GR[N FNB N[ OIGMC QKB
\ZPGBF FPZGR N[ F[GZKV :ZPBR LMG .FNKN[C BKF FNB[N GR\CG[\
{ FPZGR N[ F\NKI\ OGKC NIF[ ,FH BGF TZVPNP FPXT NKIFN
OFKNT GNI[ \GPZGRF KVN ZCTF QP OKZCE JGV[R EGT BN { EK\TNG

|73~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

OKZCE :ZCEF QGMR \PB .FPZGR F\GB GR\GB FZG\[ KVM BNB ,O\KTC
, \ G R [ N N M G R B N Z C T C G K F [ \ G P Z G R O D ;\GR[N NMGR BN ZCTC GKF[
ONGBG ; F R P H C F \ K F [ \ P B K G R K [ N B K F F R G G M F ’ \ G R [ N ’ F C K \ C O B
GKF[ \GPZGR BN ZCT=K[TP NT NKIR EK\TC KM TGCYN NMGR=OD=NMGR
{ ’\PB QPHC’ GZZ[[ \GPZGR Q\GB BN :OGKM GRRG[NC { F[TP=\TC
QF QNGM \GPZGRF NM .FK\GPEGY NT NKVBFN \ZPGBF F[EI FPZGR BNB
[K LB ,EK\T=KRV QF \GVGX { Q\ZEDF OXT KV=NT { \GKCKJYVSGZV
NT GB OK[TP NT EK\TC Q\NGI\ QKKRTN ZCT KRV UB \GVGX QF[ QFP
\GR[N \GZPGBF \GPZGR KM ,ZPGN Q\KR ZIB IGSKRC |...~ ZCT N[ OKNEIP
BVY ZCTFG NKBGF ;K\YKI\ NTGV \GRC NNM QRKB ,ZCT=N[=\GPZGR ZCTN
N[ WCGY BNB ’\GPZGR’ QRKB GNB QKTP \GPZGR ,TGEKG OKKGSP BGFG
\GRMN UKETP KRB ,ZB[F QKC ,FH OTJP |...~ \GKNBGEKCKERKB \GBZGF
\GPZGRM BNG \GKCKJYVSGZJZ \GPZGRM ZCT=KRV \GVGXF GNB \GPZGR
62
.ZCTN BN LB EK\TN FVK \GKCKJYB D[GPF KZF[ ,\GKCKJYBGZJZ
NTV\ FYKYI[ \GZ[VBF \B QK[I JVG[F OD NNG[ VGY[ CZN FPGEC
,ZCTF KGRK[ BKF GHM \GZ[VB N[ F\GTP[P[ KRVP ,KCKJYBGZJZ QVGBC
BGF[ KCKJPZGRF OGI\C ZCGEP[M OD \IB BKF ZCTF N[ ’\PB’F[ EGTC
YZ \GKFN FNGMK FYKYIF[ TKXP BGF QBMP .’OEBF N[ GIGZ KZV’
NT GR\GNM\SF \B LNKBG QBMP \GR[N GRN FZGP BKF ZPGNM ,\KCKJYVSGZJZ
’\GNM\SF’F KV NT LNKBG QBMP ZZGT\K[ KJV[P QKKRT NMC TKZMFNG ,ZCTF
BCFNG QBMP’ QKCN ’TZVPN’ QKC VGY[ CZF N[ FRICFF [PP GH .F[EIF
\GKCKJYBGZJZF \B NNG[ BGF[M QK[I FNTP[ OKNGYK[F .’TZVPN
QKB ONGBG ,OKKJSKNZGJR OKNGYK[M ,\KZGJZ FRKICP \GIVN ,OKBZR \KJV[PF
NT ZXGR \GPZGRF ONGT[ GPXT QK[I N[ F[DEFF OT EIB FRYC OKNGT OF
\GKCKJYBGZJZF \NCDPN UGVM \GKFN LKZX GRKB BGF[ QBMPG ,OEB KRC KEK
FRICFF QK[I KZCEC FZSI ,QM GPM .K[PPF KHKVF ONGTFP GRN \ZMGP[
\KKTC QKCN \GDFR\F KNNM N[ \KCKJYBGZJZF O\NGI\ \KKTC QKC GRK[T[
\KKTC ,N[PN ,GPM) ’\GKJV[P \GKGNI’ N[ \KCKJYBGZJZF Q\NGI\
N[ G\GVY\=KB GB G\GVY\ QKKRTC ZKMHP BGF[ FPDGEC \GKCKJYBGZJZF

.(1993) 620=619 ,581 (1)IP E"V ,NBZ[K \RKEP ’R KPN\ 4912/91 V"T 62

|74~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

O\NIFG ,\GDFR\F QGGMN OKBC \GDFR\FF KNNM .(ZCTC F[TR[ QKBG[KR SYJ
\GIRFN Z[Y NM BNN ,KD[GP K[GY \ZZGTP QMB KCKJYBGZJZ QVGBC
LMKVN .BCFNG QBMP YZ \KCKJYVB BKF \GDFR\FF \RGGMF QM[ ,\GKJSKNZGJR
\RGGMF BGF FRMG\[ \KCKJYBGZJZ FYKYIN SIKC QK[I KZCE OKYEGX
KNNM’ QRKB[ ’\GKJV[P \GKGNI’ NT ZCGEP Z[BM ,\BH EDRM .\GDFR\F
BNB ,\KCKJYBGZJZ FNGI\ N[ FRTJC KD[GP K[GY FZGBMN QKB ,’\GDFR\F
QK[I QMB OB KKRKTC NGED YVSG ,FYHI \KJSKNZGJR F[KDC OKYKHIP QM OB
OF ’QKBG[KR’[ OKIKRP GRB OB ,NKTN ZGPBM .GHM F[KDN CKKI\FN FXGZ FKF
FCXP[ ZPGN FTKRP NM QKB ,JV[PF KEK NT ZXGRG ZEDGP[ KJV[P SGJJS
BN ONGTP BKF[ TCYR F\TPG ,KCKJYBGZJZ QVGBC FR\[F FBG[R F[KB N[
63
.FBG[R F\KKF

TCY GC ,Z\GK ZIGBP FZYPC USGR QICP KEKN FBC QK[I JVG[F N[ GH G\[KV\ 63
\ K C K J YB GZ J Z O E Y GF HV G P UG N B = C Z N [ N " F XP GZ G Z I [[ F R TJ F \ B N CY N Z [V B = K B [
F N G MK G H F [ Z V . \ SR M = Z C I N Z I C K F N K E M \ [ Z E R F QG R K XF \ VG Y\ CG [ K I Q K K R TN
O G K C . F K F L M F K F [ F [ TP . Q K [I N [ G\ [K D C F K N T G RT CX F [ \ G K \ K K T CF \ B [ K I P F N
\TC .’ZGZI[ \[VGI’ N[ FVGY\ ZIBN ,N"FXP [GZVN HVGP [YKC 11.8.2002
N[ OKNGYK[P 31.7.2002 OGKN \KCKJYBGZJZ GZGZI[ \B OKEYFN GN TXGF ZGZI[F
Z CE M \ K [ TR G \ Z \ GP G \ N CG YP GH M ’ \ K CK J Y B G Z J Z F [ K Z V’ [ G N Z P B R U B G , S P K C G[ K I
K [E G I \ [ [ \ V G Y\ C G [K I C O K K J K Z Y \ G K F N GM V F F N B O K P K [ , F Z Y P F T Z K B . F Z D [ C[
\ G Z K I C C \ S R M Z C I M ZI C K F N H V G P N [ G \ G Z K [ MN K B R \ M Y GI K V = N T G[ Z E R[ Q GR K X F
\KHMZPF \GZKICF \ETG [BZ=C[GK N[ 13/16 P"V FJNIFC .2003 \R[C GMZTR[
\ S R MN \ G Z K I CC E P T G P , HV G P N G B [ Q K K R TC J VG [ F \ J NI F " , F Z [ T = [ [ F \ S RM N
NKTN) KPN\ QKKRTC GPXT KZCE \B QK[I JVG[F JJXP ,(25.12.2002) "FZ[T=[[F
{ BCXC QKXY G\GKFP NEI HVGP ZP KM" :BKF G\RYSP[ ZB[F QKC C\GMG ,(62 FZTF
OGK NMC BNG ,11.8.02 OGKC { \GZKICF YGI N[G EGSKF YGI N[ ORKKRTN :OGYP NMP
Z Z I \ [ F N H V GP Z P [Y K C O GK G \ G B C ; B C XC Q K X Y H VG P Z P F K F O G K G\ GB E T . Z I B
O G K C B CX C QK X Y G \ G K F P ’ N EI ’ H VG P Z P K M Z P G N Q \ K R EX K M K \ T EK B NG ; B CX C G\ GZ K [ P
OGKC HVGP N"BZ NB[R GN .9.7.02 OGKC GB 31.7.02 OGKC :BZY ,11.8.02 OGKN OEGY
[YKC[ KRVN OKKPGK) 9.8.02 OGKC GB ,(N"MJPZM G\RGFM OGKS ZIBN OKKPGK) 11.7.02
K R B , Q M Q M B : F \ K F G\ CG [\ K M YV S Q K B , B G F B CX C Q K X Y O B , ( N " F XC G \ G Z K [ \ B O K K SN
OD \T F \G B \R \K R F\ K F G H FCG [ \ . Z G Z IK [ \ [VG IC ( UG N B=C Z \DZ E C) B CX C Q K XY
F H F O G K F M O D Q \ R K F N F K G [ T F { F E K I K G \ I B F C G [ \{ F C G [ \ F B K F G H G , Q K E F K E K C
Q \K R BN BN K PP { K \TE K BN \Z IB FCG [ \G { FC G [\F BK F G H OBG . O K PK O\G B K C DN
GRB |...~ F[TPN FMNF G\GZK[P HVGP ZP ZZIG[ GC[ OGKF ,OGKC \ZIB TGCYN FKF
GRIGMC KGGKJPZGRF ONGTC ,QMB |...~ ZCTF \B \GR[N GRIGMC QKBG ,GRB OEB KRC ,GRNGM
TE K N G Q K CF N GR K N T F P G [ O N GB G , G R [ V R= \ G GB M G C \ G[ TN ( N G MK C M ) N MG R G \ G B N V N NG I N
G R ZP B ? T Z V P N P F P X T N K I F N \ Z P G B F F P Z G R N[ F [ GZ K V B G V B G F P . G R B O K [ G T F P

|75~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

KBR\F ESGP NT EGT .E

QKKRTC VGY[ CZF N[ ZIB QGKEC FKGXP \KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IN \VSGR FPDGE
KSKSC D[GPM KBR\F [V\R KNNMF JV[PC .OKBR\ N[ O\NGTV KMZE \RCF
N[ ORGXZ NT SSGCP FHGIF[ BKF FIRFF .OKHGI KRKEC KCKJKBGJRKBG
QNCY N[PN LM .OKRG[ OKBR\ \GTXPBC ORGXZ \B OKBJCP GNBG ,OKZ[Y\PF
,TYZYF NT \GRCN ZG[KB NCYK[ LMC QKTYZYPF \[KMZ \YST \B FR\P[
FK\GBXG\ \B OB\FC DKKSPG FYSKTF TGXKCN GN[ QGXZF \B YKGEPC ZKEDP
,Z\GKC NKTK ZK[MPM [P[P KBR\F .TXCP BGF[ FNGTVF N[ \GKJV[PF
.[BZP OFN[ OKSZJRKBF \B FHGIC OKZ[Y\PF OKIKJCP GC[
ZPBR ,BCXC G\GZK[P HVGP ZP N[ GZGZIK[ \PEYFN Z[B |...~ KPN\ \[ZVC LM=NT
\ G K G [ Z F G B Z , K Y X ZH O " N B G R N F Z K C S F [ K V M , \ G B N P K D C G [ K I K M Z G X N O B O D : \ B H
B N G F H LZ G X N ; Z C E F [ T R \ G B N P K D C G[ K I K M ZG X N - N " F X P Z G Z I K [ F \ B ’ O K E Y F N ’
B N K M O K Y NG I QK B G . \ G Z K I C F Y G I G B E GS K F YG I QK K R T N B N [ K B E G GC . Z I B L Z G X NM N
\ B SK R M F N { F I G M C B NG F \ GM P S C B N { K YX Z H O " NB N[ F \ G M P SC N NM F H F K F
O R K K R TN . Z C TF N B O E B \ I N G [ F B NV F = \ Z F R K P N GB B N VF = \ R G MP N H V GP ( ’ N K P ) N " B Z
QKXY G\GKFP 11.8.02 OGKC HVGP (NKP) N"BZ NEI \GZKICF YGI N[G EGSKF YGI N[
H B P O K [ E GI F [ K [ G VN I B N K M { Q K P H I G N NM K V N { F N TK J G[ V C G [ K I G , B C XC
. " \ G Z K I CF O G K G \ G K F N E TG K P F O G K N ET G B C XC Q K XY G \ G K F P N E I
N [ T Z VP N F N G I \ N [ B N G S G J B J S N[ F N B [ B K F N" F X C N K K I H V GP N[ G \ G K F \ N B [
O B F ? K C K J Y B G ZJ Z Q V G B C F R \ [ F G N [ S G J J S F [ Z P G N F K T C F F P . \ G D F R \ F NN M
Q K B TG E P ? TZ V P N F \ G R [N Z [V B K B [ \ K H K V \ G B K X P B K F ’ B CX C Q K XY ’ H V GP N [ G \ G K F
" B N V \ R GM P " C LZ G X [ K T G EP G ? K C K J P ZG R F Z C T F \ B \ GR [ N K Y X Z H P " N B N [ " F I G MC "
, E G TG \ B H ?G N [ S GJ B J SF N[ K C K J YG B Z J Z K G R K [ L Z G XN , Z C TN H VG P \ B I N [ \ [
D [ G P F P Z \ G K [ N I WP B P B G F [ \ GK C K J YV SG Z J Z F D [ G P K M F NG T QK [ I N [ G K Z CE P
Q MB [ Z P G N Q \ K R V GY [ C Z F N [ NE G P F K V N K Z F . V G Y[ CZ F N[ ’ T Z VP N B C F N G Q B M P ’
Z C T C N B [ R HV G P F K F GN K B Q M N G , ZC T F \ B F \ R K [ B N T Z V P N N " F X P HV G P N[ G \ [ K Z V
\ E G YR P O D \ K \ K P B G F R GM R F C G[ \ G H F \ K K F , CG K I C CK [ P F K F G N " F X C \ Z [ P B G F O B
, V GY [ C Z F Q T G J F K F , O N G B G . T Z V P N G ZG Z I [ \ B O K EY F [ Z I B N , \ K G G[ M T F J C P F
, F R G [ Q VG B C Z CT F NT NM \ S F N NM G R \ K CK J P Z G R F N B [ N M N T D G RF NM C , L N K B G F \ T P
,QMB .\GZKICC U\\[FN NGMK BGF LMKVNG ,31.7.02 OGKC ZCM HVGP ZZI\[F GNKBM
\ V GY \ \ [ K Z E N[ N R G K XZ F \ R K I C L G\ P Q K [ I N [ Q K EF Y SV \ B XG \ NT Q D F N F K F Q \ K R
G RK B F H Q K K RT N T CG YF O Z G D F [ \ E P NP F \ K K F G H M F R K I C [ QM \ K K . Y GI C F TC YR [ Q GR K X F
G B , E P T G P F N [ \ K CK J Y K K CG S F G \ T EG \ B N B \ G Z K I C N EP T G P F N [ K B CX F S G J B J S F
G R K B Q M B K C K J Y B G Z J Z Z G Z I [ L M O G [ P G , Z G C K X F K RK T C O K Z C EF K R V \ K B ZP K N G B
O K I S G RP [ O K N GY K [ B NB , F N B O R K B G \ J N I F N QK [ I Q \ G R[ O K YG P K R F O N G B G . K C K J YV B
. K J S K NZ G J R F Q G G K MN \ GJ G R F \ G K D [ G P \ GN C D P M

