Lekcja 1 :

1) labio-dental : the lower lip articulates with the upper teeth

2) velar : the back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate
3) retroflex : the tip of the tongue is curled back to articulate with the jard palate
4) palatal : the front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate
5) post alveolar : the tip of the tongue articulates with the rear part of the alveolar ridge
6) bilabial : the lower lip articulates with the upper lip
7) uvular : the back of the tongue articulates with the uvula
8) dental : the tip of the tongue articulates with the upper teeth
9) palato-alveolar : the blade of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge, the front part of
the tongue is raised towards the hard palate
10) alveolar : the tip or/and the blade of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge

Lekcja 2 :

1) plosive :
a) closure stage - total closure
b) hold/compression stage
c) release stage - rapid release / release is sudden

plosive - a sound produced with a complete closure which is released explosively

2) Nasal
Oral stops / nasal stops/nasal - total closure in the mouth but velum lowered so air flows through the
nose.

nasal - a sound produced with a complete closure in the mouth with the lowered soft palate

3) Trill
a series of rapid closures made by a flexible organ against a firmer surface.

a sound produced with a series of intermittent closures.

4) Tap / Flap
a single tap of the tongue against the palate three - dental + post alveolar

a sound produced by a single tap of a flexible organ on a firmer surface.

5) Fricative
considerable narrowing = hissing

a sound produced with the articulating organs forming a narrowing causing friction.

6) Affricative
nutshell Rachel - combination of a plosive and a fricative at the same place of articulation
a) closure - complete
b) hold
c) slow release - narrowing - hissing

a sound produced with a complete closure which is slowy released.

7) Approximant
articulations approximate each other / j, w / semivowels : glides

a sound produced with a narrowing but without friction.

8) Later approximant
partial closure - air flows laterally

a sound produced with a partial closure at some point in the mouth.

A sound produced with the tongue moving rapidly in a gliding fashion toward or away from a
neighbouring vowel is called semivowel / glide

The following groups of sounds are produced with a complete closure : plosive / nasal / affricative

Consonants 2 groups :

1) obstruents
- plosives
- fricatives
- affricatives

a) features : obstruction considerable / obstruction closure or narrowing or both

b) fortis / lenis distinction the force of articulation
c) pre-fortis clipping: vowel + fortis ( voiceless consonant ) = vowel shortened
d) voiced obstruents fully voiced in medial position ( in a word ) otherwise partially devoiced.

2) sonorants
- nasals, approximants all are voiced , no noise component