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GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REMOTE SENSING DATA BY GIS

Conference Paper · August 2020

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GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REMOTE SENSING DATA BY GIS
1
FATEN AZEEZ ALANI, 2SABAH HUSSEIN ALI

Dept of Image processing Remote sensing center Mosul University Mosul, Iraq
E-mail: 1faten.alani@ogr.altinbas.edu.tr, 2sabah196004@yahoo.com

Abstract - The interconnection between remote sensing techniques and GIS is currently an important application that is
widely used in the development of modern statistical methods. Recent advances in these technologies have made it possible
to detect changes in our surroundings and develop strategies based on these changes. Current study is a preliminary attempt
to make use of geostatistical advantages in GIS applications in statistical analysis of population distribution data in
residential neighborhoods of both sides in Mosul city based on satellite observations and available population data for 2007.
The research methodology was used to extract the forecast results through using the ArcGIS9.3/ Geostatistical Analyst
extension. The out results of the geo-statistical operations were calculated, including graphical congruence of semi-
variograms, covariance, standard error and QQ curve required to find the prediction map of the data used. Ensure the
statistical correlation between the population and the size of each neighborhood in the study area. Furthermore, the results
showed that there is compatibility between the population distribution data adopted in the research with the areas in the
residential neighborhoods of both sides in the city of Mosul except some areas.

Keyword - Semi-Variogram, GIS, QQ plot, Population, Cross Validation, Covariance

I. INTRODUCTION spatially independent, there is no possibility to predict

The geographical distribution of the population
of any area is a reflection of natural, human and
economic conditions, since these factors have a direct
impact on the population, and thus on the
concentration of population in a given area or on the
random distribution in another area.
It may be the natural factors be the much direct
impact on the spatial distribution of the population of
a given region, but also the economic and social
factors can make an area densely populated on the
despite the lack of relevance in terms of natural
human habitation.
values between them[2 ].
The present study aims to apply the geographical
information system (GIS) for the purpose of
geostatistical analyzes and exploring data variability
and spatial relationships of the geographical
distribution of population according to the area in the
residential neighborhoods of Mosul city.
The applied geodetic system of the used remote
sensing data and the output resulted maps was
defined according to UTM_WGS84_Zone38N
projected system.
II. STUDY EREA

Nowadays, humans have the ability to overcome the
many obstacles that limits its spread in many regions
of the world, technological progress and the
exploitation of some natural resources in many areas,
making them populated areas, and areas that attract
population after it was sparsely populated.
Geostatistics is a branch of science that applied
statistical methods to spatial interpolation. Although
geostatistics was developed independently of GIS, it
has become an integral part of GIS and defined as
geostatistical analysis. Geostatistics analysis assumes
that at least some of the spatial variations of natural
phenomena can be modelled by random processes
with spatial autocorrelation.
Geostatistical techniques produce not only prediction
surfaces but also error or uncertainty surfaces, giving
an indication of how good the predictions are [1].
Since the goal of the geostatistical analysis is to
predict values where no data have been collected, the
tools and models of geostatistical analyst will only
work on spatially dependent data. If datas are
Nineveh Province is situated in the northwestern part
of Iraq sharing borders with Syria to the west. It has
an area of 32,308 km2 and is made up of the
following counties: Mosul, Alhamdania, Talkeif,
Makhmor, Tallafar, Sinjar, Alshikhan, Alba’aj, and
Alhad ba. Geological features are made up of three
distinct sections: a mountainous region, hills and
wavy land, and the dunes [3].
The weather varies with the regions and its surface
temperature generally varies between 3-6°C in winter
and 30-40°C in the summer. In the present study,
Mosul city will be the study area which is located
between Lat.360 17' 20.8'' and 36°25' 57.9" N and
Long. 43° 02’ 58.0" and 43° 14' 4.5" E., as shown in
figure(1). The city lies in the middle basin of the
Tigris River.
The Tigris River runs in a wavy stream across the city
in a north-south direction and divides into not two
equal halves in the area and population, and the
biggest half is called the (left side) while the smallest
one is called the (right side) [4