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 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

K\KKTC VGY[ CZN FBZR KBR\F D[GP OXT[ \GBZN QKKRTP FH TYZ NT
\GZPN \BHG ,(NKTN FRGER[ \GKCKJYBGZJZF \KKTCN ZCTP) \KD[GP FRKICP
CG[ \SRMR QBM .\K\MNFF FCK[IC OD Z\GKC KSKSC D[GPC ZCGEP[
NT FNKIP \KJV[PF FYKJSKNZGJRF ,ZGPBM .FRGP\N \KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IF
\EGYRP QMBG ,KHKVF ONGTFP \GIGYN[ \GZGJYGZJSG \GKRC\ JV[PF ONGT
FNKCYP GN QKB QM[ ,KBR\F D[GP OXT NT QDFN EGBP F[Y GHM JCP
QKKI[ .KBR\ NT FNGTV TXCN Z[VB=KB \KHKVF \GBKXPC !\KHKVF \GBKXPC
NGMK GRKB ,OKPC FBNP FMG\N WGVYN EPGT BGF[ FMKZCF OB TEGK GRKB[
NGMK GRKB OD BGF .OKPC FBNP BKF[ LMC \BH \GR\FNG FMKZCN WGVYN
.FYKZ FMKZCF[ LMC FH GCXP \B \GR\FNG ,WGVYN BNG FXVYPF NT ZB[KFN
QKB[ FMKZCN WGVYN FXGZ GRKBG OKP FC [K[ FMKZCN WGVYN FXGZ QKKI[F
QGMKSF \B NJGR BGF OB JKNIFN GKNT FTKEK ZETF N[ CXPC ONGBG ,OKP FC
G\GBC .GF[NM KBR\ \GTXPBC GPXT \B IKJCFN NGMK BGF QKB .BN GB ,WVGYG
GBR\ NTGV EXKM .KBR\ NT \GNI TXCN Q\KR LKB VGY[ CZF FP\ YGKEC QVGB
[EYPF OB ,L[VR FPP KZF ?FZK[T BKF[ \RP NT F[KBF \B [EYPF N[
QKKI[F \XKVYN KDGNRB) F[KBF \B [EYN KEM [ZER[ FP NM \B F[T
BGF OBG .GBN OB QKCG OKKY\F KBR\F OB QKC \[EGYP BKF[ KZF { (FMKZCN
FRRKB F[KBF BP[ [[IFP QK[GEKYF \NIFN [ZER[ NM \B TXCNP TRPR
KZF ?KBR\F OGKY NKTGK FP { (FMZCN WGVYN [[I[ QKKI[N KDGNRB) FZK[T
!G\GPN[C FNKI\P F[TR BN QK[GEKYF F[TP
KBR\N QKB QMB[ TGCYN WNBR BGFG ,GH G\KKF\N FRTP BXP BN VGY[ CZF
\TVG\ .’FZG\F F[EKI[ [GEKI’M GRKCFN [K BNB ,\TEF \B IKRP ZCSF
KEK NT F\ND\F[ \ZMGP BNG F[EI TCJ \TVG\M G\RKICP F\KKF KBR\F
ZCSF FN OKBXGP ORKB OF OB OD ,FN [IM\FN OKNGMK ORKB OFG OKRTEP
.OFN OKZMGPF TCJF KYGI \ZDSPC \TEF \B IKRPF
N[ OFKZCEC ZCM ZMHR ’FZG\F N[ [GEKI’ BGF KBR\F[ QGKTZF OXT
FR\P OEB QKB"[ ZCGS[ ZKBP KCZ N[ G\JK[C OKRE OF 64.\GVSG\F KNTC
,OKKCKJKHGVSKE BNG OKKJRDGY FZG\F KYGI[ GRKKF ,"FZG\C CG\M[ FP NT
\GKGMHF QF[) ’FRGTG \GSM ,ZB[ FN QKB[ \RP NT’ F[KBF \B [EYPF QMNG

.’\[EGYP GH KZF’ F"E ,B"T ,GR \GCG\M ,KNCC 64

|77~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

GK[GEKY { (\G[KB KSIKG EGDKC ,QGHPN FZG\ QKE KV NT F[KBN \GRYGPF

KZF ?OKPKKY QK[GEKYF TGEP :\GVSG\F KNTC OK[YP .NJC GBR\G OKPKKY
BGF FRGTG \GSM ,ZB[C G\GB GCKKIK QK[GEKYF OB[ [GZKVC ZPB [EYPF
QK[GEKY ZGXKN Z[VB=KB OB[ ZPGN FKF LKZX ,QM OBG 65,OFC QKKRGTP GRKB
!GNJC\K QK[GEKYF[ KZF ,(FRGTG \GSM ZB[C NTCF \B GCKKIK BN[) FNBM
GIGMC[ ,KBR\F ESGP N[ GPGKY OXT[ BKF \GVSG\F KNTC N[ O\CG[\
KRCG ED KRC’ \[ZVP EPNR[) FZG\F YGI N[ [GEKI BGF ,\GNIF \B NJCN
OF[ LMC \BH FR\F F[P .QEZKF ZCTC FNIR NGIRN G[YKC Z[B ’QCGBZ
N[ \GKCKJYVBF QMNG ,(QTRM WZB [GCKM \PINPC OTF KRVN OKXGNI GZCTK
FKFK BN KBR\F[ BKF QFP \IB[ ,\GRG[ \GK\MNF \G[KZEC FKGN\ KBR\F
:(’FZG\C CG\M[ FP NT FKR\F’) YGIN EGDKRC
FGF ,’QCGBZ KRCG ED KRC KBR\’P |GREPN[ BN OB[=~ QRKVNKE GBN KBE
BN GNKVBG ,F[TPF \B NJCP GRKB KBR\ OG[E |OKZPGB GRKKF=~ BRKPB
KRFPE O\FP QRKVNKE B\[FG .OKKY F[TPF { UGSC |KBR\F=~ OKKY\K
BYGEE QRKZPB ,F[TPF NJCN KBR\ |NKTGP[ O[P GREPN[ GK[MTG=~
KRCG ED KRCE |FPGEC=~ BKPGE ,FZG\C CG\M[ FP NT FR\P GRKB[M
.FZG\C CG\M[ FP NT GR\F BN[ ,QCGBZ
ZCM LB ,[ZGVPC KJSKNZGJRF NGYK[F \B OKNTP ORKB \GVSG\F KNTC
N[ EIGKP [GEKI BNB KCKJBGJRKB GRKB KBR\F ESGP[ QGKTZF BXPR OFKZCEC

QVGBC ZCGEP LIZM NT=~ KZKKB FKBR\N FKNVMEC LIZM NT" :(O[) \GVSG\F QG[N FH 65
\ B K Z F F R GT G \ GS M ZB [ K N T L N QK B O B : F N Z P B E , | N GV M K B R \ C J Y R N T C F [
KZF ,\[EGYP BKF |TGEP=~ KBPB QM OB FPK\G |...~ \[EGYP KF\ NB GBN OBG \[EGYP
\ G VS G \ F K N TC . " ? \ [E G YP F RK B [ F RG T G \ GS M Z B [ G K N T F N B F K O B [ [ GZ K V C F R\ F
Q M NG , ( NG V M) N K D Z K B R \ C \ YSG T ’ F Z G \ C C G\ M[ F P NT F R \ P ’ \ K K D GS [ B G V B GR K C F
YN I K Z CE O K B Z R , O K Z C E N [ O V GD N , Q M B . G XZ K \ [ F P G XZ K \ G G[ YF [ F P G [Y F
[ E Y N F X G Z [ O E B C G RK K F , K B R \ C B NG , ’ Z GK [ ’ C Q B M Z C G E P [ , O K R G ZI B F G O K R G [ B Z F P
\ B F R\ P GR K B B G F L B , ’ F RG T G \ G S M Z B [ ’ C G \ G B C K K I K B N [ Q VG B C F [K B F \ B
K N G NK B G" : Q B M \ GV S G \ F K Z C E N T ZD K K B B C K Y T ’ Z Z K T P L M . GF [ N M K B R \ C Q K [ GE K Y F
K N C F \ GB [ E YP [ YZ , K B R \ L Z EC GR K B ’ \ R P N T ’ [ Z P G N F B Z R F K F K B E M K R K B [
, J V [ P F \ GC K \ R [ Z K V QM G ; " F H Q VG B N T G N F [ EY \ R B K F G , F R G TG \ G S M Z B [ \ G CK K I \ F
E GT GB Z G H F K D G S N [ F [G Z K VN . B " C J K Z F O D [Z K V L M [ QK K X P B G F G F U K TS , C K Z QP K S
LNFP TKXP) JP QPKS ,\GCG\M \MSP ,(29 FZTF NKTN) QFMF BEGFK QGTP[ KCZ K[GEI
.LNKBG 176 ’PT ,(33 FZTF NKTN) WK[VKN ;(\GVSG\F KZCE [GZKVN [EI

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 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

LMG .KJSKNZGJRF NGYK[F \B OFKZCE LG\N SKRMP[ BGF VGY[ CZF .FZG\F
: C \G M BG F
KBR\ OG[ FKF BN BZCSPE ,FZG\ F[EKI[ [GEKI BGF KBR\ QKE ZYKTE
F"E B"T GR UE) \GCG\MC \GVSG\F QG[N FHE ,F[TPF \B NJCN NKTGP
QCGBZ KRCG ED KRC KBR\P QRKVNKE GBN KBE K"Z ZPGBG’ :(\[EGYP \B KZF
{ UGSC OKKY\K BN GNKVBG ,F[TPF \B NJCP GRKB KBR\ OG[E BRKPB FGF
.GRN LKZXF |GRG[N QBM ET=~ N"MT .’OKKY F[TPF
BGF QKRTF ,F[TPF F[GT OEB[ FP OKRKRYF NMCE ,BGF OFKZCE ZGBKCG
,QKEF NGIK FH KEK NT[ FH IGM F[TPF GHC [EI\R FRGMFG QGXZ KEK NT[
QRKVNKE GBN KB KMF OG[PG |...~ FHP Z\GK LKZX QKB FRYPF OEBF EXPG
FKF BN ,QCGBZ KRCG ED KRCE KBR\P |OKEPGN GRKKF BN OB ,LM OG[PG=~
|NT~ KBR\ LKK[ BNE GPME ,F[TPF \B NJCN KBR\ OG[ |NKTGP=~ KRFP
NT KBR\ LKK[ BN QM GPM ,FPGEMG KBR\ NT ZGC ZGVIN ,OKEK \NGTV
,QK[GZKDF F[TP ZYKTC QGZSI GRKB KBR\E QGKM ,FPGEMG QK[GEKYG QK[GZKD
LKBG ,QK[GZKD IGM F[GT BGF[ GH F[TPC [EI\R GK[MTP OKRV NM NTE
TZVPN B\NKP KBNDKB ZPGN ,UGSCN KBR\F \B OKKY\ BN[ KEK NT[ Z[VB
GK[MT[ ,LGVKFN ZPBR OBG ?QK[GZKDF F[TPC QK[GZKD IM FKF BN[
KBR\F \B OKKY\ OB[ ZPBR LKB ,QK[GZKD IGM F[TPC [EI\R BN QKKET
GRKNT GRIZGM NTCG ?QK[GZKD IGM QK[GZKDF F[TPC FKF[ TZVPN KBNDKB
66
,OGNM F[TPF IGM GK[MT TZDK[ FXGZ FR\PF QKB KBR\F \PIPE ZPGN
LMC FXGZ[ BNB ,KBR\F OKGYK OB UB OGNM GK[TP GNKTGK BN QM OBE
,NNM QGZSIG QGTZD OG[ KNCG JNIFC NKTGFN ,NKTGPF F[TP F[T[ UB[
F H Q K R T G .QKRTF \KNM\ NJC\K[ KBR\F OKGYK BN OB[ FXGZ OGYP NMP
ED KRCE KBR\C FH QKRT FZG\ F\NDE GBN KB \G[TN OEBF IMC QKB
67
.QCGBZ KRCG
\ZKZC KFP ,OEGYF UKTSC FRGEKR[ FNB[C FEPT QBM JYGR GRKB VGY[ CZF[ FBZR 66
F [ T P ’ N T QB M Z C E P V G Y [ C ZF . F NG J K C G B \ G NI F O G K Y O B F , F B R \ F N[ F ZY P C N EI P F
O N G B G , G \ G P N[ C ’ Q K [ GZ K D F F [ T P ’ \ B G E XP F [ T [ Z D P F [ Z P G N K I Z M F [ Q T GJ G , ’ QK K R Y F
, K B R \ F O K K Y \ K O B B N B O K NI O RK B QK [ G ZK D F O B F , K B R \ F N T GV E X K M F N B [ F F N GT Q K K ET
. K B R \ F N J C \ K Q M O B B N B O K N I Q K [ GZ K D F [ B K F N E I P F \ Z K Z C , L VK F N G B
’Z KZGTK[C OD BXPR FPGE LNFP .GMZ ’PT ,I YZV ,H ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[ 67
\ G V S G \ F \ K K [ G Y \ C [ K K \ P K M F C G " : F R G ZI B N G S V ER [ B " P Z \ \ R [ P Y K ’ X K K C G N G S O K K I

