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Dark Energy Models with Variable Equation of State Parameter

Article  in  International Journal of Theoretical Physics · June 2010

DOI: 10.1007/s10773-010-0628-3 · Source: arXiv

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Anil Kumar Yadav Farook Rahaman

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 DARK ENERGY MODEL WITH VARIABLE
EQUATION OF STATE PARAMETER

Anil Kumar Yadav

Department of Physics, Anand Engineering College,Keetham, Agra-282 007,

arXiv:1006.5412v1 [gr-qc] 28 Jun 2010

India
E-mail: abanilyadav@yahoo.co.in, akyadav@imsc.res.in

Abstract
The dark energy model with variable equation of state parameter ω is
investigated by using law of variation of Hubble’s parameter that yields
the constant value of deceleration parameter. The equation of state pa-
rameter ω is found to be time dependent and its existing range for this
model is consistent with the recent observations of SN Ia data, SN Ia data
(with CMBR anisotropy) and galaxy clustering statistics. The physical
significance of the dark energy model has also been discussed.

Keywords : LRS Bianchi type V Universe, Dark Energy, EoS Parameter

1 Introduction
Observations on large scale structure (LSS) [1] and cosmic microwave back-
ground radiation [2]−[6] indicate that the universe is highly homogeneous and
isotropic on large scales. Under standard assumptions on the matter content, in
general relativistic cosmological models, isotropy is a special feature, requiring
a high degree of fine tunning in order to reproduce the observed universe. Re-
cent years have witnessed the emergence of the idea of an accelerating universe.
Therefore, due to some observational results [7]−[10] it is now established that
accelerating. This signifies a remarkable shift in cosmological research from
expanding universe to accelerated expanding universe. Now, the problem lies
in detecting an exotic type of unknown repulsive force, termed as dark energy.
The detection of dark energy would be a new clue to an old puzzle: the gravi-
tational effect of the zero- point energies of particles and fields. The total with
other energies, that are close to homogeneous and nearly independent of time,
acts as dark energy. The paramount characteristic of the dark energy is a con-
stant or slightly changing energy density as the universe expands, but we do
not know the nature of dark energy very well (see [11]−[19] for reviews on dark
energy). DE has been conventionally characterized by the equation of state
(EoS) parameter ω = p/ρ which is not necessarily constant. The simplest DE

1
candidate is the vacuum energy (ω = −1), which is mathematically equivalent
to the cosmological constant (Λ). The other conventional alternatives, which
can be described by minimally coupled scalar fields, are quintessence (ω > −1),
phantom energy (ω < −1) and quintom (that can across from phantom region
to quintessence region) as evolved and have time dependent EoS parameter.
Some other limits obtained from observational results coming from SN Ia data
[20] and SN Ia data collaborated with CMBR anisotropy and galaxy clustering
statistics [21] are −1.67 < ω < −0.62 and −1.33 < ω < −0.79 respectively.
However, it is not at all obligatory to use a constant value of ω. Due to lack of
observational evidence in making a distinction between constant and variable ω,
usually the equation of state parameter is considered as a constant [22, 23] with
phase wise value −1, 0, −1/3 and +1 for vacuum fluid, dust fluid, radiation
and stiff fluid dominated universe, respectively. But in general, ω is a function
of time or redshift [24]−[26]. For instance, quintessence models involving scalar
fields give rise to time dependent EoS parameter ω [27]−[30]. Also some lit-
erature is available on models with varying fields, such as cosmological model
with variable equation of state parameter in Kaluza-Klein metric and wormholes
[31, 32]. In recent years various form of time dependent ω have been used for
variable Λ models [33, 34]. Recently Ray et al [35], Akarsu and Kilinc [36] have
studied variable EoS parameter for generalized dark energy model.
Bianchi type-V universe is generalization of the open universe in FRW cos-
mology and hence its study is important in the study of dark energy models in
a universe with non-zero curvature [37]. A number of authors such as collins
[38], Maartens and Nel [39], Wrainwright et al [40], Canci et al [41], Pradhan et
al [42] and Yadav [43] have studied Bianchi type V model in different physical
contexts. Recently Singh and Chaubey have studied a self-consistent system of
Bianchi type-V universe filled with a perfect fluid and a dark energy [44]. In this
paper, we have investigated the dark energy model with variable ω. This paper
is organized as follows: The metric and field equation are presented in section 2.
In section 3, we deal with the solution of field equations and discussion. Finally
the result are discussed in section 4.

2 The Metric and Field Equations

We consider LRS Bianchi type V metric in the form

ds2 = −dt2 + A2 dx2 + B 2 e2x dy 2 + dz 2

(1)

where A, B and C are the function of t only.