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 Geostatistical Analysis of Remote Sensing Data by GIS
Fig 1.location of the study area
III. THEORETICAL CONSIDRATION
Spatial correlation is modeling as a function of
distance between pairs of locations. Such functions
are called covariance and semivariogram. Kriging
uses them to make optimum predictions[5]. In the
ArcGIS geostatistical analyst, the semivariogram and
covariance are based on the following formulae [6]:
Thus, semivariogram is defined as:
Y si, si = 1 2var Z si) − Z si)) (1)
wherevar is the variance.
If two locations, si and sj, are close to each other in
terms of the distance measure of d(si, sj), then
aperson can expect them to be similar, so the
difference is in their values, Z(si) - Z(sj), will be
small. As si and sj get farther apart, they become less
similar, so the difference is in their values, so Z(si) -
Z(sj), will become larger. This can be seen in figure
(2), which shows the anatomy of a typical
semivariogram.
Fig 2. Anatomy of a typical semivariogram function
Fig 2.illustrates that the variance of the difference
increases with distance, so the semivariogram can be
Proceedings of International Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 20th - 21st November, 2019
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thought of as a dissimilarity function. The height that
the semivariogram reaches when it levels off is called
the sill. It is often composed of two parts: a
discontinuity at the origin, called the nugget effect,
and the partial sill, which added together gives the
sill. The nugget effect is simply the sum of
measurement error and microscale variation and,
since either component can be zero, the nugget effect
can be comprised wholly of one or the other. The
distance at which the semivariogram levels off to the
sill is called the range.
The covariance function is defined to be [6]:
C(si, sj) = cov(Z si , Z(sj)) (2)
Where, cov is the covariance.
Covariance is a scaled version of correlation. So,
when two locations, si and sj, are close to each other,
you expect them to be similar, and their covariance (a
correlation) will be large. As si and sj get farther
apart, they become less similar, and their covariance
becomes zero. This can be seen in the Fig 3. which
shows the anatomy of a typical covariance function.
Fig 3. Anatomy of the covariance function
Fig 3.illustratedthat the covariance function decreases
with distance, so it can be thought of as a similarity
function. Furthermore, therelationship between the
semivariogram and the covariance function is given
by[6]:
Y si, sj = sill − C(si, sj) (3)
This relationship can be seen from the figure (2 and
3). Because of this equivalence, you can perform
prediction in Geostatistical Analyst using either
function. These both functions were formulated to
find the optimum statistical prediction related
between population and the area of each
neighborhood in both sides of the study area by using
ordinary kriging method (spherical model).
The linear regression equation of the scattered
variable samples will be found by [7 ] :
y′ = a + bx′ (4)
Where,
y 'is the dependent variable
x′is the independent variable
ais the value of the intersection of regression line
bisregression coefficient .
 Geostatistical Analysis of Remote Sensing Data by GIS
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Obtaining field observations can be expensive,
laborious and time consuming. Thus, it can be
extremely useful to predict a location value where we
have no recorded field observation. The process of
obtaining such values for a variable of interest at an
unsampled location based on neighbour
measurements called interpolation. Kriging is a group
of geostatistical techniques used to interpolate the
values at unobserved locations from observations of
its value at nearby locations[8]. There are many
methods of kriging that are suited for specific
situations.
In the current study, the ordinary kriging method was
used to predict the relationship between the attribute
data fields of area and population collected by the
municipality of Mosul /GIS department for 2007 [ 9]
for the both sides of Mosul city as shown in Fig 4.
Fig 4. The both sides of the study area
The total number of the population has increased to
1,238,768 distributed in an area of 210 km2 . Based
on the attribute field of the population and area, the
total sample points adopted by the study are 219
samples. The geostatistical analyst of the samples
done by ordinary kriging method. The methodology
of the study started by using the semi-variogram and
covariance, a functions of distance and direction
separating two locations, to analyze and quantify the
spatial autocorrelation in the sample data.
The semi-variogram is then used to establish the
contribution of each data point to the prediction of
new values data at the unsampled location. The most
important statistical assumption supporting kriging is
stationarity, which means that statistical
characteristics (such as mean and variance ) do not
depend on the exact spatial locations. Thus, the mean
and variance of a variable at one location is equal to
the mean and variance at another location. After
defining and analyzing the spatial pattern of the
samples by the semi-variogram function, different
modes of cross validation were applied to solve the
errors of the samples distribution.
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Finally, normal QQ plot ("Q" stands for quantile) was
used to find the optimum statistical prediction results
and then continuous surface was calculated to
estimate the ensemble points.
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In current study, many of theoretical methods was
implementedto get an efficient predicted
map.Ordinary–Kriging method was used to extract
geostatistical analysis process for the adopted input
attribute fields ( population and area ) . Figs (5 and 6)
showed the semivariogram and the covariance results,
respectively, which represented the preprocessing
statistical analysis to observe the variation from the
deterministic samples.
Fig 5.Semi-variogram of surface and scatter plot for input data
As shown from Fig 5. the resulting semivariogram
surface revealed the effects of directional influence
on spatial variation anisotropy. Also the resulting
scatter plot shows a weakness correlation between the
variables around the regression line. Fig 5.illustrates
that the semivariogram based on the shift data shows
spatial dependence (i.e., spatially correlated). From
the semivariogram surface, the extent of spatial
autocorrelation and directional effects on spatial
variation are shown. The blue and green areas are
where the semi variance values are low; the orange
areas indicate increasing dissimilarity with distance.
The estimation of the covariance is similar to the
estimation of semivariogram, but requires the use of
the data mean. Fig 6.Shows the behavior of the
covariance function for the data samples.Fig
6.explain that, the conformity of variation of
population data to the spherical model for all of the
study areas, is an indicator of existence of spatial
autocorrelation. In addition to, Fig 6, illustrates that,
the small data semivariogram values are relatively at
small distance between the pairs of points rather than
at greater distance.
 Geostatistical Analysis of Remote Sensing Data by GIS

