HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL

DURGAPUR
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION (048)
PRACTICAL NOTEBOOK

NAME : OISHANI SARKAR

SUBHOJIT MAJI
CLASS : 11
SECTION : C
H
ROLL NO. : 20
40
SESSION : 2022 – 2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation towards all

those who have helped me in making this project. Without their active
guidance, help, cooperation and encouragement, I would not have
been able to present the project on time.

I am extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to my teacher MISS

RANITA ADAK under whose revered guidance I have successfully
accomplished the preparation of the Practical Notebook on Health and
Physical Education based on detailed research work and information
analysis. I am really obliged to her.

I extend my gratitude to my principal MRS. ANINDITA HOME

CHOUDHURY for the moral support extended during the tenure of
the project.

I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude

towards my parents, other faculty members of the school and friends
for their valuable suggestions given to me in completing this project,
which here in pen and paper deserves undisputed recognition.

Teacher’s signature Name of the student

------------------------- -------------------------
TEACHER’S

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

OISHANI SARKAR
Of Class - XI, Section – H
C, Roll no. – 20
40 of Hem Sheela Model School, Durgapur

has completed the assigned practical notebook on Health & Physical

Education (048) for Term-II. She has prepared and submitted the
practical notebook by following guidelines and instructions given by
the teachers and within speculated time of submission allotted for the
partial fulfilment of AISSCE 2022-2023.

Teacher’s Signature Principal’s Signature

------------------------- --------------------------
 INDEX :
SL TOPICS REMARKS
NO.

01 STUDENT’S PARTICULARS

02 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
03 TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE

04 INDEX

05 IOA RECOGNISED GAME -

FOOTBALL

5.1 INTRODUCTION – HISTORY OF

FOOTBALL

5.2 RULES & REGULATIONS

5.3 MEASUREMENTS & DIMENSIONS

5.4 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

5.5 SKILLS AND TERMINOLOGY

5.6 NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL

TOURNAMENTS

5.7 ASSOCIATIONS & RANKING

5.8 PERSONALITIES
 INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF FOOTBALL
Football is the world’s most popular ball game in numbers of participants and
spectators. Simple in its principal rules and essential equipment, the sport can be
played almost anywhere, from official football playing fields (pitches) to
gymnasiums, streets, school playgrounds, parks, or beaches.

History books dictate that people have had plenty of good times in the field
kicking a ball around for thousands of years, but not all those games are
recognised now as what we consider football today. The earliest record of
football was in China, as early as the third century BC, where there are
mentions of a game resembling football in military manuals. The Han Dynasty
played a game called Tsu’ Chu, which involved kicking a ball through a 30-
40cm opening and into what we’d now see as a goal makes of canes with a net
attached to it.

Football's modern origins began in England more than 100 years ago, in 1863.
Rugby football and association football, once the same thing, went their
separate ways and the Football Association, the first official governing body for
the sport, was established.

Records show that, in 1314, the Lord Mayor of London banned football in the
city due to it causing ‘chaos’. Despite opposition for the game, football thrived
in Britain from the 8th to 19th centuries, however, a standardised version of the
game was still a rarity as regional versions often gained favour. These different
versions of the game were neatened up to eventually become association
football, rugby football and Gaelic football, all of which contributed to the
contemporary equivalent of the game we play today. Even though the official
rules of modern football were dictated in 1863 when the Football Association
was established, the specifications of the ball were not standardised for another
eight years. Eight years after it was founded, The Football Association had
established 50 member clubs. That’s when, in 1872, the FA Cup was born, with
the first championship in the works by 1888.