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 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

’QK[GZKDF F[TP’ \B F[T NTCF ,KBR\ NT QK[GZKD N[ FZYPC[ BGVB BXPR

GKF QK[GZKDFG ,(FMKZCN WGVYN QKKI[F N[ FJNIFN KDGNRB) G\GPN[C
FN QKB[ ,\[EGIP LZE [K[ BNB ,\GKR\F NM BNN NGIN BGVB OKMKZX
N[ QGRDRP \GTXPBC QK[GZKDF \GNI \B TGRPN ,KHKVF ONGTC \ZMGP FNKCYP
’QK[GZKDF F[TP’[ \GZPN \GNIF NT JGN[N Q\KR G\GTXPBC[ ,FBR\F
. G BG N P C F[ T R
LM NM FBZR \ZIB FCK[IC[ ,FKR\FF ESGPN SIKC GHF \GN\V\FF NM
\B \[VIPF \KJSKNGZJRF FCK[IFP \TCGR ,GKNBP QCGPG KCKJBGJRKB
KGJKC KEKN FBC \KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IF .KJV[P ESGP NMN \KTCJF FNKCYPF
\KTCJF FNKCYPF \B BXGP GRKB VGY[ CZF Z[BM ,OKZCEF L[PFC OD
\GRG[F \GKGNIF NT CG[IN VGY[ CZF LK[PP FHF CN[C OD .KBR\F ESGPN
GRB OB UBG ,\GNIF \B NKIP QKKRYF F[TP { CCGSPG FCKS N[ OKIRGPC
KBR\F \NGTV \B CN[N [K ,OKBR\ \BR\F N[ \GKCKJYVBC \GEGFN OKXNBR
68
.GRM NT EPGT ZB[R[ KNNMF NEGPF LG\C
Q M F R\ F [ Z I B P K Z F G , O K B R\ F K J V [ P LK Z X K B P N G [ Y F [ , ( K ZF G F "E ) GR U E \ G C G\ MC
F [ TK [ O E B N U G MR K M G , K B R \ F O G K YC B N B F [ TP F \ G [ TN F X GZ G R K B E Q R K H I K Z F
F X GZ G R K B [ Z P B K O B \ P B CE , B I K R K Z F O " CP Z F \ T E K V N Q M B ?G R GX Z M B N [ F [T P F
B M F N CB , G R GX Z M B N[ \ G[ TN G RV G MR B N K B R\ F O K K Y\ K [ M N B N B N N M F [ TP F \ G [ TN
F H Z C EG , F [ T P F \ B ZP GD K B R \ F B F K [ K B R\ F F N G \ E B NB , K Z P D N F [ G T F [ T P F K Z F
G P M , G H F [ T P N L K K [ GR K B [ Z I B Z C EC F [ TP Z P D \ G N\ N N M G K [ O G Y P O G [ C GR K X P B N
B N B , Q V GB F F H C B NB F [ Z D N F X G Z GR K B [ Z P GB GR K B G , H G H O K K \ B P \ RK \ R C J D F NG \ [
B N H GH O K K \ B P K Z F G , O K [ G Z K D F F [ T P O K Z P GD G K F K H GH O K K \ B P \ R K \ R F [ F X G Z G F [ ZD P
Q M NT G , Q CG B Z K R CG E D K R C E C G \ M F \ Z K H D P B GF F H Z CE E B N B !G K [ GZ K D N N N M K MK K [
B C C , K GN F O K K I G R CZ K Z G T K [) " G K J Z V N M C QC G B Z K R CG E D K RC K B R \ E B K P GE Q R K TC
. ( (I "R [ \ O K N [ GZ K ) D S ’ P T , B T K X P
\KNBJRP FNGTV BKF FRGGM .QGXZN FRGGM QKC VGY[ CZF F[GT[ \VSGR FRICF \RKKRTP 68
TX CN Z [ VB K B [ K VM Y GK E C , ’ K B R \ N T’ \ G [ T K F N \ R \ K R F R RK B [ ( G RG [ NC ’ I G P F \ E G CT ’ )
O K R K K R T CX P B G F , VG Y [ C Z F N [ G EK E N , Q G XZ F O N G B G . ’ K B R\ N T’ K F [ N M \ K HK V F N G TV
Q M\ K K LM . ’ K B R \ N T’ \ GK F N N G M K QG X Z . J YK K C G SF N [ F J N I F C F M GZ M [ F NG T V B N G K N B J R P
YZ F [ K B F \ B [ E Y N F X G Z N TC F G , O K P C F B NP B K F O B Y Z F MK Z C N W GV YN F X GZ Q K K I [ F [
G B F M K Z CN WG V YN O B \ K [ TP F F TZ M F F Y Z . H GH O K K \ B P G N Q \ \ O B YZ G B F Z K [ T B K F O B
N [ C K MZ O D N N G M[ ’ Q K [ G EK Y F F [ TP ’ \ B \ G [ T N Z P G N M) F [ K B F \ B [ EY N O B , B N
[ E Y N G B K B R\ N T W GV YN J K NI F N Z [ V B K B G , Q B M N G Q B M N L \ I K F N F M K Z X , B N G B ( F R GG M
V GY [ C Z F Z K C SP Q B M P . ( F Z G \ F F [ E K I [ E I GK P F Q GR D RP F K E K NT B N B ) K B R \ NT
\ G M NF K J Z V Z B [ C G N G V M K B R\ C L Z G X Q K B , O EB F N [ G R G X Z I G M P O K T C Y R [ , O K ZE R C [
\ G M K Z B C K B R \ E F K D GS C G R ZB C F R F E " : Z E GR F N [ G R G X Z I G MP Z Y K T C N I Z E RF K M , O K B R\ F

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 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

\GBKXPN QKE QKC { \GNTC .F

.\GNTCF ESGP N[ \KDGNGJRGBF F[KV\C QGENG ZGHIN [YCP KRB FH YZVC

D[GP N[ GPGKYC \GEGFN OKCKKI GKF GH F[KV\C OKYKHIPF OD[ ZZC\P
.\KDGNGJRGB FRKB[ \GNTC N[ KJV[P
\GYKVSF KNNM .FMNFC[ OKCZF \GYKVSF KNNMC YGSTN FCZF VGY[ CZF
NNMF N[PN LM .YVS KCXPC DGFRN EXKM QKEF \KCNG OEBN OKZGP OKRG[F
FNB[N TDGRC YVS ZZGT\F OB[ FZGP ’ZGFJ { OKCZF \G[ZC FBPGJ YVS’
OB YVS [K[ QGDMG ,OKCZF \G[ZC [IZ\F YVSF TGZKBG ,FZFJG FBPGJ N[
GZB[R \GZFJF { OKCZF \G[ZC \IRGP F\KKF[ FNCRC GTDR \GZFJF
QGKTZF \B BJCP ’NYFN QGPP YVS’ NNMF .YVSP \GBPJ QF QKBG Q\ZFJC
SMR N[ OKNTCF GFKP YVS [K OB[ TCGYG ,’FKBZF GKNT GKZCIP BKXGPF’[
.OKNTCF C[IR BGFG ,G\YHIC BXPR SMRF[ KP \CGJN OKTKZMP { OKGSP
IGMP YVSF \TZMF QKC[ SIKF GFP FNB[F FNGT GNNF OKNNMF NM KCDN
QKC[ SIKF GFP :NBKPT CZF N[ OKIRGPCG ?’\K\ECGTF \PBF’ QKCN NNMF
GRB OB KM ,\KDGNGJRGBF F[KV\F IMGRN \YHI\P GH FKKF\ ?\GBKXPN QKEF
\GZFJ[ BKF \K\ECGTF \PBF OB[ KZF ,OKRKKRT CXPM FBPGJF \B OK[VG\
CZF QMBG .\BH \GR[N NGMK GRKB YVSF NNMG \GBPJ QF { FNKCRC GTDR
\TZMF KNNM[ FTEC JYGR ,\KDGNGJRGB F[KV\C ZGPBM YKHIPF ,VGY[
FKV=NT[ ’\GBKXPF \RGP\’ \B OEBN OKCXTP[ \GDFR\F KNNM OF \GYKVSF
,(FZG[BN ’\K\KPB’F \GBKXPF KFP TEGK GRKB BGF Z[BM) DGFRN LKZX BGF
69
.\GNTCF N[ GB FBPGJF N[ \GBKXPF OXT \B \GR[N OIGMC QKB LB
, B G F [ G EK I ’ F [ T P N J C P K B R \ ’ E B F E , B "T G R \ G C G \ M , \ G V S G \ G C \ M K MF O G [ P E
O B K M N T GV Z GC K E F Q K B O G Y P NM C [ O G [ P , F [ TP F \ B K B R \ N J C K [ L K K [ Q K B B Z CS CG
Q K B E \ G V S G\ F N GF N B ZK C S K M F O G[ P , N T G V F B G F Q K RY F F [ T P F G , F [ T P F N T Q G X Z K G NK D
Z CE B G F [ = ~ K B R \ N T O K N M \ K K [ TG Z G C \ Z K VI G P M K G F E , K B R \ N T Q K RY F F [ T P LK K [
F [ TP GP M K GF E , K B R \ N T L K K [ Q K B , I G P F \ EG C T K GF E , Q M O D F R G G MC Q M G . | K Z [ V B K \ NC
QGKMG |...~ FZG\F BGF NTGVF ZYKTG ,QGXZ \GND\F YZ BGF ZGCKEF[ QGKM OKZERC NCB |...~
B X P R G , K B R \ NT \ NT G V Q M O D F Z G \ F Q MN , F X GZ GR K B F H \ TE NT E , K B R \ F K C L K K [ Q G XZ C[
Q G ZM H F Z V S ) "O K B R \ F K Z E D N M Q R K T C B N QM N , B G F B Z C S { Z E R C N J C P K B R \ [ F P E
.(DM\ ’PT ,(50 FZTF NKTN) WKCNBGP[ I"ZDFN
QKKRTN QF ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[C OKRG[BZF OKZT[F KYZV NMC ZHGI FH QKKRT 69

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 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

QKKRYF \GMH QKCN ’\K\KPBF \GNTCF’ QKC VGY[ CZF QKICP QBMP
SMRC YKHIP[ OEB G\GB .’\G[P\[FG FJKN[’ QKKRTN \TDGR Z[B \KJV[PF
\GMH GN [K LM OG[PG ,YVSF \TZMF NNM IGMP \GNTC GKNT [MGZ ,YVGSPF
\GNTC’ [K[ ZPGN NMGR \GZIB OKNKPC .WVIC [P\[FNG JGN[N
\GCGIG \GKGMH N[ EDB BKF[ ’\KJV[P \GNTC’ [KG ’\KDGNGJRGB
\GNTCC GN KGRY[ SMRC F[KB [EYPF[ VGY[ CZF QTGJ QBMP .\GKJV[P
FRKICP KM ,’QK[GEKY YVS’ BNG OKKBEG QK[GEKY GK[GEKY { ECNC \KJV[P
,ONGBG 70.OKZIBN SMRF \B \\NG ZGMPN GIGMCG OKNTCF BGF \KJV[P
FR\[P FRKB BKFG ,\GBKXPC[ QKKRT BKF ’\K\KPBF \GNTCF’ ,FH NM \GZPN
:YVSF \TZMF KNNM \GCYTC
QKRTN TDGRF NMN YZ NTGV ’FKBZF GKNT GZKCIP BKXGPF’ N[ QKEF ZYKT

F T K VG P G H G \ [ K D . C GZ C N GJ K C K R K EG C G Z F K N NM Q K K R TN Q F G , O K R G [ F YV SF K NN M
CG Z E B K D G S C" Z G TK [ C N [ P N G B Z , O K E K P N \ K C\ MC G O K [ G E K I C O D O K R G [ O K I S G RC
F Z K M H P GH F R I C F . ( LN K B G B T \ ’ P T , J " P [ \ O K N [ GZ K ) E K P \ [ B Z V S C S V ER [ , "C G Z Y G
, N [ P N , GB Z , ’ \ K J V[ P \ P B ’ N ’ \ K \ EC G T \ P B ’ Q K C \ GK B Z K R K EC \ NC G YP F F R I CF F \ B
OKTCGY \GKBZF KRKE ,475=464 ,449 (4)GN E"V ,NBZ[K \N[PP ’R QGNB 152/82 W"DC
O R K B O F L B , Q K EF \ B J V[ P F \ K C TK Z M P F K V = N T [ ’ \ K \ E CG TF C XP F \ R G P \ ’ \ B
. F P XT \ G B K X P F \ B \ G R [ N O K NG M K
SZJRGY NTC \TEN EGDKRCG ,IM=HM ’PT ,I YZV ,F ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[ 70
E P P F \ B [K D E P [ US GR [G E K I VG Y[ CZ F [E I P O K Z CE F L G \ C . F H Q K K RT C \ G Y K VS F
Q K E N E G D K R C \ YG N I P C Q G \ R F W VI F \ B SV \ T CG \ F O B [ B GF G , J V[ P C K D G N G J R GB F
Y VS F K F \ B K F , F [K B GC [E K YG , ( ’ G E K P QK B K XG P Q F M GS V\ ’ Z P B E QB P N G R K K F )
O B G , ’ \ K \ K P B F \ G N TC F ’ \ B Z G P B M \ N J CP F R K B \ K J V [ P F \ G NT CF [ O G [ P , \ [ E GY P
B K F \ K N R G K XY RG V F R K I C P [ \ G Z P N \ [ E GY P F K F \ F [ K B F [ K Z F , ’ K \ K P B F O K N TC ’ F B G F
, ( Q G[ B Z F Y K H I P N G RZ H K I K G F R P P G \ G B B K XG K Q K E F \ K C [ K R V P ) WV I F P \ GR F K N N M G\ B N
G G F | F Y H I F I G M P W V I C F M H B N [ T C G \ F= ~ K R [ F [ E K Y O B , F H K V N G " : C \ G M B G F L M G
, G C [ P \ [ F N N MG \ B N [ U B , B K NT P US M F N Q \ R G \ P B C G N [ W VI F B P [ , YV S K [ G EK Y
K R [ F E Q G K ME , Z P G N [ K F Z G B M NE U B G . O G NM T ZD P G RK B [ F T K EK Q G Z S I \ P I P QG Z S I B G F
G \ G R Y F N G I G MC Q K B Q M G P M , O K J V [ P F \ ZG \ K "V T \ G [ P \ [ F F I M N M \ B E C K B
Z PG N [K FR YP F K E K =N T FB C FBR YF F[ BM K F Y Z E ,Q M G R K B \ PBC N CB . F[ K BN
FRGYF NCYP OB NCB |...~ G\G[ZC GRKB[ ZCEM (FHM QVGBC=) BRGGD KBFMC QRKC[IE
O D B R G G D K B F M C , \ G X Z\ F Y Z , F R Y P F \ T E L K Z X Q K B E Q V G B C G Z K X I G G EK C W V I F \ B
N [ WV I F \ P B C O B , F [K B F F \ RY F H QG E K R C O D K M F O G [P G . F R GY F B RF K Z G SK B C
B K X GK Q K E F \ K C K M= ~ NT G VC \ G[ P \ [ F I GM O G [ F K F K B N F N O D [ U B , B G F [ E Y P F
\ G [ ZN F S R MF K E K = NT F [ T R [ Q K R Y C N C B , | QG [ B Z F Y H I G P N G ZK H I K G W V I F \ B F R P P
. ( ( O [ )) " N T GV C [P \ [ F N F M H K [ L K Z X Q K B

