Lecture9

Elements of skeleton system

Lintels( Girders) and Beams

Hiba A. Al-Kareem
Definition Beam:
Beam is a horizontal element of a structure and spans between one or more supp
Purpose of beam
1- It used above the opening (doors, windows)
2- Tying columns together.
3-Supporting masonry above.
4-Supporting slab below: This you shall see under a porch.
5- Supporting secondary beams .
6-Suspending
6- accessories like, Electrical luminaries, Electrical cables
air handling ducts , Suspended ceiling.
7-Supporting
7- water tank above.
Normal load distribution:
In a RCC framed structure, the load of occupants is taken by a slab
which gets transferred to a beam and then transfers to the column
The geometry of a beam:
The most common geometry of a beam is rectangular. The depth of
beam
shall always be larger than the width.
The criterion of beam design:
Beam depth is derived as follows:
1. It should the maximum stress on the beams shall not exceed the
safe stress limits for that material.
2. The deflection shall not exceed the specified limits.
Types of lintels & beams according to material:
1- Concrete beams.
2- Steel beams.
3- Wooden beams.
Concrete beam
Concrete is used in the cast of beams because it has the good property of
bearing
pressure stresses and is reinforced with steel bars in the tensile areas,
given that
the concrete material does not withstand tensile strength or bear weak
tension
that can be neglected when designing. Reinforcing bars in pressure areas
are
sometimes added to strengthen the beam and increase their resistance to
Longitudinal steel compressive stresses
The reinforced of beam usually consists of:
-Longitudinal steel to resist moment forces
-Stirrups to resist shear stresses. Stirrups
-The height of the reinforced concrete
beam section and for general conditions
-The steel must be extended to a distance farther from the supported
and
according to the approximate values shown below. the steel close to
the
supports should be bent according to the values shown below to
resist the shear forces. The stirrup close to the support are close
distances and the distance between them increases as we go to the
center of the beam.
The reinforced concrete beams can be classified according to the way it
works, to the following types:
1- Cast in situ or place
These are cast or worked according to the design dimensions installed in
the
drawings.
2- Pre-cast concrete beams: These beams are cast into the laboratory
and transferred to the work site ready for use
-These beams are usually of the pre-stressed type, with standard sections
and
dimensions, and are reinforced in a manner compatible with the loads
and the
required space distance. The following figure shows sections of these
beams.
-pre-stress beams are cast into their positions when they cannot be
transported or
Steel beams :Steel beams are commercially manufactured
with rolled sections of standard shapes, dimensions, and weights (standard
section) and have one of the following types as shown in figure below
Steel beams shall be in one of the
following types:
a- Steel beams, standard sections:
These beams are used for spaces and
normal loads, and their sections are in
different shapes, like: (Shalman) of
the letter (I) and the angle (L) with two
equal or different sides, as well as the
Channel
(┘└) or the letter (Z) or with a square or
circular section.
b- Composite Solid Standard
beams: or hollow sections
and are used to make a composite
others.
section
in many formations. The box beams are considered one of the most
important types of beams with a composite section. and we connect
the parts of these sections with a welder or a rivet according to work
C- Carrier beam:
It is a beam constructed from steel angles or a T-section from the top
and the bottom connecting bars with square or circular sections of
the string in the form of triangles at an angle of inclination of 30-60
degrees designed to withstand shear stresses Note the figures
D- Steel truss: The truss consists of top members, lower members, and
web members that connect members with joints, and form adjacent
triangles that give the truss a certain shape and use to roof large spaces
and for cases where high altitudes are required. In one-story warehouses,
halls, large stadiums, and the roof of the last floor of multi-story
buildings as shown in the figure
welding or rivet is used to fasten with the use of a gusset plate at the
joints that make up the steel truss in spaces that exceed (15 meters). it
requires sitting the two ends of the truss on strong supports, that the
direction of the truss reaction is vertical (vertical reaction) and that one
of the ends has a sliding or rolling. trusses are connected to each other
with horizontal bracing members from the top or bottom.
F- Steel arches:
used as a substitute for border structures and working from
composite or mesh sections. Note the figure. As well as to prevent
slipping and lateral movement.
Types of beam according to function:
1- In substructure:
1.1Tie beam
-Tie beams are beams that link two or more columns or rafters in a
roof or truss, or at some height above floor level, to strengthen and
stabilize the whole structure at the base level, at the roof truss, and
at floor level, tie beams, and a plinth are usually supported.
-The tie beam is not responsible for carrying the load as other
beams might. It is there just to act as a stiffener to the columns as
they get taller. It effectively acts as a length breaker for the
columns, so they act like two short ones rather than one tall one.
Also it provide for avoid crack in edges (in doors or windows).
1-2 Plinth beam:
is a type of tie beam, it is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between t
and its foundation .
what are the benefits of providing a plinth beam at the ground surface:
- It prevent the extension of cracks from the foundation into the wall
above when the foundation suffers from the settlement. Plinth
beams distribute the load of the wall over the foundation evenly.
- plinth beam also helps in the differential settlement of sand below
the ground surface. Sand starts settling particles process over time
under the soil below the plinth level.
- It is constructed using reinforced cement concrete. Usually, M20 or
M25 grade concrete is used for this purpose.
Application of plinth beam:
It is used in areas that are prone to earthquakes.
Minimum Dimension of a Plinth Beam?
A minimum depth of the plinth beam is 20cm whereas its width
should match the width of the final course of the foundation.
What is the difference between a plinth beam and a tie beam?
there is no major difference between plinth beams and tie beams only
a difference in their height and where it is provided. The type of beam
which is provided at the plinth level on the level of ground surface is
known as the plinth beam and the beam is provided anywhere whether
it will provide in the substructure or superstructure of building
construction is known as a tie beam.
2-Beams in super-structure:
2-1 Sill beam
What do you mean Sill level?
The level between the base
portion of the window and the
portion of the floor above
ground level (upwards) is
called the Sill level. The height
of the sill level depends upon
the type of room for the
bedroom the height may be
kept around a minimum of
110cm due to privacy
concerns and in the living
room, the window sill level is
kept at a minimum of 60-65cm
Lintel Beam:-
The level between the top portion of the window and the top
slab is called the Lintel level. The potion above the Door
lintel or Window lintel is called Lintel level. The lintel is
provided above the door and window to transfer the upward
wall load to the surrounding wall. The lintel is generally
made up of Reinforced concrete or cement mortar.
- There are many types of lintel that placed above doors and
windows to support the brick or block work
Hidden Beam:-
A hidden beam is a reinforced concrete beam, provided within the depth of
supporting slabs. So, the depth of the hidden beam is the same as the slab depth
as can be noticed in Figure. hidden beams are popular and form an essential part
of modern reinforced concrete framed structures.
How to Design a Hidden Beam?
The design of the hidden beam is the same as a conventional beam, but its depth
is restricted and should not be greater than slab thickness. So, it may be required
to increase the reinforcement ratio and width of the beam to overcome this
restriction to a certain degree