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was established

in Paris in 1904. Its founding members included Belgium, France, Denmark, the
Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. By the 1950s, after the Second
World War, there were more than 73 FIFA members.
RULES & REGULATIONS OF FOOTBALL
❖ A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with a 15 minute rest period in
between.
❖ Each team can have a minimum of 11 players (including 1 goalkeeper)
and a minimum of 7 players to constitute the match.
❖ The field must be made of either artificial or natural grass. The pitch must
also be marked with a rectangular shape around the outside showing out
of bounds, two six yards boxes, two 18 yard boxes and a centre circle. A
spot for penalty placed 12 yards out of both goals and centre circle must
also be visible.
❖ Each team can name up to 7 substitute members. Substitutions can be
made at any time of the match with each team being able to make a
maximum of 3 substitutions per side. In the event of all 3 substitutes
being made and a player having to leave the field for injury the team will
be forced to play without a replacement for that player.
❖ Each game must include one referee and two assistant referee’s. It’s the
job of the referee to act as time keeper and make any decision which may
need to be made such as fouls, free kicks, throw ins, penalties and added
on time at the end of each half. The referee may consult the assistant
referee at any time regarding a decision. It’s the assistant referee’s job to
spot off side’s in the match, throw ins for either team and also assist the
referee in all decision making processes where appropriate.
❖ If the game needs to head to extra time as a result of both teams being
level in a match then 30 minutes will be added in the form of two 15
minutes halves after the allotted 90 minutes.
❖ If teams are still level after extra time then a penalty shootout must take
place.
❖ The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute as a goal.
❖ For fouls committed a player could receive either a yellow or a red card
depending on the severity of the foul; this comes down to a referee’s
discretion. The yellow is a warning and a red card is a dismissal for that
player. Two yellow cards will be equal to one red card. Once a player is
sent off they cannot be replaced.
❖ If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side lines then it
is given as a throw in. If it goes out of play off an attacking player on the
base line then it is a goal kick. If it comes off a defending player it is a
corner kick.
 MEASUREMENTS AND DIMENSIONS
➢ Field Markings :
The field of play is rectangular and marked with lines called boundary lines.
The two longer boundary lines are touch lines and the two shorter lines are goal
lines. It is divided into two halves by a halfway line, which joins the midpoints
of the two touch lines. The centre mark is at the midpoint of the halfway line. A
circle with a radius of 9.15m is marked around it.
Marks are made off the field of play, 9.15m from the corner arc and at right
angles to the goal lines and the touch lines, to ensure defending players retreat
this distance when a corner kick is taken.
The length of the touch line is greater than the length of the goal line. All lines
are not more than 12cm wide.
Length (touch line): Minimum 90m, maximum 120m.
Width (goal line): Minimum 45m maximum 90m.
For senior football the recommended field dimension is 105m long and 68m
wide.

➢ Goal Area :
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 5.5m from the inside of
each goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of 5.5m
and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The area bounded by
these lines and the goal line is the goal area.

➢ Penalty Area :
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 16.5m from the inside of
each goalpost. These lines extend 16.5m into the field of play and are joined by
a line drawn parallel with the goal line.
The area bounded by these lines and the goal line is the penalty area. Within
each penalty area, a penalty mark is made 11m from the midpoint between the
goalposts and equidistant to them.
An arc of a circle with a radius of 9.15m from the centre of each penalty mark is
drawn outside the penalty area.

➢ Goals :
A goal is located on the centre of each goal line. A goal consists of two upright
posts equidistant from the corner flag posts and joined at the top by a horizontal
crossbar. The goalposts and crossbar must be made of wood, metal or other
approved material. They are square, rectangular, round or elliptical in shape and
are not dangerous to players. The distance between the posts is 7.320m and the
distance from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ground is 2.44m.
Both goalposts and the crossbar have the same width and depth of 12cm. The
goal lines have the same width as the goalposts and the crossbar. Goal nets are
attached to the posts and ground behind the goals that conforms to the
Australian Standard 4866.1—2007 Playing Field Equipment – Soccer Goals.
The goalposts and crossbars are white. For safety reasons goals are anchored
securely to the ground.

➢ Technical Area :
The technical area includes:

• Two team benches, capable of seating nine people in each bench.

• Cover to protect the players and officials from the elements and missiles
thrown by spectators.
• Identical fixtures for both teams.
• A table and chair for the 4th Official if required.
Standard pitch measurements. Not all pitches are the same size, though the
preferred size for many professional teams' stadiums is 105 by 68 metres
(115 yd × 74 yd) with an area of 7,140 square metres (76,900 sq ft; 1.76 acres;
0.714 ha)

EQIPMENTS REQUIRED

1. Two goalposts and a crossbar :

The first piece of soccer field equipment that is used in a game of soccer
is the goal frame. Having a goal that is not only the right size but also
sturdy and durable is important also.
The last thing you need is the goalposts or crossbar getting damaged
during a game. If this does happen, it’s possible that the game will have
to be stopped.