In standardization method all variables were

calibrated according to regression function. In order
to get an optimum solution for samples distribution
(without any randomly effects), Normal QQPlot
curve was implemented to perfectly solved the
problem of multi-linear correlation between input
samples andgive the best way of data distributing, as
show in Fig 9.
Actually, the QQ plot is where you compare the
distribution of the data to a standard normal
distribution, providing another measure of the
Fig 6. The resulted covariance of the variable sample normality of the data. The closer the points are to the
straight line in the graph, the closer the sample data
Fig 7. shows the results of cross-validation performed follows a normal distribution[10 ].
on the adopted input data (219 samples), in this
figure, all samples points cluster closely around the
blue line at a narrow part, while the typical result of
the cross-validation must have a line-best-fit. A line
with slop 1:1 is also drawn for comparison (broken
line, also barely visible in the top right- hand corner
of the plot). From Fig 7, it is clear that the prediction
model used to create statistical relationship between
the input data was not statistically acceptable to find
the optimum results. Theoutput regression functionas
shown through Fig 7.

Fig 9. Normal QQ plot curve

As shown clearly from Fig 9 the samples data is

relatively normally distributed except some part of
the curve. In fact if the data was normally distributed,
the curve would be similar to the line. According to
Fig 9 the samples data that have a best matching of
the population distribution with area of the
incompatibility between the population and available
areas.
Fig 7. The output of cross validation of geostatistical
parameters
Fig 7 and the regression function doesn't gave the
required predicted results, therefore, all variable must
became with (mean=0) and (variance=1) and these
conditions will be satisfy by using another
geostatistical method of cross-validation which is
called standardized error. Fig 8 shows the predicted
results and the regression function by standardized
error (standardization).

Fig 8.Standardization method Fig 10. Matching between the samples data

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 Geostatistical Analysis of Remote Sensing Data by GIS
Fig 11.Non- matching between the samples data
Finally, Fig 12 shows the relationship between
samples point on the continuous surface produced by
ordinary kriging which is defined by the
characteristics drawn from the adopted data. The
figure illustrates the filled contour ranges for the total
areas of the study region. The production of the
predicted continuous surface is a significant property
available in the ArcGIS geostatistical analyst.
Generally, the error of the prediction surface
produced by ordinary kriging method can be easily
evaluated.
Fig 12.The ordinary Kriging prediction map of the study area
VI. CONCULUSION
As a conclusion, geostatistical analysis used in this
study for investigation the statistical relationship
between the population numbers and the resident area
in both sides of Mosul city by using the ArcGIS

Proceedings of International Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 20th - 21st November, 2019
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extension (Geostatistical Analyst/Ordinary Kriging
method). The used data have been collected
bymunicipality of Mosul /GIS department for 2007.
It concludes that, when strong spatial correlation
exists, the semivariogram can help to reconstruct
missed values, and kriging makes reliable predictions
at the unsampled locations. If data are not spatially
correlated, there is no way to predict the value
between measuredlocation other than assigning an
arithmetical mean to all prediction locations. As the
data correlation gets stronger, fewer samples are
needed for reliable data prediction and interpolation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Miss. Aswan
Muhammad Taib at University of Mosul / College of
Economy and Management, for her assisting in the
statistical analysis of the output data.
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