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ZB[K[ ,QGPP YVSC OKJV[PF \ZG\ QKE BGF QME ,\G[P\[FG FJKN[
\PBC NCB .QG[BZF YHIGPF NXB WVIF \JKN[G [GPK[ ZCE NMN ZCEF
{ \PBF ZZCKG GFKNB BGCK OBG , O G N M F R \ [ R B N \ K \ K P B F \ G B K X P F
QKE KEK NT OKNTCF QKRY TYVR BNE ,OKK\KPBF OKNTCN WVIF ZGHIK
71
.’FKBZF GKNT GZKCIP BKXGPF’
FTKCYN VGY[ CZF QGGM\P ’\K\KPB \GNTC’ GZPGBC[ [ZVN Q\KR FZGBMN
,\GECGTF NM GRKEKC GKF GNKB QKEF KV=NT \TCYR F\KKF[ FRGMRF \KCKJPZGRF
FPDGEF OD .KDGNGJRGB OKRKKRT CXP BKF \GNTCF[ FRTJ QBM QKB ,LM OBG
BKF QM[ ,FH ZCSF OT FVK \CN\[P (’GFKNB BGCK OB’) FYSKVF UGSC[
ZZC\P YVSF[ TDZC LB ,YVS N[ CXPN YZ FVK GIGM YVSF NNM[ FBZP
WVIF \B OKZKHIPG [EIF TEKPF KVN \GNTCF \NB[ \B OKTKZMP GRB CG[
NT C[GI VGY[ CZF[ TP\[P OKZIB \GZGYPP ,ONGBG .K\KPBF GKNTCN
,QKEF \TKCYC NNM FKGN\ FRKB[ \KDGNGJRGB \GNTC NTM ’\K\KPBF \GNTC’F
\GNTCF \TKCYN SIKC FPGBP OKZPGB ORKB OKRG[F YVSF KNNM[ QBMPG
\KDGNGJRGBF \GNTCF N[ KGN\ K\NCF FPGKY ZCEC GH FZMF .\KDGNGJRGBF
\KDGNGJRGBF \GNTCN OD[ ZGCS VGY[ CZF[ OG[P \KJV[P FRKICP FCG[I
\KJV[PF \GNTCF :BCF QICPF KV NT ,\GRG[ \GKCKJPZGR \GMN[F [K
SIKC ZPGNM ,SMRF NT OKNTCF N[ \GRGCZN ZG[Y[ FP NMN TDGRC \TCGY
.FHC BXGKMG G\GB [KEYFNG ZGMPN ,SMRC [P\[FN OKNTCF N[ GIGMN
QGDM ,OKNTCF N[ QGXZCG F[TPC BNG \GNTCF OXTC \GKGN\[ \GMNF ,ONGBG
BNG FPFCF NT KEGFK N[ \GNTCF OXTP \TCGR[ FPFC ZGMC \[GEY
:\K\KPBF \GNTCF KV NT \GTCYR ,OKNTCF N[ F[EYF F[TPP
BGF QM" :IN ’PT ,K YZV EGT GBZG .JK ’PT ,G YZV ,F ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[ 71
Q K E FK FK [ G B Q G [BZ F YH IG PF Y VG S PF W VIC FM H K N TG VC FD FR F Q K R TN [ ,FZ G \F Q K E
[ P \ [ P Q M B N O B [ , O F [ P P \ G K G MH K B E G G N B \ G K G M HG , G Y GN I K [ G B , ’ Z C D O K N B E N M ’
B N , \ GR G P P F K RK E K J V[ P K N NM C F Z G \ F J V[ P B G F QM [ Q GK M G . N H D F [ G TG O K Z I B N [ C
YZ BGF FH QKE |...~ OFC FMGH OEBF[ FZG\ FZPB[ \GKGMHF KRKE ZB[P FH \GMH TZD
K S MR K Z E F H B \ P B F Z Z CK G G F K N B B G CK O B G , YV SC Z CE F [ Q P H N M F D F R F F Q K R TN
, M YZ V , B Z T [ , O D GG [ F G . " N T GV C D G F R F Q K E \ P I P TY VR B N O K NT CF Q K K R YE , G F K K Z P N
Z PBR O B U B OK N TC F Q K R Y T YV R BN \ G B K X P C BG F[ K V M \PBF K V N FR FE " : DS ’PT
O K C G [ I Q K E N TD G R [ O K NT C \ Z G\ N M Q K R TN B NB , ’ G EK P G\ GB O K B K X G P Q F M GV Y\ ’
L G \ C F [ G T F O E B M W VI F C J G N [ N \ G MH F G I M F O K J V[ P F \ Z G\ K " V T[ K P O K N TC F
. " O K K \ K P B F O K NT CF B G F K R [ F [ B K ND B K P [ K P Y E UB , G N[

|83~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

QKEF |ZIB OKMNGF=~ Z\C QRKNHB ,OKNTCF \JKN[ IMP BC[ QKRT NMN
,|OKRG[F YVSF KNNM IGMP FTCYR[ \KJV[PF \GNTCF=~ NTGVC DGFRF
C[IR BGF { FH QGPPC JGN[K[ OKJV[PF \ZG\ K"VT FMGH[ KP[ GRKKF
OKRKEF QKKRTNG .NNM OKNTCN C[IR GRKB KR[FG ,KBEG \ZG\C OKNTCN
ZCEF ZB[R ,OKNTCF \JKN[G QGXZ IGMP BN[ QGPPFP OKVT\SPF
K P Y K G N D [ K V M \ K \ P B F \ G B K X P C KGN\ FNB OKRKE[ ZPGNM ,NGY[
TYVR BN K\PBF QKRY[ OG[PG ,WVIF KGRY KPN |OKP[F KRVN=~ B K P [
72
.ZYVFG [GBK KNC
\GNTCF \B OKTCGY[ QKKRY=YVS KNNM O\GB BGF ’NTGVC DGFRF QKEF’
KVM \K\KPBF \GBKXP’F \EPGT GH \GNTC NGP LB .FYHIFF KV=NT \KJV[PF
LNFP KV=NT .YVSF \TZMF KNNM IGMP \NJC\P FRKB[ ,’BKP[ KPY KGND[
SMRF[ FECGTFP \GRFKN FXGZ GRKB GPXT YKHIPF OB[ VGY[ CZF [EIP FH
KZGYPF YVSFG ,GH FYHIFC FXGZ GRKB BGF[ KZF ,G\G[ZC KZYP QVGBC BXPR
GNBP \GZIB \GBXG\N BKCPG ,ZGTKRG ZHGI ’\K\KPBF \GNTCF’ QKKRTC
:FYHIFF KV=NT OKTCYR[ YVSF \TZMF KNNMP \GZHDR[
KNNM KV NT OKRKKE JV[P BGF ,FKBZF GKNT GZKCIP BKXGPF N[ FH QKE
\PIP YHIGPF FMGH HB[ ,FH OT FH OKRE QKE KNTC KR[[M ,JV[PF
O\YHI IM KV NT QKEC EKPTFN OKXGZ ORKB QKEF KNTC OB NCB .G\YHI
\PBC QKEF KV NT DFR\FN OKXGZG ,O\G[ZC ZCEF YKHIFN OKXGZ ORKBG
\PBF NT QKEF ZHIG OGNM O\YHI NKTGP QKB HB ,BKP[ KVNM KGND[ KVM
TYVR BN ,YHIGPF NXB WVIF ZB[RE UB ,KPR KMF GBNCE .BGF[ GPM
FBCF F[GEY QKKRTN KMF OG[PE ,OKK\KPBF OKNTCFP QKRYF \PBC
FDFRFFG \G[P\[F QKRTN YZG ,BGF[ GPM ZCEF \\KPBC KGN\ FKNBP
|LM OG[P=~ KMF OG[P .YHIGPF \JKN[C SRMR BGF WVIF UGDC NTGVC
QKE ZYKTE ,YHIGP QKE FHC QKB G\YHI NT Z\GGP YHIGPF OBE ZPGN [K
73
.GPXTN ZCEF YKHIP \G[ZF NTC[ FP BGF YHIGP

.FM ’PT ,I YZV ,F ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[ 72

.ES ’PT ,HJ JZV ,F ZT[ ,(7 FZTF NKTN) Z[K KZT[ 73

|84~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

QKEF \KC \B OKIRP[ FTZMFF KNNM NGNMP BGF FH Z[YFC ’OKRKKEF JV[P’
TCGY KSKSCF NNMF Z[BM ,YVS KZYPC (\KJV[P) \GNTC YKRTFN KPN
NCB .("FKBZF GKNT GZKCIP BKXGPF") SMRC YKHIPF TC\RN Q\RK\ \GNTCF[
FYHI ZCM QKB[ KZF ,YVGSPF WVIC YKHIFN QKKRGTP GRKB GPXT YKHIPF OB
OKNTCF GFKP’ KRG[BZF YVSFG ,KNRGKXYRGVF OKNTCF BGF KP TCYKK FIGMP[
.GPGYPN ZHGI ’K\KPBF

EIB OGKN \GZKVG UGD ZMGPF \MNF .G

N[ \KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF KMZE \B CJKF FPKDEP[ \VSGR FMNFC QKKTR

G\[BN JD Q\R[ KPC QKEF FP EGPN\F YV\SP 74QKJKD \MSPC .QKKRYF D[GP
FH JDC F[ZDN FXZ[ ZPGNM ,"K\[B \B ZIP ,K\[B \B KB OGKF" :FN ZPBG
?[ZDPF N[ G\[B \GKFN F[KBF \ZHGI OGK ZIBN OBF ,ECNC EIB OGKN
TKZMFG ,FZCS IGMP YVSF \B J[V BCZ BZGPBF[ BCGP FKDGSF L[PFC
ZPGNM ,"FYSV { FYSVE QGKM BZC\SP" :QM[ ,ONGTN \[ZGDP F[KBF[
ONGTN YSVR BGF ,EIB OGKN YSVR QK[GEKYF Z[Y[ QGGKMP[ ZCEF ZC\SP
NT \SSGCP FRKB BCZ N[ G\ZCS KM KN FBZR .[EI\FN CG[ NGMK GRKBG
NT GB ,QK[GZKDFG QK[GEKYF ESGP CGXKTC \K\MNF \GKRKEP N[ OKNGYK[
LG\P \BXGK[ \KJSKNZGJR FKKJR FPXT FC [KG ,\NTG\G YEX KNGYK[
F R K B GH \GNI[ FIKRPG ,QK[GEKYF \GNI \GFPC \KCKJKBGJRKB \GRRGC\F
75
.GKZIBN EKP [EI\FNG ECNC EIB OGKN YSVKFN F N G M K
OKYSGVF KNGEDP ,FRGNXZCP KGNF QZFB ’Z) F"BZF YKSF GH FMNFP ,FRFG
ZMGPF N[ G\GNTC FTYV ,EIB OGKN GZCIN TYZY ZMGPF OD[ ,(D"KF FBPC
:Q"ZF GP[C BKCP LMG .\G\KPXN FRGYN \KRYR TYZYFG KZPDN
.B"T EV-C"T ,DV QKJKD ,KNCC 74
NT KHKVF TCJF KYGI \NIF QKKRTC DZCNKH KZCEN \VSGR FPDGE QBM [K[ QM\KK 75
E CN C E I B O G K N EM Z GC [ N Z [ V B = K B \ K TC J F \ G B K XP C . \ G K \ M N F F \ G K Z G D K J Y F
K E MG , [ E I C X P O K Z X GK F T K Z Y F G F Z K C [ F . E C NC F NY F T [ N ZV \ T G Z Y N Z [ V B = K B G
\ Z K V \ G O K ZC [ F K G I K B N [ F [ EI F N G T V C L Z GX [ K O E GY F O C X P N O K Z C E F \ B Z K H I F N
. E IB OG K N Q K [G E K YF CX P \B Y K SV FN Z [V B=K B [ BCZ Z CG S FH C BXG K M . O K TZ Y F
F [ T P C L Z GX [ K G \ G P E Y N G \ G B ZK H I F N K EM G , [ EI C X P F Z X K Q K [ G E K Y F \ Y S V F
. [ EI QK [ G EK Y

|85~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

Q\GRF[ |GRTP[ BCZ N[ GH FMNFP=~ QRKTP[ BFPE ,N"H F"BZF C\M

BFE ,ONGTN TYZYC NCYP FMH[ ,EIB OGK \GZKVG UGD ,GZKCIN TYZY
76
.BYSV BYSVE QGKME |GRYSF KZF[=~ BRYKSB
\GNTFN Q\KR \GNYCG ,\GYVSP FKKYR FRKB QKKRYN QK[GEKY QKC FKDGNRBF
.ZMGPF N[ GRKKRY \YSVFN QK[GEKYF \YSVF QKC QKICFN OKRG[ OKNGYK[
KM FBZR ,CG[G 77.\GZIB \GKDGS ZGBN OD OKKPKRV OKK[Y \ZZGTP GH FKDGNRB
[KB N[ FCK[IF LZE \B FZKMHP[ ,\KJSKNZGJR FCK[I QBM NKTVP F"BZF
QTGJG ,BKF Z[BC ’\GNI’ N[ FK\GRGM\ NT EGPTN FSRP BGF .TCJF KTEP
\GNI OD[ KZF ,ECNC EIB OGKN TGYVN FNGMK FRKB QK[GEKY \GNI OB[
CG[ FTYV[ TDZCG ,ECNC EIB OGKN TGYVN F N G M K F R K B (ZMGPF N[) QKKRYF
. [ E I \FN FN G M K BK F Q K B
QKC FKDGNRBF[ ZKTPG ,F"BZF KZCEC \VSGR FEGYR NT CMT\P VGY[ CZF
TYV ZMGPF N[ GRKKRY[ NCYR OB OD QM[ ,FZGBMN FRGMR FRKB QKKRYN QK[GZKD
TYZYF \B FRY BGF KZF ,ONGTN TYZYC NCYPF FMH EXKM ZGZC BN ,\G\KPXN
:QKKRY KRKEC USGR ’EGSK’ VGY[ CZF YKSF QBMP ?EIB OGKN YZ
FMH FH KEK NT[ ZPBR[ \EIGKP FKMH F[TR BN ,WVIC FMGH[M OEB NM
G\NGH OEB OG[N QKBG ,EIB TDZ WVIC OEB FMH[ QGKM BNB ,KPNGT QKRYN
78
.GRKRYN YSVF QKB HB ,WVI KBFC \GMH OG[