2. A Goal Net :
A net is useful not just to stop the ball when a goal has been scored but
also clearly show the ball has passed between the goalposts and not
missed on either side on the outside of the post.
3. Corner flags :
The corner flag is there to clearly show where the boundary of the field
is. When a player is running at speed or is distracted by another player,
they will be able to see the corner flag with their peripheral vision much
more easily than they would notice the line markings on the floor.
The corner flag also marks the location where a corner kick is taken from.

4. Soccer ball :
A good ball will be pumped up, made of a suitable material, and be of the
correct size and weight.

5. Shin Guards :
Having a good pair of shin guards can give protection for your shins but,
at the same time, will still give you good freedom of movement.
There are a few different types of shin guards you can use, but the main
difference is that some come with ankle support and protection, and some
come without.
If you are in a position where you will be doing lots of tackling and
putting your leg in where there is a higher chance of getting kicked, I
would recommend using shin guards with ankle support and protection. If
you are playing as a striker and you may not be making so many tackles
as the defenders, you may want to go for the shin guards without ankle
support, as it probably won’t be as necessary.
6. Soccer Jersey :
Every soccer team must wear matching jerseys.
This is to identify all the players as being on one team and to make it
easier to pick out the other players on your team while you’re in the
middle of a game.
The color and design of the jersey will vary depending on what team you
are playing for. There is a whole range of different colors and designs on
the soccer jerseys being used out there. A soccer jersey has to have
sleeves. They can have either short or long sleeves, but they have to have
sleeves. A jersey with no sleeves is not permitted.

7. Shorts :
When playing in a game, each player needs to be wearing a pair of shorts.
There is no specific color that the shorts have to be, but, as with the
jerseys, it’s important that the whole team matches(except for the
goalkeeper). The goalkeeper is also the only player on the team who is
permitted to wear long pants if they wish. Every other player is restricted
to only wearing shorts.

8. Long Socks :
The reason for the socks to be long rather than short is due to the fact that
the socks are required to cover the shin guards that are being worn.
Because of this, the actual length of the socks will depend on what shin
guards are being worn.
9. Soccer cleats :
Cleats are small, often plastic or rubber, that project from the sole of the
shoe. These are worn with the intention of providing a better grip on a
potentially slippery surface.
Cleats also help a player to turn or change direction more swiftly when
they are running.

10. Goalkeeper Gloves :

Goalies wear them not just to protect their hands from the sting of a ball
traveling towards them at speed but also to provide more grip when they
need to catch or stop the ball.

11. Goalkeeper Uniform :

The goalkeeper’s uniform is different from the uniform the rest of the
team wears.
This is to differentiate the goalkeeper from the other players because the
goalkeeper has a different role to the others, and there are different rules
that apply to them that don’t apply to other players. Wearing a different
uniform allows not just the referee to be able to easily tell the goalkeeper
apart but also helps the other players on the team know where the
goalkeeper is, especially while the ball is in the penalty area.

12. Referee’s Whistle :

The referee uses their whistle to control the game.
They will use it to let the players know when to stop and when to start,
when an offense has taken place, and when they need to get a player’s
attention.
The referee carries the whistle with them at all times. It is often attached
to their wrist with a strap. The whistle is an important tool for the referee
to use when communicating with players on the field. It helps them to
understand what is happening and what is expected of them.
13. Yellow and Red Cards :
Different colored cards are used in many sports to warn or penalize a
player who has done something wrong. In soccer, a red card and a
yellow card are used for this.
When a referee shows a player a yellow card, it signifies a warning. The
warning is that if they do something else in the game that deserves
another warning, or yellow card, then they will immediately be shown a
red card that signifies that they must leave the soccer field straight away
and not return for the rest of the game.

14. Referee’s Uniform :

It is important in a game that the referee’s uniform is an obviously
different color from any of the player’s uniforms.