The simplest generalisation of EoS parameter of perfect fluid may be to de-
termine the EoS parameter separately on each spatial axis by preserving the
diagonal form of the energy-momentum tensor in a consistent way with the
considered metric. Thus, the energy momentum tensor of fluid is taken as

Tij = diag T00 , T11 , T22 , T33

 
(2)

2
Then, one may parametrize it as follows,

Tij = diag [ρ, −px , −py , −pz ] = diag [1, −ωx, −ωy , −ωz ] ρ

= diag [1, −ω, (−ω + δ) , (−ω + δ)] ρ (3)

where ρ is the energy density of fluid,; px , py and pz are the pressures and ωx , ωy
and ωz are the directional EoS parameters along the x, y and z axes respectively.
ω is the derivation-free EoS parameter of the fluid. We have parametrized
the deviation from isotropy by setting ωx = ω and then introducing skewness
parameter δ that are deviation from ω along y and z axis respectively.
The Einstein field equations, in gravitational units (8πG = 1 and c = 1), are
1
Rij − Rgij = −Tij (4)
2
where the symbols have their usual meaning.
The Einstein’s field equation (4) for the Bianchi type V space- time (1), in case
of (3), lead to the following system of equations

B44 B2 3
2 + 42 − 2 = ρ (5)
B B A
B44 B2 1
2 + 42 − 2 = −ωρ (6)
B B A
A44 B44 A4 B4 1
+ + − 2 = − (ω + δ) ρ (7)
A B AB A
A4 B4
− =0 (8)
A B
Integrating equation (5), we obtain

A = kB (9)

where k is the positive constant of integration. We substitute the value of

equation (9) in equation (7) and subtract the result from equation (6), we obtain
that the skewness parameter on z-axis is null i.e.

δ=0

Thus system of equations from (5) - (8) may be reduce to

B44 B2 3
2 + 42 − 2 = ρ (10)
B B A
B44 B2 1
2 + 42 − 2 = −ωρ (11)
B B A
A4 B4
− =0 (12)
A B

3
Now we have three linearly independent equations (10) - (12) and four unknown
parameters (A, B, ω, ρ). Thus one extra condition is needed to solve the system
completely. To do that, we have used the law of variation of Hubble’s parameter
that yields a constant value of deceleration parameter.
The average scale factor of Bianchi type V metric is given by

R3 = AB 2 e2x (13)

We define, the generalised mean Hubble’s parameter H as

1
H= (H1 + H2 + H3 ) (14)
3
where H1 = AA4 , H2 = H3 = BB4 are the directional Hubble’s parameter in the
direction of x, y and z respectively.
Equation (14), may be reduces to
 
R4 1 A4 B4
H= = +2 (15)
R 3 A B

Since the line-element (1) is completely characterized by Hubble’s parameter H.

Therefore, let us consider that mean Hubble parameter H is related to average
scale factor R by following relation

H = k1 R−n (16)

where k1 > 0 and n ≥ 0, are constant. Such type of relation have already been
considered by Berman [45] for solving FRW models. later on many authors
(Singh et al [46, 47] and references therein) have studied flat FRW and Bianchi
type models by using the special law of Hubble parameter that yields constant
value of deceleration parameter.
The deceleration parameter is defined as
RR44
q=− (17)
R42

From equations (15) and (16), we get

R4 = k1 R−n+1 (18)

R44 = −k12 (n − 1)R−2n+1 (19)

Using equations (15) and (19), equation (17) leads to

q = n − 1 (constant) (20)

The sign of q indicates whether the model inflates or not. The positive sign
of q corresponds to standard decelerating model where as the negative sign of
q indicates inflation. However the current observations of SNe Ia and CMBR

4
favour accelerating models i.e. q < 0.
From equation (18), we obtain the law of average scale factor R as
 1

R = (Dtk1+t c1 ) when n =6 0
n
(21)
c2 e when n = 0

where c1 and c2 are the constant of integration.

From equation (21), for n 6= 0, it is clear that the condition for expansion of
universe is n > 0 i.e. q + 1 > 0. Therefore for expansion model of universe the
deceleration parameter (q) should not be greater than −1.

3 Solutions of the Field Equations and Discus-

sion
3.1 Case(i): when n 6= 0
Equations (8), (15) and (21) lead to
1
B = l (Dt + c1 ) n (22)

From equations (9) and (22), we obtain

1
A = L (Dt + c1 ) n (23)
where l is the constant of integration and L = kl.
Thus the Hubble’s parameter H and scalar of expansion θ is given by
k1
H= (24)
(Dt + c1 )

3k1
θ = 3H = (25)
(Dt + c1 )
Using equations (10), (22) and (23), the energy density of the fluid is obtained
as
3D2 3
ρ= 2 − 2 (26)
n2 (Dt + c1 ) 2
L (Dt + c0 ) n
Using equations (11), (22), (23) and (26), the equation of state parameter ω is
obtained as h 2 2(n−1)
i
n
L2 D 2 (Dt + c 1 ) n
+ 2n − 3
ω= h 2(n−1)
i (27)
2
3 1 − L2nD2 (Dt + c1 ) n