.B"T ,EV QKJKD ,Q"ZF K[GEKI 76

.\GKDGS FPMP F"BZF NT F[YF[ ,DR UKTS ,IM QPKS ,OKBGNP KRCB GBZ 77
BXGKM .38 ’PTC ,M QPKS ,OKZER \MSP ,(29 FZTF NKTN) QFMF BEGFK QGTP[ KCZ K[GEI 78
E GC M N N C G K F Z V S C S V E R Z [ B , K Q P K S , O K RK R Y F \ M ZT P S Z J R G Y C F C I Z F C C \ G M B GF F HC
Q K B , N N M Z G K [ B N C \ I B F T [ U GD F Q K RY N C Y P F F R Y E Q GK M E " : ( G "X Z \ F R N K G) V GY [ C Z F
, \ I B F T [ [ Z D K [ Y Z | B N B ~ L K Z X Q K B J D C[ G P M , G B G C K [ O K R P HF N T G \ B R YF N LK Z X
Q K B \ G RG P P Q K RY C Q M G P M , Q K [ GE K Y B N C G K N B ZG H I \ [ Z [ V B K B G , G RP P \ G [ K B F F Y S V R E
G K NB ZG H I \ [ Z[ V B K B \ I B F T [ N G\ G[ Z P F B X K E Q G K M E , \ I B F T [ N G N F R Y K [ Y Z LK Z X
O D G . B N K P P Q \ G R F N[ C G [ F [ TR GR K B TC Y[ QP H F T K D F [ U B H B G , [ E I Q K R Y O G [ B NC
O D G B Z G . " O N G T N O R K R Y Y S V R B N | F R G Y F B G F= ~ O K N T C W V I F N T F K F E Q G K M E , G R K B Z Y V F
\ K [ B Z F \ G R C ZF N [ \ G R G P P K R K E N Q K E F \ K C P { Q K E K Y S V O K N [ G Z K \ K \ E F F X T G P F
. ( D "R [ \ , L Z GT , Q K G N C E O F Z C B , F R G [ B Z F Z GE F P ) X = J V ’ P T B LZ M O K N [ G Z K N
E K P \ [ B Z V SC S VE R [ , " K TY Z YP CD B K N J NJ P E G CT K [ Q K K RT C" Z G TK [ C K R[ EX P
QRGC\FN [K QK[GEKYC GB FZKMPC FRFG" :VGY[ CZF ZYGI ,JV\ ’PT ,(69 FZTF NKTN)
G \ G B NT Y Z F [ T R G R K B Q K R Y F [ Z P G N [ K ( B , O N G T N Q K K G R Y Q K [ G E K Y F G B ZC E F F P EX P

|86~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

LMC KEG ,ONGTN G\GB [GMZN LKZX GRKB SMR [MGZF :VGY[ CZF N[ ’EGSK’ FH
KEK=NT \NCDGP F\KKF BN GH FT[C G\GNTC OB QM[ ,FT[N G\GB [MZ[
QKKRY GB \GZKM[ N[ FZYPC N[PN FZGY[ GPM) ZIB OEB N[ \GMH GB \GNTC
KZF ,(ZM[GPF SMRC \GNTC N[ \GKGMH GPXTN ZKK[P OKNTCF OFC[ ,QPHN
.FKNBP FYKSVP FRKBG \G\KPXN NGIN FMK[PP \GNTCF KJPGJGB QVGBC[
:QPHF CIZPC \GJ[V\F N[ FRGM\ [K \GNTCN[ ZPGN Z[VB KZGKX IGSKRC
KZF ,\KEK\TF \GMHF \B GPXTN ZKK[ BN ZMGPFG ,QPHN \GNTC \[MZ OB
79
.YKSVP GRKBG NGIN LK[PP LRKKRY[
QK[GEKY[ QTGJG ,F[GEY QKCN QKRY=\GNI QKC VGY[ CZF QKICP L[PFC
NTCF[ LKZX QK[GEKYC QMNG ,OPXT EXP NGIN OKMK[PP ORKB EIB OGKN
\MNFN QK[GZKDF \MNF QKC F"BZF F[T[ FKDGNRBF .ONGTN F[KBF \B [EYK
F"BZF YSV FKV=NTG ,\GNIF \YSVF \NB[N YZ GKZCEN FSIKK\F QKKRYF
\GNI OD LM ,EIB OGKN FYSV OB \[EI\P FRKB QK[GEKYF \GNI[ GPM[
UGD) EIB OGKN SMRF \B ZMP BGF[ ZIBN \[EI\P FRKB ZMGPF N[ \GNTCF
EIB UB[ ZIBP QM[ ,FBXG\ ZEDC BKF FRGYF N[ \GNTCF \M[PF .(\GZKVG
:KJPGJGB QVGBC OKKY\FN FMK[PP BKF G\GNTC NB OKKBP GRKB ZIB
,GKNT OKZIB OKNTC |QKBG=~ BMKNG WVIC OEB FMH[ QGKM QGPP KRKRY NMC
. O N G T C O K S M R F \ J K N [ K M Z E G F H E ,BNKPP ONGTN GKNT OKNTC BGF
NT F[TKK[ LKZX FHM QKRTG ,QM GRKB WVI \[GEY GB F[KB \[GEY NCB
FNTC FKF NTCF[ OG[P \[EGYP F[B FKF\[ Z[VB=KB NCB ,OEB KEK
OF OKSMRN \GMKK[ GN [K[ OEB NM[ ,OKSMRC YZ LKK[ FHE ,\IB FT[N
\YKSV QKRTN BGF ,QK[GZKDP QGPP KRKKRY EPN[ ,F"BZFG .’GN[’ OKBZYR

Q GK M E , TY V B N G \ O K N TC F [ T R I Y G NF G O K N T CF I G M TY VR TD Z G \ G B C [ Q G K MP G , T D Z
Z P G N [ K ( C ; GN [ B GF O N G TN G , TG Y VN Z [ VB = K B G \ B N K P P G N [ B G F \ I B F T [[
, O N G TN Q MG , F R [ Z I B N G B R K Z I B B P G K NG Z I P N G O GK F N G R K K F , O N GT N F [ T R Q K K R YF [
B G F [ , K R[ F E XM TK Z M P B G F G . " QK R Y F F [ TR LM [ E X P ? O N G TN GN [ QK R Y F F P E XP G
. Q GK T O K M K Z X O K Z C E F QK K E T G . Q B M C \ M[ F P N F ZG B M N E D G R P
BNB) ONGTN GC FMGH BGF EIB TDZN G\GB [MZ OB OD :ZYVF N[ WVI [MGZC OD LM 79
T" X G . E CN C O G K O K [G N [N Z Y VF N [ W VI [G M Z N Z [V B = K B F H K V N G . ( G\ GB Z K Y VK Q M O B
\ G M HN Z I B O E B N Z [ V B N L M C G ) ’ \ G Z K V N U G D ’ Q K K R Y C Z Y V F N [ W V I C \ G MH N Z[ V B O B
Z K YV F O GK G \ GB LG \ C G , E I B O GK N K R G N VN SM R Z K M [ F [ O E B C Y V\ S F N [ K EG T . ( UG D C
. O NG T N SM R C F MH K Z M G [ F [ Z P G N Z [ V B [ , SM R F \ B ( O K N TC F )

|87~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

NTCF \EGDB FYSVR[ QGKMP QK[GZKDCE GPME GRKKF ,QKKRYF |\YSVF=~

QKRY YSVR YZ OB QGPPC QM GPM ,BNKPP \ZHGI FRKB CG[ \IB FT[N
QKEP BGF NCYPF NXB ZB[R[ FPG ,GN ZHIGK[ Z[VB=KB EIB OGKN Q\GRF
{ GC OKZIBN \GMH BMKNG EIB OGKN OKNTC BGF[ NM[ ,QGPPC NT OKNTC
80
.ONGTN GN[ BGF
.KZGJZF ZG[KPC QFG KD[GPF ZG[KPC QF ,\KJSKNZGJR FCK[IC KGGZ FH TJY
KMZE TGEP ZKCSFN FSRP GRKB "ONGTC OKSMRF \JKN[ KMZEP GFH" JV[PF
OKNGYK[N NNM SRMR GRKB VGY[ CZF[ QKTN JNGC .FNBM QF OKSMRF \JKN[
BGF QMNG ,K\ECGT QG\RC QBM ZCGEP GEKEN KM ,KGBZG KGXZ N[ OKRG[ OKKJV[P
:’\GEGSK’ KR[ FH QKKRTC TCGYG ,QKKRY N[ ’FYKSKV’ QKTP N[ FIGSKRC YZ YSGT
.ONGTN NI TDZN NI[ QKKRYG ,ONGTN YSV TDZN YSV[ QKKRY

FMNFF KPMI N[ IGMF \[KV\G FKDGNGJRGB FCK[I .H

FMNFF=KPMI N[ OIGM \KJSKNZGJRFG \KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF \ZDSPC

OKVGVM OKPMI[ BKF FIRFF QM[ ,NCDGPM [V\R OKJVG[MG OKYYGIPM
FMNFF KPMI .\KJSKNZGJRF \GKYGING \KDGNGJRGBF \GBKXPF \GNCDPN
,OKZGSKB ZGSBNG OKCGKI NKJFN ,\GDFR\F KNNM TGCYN ,\GRY\ QY\N OKNGMK
F\GB \GR[N ,\KJV[PFG \K\MNFF \GBKXPF NT JGN[N OKNGMK ORKB OF LB
QKKRY KRKEC FRY\ QY\N OKXGZ FMNFF KPMI[ IKRR .ORGXZM F\GB QMETN GB
FRKICP OKMPSGP FNB OKPMI[ OD IKRR .[EI QKKRY F[TP UKSGFNG
.FKGBZG FCGJ ,\YEXGP OFKRKTC \KBZR FRY\FG ,\GRY\ QY\N \KCKJPZGR
OD GMZJXK FMNFF KPMI .FNB NMC KE QKB \KDGNGJRGBF F[KV\F \ZDSPC
.GN[ \GKCKJYVBF ZGYP FPG [EIF QKKRYF F[TP ’NTGV’ EXKM ZKCSFN
FJK[N ,\TCGR[ GHM BNB ,\KCKJPZGR \GMPS N[ FNCDP FRKB QBM FNCDPF
EGPN\F QE ,B"T EK QKJKD \KKDGSC ,N[PN ,LM .\GBKXPF N[ FCKJP ,GH
\K[TR[ OKCGKI \BIPF QKTP GRKKRT[ ,’Q\[GN[ EPTP QKKRY’C KNCCF
BKF[ LMC FDKZI GH OKCGKI \BIPF .[EIF FMGHFG CKKIF ,F[GRF EPTPC
OKBZGPBF GFP\ LM OG[P[ FBZR .’QKKRY F[TP’ BNNG FZKPBC \K[TR
.39=38 ’PT ,M QPKS ,OKZER \MSP ,(29 FZTF NKTN) QFMF BEGFK QGTP[ KCZ K[GEI 80

|88~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

82
?NTGV BGF EXKMG FH QKKRY N[ GPTJ FP ,ZPGNM 81"?KBP BPTJG" GNB[G
\GKCKJYVBF GKVN[ ,KDGNGJRGB FCK[I QGGKM NT FTKCXP FPXTN[M GH FKKF\
FMNFF KPMI N[ \KCKJPZGRF FTKCYC FKGN\ FRKB [EIF QKKRYF N[
OKPMI .\KRKKRYF \GBKXPF N[ FCKJN F\PB\F \EKPC BNB ,LMN OKMPSGPF
LB ,OKKR\NTG\ OKETK \P[DFN QKKRYF K[TP N[ \GKYGIF \B NXRN OKNGMK
83
.\GKYGIG \GBKXP N[ FRG\R \ZDSPC NGTVN OKZGPB OF