15. Assistant Referee’s Flags :

The intention of these flags is to clearly signal to the referee when an
infringement of the rules has happened. In addition, the flag acts as an
extension of the arm, as a flag is more likely to catch the referee’s
attention than just waving an arm.
 SKILLS AND TERMINOLOGY USED IN FOOTBALL

▪ Attacker: A player whose job is to play the ball forward towards the
opponent's goal area to create a scoring opportunity.
▪ Back Heel: A ball kicked using the back (heel) of the foot.
▪ Back Pass: A pass that a player makes back toward their own goal,
usually made back to the goalkeeper. This is often a defensive move to
restart a new phase of play.
▪ Ball Carrier: The player in possession of the ball.
▪ Bending the Ball: Striking the ball off-center so that it travels in a curved
path, ideally for shots at goal.
▪ Bicycle Kick: A spectacular move in which a player jumps in the air in a
backflip motion, kicking the ball backward over their head. The name
comes from action which mimics their legs moving as if pedaling a
bicycle.
▪ Center Spot: The spot marked at the center of the field from which the
kickoff is made.
▪ Confederation: Organization responsible for football in their region
▪ Corner Flag: The flag marking each of the four corners of the field.
▪ Corner Kick: A free kick taken from the corner of the field by an
attacker. The corner kick is awarded when the ball has passed over the
goal line after last touching a defensive player. The shot is taken from the
corner nearest to where the ball went out.
▪ Cross: A pass played across the face of a goal.
▪ Defender: A player whose job is to stop the opposition attacking players
from goal scoring.
▪ Direct Free Kick: A free kick in which a goal may be scored by the
player taking the free kick.
▪ Dribble: Keeping control of the ball while running.
▪ Dummy Run: A run by a player without the ball, to lure defenders away
from the ball carrier.
▪ Far Post: The goalpost farthest from the ball.
▪ FIFA: The acronym used for the Federation Internationale de Football
Association, the world governing body for the game of association
football, which is based in Switzerland.
▪ Football: The term used for soccer in Europe and other countries outside
of North America and Australia.
▪ Foul: Any illegal play.
▪ Free Kick: A kick awarded to an opposition player when an player has
committed a foul. Free kicks can be either direct or indirect.
▪ Futsal: version of Football played indoors
▪ Give and Go: (also known as a 1-2) When a player passes the ball to a
teammate, who immediately one-touch passes the ball back to the first
player.
▪ Goal Area: The rectangular area in front of the goal. It is also known as
the 6-yard box because of its dimensions.
▪ Goal Kick: A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball is
played over the goal line by the attacking team. It can taken by any player
though it is normally taken by the goalkeeper.
▪ Goal Line: The two boundary lines located at each end of the field.
▪ Goal Mouth: The area in front of the goal.
▪ Goalkeeper: The specialized player who is the last line of defense, who
is allowed to control the ball with his hands when in the goal area.
▪ Header: Using of the head to pass or control the ball.
▪ Indirect Free Kick: A free kick awarded to a player from which a goal
may not be scored directly.
▪ Inswinger: A kick that curves in toward the goal.
▪ Kickoff: The kickoff is taken from the center spot at the start of play at
the beginning of each half and after a goal has been scored.
▪ Man to Man Marking: A defensive system where defenders are
designated one attacking player to track continuously.
▪ Midfielder: The playing position for players that are responsible for
linking play between attackers and defenders.
▪ Nearpost: The goalpost nearest the ball.
▪ Obstruction: Causing obstruction, which is blocking an opponent with
the body, is penalized by awarding an indirect free kick to the opposition.
▪ Offside Trap: A technique used by defenders to put attacking players in
an offside position, by moving quickly away from their own goal to leave
attackers offside.
▪ Offside: A player is in an offside position if he is nearer to his opponent's
goal line than both the ball and the second-to-last opponent. This does not
apply if the players is is on their half of the field. An indirect free kick is
awarded to the opposing team at the place where the offside occurred.
▪ One-Touch Pass: A pass in which the ball is played on with a player's
first touch.
▪ Out Swinger: A kick that swerves away from the goal.
▪ Penalty Area: The rectangular area in front of the goal in which the
goalkeeper may handle the ball. It is also known as the 18-yard box
because of its dimensions.
▪ Penalty Spot: The marked spot 12 yards from the goal line from which a
penalty kick is taken.
▪ Penalty: A penalty kick is awarded when a foul has been committed
inside the penalty area in front of the goal. A penalty is taken by one
player opposed only by the goal keeper.
▪ Pitch: The soccer field of play.
▪ Red Card: A red card is issued to a player when that player has
committed a serious infraction or has been issued with two yellow cards
within the same game. The red card held up by the referee to signal that a
player is being sent off. The player sent off cannot be replaced.
▪ Referee: The official who is in charge of the game.
▪ Shot: A kick, header, or any intended deflection of the ball toward a goal
by a player attempting to score a goal.
▪ Sliding Tackle: A tackle in which the defender slides along the surface
of the field of play before making one-footed contact with the ball.
▪ Striker: An attacking player whose job is to finish attacking plays by
scoring a goal.
▪ Sweeper: A defensive player whose job is to roam behind the other
defenders.
 A sweeper has no specific marking duties and is the last line of defense
before the goalkeeper.
▪ Tackle: To take the ball away from the opponent using the feet.
▪ Through Pass: A pass played past defenders into free space to allow a
teammate to run onto the ball.
▪ Throw-In: The ball is thrown in after the ball has crossed the touch line.
A player taking a throw in must have both feet on or behind the touch
line, must maintain contact with the ground, and must use a two-handed
throw made from behind the head. A goal cannot be score directly from a
throw-in.
▪ Toe Poke: Use of the toe to strike the ball.
▪ Touch Line: The line that defines the outer edge of the longer sides of
the field of play.
▪ Trapping the Ball: Controlling the ball with the sole of the foot.
▪ Volley: Striking the ball in mid-air with either foot.
▪ Wingers: Attackers who play on the wings/flanks of the field.
▪ Yellow Card: A yellow card is held up by a referee to signal a caution
for a minor infringement.
▪ Zone Defense: A defensive system where defenders mark a designated
area of the field of play instead of tracking players across the field.