From equaction (26), we note that ρ(t) is the decreasing function of time. This
behaviour is clearly shown in Fig. 1, as a representative case with appropriate
choice of constants of integration and other physical parameters using reasonably

5
Figure 1: The plot of energy density (ρ) vs. time (t) with D = 1, n = .5, C1 =
.15 and L = 10

well known situations. From equation (27), it is observed that the equation of
state parameter ω is time dependent, it can be function of redshift z or scale
factor R as well.
The redshift dependence of ω can be linearω like ω(z) = ω0 +ω 1 z
1 dω 1z
with ω = dz z = 0 [48, 49] or nonlinear as ω(z) = ω0 + 1+z [50, 51]. However
for n = 0 and n = 1, one can obtained ω = −1 and ω = − 31 respectively.
This implies that the range of equation of state parameter ω depends upon
the value of n. Thus by the appropriate choice of n, our derived model is
consistence with recent observations. The SN Ia data suggests that −1.67 <
ω < −0.62 [20] while the limit imposed on ω by a combination of SN Ia data
(with CMB anisotripy) and galaxy clustering statistics is −1.33 < ω < −0.79
[21]. So, if the present work is compared with experimental results mentioned
above then, one can conclude that the limit of ω provided by equation (26)
may accommodated with the acceptable range of EoS parameter. ω = −1 is
the case of vacuum fluid dominated universe. But here, we are dealing with
the solution for n 6= 0, therefore in this case, vacuum fluid dominated universe
is meaningless.
h Also we see that during
 evolution of universe, at an instant of
n
2 2
i 2n−2
1 (3−2n)L D
time t = D n2 − c1 , the ω vanishes. Thus at this particular
time, our model represents dusty universe.
The variation of equation of state parameter (ω) with cosmic time (t) is
depicted in figures 2 and 3 as a representative case with appropriate choice of

6
Figure 2: The plot of EoS parameter (ω) vs. time (t) with D = 1, n = .5, C1 =
.15 and L = 10

Figure 3: The plot of EoS parameter (ω) vs. time (t) with D = 1, n = .5, C1 =
.15 and L = 10

7
 Figure 4: The plot of EoS parameter (ω) vs. time (t) with L0 = 1, k1 = 1
.

constants. Fig. 2, clearly shows that ω is evolving with negative value and the
existing range of ω is in nice agreement with SN Ia data [20]. Thus our model
is a realistic model. From Fig. 3, we conclude that in early stage, the EoS
parameter ω was negative and at late time it is evolving with positive value (i.e.
matter dominated universe). Also we observe that, during evolving process, for
a short interval of time, EoS parameter is highly fluctuated. The reason behind
such type of fluctuation is still an open question for astrophysical bodies. In
fact, it needs a fair trial by experiment.

3.2 Case(ii): when n = 0

Equations (8), (15) and (21) lead to
B = l0 ek1 t (28)
From equations (9) and (28), we obtain
A = L0 ek1 t (29)
where l0 is constant of integration and L0 = kl0 .
Thus the Hubble’s parameter H and scalar of expansion θ is given by
H = k1 (30)

8
 θ = 3k1 (31)
Using equations (10), (28) and (29), the energy density of the fluid is obtained
as
3 k12 L20 − e−2k1 t


ρ= (32)
L20
Using equations (11), (28), (29) and (32), the equation of state parameter ω is
obtained as
e−2k1 t − 3k12 L20


ω= (33)
3 (k12 L20 − e−2k1 t )
The variation of the Eos parameter ω with cosmic time (t) is shown in figure 4.
The value of ω is found to be negative which is supported by SN Ia data and
galaxy clustering statistics [20, 21].

4 Concluding Remarks
In this paper, we have studied dark energy model with variable EoS parameter
ω. The model is derived by using law of variation of Hubble’s parameter that
yields a constant value of deceleration parameter. We have studied two cases,
(3.1) and (3.2) for n 6= 0 and n = 0 respectively. In both cases, ω is found to be
time varying which is consistent with recent observations [20, 21]. In case (i),
we have shown that, ω is evolving from ω > −1 and finally end up with ω > 0,
representing different phase of universe i.e. ω > −1 (quintessence), ω < −1
(Phantom fluid dominated universe), ω > 0 (matter dominated universe) [See
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3]. Where as in case (ii), for n = 0, from equation (33), we have
obtained that, at cosmic time t = 0, ω < −1 and when t → ∞, ω → −1. There-
fore, one can conclude that at early stage, universe was dominated by phantom
fluid and at late time it will be vacuum fluid dominated universe. [Fig. 4]

Acknowledgements
Author would like to thank The Institute of Mathematical Science (IMSc),
Chennai, India for providing facility and support where part of this work was
carried out.

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