ORKB OPXT QKKRYF K[TP[ ,OMG\C VGY[ CZFG ,OKRGZIBFP YNI GC\M[ FP KVN QMB 81
K E K NT G B O K P M I K E K N T O K T CY R O F K J Z V LB , \ TE \ G Z K P D N K N P Z G V K G J K C B N B
F [ Y G RK B Q \ [ G N[ E P T P C Z M GP ’ Q K K R Y F [ TP ’ N [ G Z ET F , ( ’ B \ P G J K S ’ QK K R Y ) O K Z I G S F
O K R K R Y F K M Z E Q M G " : D Y Z V , D Z T [ , (7 F Z T F N K T N ) Z [ K K Z T [ F H Q K K R T N G B Z . L M = N M
N T B Y G E F K F K [ O K Y G I O RK B [ O K R G Z I B F K NG E D G C \ M , G ZK C I N G K RK R Y P Z S G P O E B [ F P C
Q K R Y B G F { B RG G D K B F M G B \ P G J K S K E K N T Q K R Y ZP D K [ F R K EP F C G Z G P K M S F [ M G , F H K E K
FRYR[ WVI NME" :BK QPKSC ,(78 FZTF NKTN) OKRKRYF \MZTP SZJRGYC QMG ."FZG\FP
\ Z K H D O R K B | Q K K R Y F K [ T P= ~ O K R K R Y E , F Z G \ F Q P O D N K T G P Q R C Z E Q K R Y F [ T P K E K = N T
O D K R F P { F K C K R Y K P N K D K F R E B Z\ B C B \ P GJ K S E K Z C S E O K RG Z I B F Q P [ K G , C G \ M F
C GI F [ L MC WG T R ’ Q \ [ G N[ EP T P Q K K RY ’ C ( K D GN G J R GB F ) K [ G YF [ Q M\ K K G . " F Z G\ F P
G B Z , G Z M GP N F Z GB MN Z [ V B = K B Q MN [ G [ P P G C Q K B [ G Q K TC G R K B [ Z C E B G F Z M P R F
N [ Z G T K [ C \ G MK ZB C G , ’ Q \ [ G N [ E P T P C ’ F " E , B " T , I P Y B Z \ C B C C , K N C C , O " C [ Z
: V B Y [ Q F M F F E GF K Q G T P [ K C Z Q Z P K ZG T K [ P { Q F M E K Z V S C S V E R [ V GY [ C Z F
C Z F Z B C P LM C . ( LN K B G D P ’ P T , E "S [ \ O K N [ G Z K ) C G Y K RH Z C E F EG F K GE K P N \ K C \ M P
\ Z K M P C B YG E Q \ [G N [ E P T P QK K R Y \ B E K P T F N F XZ [ , O [ F K D G S C B C Z K Z CE \ B VG Y[
N K TN ) WK [ V K N EG T G B Z G H F K D G S N [ F [ G Z K VN . CG I \ Z K M P C B NG , [ P P GC [ K [ , QG E YK V
.I\VPC ’Q\[GN[ EPTP’ LZTF KVN ,(33 FZTF
OKPMI GXZ TGEP BGVB ZGZCG ,LZGX GC [K KBEG FH QKKRY[ \GVSG\F KNTC GZKTF[ KVMG 82
F " E , B "T , E K Q K J K D , K N C C , \ G V S G \ G B Z , NT G V B GF E X K M Z G Z C O T J Q K B [ B N B , G RY \ N
G RY \ F P N [ K O T J N CB , \ G RY N NK T G P [ F P [ G Z K V { O T J B N C B \ M NF M : " ’ B \ M N F M ’
N B G P [ O D GB Z G . " O K R K K R Y \ G [TN G I G Z J N L Z J X K B N [ G RY \ : Q \ [N [ E P TP O K P M I
2 ,816 Z[Y UE "[ZEPF \KC KC[GKN GK\GMN[FG \GETN OKCGZY NGSV" ,KRGTP[
G \ Z E D F ’ , ’ Q K E F N [ K \ NT G \ F G P T J ’ Q K C G H F K D G S E GS K N T QK I C F [ , ( B " S[ \ )
. ’ K J V[ P F G E GS K ’ G ’ \ K J V[ P F
FH QKKRY[ ZPGBG BZJGH ZP YKSP ,OKIER[ OKEIB \GRGKSKR ZIBN ,FKDGSF N[ FVGSC 83
F K F K [ B NC F M N F M O K P M I GF RY K \ G G F B [ T Z P G NM , " B P TJ B N C B \ M NF M QR C Z G F R K G [ "
? K D G NG J R G B F N E G P F O T G H F R Y S P \ C [ K K \ P E X K M . \ T E F \ B I K R P O T J G \ N G T V L ZE N
B G F Q \ [ GN [ EP T P Q K K R Y[ B K F F K D GS F \ R YS P E I B F K V N . O K R GG K M K R [ T K XF N Q \ K R
G RK B [ T CJ F K T EP Z Y G I N F P GE C ) G Z K CS F N O K TE G K O R K B F K D GS F K N TC [ B N B , K D GN G J R G B
O K R K K R Y Q K C QK I C F N L ZJ X R K R [ F Q G G K MF K V N . ( F R G \ R \ K N Y K H K V F T V G\ N Z C S F F G F P T E G K
O R K B [ , Q \ [ G N [ E P T P GP M , ’ O K K J V[ P ’ O K R K K R Y Q K CN \ K D G NG J R G B \ G B K X P O K VY [ P [
E D B O K GG F P K R[ F D GS F P O K RK K R Y . E CN C \ K CK J P Z G R \ G TP [ P K N TC B N B O K K D GN G J R G B
F H M Z CS F . ( O K P M I K E K N T GT CY R [ ) \ G D F R \ F K N N M C Q D GT P F \ G K J V[ P \ G K G M H N[

|89~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

F[YP FMNFF KPMI N[ OIGM \B FNKCDPF \KJSKNZGJRF F[KV\F

OKK\MNF OKNNM N[C \GZZGT\PF \GKZSGP \GPNKEN \GRGZ\V TKXFN OFKNT
.JD \GCZGSP N[ F[YF FKTCFG ZGKDF \KKDGS ,\GZHPP KRKE N[PN GPM ,OKRG[
OKKDGNGJRGB OKRKKRT KCXP OF ZGKDG \GEFK ,\GZHPP ,QKBG[KR FKVN F[KV\F
F[KV\C OKYKHIPF FMNFF KPMIN \Z[VBP FRKB ,\PKGSP \GKYGIN OKVGVMF
.FNB OKPGI\C K\MNF KGRK[ NNGIN KEM OK\TN \[ZERF \G[KPDF \B GH
FMNFF KYGIN \GCKGIP FRRKB FH Z[YFC OFN[ \KZYKTF FNCDPF
.\KDGNGJRGB \GBKXPM OFKRKTC [V\R[ FPN \GVKVM BNB ,OKKCKJPZGRF
KPMIPG OKYSGVFP \GKZIB FZKSP BKF .\GRGZ\K OD [K IGMF \NCDPN
OKZXGK OKK\MNFF OKNNMF[ FPER Z[BM ,NKTN GZMHR[ OKZYP O\GBC FMNFF
LMN KBZIB GRKB QKEF \KC \KJSKNZGJRF F[KDF KVN .\GKZSGP \GPNKE
.\KCKSV FEPT JYGR BGF[ LMC ’O[B’ GRKB OD BGFG ,\NCGS JDF \CZGSP[
NTCF NT WGINNG \GSRN ECNP ,FPGBP FH QKKRTC \G[TN NGMK GRKB JG[V BGF
\KZSGPF \GK\KKTCF FCZ FEKPC \Z\VR FHC BXGKM 84.G\[B \B [ZDN
ZHPPC \YEXGP=BN FTKDV OFC GBZ N"HI ZCM[ ,\GZHPPF KRKE OKZZGTP[
QTJ\ \KJSKNZGJRF F[KV\F .GKZGF KBJI NT ON[PFG NCGSF QMSPF
TCGR ZHPPN QKBG[KRF ZGSKB .\KDGNGJRGB \GBKXP UY[P \GZHPPF SGJBJS[
\K\MNF FTKCYP TCGR GRKB[ 85,GF[NM KDGNGJRGB ODV ZHPPC [K[ LMP
ENGR[ YGRK\N FPGEC ,\GBKXPFP YNI BGF ZHPPF N[ ODVF .KGRK[N \R\KR[

, " B \ K K ZG B E N N K T G P G RK B Q R C Z E Q K K RY " [ G Z C S [ O K R G [ B ZF P Y N I \ E P T O T C N \ [ P
F [ B N ZP B G Z I B E K C C G I GN F K F [ QG D MG , Q \ [ GN [ E P T P QK K R Y C F [ K B [ E Y P F [ G
\ [ EG Y P B K F K Z F , " F H E K C K N [ K [ C GI C K N \ [ E G Y P \ B K ZF " O \ [ G N[ Q E P T P C
, L G Z T QI NG [ G B Z G , O I G Z K G R CZ O [ C , I M Q P K S , Z H T F Q C B NT U SG K \ K C ) E CN C Q R CZ E P
K R CB G B Z , F C Z \ G Z VS [ K G H F K D G S C . (O K NM K B [ G R CG , D K UK T S , I M Q P K S , Z HT F Q C B
. E G T G , J Y Z V , F Z T [ , (7 F Z T F N K T N ) Z [ K K Z T [ ; D K U K T S , I M Q P K S , O K B G N P
:FCZ FEKPC QKEF K\C \B \Y\[P[ \VSGR \KJSKNZGJR FIRF FRGP\N \SRMR QBM 84
Y GI M B N O NX B \ [ Z V \ P , ( O K CZ O K Z YP C) U Y\ G R K B F K K VM C Q \ K R [ J D [ F M NF F
F R K I C P G \ G B Z Y CN F Y E XF QK B [ G G \ G R [ N Z [ V B K B [ ’ T CJ YG I ’ M B NB K CK J P Z G R
\ G Z P N , G \ [ B \ B [ Z D N N TC F \ B U G MB N P O K C Z O K Z YP C O K T RP R O F L M O G [ P . \ K Z SG P
. \ B H \ G [ T N CK K G I P B G F \ K Z SG P G \ K \ MN F F R K I CP [ [ Z GV P C O K Z P G B G O K C[ GI O F [
KJSKNRZJV ZGSKB BGF \ZHPP GB ZHPP \B[N ZGSKBF[ FIRF \TYG[P OKZCEF LG\C 85
F H F K J SK N R Z J VF E P P F \ B . Q K B G[ K RF \ G C YT C D G HF = Q CN O Z D K K [ YH R F \ B T G RP N B C[
YH R F [ Z G M HN [ K LB , \ K S J K N Z GJ R F F E P T F \ Z D SP C O D \ K Z SG P F RK I C P UG Y\ N Z [ V B
. ( O K Z H P P O D O F Z HP P K E NK ) G K E N K C O D B N B D G H F Q CC Y Z TD GV G R K B

|90~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

FRKB G\NIPG ,O[B GRKB YGRK\F .QGKZFF QPHC OKPS FR[KT GPB[ KRVP FNGI
ORKB[ OKBVGZF OD .GPB K[TP N[ \KTCJ FBXG\ BNB ,GK[TP NT ’[RGT’
FZP[ BN[ ,OBF NT FNGM \NJGP FP[BF .’OKP[B’ ORKB GN TKKSN OKNGMK
FMNFF .ZHPPF FZYPC OD LM .QGKZFF QPHC OKKGBZF \GDFR\FF KNNM NT
OIGMC QKB[ QKEF \KC KPMI BN ODG ,NCGS ZHPPF[ LMC ’FP[B’ FRKB
GKZGF NT \NJGP ZHPPF N[ GNZGDN \KZSGPF \GKZIBF .ETS GN JK[GFN
LMC \KZSGP BN FZGXC GNTV OF K\EF ZGSKBN ZCTP .QKEN EGDKRC GVBR[
FNT\ \K\E \KDGNGBK\ FCK[I \ZDSPC ,QMB .KEK\T NCS ORCN GPZD[
T[VP OKVI OKZHPP GC [K[ QVGBC ONGTF \B BZC NBF TGEP FNB[F
\KNNMF FNB[N \VZJXP GH FNB[ LB ,OFC NJGF[ ODVF N[C OKNCGS[
K\MNFF QGKEN ZCTP NB \DZGI[ ,ONGTC NCSF N[ ZCSGP=BNF GPGKY ZCEC
EDR ZDK\ \BZGY FRKB GH FNB[ \KJSKNZGJRF F[KV\F KVN .K\MNF=FJPFG
ZHPPF \MNF QM[ ,KRCZF ESPPF EDR BN KBEGGCG ,FPXT \K\MNFF \MZTPF
86
.\GR[N OEB=KRC IGMC QKB GH \GBKXPG ,\GBKXPF N[ FCKJP \TCGR
\KDGNGJRGBF F[KV\F \ZDSPC \K\MNFF \MZTPF N[ IGMF \NCDP
YKRTP[ ,KZCTF JV[PF N[ QVGEF \BXGK G\EPT \B ZKCSFN KNGB FNGMK
\EDR\P FMNFF OB :KD[GP K[GY \ZZGTP GH FEPT 87.OKZGSB OK[TPN UYG\
?KJV[P UYG\ GNB QK[GEKYN FYKRTP BKF TGEP ,N[PN ,F[GZDG QFM K[GEKYN
TGEP ,\KCKZC FBGGNF FHGING \C[C ZMP FHGI \\KZMN \EDR\P FMNFF OBG
:FJG[V FCG[\F \KDGNGJRGBF F[KV\F KV NT ?UYG\ OFN FYKRTP BKF
NT HKZMFNG \GKGNIFG OK[TPF N[ OVYG\ NT JGN[N IGM NGMKCM QKB FMNFN