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TOURNAMENTS

India’s current top domestic football league is Indian Super League, formed with
eight teams to promote Indian football in the country and world.
National tournaments :
• Senior Men’s National Football Championship
• Senior Women’s National Football Championship
• Junior Boy’s National Football Championship
• Sub-Junior Boy’s National Football Championship
• Junior Girls’s National Football Championship
• Sub-Junior Girl’s National Football Championship
International tournaments:
• FIFA World Cup
• UEFA Champions League
• UEFA European Championship
• Copa America
• Copa Libertadores
• UEFA Europa League
• Africa Cup Of Nations (CAF)
• The Asian Cup (AFC)
• Confederations Cup
• Copa Del Ray

ASSOCIATIONS AND RANKINGS IN FOOTBALL

The Association Football Rankings are as follows:
▪ AFC Club Competitions Rankings
▪ CAF 5 - Year Ranking
▪ Castrol Perform Index
▪ CBF Ranking
▪ FIFA Women’s World Rankings
▪ FIFA World Ranking System
▪ FIFA Men’s World Ranking
▪ Forbes List of Most Valuable Clubs
▪ Statistical Association Football Predictions
▪ UEFA Coefficient
▪ UEFA Respect Fair Play Ranking
▪ Unofficial Football World Championships
 ▪ List of the Most Valuable Clubs in America
▪ World Football Elo Ratings

FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
Some of the legends of football who have taken their gameplay to a different
height and have inspired many to opt football as a career.
✓ DIEGO MARADONA
✓ PELE
✓ LIONEL MESSI
✓ JOHAN CRUYFF
✓ CRISTIANO RONALDO
✓ NEYMAR JR.
✓ ZINEDINE ZIDANE
✓ FRANZ BECKENBAUER
✓ SUNIL CHHETRI
✓ BAICHUNG BHUTIA
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites used in this project are listed below :-
Football – Wikipedia
Soccer Equipment List | Equipment Checklist – SVsports.com
Soccer Equipments used in every game – yoursoccerhome.com
Football Terminology – topendsports.com
Football (soccer) | DLGSC – dlgsc.wa.gov.au
Football Pitch – Wikipedia
The History of Football – blog.decathlon.in
Ratna Sagar PHYSICAL EDUCATION BOOK