,OKKJSKJPDZV \GRGZ\K FCGIC \RVGX \KJSKNZGJRFG \KDGNGJRGBF FCK[IF[ BGVB BXPR 86

\ N TV F P Y P I \ F N Q G K SK R P O K \ TN \ T CG R B K F [ Q M \ K K \ K \ Z GY K C J C P \ E G YR P G
\ZGYKC FTP[GF (C.L.S=F) JV[PF N[ K\ZGYKCF OZHC ,QMBG .OKKMZTF OKNGYK[F
O N T\ P G B O K K M Z TF O K N G YK [ F \ B Z K \ SP O K \ TN Z [ B , K N NM F J V[ P F I K [ F N T F P G E
’ \ G K T CJ ’ \ G R GM \ K N TC O K R K K R T K CX P N O K K J V [P O K D [ G P N [ O \ M K VF \ G T XP B C O F P
James Boyle, Introduction, in CRITICAL :N[PN ,GBZ ,FRG\R \GKYGIN OKVGVMF
LEGAL STUDIES xiii, xvii-xviii (James Boyle ed., 1992).
BN BRPIZ ZPBE FP NM"[ ,FMNFN FYSVR[ ,KKCB \JK[) C"T ,E FZGP\ ,KNCC GBZ 87
N [ F K \ G B XG \ { F Z K CT C B CF F [ T P Q P J I G[ CB K N B ; ( " K R F P { E K CT K B , E K CT \
LNKBG 75 EGPN\ N[ GMZE LM DZCNKH F[P ;(B"P[\) KZCTF JV[PC \GKYGI=KB
Q G [ B Z L Z M G K \G R G Z YT , G K \G Z G YP , GK \ G EN G \ { K Z C TF J V [ P F Q GN B O I R P ; (C " M[ \ )
.EGTG ;(I"P[\ ,\RYG\PG \CIZGP \K[KN[ FZGEFP) LNKBG 114

|91~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

\GBKXPF OGI\N ZCEF FPGE .\GBKXPF N[ FCKJP OKTCGR GNB QM[ ,O\GNJC
LB ,\GKGBZ K\NCG \GYKHP \GKGDFR\F NT ZGSBN JV[PF NGMK GC[ ,\KTCJF
GN QKB LB ,DGZFN ZSGB YYGIPF .QFN[ \GKTCJF \GBXG\F \B NGN[N BN
FKF\ FPGEC .ZGSB IXZ F[TPP GTCRK[ \GKDZJF \GBXG\F NT FJKN[
KBG[KRN \EDR\P FMNFF :\KJSKNZGJR=\KDGNGJRGBF F[KDF \ZDSPC FRTJF
\B \ZSGB BKF QM NTG ,\KCKZ FHGING \C[C ZMP FHGI \\KZMN ,F[GZDG QFM
ZGSB FHGI G\ZM OKEEXF[ GB F[GZD B[R QFM OB LB ,GNNF OK[TPF NM
BGF GNNF OK[TPF N[ OVYG\ KM ,OKVY\ OFK[TP { YYGIPF QGXZN EGDKRC
FMNFN[ ,FHGIC OKEEXF \PMSF N[ GB QK[GEKYF F[TP N[ \KTCJ FBXG\
88
.F\GB TGRPN IGMF \B QKB
QKCN OKK\MNF OKNNM N[ O\NGTV LZE QKC QKICP[ ,FH FCK[I QGGKM
,GHM FNGTV LZEC [GPK[F \B ZK\FN GB ZGSBN OKPMI N[ FKXCKJGPF \NB[
,(1933=1903 ,C"FZB) YK’XKKCGNGS E"K CZF N[ GP[C GZPBR[ OKZCEP FNGT
FMGSF \GRVE \KKRCC \GNKYPF \GMNFF[ \KZGJSKF FRTJN SIKK\F OFC[
CZF N[ G\CGD\ .FR[PF KPMI \VGY\C NBZ[K WZBC OKXTC ZGSIPP GTCR
QKCG OKPMIF N[ FKXCKJGPF QKC FH QKKRTN QKICFN [K[ F\KKF 89Y’KXKKCGNGS
KNGB OKXTC ZGSIPF .\K\MNFF FTKCYF SKSCC \EPGTF ’\K\MNFF FISGRF’
FECGT QKB UGS NM UGS NCB" ,FMGSF \KKRCC \GNGY [VIN OKPMIF \B TKRF
FNGPZBV) FISGRF \B GRN \\NG ZKEDFN OGNM GRN FNKTGP GH \KZGJSKF
OKRTEPF N[ FKXCKJGPF ZCSF[ O[M YGKEC ,"\GMNFF GNB N[ (H"TNC
ZKCSFN KEM" GC QKB FKKR[F ONGTF \PINP \VGY\C OGJBF \XXV \B I\VN
FNGPZBVF \B ZZCN OKMKZX FHN KM ,\KPGJBF FXXVF N[ QKRTF EGSK \B
\GEGSKFG OKNNMF \B UG[IN \GSRN { GREGPKN NM N[ FEGYRF ZYKT GFHG |...~
90
."TCYR QKEF LBKFG \NTGV FMNFF F\GB LBKF TEKN ,FMNFG FMNF NMC[

ZCSG\ \GKZTCG [KB \[BC OK[VG\ ORKB QK[GEKY[ FMNFF ,GH F[KV\ \ZDSPC 88
G B F B G[ R F [ K B O T \ G G F \ F N NG M K G R K B [ ’ Q K [ G EK Y F Z [ Y’ N[ F Y K H K VF \ B \ VY [ P M
, Z G SK B N M Z CG T GR K B [K B \ [B [E Y P F , Q M B G . Z C E C[ Z GS K B F P \ T CG R M B N G , \ G K Z T QK C
. F C O K SV G \ O R K B GK [ G EK Y [ B N B
QZP \ZKJVN FR[ \BNPN { CZF [VR ZJM[ KCX CZF GEKPN\ KEK NT GP[C \BCGP 89
E K = C K ’ P T F M Z T F K Z CE G O K [ TP K Z G B \ , O K Z P B K J G YN : YK X K C GN G S K G N F C G E U SG K C Z F
. ( J " R[ \ , LZ G T Z J M[ K C X , D F Z G E F P )
:\GIKN[F ESGP \KKZGBK\ QKKRTC ,317 (1996) B LZM \GIKN[F YGI ,YZC ’B GG[F 90

|92~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

FCK[I \GKRC\G \GBKXP \[KV\ .I

NT EGPNN GR[YKC OFP ,OKEIB OKKJV[P OKJSYJ GRGER ZPBPF LZGBN

UGY\N Q\KR .\K\MNFF \ZGSPC \KJSKNZGJRG \KDGNGJRGB F[KV\ N[ FPGKY
QGTJNG ,OFKZIB GRB UB GRETX GCG OKZIBG DZCNKH GMNF GC ,FH KR[ZV LNFP
OKKGJKCFG \K\MNFF FV[F ZIB KC[ OKMNGF OKJSKNZGJRF OKR[ZVF[
,KNGNKP QVGBC O\GB OK[ZVP OF Z[BM \GMNFF \GISGRP OFC[ OKKRG[NF
OKKGJKCF ,GH FRTJ KVN .\GZGVBJPM ORKCFN [K ZCE N[ G\KPBN[ EGTC
’IGM’ ZJ[N [K \PBC[ OKC[GI OKPMI[ OKEPNP ORKB GRKBZ[ OKRG[F
.FHC BXGKMG ,NNIC OGYP \[VG\[ \G[KK \PBC BGF ZGSKBF[G ,’FKDZRB’G
.ECNC OKKZGVBJP QG[N K[GPK[C ZCGEP

\ G K R K E P F EX C Q M [ Q J V[ P N Y K VS P GR K B ’ O K K I F K MZ E ’ N [ F H O TJ K M G RN F B Z R "
F C Z [ B \ K J V[ P F F YK RM J F K F P \ TE N [ Y CP B G F K J V [ P F NN M F N [ \ K N N M F
I G M \ [ K V\ N[ F P GK Y N T Z K TF N [ K O K Z C EF K N G [ C . " F Z G P B F \ G K RK E P F F [ CD \ F
K E K NT \ K D G N GJ R G B F \ G B K X P F \ B \ GR [ N F M N F F K P M I N[ O I G MC F K VN [ , \ K VG N I
O I G M C [ K [ O K R G YK D B P Q K TP N F MN F F K P M I O K P G E G H F [ K V \ K V N T . F M NF F \ Y K SV
Q P K S , O K K I WV I F G Z VS C K ’ D B NB V O K K I ’ Z . ’ O K S R N NG I ’ N U B K NG B G \ G B K XP F \ B \ G R [ N
V "T B G R K \ G [ V R N Y K H P F Z G\ F F Z S B [ F P NM G \ G X P N O T J [ K [ Z P G B F \ T EN " : GT
Z CE G \ G B K Z F K M , Q K Z EF RS F G C G T J [ Z CE G \ G B G R N Z \ GP L K B , G\ CK S G R N TE G R B N[
K Z CE K V M Z CE F TC J L VF P F " C YF [ K N F B Z R G ?O \ P M SF C G R N F P G , GT CJ F [ TK Z G S K B
’ N G E D K G D K P K M ’ Y G S V F N T (2 , H R , D " F B " V ) F R [ F [ B Z E K P N [ G Z K F P F K B Z G , Q K Z E F R S F
K N T Z P G D Q G K N T N B N B Z Y B ’ \ G C G\ ME B P Y Y ZV K P N [ G Z K C GZ P B EG T G , ’ G MG ( H , E O K Z C E )
265 ,OK[GZKVG \GZGYP { FMNFC \YGNIPF :FH QKKRTN EGT GBZ ."QKZHGI FKNG\CE’
\ G K G T C Y K F " QP NK S ; ( D "S [ \ , O K M Z G T , Z RH G G B K C Y T K [ G J MF Q \ R , O I R P = QC F R K R I )
N [ G K Z C E G G [ F G . G S Z = B S Z ’ P T , (5 F Z T F N K T N ) " O H K N B K Z G O H K N B R K P G R Q K C \ G K \ M N F
Z V S , \ T E K Z G T [ Z V S C S V ER , F Y Z V , " F Z G\ N [ F M ZE " Z P B P , L G NC Z K B P G F K N B C Z F
{ F M N F C \ Y GN I P F C O D B C G P ) ( J " P [ \ O K N[ G ZK , \ R Y G \ P F Z G E F P ) B M ’ P T , Q G[ B Z
FBN\ ,FBKZCF [ZG[G EGSK BKF[ ,F[GEYF FZG\F" :(261 QPKS ,OK[GZKVG \GZGYP
, ( H , I O K N F \ ) ’ G D G ’ LK E K K [ T P C G F N K [ P \ ’ Z P B R [ F P M , O K Z G XK F Z K I CC F " CY F
YZ B K F O B , O \ C [ I P [ , F Z G \ F K P MI N O F K RK R T K YG I G Z SP R , N B Z [ K N F Z G\ F F R \ R [ M G
B K F Q M NG . F C F K G N \ F F B K Z C F \ G B K XP G F \ G B K X P \ B \ TC GY , F E GS G F P TJ N \ R GG M P
K M , F G B X P K B NB Q \ G B K XP \ B G T CY K B N Q F C O K Z YG I F [ \ GP M I F Z B [ P F R G[
\ G B K X P [ F Z G\ F \ T E B K F Q M B N , O N G TN \ G B K X P F F R \ [ \ B N O \ J N I F G O \ C [I P C
O D K M F P GE . " F Z G \ F K P MI \ J N I F C O K T C Y R Z G J V G C G K I , Z \ K F G ZG S K B , F Z F J G F B P G J
\ G Z G EF K R CN B N G , O K R G P E Y O K P M I N C G Z K V N T F \ G B O K S I K K P G H F [ K V \ O K N CY P F
. K E P N N C D G P I GM O K S I K K P O F O F N [ O K ZI GB P F

|93~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

QGTJN F[Y OKJSYJFP YNI KCDN[ KRPGE .\GR[ZVC BGVKB KGN\ QKKRTF
\GR[ZVF \CGJN ZGZKCC OKJGR OKZCEFG ,ECNC \KZGVBJP QG[NC ZCGEP[
NT \GKDGNGJRGB \GIRF GIKRF QMB OKJSYJF KZCIP FKVN[ \KVGNIF
\KJSKNZGJRF FKKJRF N[ F\PXGTC YVS NKJFN QMGP KRB ,\BH OT 91.\GBKXPF
[KNIP GRRKB[ QVGBC LB ,ZPBPC GZMHR[ OKK\MNFF OKJSYJF N[ YNIC
,QMB .\KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IF \GEGB FRTJF N[ FVYG\ \B K\GTP[P QVGBC
NT OKKZGVBJP OKKGJKCM NKTN GBCGF[ OKJGJKXFP YNI QKCFN [K[ QM\KK
N[ ZGBK\ \\N \GZPKK\P[ \GZKPBM BNG ,QKKRYFG F[GEYFG FBPGJF
KGJKC KNM YZ FRRKB FV[F[ LMN OKTEGP GRNGM OGKM ,ONGBG .\GBKXPF
N[ ,FV[ N[ ONGTC OKKI GRB .FKNT FTKV[PG F\GB \CXTP BNB ,FC[IPN
OKPMI OKZHGI KJV[PF=K\MNFF IK[C OB 92.\GZGVBJP N[G OKKGPKE
,ZGSKBN ’NNIG OGYP \[KV\’G \GNTCN KNBKZ EPP ,ZJ[N ’IGM’ OKSIKKPG
,FC[IPF NT FV[F OGY\ ,GZXGK NT ONGDF OGYK OKKGSP CN[C[ ZC\SP
YEGX OB 93.FPXT \K\MNFF FCK[IF NT GTKV[K IK[F \ZGXG OKKGJKCFG
FRRKB FYKJSKNZGJRF OB OD[ KZF ,TZVR[ ZJ[F \MNFN GZCSFC DZCNKH
L M N T F T K V [ F B K F , I K [ N [ F ZG X Y Z B N B \ G B K X P F \ G E G B \ K \ G F P F [ K V \
ZGHIN Z[VB KB NIPR[ ZJ[[ FMNFF \B GTCY OKPMI ZCE N[ GVGSC[
.GC \GGNNG
\GKRC\ QKCN OEB KRC N[ OFK\GRGPB QKC FH QKKRTN QKICFN CG[I
F[YG GRKRKTP \GZ\SR \GBKXPF \GEGB FMNFF KPMI N[ OFK\GRGPB .FCK[I
,\BH \PGTN ,K\MNFF IK[F KNNMG FCK[IF \GKRC\ .ZGZKCC QFKNT EGPTN
\PKKY[ OKEPNP QMB \GZGYPF[ KRPGE FH ZG[KPCG ,QKTN Z\GK OKKGND
FKKJR ,JZVC J"KF FBPF UGS N[ BJKN \GCK[KCG ,NNMC \K\MNFF \ZGSPC
F R G P B C FR\GP GRKB KJSKNZGJR FCK[I SGVE .\GKJSKNZGJR FCK[I \GKRC\N
O K C [ G I LM[ FHC KE .OKKDGNGJRGB OKRKKRT KCXP \ P B C OF QKKRYG FBPGJ[
.(18 FZTFN LGPSC NKTN) LGNC N"KZFP N[ GKZCE ,N[PN ,GBZ 91
GEORGE LAKOFF & MARK JOHNSON, :GBZ \GZGVBJP N[ CXTPF QIGM NT 92
METAPHORS WE LIVE BY (1980).
\GRKY\’F N[ FTGR\F SKSCC \EPGT \GCZ\F NT IK[F QGRDS \TV[F ZCEC FPGE FRTJ 93
OGI\C \GC\GMFP YNI \GRTGJ ,N[PN ,LM .(Politically Correct) ’\KJKNGVF
I K [ F G F V[ F K G RK [ [G \ K J S K R CG [ F C K [I \ CX TP \ Z C GE P F F V[ F [ K Z E D P = K J SK R K P V F
. OK K \G FP OK K \Z C I OK K G R K [N BK C FN K G [T

|94~
 B J K N \ G C K [ K C G K E G P N \ F JV [ P C \ K J S K N Z G J R G \ K D G N G J R G B F C K [ I

OKSRPG ,\GCZF QKKRYF \GMNFCG FBPGJF \GMNFC OKYSGT Z[BM OFKNT

GKRKT EDRN FBGZ FBPGJ \GMNF EPGN[ KJSKNZGJRF FMNFF [KB .QZKCSFN
OKK\MNFF OKNNMFP OKTCGR ORKB[ OKPKKGSP \GDFR\F KYGI FN [K[ \G[KK
FBPGJF NT GZCECG GC[GIC[ FZYP FH QKB .\G[KK F\GB N[ FTCJP BNB
\G[KK N[ OGKY FBPGJN OKRYPF OKKZGVBJP OKKGJKCC FMNFF [KB [P\[P
FRCG\G ,FCK[IF KSGVE NT GR\GB EPNN NGMK \GZGVBJPC [GPK[F .\K[PP
, F R K V N G \ G B Y I E R O B , F E G K G P X T F M N F F [ K B O B O D \ ZT ZT \ P F R K B G H
OD LM .[PP N[ \GBKXP \ P B C BKF FBPGJF[ QKPBFN CKGIP GRKB BGF[
FV[F \GTXPBC .OKZIB OKKJV[PG OKK\MNF \GESGPG \GNTCF ESGP KCDN
ZCTP OGKYG \GBKXP OKKJV[PF \GESGPN [K GC[ ONGT FRCR \K\MNFF
ONGTN Z[YFC OKNTVGPF FCK[IF KSGVEG ,OFP OKTCGRF \GDFR\FF KNNMN
\GNB[C OKYSGT GRB[M OKNTVGP[ FCK[IF KSGVEN EGBP OKPGE FH
OKBC GRB[M ZBCP IGM [K GH FKDGNRBN .\KHKVF \GBKXPF \GEGB \GKDGNGJRGB
NKTG\[ FKXZJSGNKBM .KJSKNZGJRF K\MNFF IK[F \GEGB QGC[IG QKE \\N
,\GRGZIBF OKR[C \ZCI\P[ FPN[ \GZVS ZKMHFN Q\KR ,QKKRTF \ZFCFN
ZVGSF GZXK[ KRGKPEF FKHJRVF ONGTC OKZZG[[ TCJF KYGI ZGBK\ FRKKRT[
[K[ ZGCS GRKB [KB[ QCGP .OKKRGKEKCF OFKZGCKIC OKZIB OKZVGSG QKYNGJ
\T[C Z[BM 94,’GNKBM’C YI[P QKTP GFH .GF[NM K[PP OGKY FNB OKYGIN
\GKRC\N EGBP \GPGE[ FC[IP \GKRC\ OKYI[PF OKNKTVP YI[PF
CKKI GRKB KJSKNZGJRF FMNFF [KB OD LM .TCJF KTEP KZYGI N[ FC[IPF
FBGZ BGF .’QKKRYF \GBKXP’ NT GZCEC KNBKZF ONGTF \B GKRKT EDRN \GBZN
G\ZJP 95.JV[P N[ KBEKB ONGT ,KNBGJZKG KRGKPE ONGT QKTP GKRKT EDRN

KENDALL L. WALTON, MIMESIS AS MAKE-BELIEVE: ON THE FOUNDATIONS :GG[F 94

OKYI[P N[ OKNNMCG FYKPRKEC YSGT[ ,OF THE REPRESENTATIONAL ARTS (1990)
QGNB GBZG .OKRG[ OKZ[YFC OEGYV\CG { make-believe truths { ’GNKBM=\G\KPB’C
N T { \ [ E I \ P \ K E GF K \ G C K G I P " K R Z EG P F K \ E F K E G F K F N [ K ZS G P F S RR G S K E F " EK S I
,OKMZGT ZFGH KCXG BKD[ KCB) LNKBG 646 ,629 KR[ LZM QPJZF EGE N[ G\GDFG GPNGT
O K E G F K N [ \ K \ M NF F O P NG T \ [ K V \ N T Q GJ N G G N [ N E GP F N [ G P G [ K K C Q E [ , (C " S[ \
. OKK\E
QKC KEKP\ NGXKV OKKY\F BJKN \GCK[K KEKPN\ N[ OIGPC[ QGTJN K\RGGMC QKB[ QCGP 95
J F N F B G N P C G \ G R K X Z F B G N P C O K Y G S T G K F O F . K R G K P E F O N GT F Q K C N K NB K ZF O NG T F
O P X T \ B G YK S TF B N O \ S F = Q P G , \ GK J S K N Z GJ R F \ G I RF F K V NT \ G K D G S F E G P K NC
, O [ GK F G G K I J G [ V O F . F Z G [ B N \ G B K X P F \ B \ G V Y[ P O F K \ G I R F Q MB O B F N B [ C

|95~
 Z RH GG BKC Y T K[

OD NNGMF ,’K\MNFF ONGT’F N[ \GKYGIF \B UG[IN BKF FMNFF EGPKNC

OKKZGBK\ OKNNM O\GB ,’TCJ KYGI’ QKTP ODG OKKCKJPZGR \GDFR\F KNNM
’\GKGNI’F N[ Q\GZXGGKF KMZE \BG OKKJV[PF \GIGMF \B OKZKEDP[
?NGIN FNGMK BKF OKTXP FHKB NT ?\GNTCF FNI EXKM :\GKJV[P=\GK\MNFF
EXKM ?(NBKPT CZFG VGY[ CZF N[ ORG[NC ’FK\GCKS’) F\GGF\F KMZE QFP
QKC[ QGKPEF NT TKCXP GPXT \GNB[F IGSKR .GNBC BXGKMG ?\TYGV BKF
’\GECGTF’ .TCJF KTEP [KB N[ FCK[IF \GKRC\N GNNF FCK[IF \GKRC\
,OKK\MNFF OKNNMF QF GNNF \GNTCF KYGI ZGZKCN \K\[\F \B \GGFPF
\B USGB[ TCJF KTEP [KBN KJSKNZGJRF FMNFF [KB FPGE GH FRKICPG
’\GTVG\F \B NKXFN’ ,OFN[ \GKYGIF NT EGPTN FSRPG OKK\ECGTF OKRG\RF
,ZGPBMG .\MZTPC BXGP BGF[ EGSKF \GRGZYT \GTXPBC Q\GB ZKCSFNG
OD QKKRTF QP ORKB[ ,\NTG\G YEX KNGYK[C OKZHTR ORKBG JTPM FNB OKZCSF
.GRN[ GRPNGTC \KHKVF \GBKXPC
\GCXTP ,OGI\ NMC FCK[IF \GKRC\ GPM ,\GKJV[PF FCK[IF \GKRC\
GC[ ZK[T ONGT \CXTP \KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IF 96.KI OEBF GC[ ONGTF \B
YZ \YSGT FRKB \KCKJPZGRF \MZTPF .ZB\P EKYV\ OD [K (FMNFNG) JV[PN
Q G N G V K \ V Z XF Q G K Z GJ S K F F N [ G K Z CE \ B Z K M HP F H L N F P . K \ K P B G B K R G K P E , O NG T G \ G B C
N K [ P P B G F . ( D " S [ \ , O D Z \ P , Z G B E QE ) ? O F N [ O K S G \ K P C O K R G GK F G R K P B F O B F G ZV S C
’ N N GX ’ G ’ \ G B N VF W Z B C S K NB ’ Z V SC B Z GY [ O E B N O K SG \ K P C O K R G GK F N [ O \ R GP B \ B
[ V G \ B G F O K TD Z O \ G B CG , F R \ [ P , QG N [ G\ Z ED F M , GN [ ’ \ P B F O G I \ ’ . F N K N TF L G \ N
\ G I V B N F K F \ B K F , F E B K N K B C O K R K P B P G RI RB O B " : O K K \ K P B M \ G B N VF WZ B K YG I \ B
OD ,Q M [ . ’\G BN V F W Z BC SK N B’ OD L M G . \K \ K PF \ PBF ,FN [ \PBF \K R M G \C ,\K \ K PB
G RI RB . O K B Z G Y G RI R B [ Q P H C O F N O K R K P B P G R I R B , G R K R K TC \ G K E C O F Q K SB Z G B SK N B O B
, Z K C SM G R NX B NC Y\ P , G N [ O K P S YF \ K R M \ C , SK N B N [ O N GT F . QG Z J B K \ C GR B S M C O K M GC
, \ P B F O GI \ \ B G RK R K [ ; N G M K CM , G P X TN S I K C \ G I V B N K [P P , G RN [ P \ G I V B N , K \ K P B M
\B OKI\GV GRIRB[ TDZC |...~ K\KPBN FPGEC GB ,K\KPBF LG\C QKKET GRIRB NCB
Q J YF N E CF F . Q GV XF \ B O K E CB P \ G K Z CF Z P B P M G , F K E CN O K S R MR G RI RB F EK B K NB F
| \ K S B N Y F Q G G K C F Z C I F N [ P N= ~ \ G Z C I [ K . O K R K P B P B N G R I R B L M = Z I B [ B G F E K I K F
O K Y K S V P Q F C [ \ G Z I B G , G C Q K P B F N O K M K [ P P , Z V S F \ B O K ZD G S [ K Z I B O D , Q F C [
GYSGTC[ KJSKNZGJRF FMNFF [KB NT ZPGN NMGR FHC BXGKM .(13 ’PTC ,O[) "QKPBFN
\ G B K X P O K VY [ P O K K \ M N F F O K N N MF P Y N I G C [ , K \ M N F F O N G TF L G\ N N N GX B GF F MN F C
. UG [ I N F SR P B G F F SK S CC \ E P G TF \ GK Y G I F \ B [ , F R G \ R
Robert Cover, Nomos and Narrative, in NARRATIVE, VIOLENCE AND :GG[F 96
THE LAW: THE ESSAYS OF ROBERT COVER 95 (Martha Minow, Michael Ryan
& Austin Sarat ed., 1993).

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.OKKMZT OKNGYK[C YZ FKGN\ FRKB BKFG OGYPG QPH \KKGN\ \GDFR\F \RGGMFC
GB \K\KPB ,\GBKXPF N[ YKGEP ZGBK\ FKRTPRN \R\GR NM OEGY BKF
ZGVKS ZXGR \RKKPGEPF \GBKXPF ZGBK\ \GTXPBC .OKKI OF FC[ ,\RKKPGEP
.\K\KPBF \GBKXPF N[ FZGVKSP Z\GK FVK \GKFN KG[T OK\TN[ ,[EI OKKI
N[ OKKIF \KKGGI NT \TZMP FTV[F [K ZXGR[ [EIF ZGVKSN ,FZYP NMCG
.\K\KPBF \GBKXPFP K[PPG K\KPB \GIV GRKB BGF \GRKIC FCZFPG ,OEB KRC

ZCE \KZIB .J

K\NC ,\MZVGP \GBZKFN FKG[T \KJSKNZGJRF F[KV\F ’\GKJSKNBKZ’ OKKRKTC

\GECGTC \MP\R FRKB[ \GBKXPF N[ \KRGKPE F[KV\ NT \SSGCP ,\KNRGKXZ
,\GYEGX BN \GBXG\N FNKCGP BKF[ FZYPC \KZSGP K\NC OD LMKVNG ,QF[NM
KRGKPEF ONGTF ,GH F[KDN 97.JD \CZGSP F[KBN GB ZHPPN NGGT \PKZD GPM
OEB KRC N[ OIGMC [K[ TZ ONGT BGF \KJSKNZGJRF FCK[IF FZXK[
OKBGZ[ GNB OF[ GCK[K ,EDRP ,OKJSKNZGJRF .Z\GK KZSGP ONGTC GVKNIFN
FMG[IF FZTPF KC[GKN OKPGE OFKZYCP[ EGTC ,FIGMR \GBKXPF \B
\G[KV\ QKC FH QKKRTC FZGTV OGF\ ,QMB .QGJNVB N[ OSZGVPF GN[PC
\GZCICG OKRG[ OKRPHC OKRG[ OK[RB QKC \GPKKY\P[ \GRG[F \GBKXPF
,\BHP FZ\K .OKJSKNBKZF OKZYCPF \B QCGPM YVS\ BN GH FCG[\ .\GRG[
\B \VY[P FRKB \KJSKNZGJRF F[KV\F OKZYPFP YNIC[ NKTN GRKKX
O\CG[\ LM OBG ,\GBKXPF \GEGB FC OKYKHIPF N[ \GK\KPBF OFK\GRGPB
[GVKIC LZGX [KG ,OF OJCP \EGYRP OD \YVSP FRKB OKJSKNZGJRF N[
FYEXFN FC[IP QGGKM TKXFN Z[VB .OKTKXP OF[ FCK[IN \GZIB \GYEXF
.OKKJSKNBKZF OKZYCPF NT OD \PKGSP FEKPC \NCGYP \GKFN NMG\[
,FYKJSKNZGJRF FZXK[ KRGKPEF ONGTF N[ OKPDVF \GZPN[ QTJ\ GH FYEXF
GRB GKVN[ KJSKNBKZF CKJZBRF NT SSGCPF KVGNIF ONGTFP Z\GK CGJ BGF
\B .QG\R TDZ NMC OKKI GRB GC KCKJPZGRF ONGTF \B GRRGXZM CXTN OKNGMK
.\ZIB \GRPEHFN ZKB[P KRB FHF QGGKMF N[ GIG\KV

.(4 FZTF NKTN) OHKNPZGVF NT KBYKZPBF OHKNBKZF \ZGYKCN GG[F 97

|97~